Jump to content

2020 MotoGP World Championship

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from 2020 MotoGP season)

Joan Mir (pictured in 2021) was the 2020 MotoGP Champion.

The 2020 FIM MotoGP World Championship was the premier class of the 72nd F.I.M. Road Racing World Championship season.

The season was notably characterized by the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, the absence of perennial title favourite and defending champion Marc Márquez due to a serious arm injury, the high number of wins from different riders, teams and constructors, and the Yamaha engine controversy.

Joan Mir secured his maiden MotoGP title and Team Suzuki Ecstar secured their first and only team championship at the penultimate round. Mir's championship was the first for a Suzuki rider since 2000.[1] Mir won the title by 13 points ahead of Franco Morbidelli. Ducati won the constructors' championship following a 50-point deduction for Yamaha, despite having no riders in the championship's top three.

Season summary

[edit]

Marc Márquez and Repsol Honda started the season as the defending World Champion and World Constructors' champions respectively, after they both won their championships in 2019 for the fourth consecutive season. After an opening round crash resulting in a fractured humerus,[2] and an aborted return attempt the following week,[3] Márquez sat out the remainder of the season, meaning he could not win the title for a fifth consecutive time.[4] Former premier class world champion Valentino Rossi had a career-low season, finishing the championship outside of the top 7 for the first time in his career, ending 15th.

By mid-November, Joan Mir secured the riders' title with one win and seven podiums and Team Suzuki Ecstar clinched the teams' championship.[1] Ducati took the constructors' championship in the final round in Portugal, helped by the 50-point penalty handed to Yamaha earlier in the season. This was Ducati's first constructors' title since Casey Stoner's dominant 2007 season.

Riders Fabio Quartararo, Brad Binder, Miguel Oliveira, Franco Morbidelli and Joan Mir won their first premier class victories during the season and KTM took their first wins as a constructor. Five riders taking their inaugural victories in the season surpassed the record set in the 2016 season. In addition, three teams (Petronas SRT, KTM Factory Racing and Tech3, respectively) won their first races in the premier class.[5][6][7][8][9] Between the Czech Republic and Aragon Grands Prix, different riders won in eight successive races, equalling the previous record set between the 2016 Italian and San Marino Grands Prix.[10] A total of 9 different riders won a race in the season, also matching the record set in 2016.[11] Morbidelli and Quartararo won three races each, Oliveira two, with Binder, Andrea Dovizioso, Maverick Viñales, Danilo Petrucci, Álex Rins and champion Mir (in chronological order) each having won a single race.

When Joan Mir secured the riders' championship title, he became the first Suzuki rider to win the title since Kenny Roberts Jr. in 2000, the first non-Honda or non-Yamaha rider to win the title since Ducati rider Casey Stoner in 2007, as well as the first Moto3 world champion to win the premier class title.[citation needed]

COVID-19 pandemic

[edit]

The season calendar was significantly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, leading to the cancellation or postponement of many races and an overall delay to the start of the season. On 11 June, the rescheduled calendar was confirmed, with the season beginning on 19 July with the Spanish Grand Prix in Jerez. On 31 July, the FIM announced that the remaining flyaway races were to be cancelled, marking the first time since 1986 that the premier class was held entirely within Europe.[12] With a total of only 14 rounds, it was the shortest season of 500cc/MotoGP since 1998.

Affected riders

[edit]
  • In mid-October, Valentino Rossi became the first premier class rider to test positive for the SARS-CoV-2 virus, forcing him to miss the Aragon and Teruel rounds due to Italian quarantine regulations.[13][14] A longer-than-expected recovery put his return in Valencia into question, but a pair of negative tests allowed Rossi to rejoin the paddock for the Saturday sessions of the European Grand Prix.[15]
  • Iker Lecuona missed the European Grand Prix due to Andorran quarantine rules for close contact with positive-tested individuals, after his brother and assistant both tested positive for the virus.[16] Lecuona later tested positive for the SARS-CoV-2 virus himself, forcing him to miss the Valencian and Portuguese Grands Prix.[17][18]

Yamaha engine controversy

[edit]

Before the European Grand Prix in Valencia, Yamaha and its teams were handed penalties for disregarding the protocol which requires obtaining unanimous approval from the Motorcycle Sport Manufacturers Association (MSMA) for engine technical changes. Yamaha allegedly changed the specification of engine valves between the homologation freeze just before the abandoned Qatar round and the opening round in Jerez, claiming "an internal oversight". As a result, Yamaha was docked 50 points in the manufacturers' championship and the Yamaha factory team and Petronas SRT lost 20 and 37 points respectively, equal to the points scored using the non-compliant engines. No penalty was applied to individual riders' points totals.[19][20][21] Yamaha made an official statement accepting the FIM's sanctions and confirmed it would not appeal the decision.[22]

Teams and riders

[edit]
Team Constructor Motorcycle No. Rider Rounds
Italy Aprilia Racing Team Gresini Aprilia RS-GP 38 United Kingdom Bradley Smith[a][23][24] 1–11
32 Italy Lorenzo Savadori[a][25] 12–14
41 Spain Aleix Espargaró[26] All
Italy Ducati Team Ducati Desmosedici GP20 04 Italy Andrea Dovizioso[27] All
9 Italy Danilo Petrucci[28] All
Italy Pramac Racing 43 Australia Jack Miller[29] All
63 Italy Francesco Bagnaia[30] 1–3, 6–14
51 Italy Michele Pirro[31] 4–5
Spain Hublot Reale Avintia Racing
Spain Hublot Reale Avintia
Spain Esponsorama Racing 		Desmosedici GP19 5 France Johann Zarco[32] All
53 Spain Tito Rabat[33] All
Monaco LCR Honda Idemitsu
Monaco LCR Honda Castrol 		Honda RC213V 30 Japan Takaaki Nakagami[34] All
35 United Kingdom Cal Crutchlow[35] 1–6, 8–14
Japan Repsol Honda Team 73 Spain Álex Márquez[36] All
93 Spain Marc Márquez[37] 1–2
6 Germany Stefan Bradl[38] 3–14
Austria Red Bull KTM Factory Racing KTM RC16 33 South Africa Brad Binder[39] All
44 Spain Pol Espargaró[40] All
France Red Bull KTM Tech3 27 Spain Iker Lecuona[39] 1–11, 13[b]
82 Finland Mika Kallio[18] 14
88 Portugal Miguel Oliveira[42] All
Japan Team Suzuki Ecstar Suzuki GSX-RR 36 Spain Joan Mir[43] All
42 Spain Álex Rins[44] All
Japan Monster Energy Yamaha MotoGP Yamaha YZR-M1 12 Spain Maverick Viñales[45] All
46 Italy Valentino Rossi[46] 1–9, 12–14[c]
31 United States Garrett Gerloff[47] 12[c]
Malaysia Petronas Yamaha SRT 20 France Fabio Quartararo[48] All
21 Italy Franco Morbidelli[48] All
Source:[49]
Key
Regular rider
Replacement rider

All teams used series-specified Michelin tyres.[50]

Rider changes

[edit]
  • Johann Zarco and Red Bull KTM Factory Racing announced midway through the 2019 season that they would end their relationship prematurely. Zarco was originally contracted through the end of 2020.[51] His seat was taken by 2016 Moto3 champion Brad Binder, who moved up to MotoGP from KTM's Moto2 program. Binder was originally slotted to replace Hafizh Syahrin at Red Bull KTM Tech3. Instead, fellow KTM Moto2 rider Iker Lecuona was promoted to the MotoGP class to replace Syahrin, who returned to Moto2.[39][52]
  • Three-time MotoGP World Champion Jorge Lorenzo retired at the conclusion of the 2019 season, after 12 seasons in the premier class.[53] He was replaced at Repsol Honda by 2019 Moto2 champion Álex Márquez, alongside his brother Marc Márquez.[36][54] On 30 January 2020, Jorge Lorenzo was confirmed to be returning to Yamaha as a part of the manufacturer's European testing team.[55] Before the start of the season, Lorenzo confirmed that he would make a wildcard entry for Yamaha at the Catalunya round.[56] Due to the COVID-19 response, wildcard entries were later forbidden to minimize paddock personnel.[57]
  • Between the Valencia and Jerez 2019 post-season tests, it was announced that Reale Avintia had elected to prematurely terminate Karel Abraham's contract which would have seen him with the team through the end of 2020. Abraham confirmed his retirement from MotoGP after 8 years in the premier class.[58] Johann Zarco joined Reale Avintia in Karel Abraham's place.[32]
  • Andrea Iannone was handed a provisional suspension from all FIM-sanctioned events on 17 December 2019 for a failed doping test after the Malaysian Grand Prix. On 31 March 2020, the FIM International Disciplinary Court upheld the suspension and commuted it to an 18-month ban from the beginning of the provisional suspension.[59] Bradley Smith replaced him beginning with the first 2 rounds of 2020, as Iannone awaited the results of his appeal.[23] By mid-August, Iannone's appeal with the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) was postponed until 15 October, meaning Smith would continue as replacement rider at least until the French Grand Prix.[24] On 15 October, the CAS announced that the final decision would be made by mid-November, casting doubts on any return for Iannone before the season finale on 22 November.[60] On 10 November, the CAS announced its decision to extend Iannone's ban from 18 months to a 4-year period.[61]

Mid-season changes

[edit]
  • Stefan Bradl replaced Marc Márquez from the Czech Republic round onwards while he recovered from injuries sustained in an opening round crash at the Spanish Grand Prix.[38] Márquez did not return for the remainder of the season.[4]
  • Ducati test rider Michele Pirro replaced Francesco Bagnaia in both Austrian rounds while Bagnaia recovered from injuries sustained in a crash during practice at the Czech Republic Grand Prix.[31]
  • Valentino Rossi tested positive for the SARS-CoV-2 virus on 15 October, requiring him to quarantine for a minimum of 10 days according to Italian law and forcing him to miss the Aragon and Teruel rounds. Yamaha confirmed that they would not field a replacement for Rossi at the Teruel round on 25 October.[13][14] After delays to Valentino Rossi's SARS-CoV-2 recovery, Yamaha World Superbike rider Garrett Gerloff was announced initially to replace Rossi at the European Grand Prix.[47] Gerloff completed the Friday sessions of free practice, before two subsequent negative tests from Rossi allowed him to return to the paddock beginning with the third practice session on Saturday.[15]
  • Aprilia test rider and former World Superbike rider Lorenzo Savadori was announced to replace Bradley Smith for the final three rounds in Valencia and Portugal, subsequently ruling Andrea Iannone out of a start in 2020.[25]
  • Tech3 rider Iker Lecuona was forced to sit out of the European Grand Prix in Valencia, due to Andorran quarantine rules for close contact with individuals who tested positive for the SARS-CoV-2 virus. His brother – with whom he lived in Andorra – and his personal assistant both tested positive for the virus on 3 November, meaning Lecuona was forced into a mandatory quarantine of 10 days minimum. Tech3 elected not to replace him on such short notice.[16] Lecuona also missed the Valencian Grand Prix after he subsequently tested positive for the virus shortly before the beginning of the race weekend,[17] and subsequently the Portuguese Grand Prix on the following weekend. KTM factory test rider Mika Kallio replaced Lecuona in Portugal.[18]

Calendar

[edit]

The following Grands Prix took place in 2020:[62]

Round Date Grand Prix Circuit
1 19 July Spain Gran Premio Red Bull de España[63] Circuito de Jerez – Ángel Nieto, Jerez de la Frontera
2 26 July Andalusia Gran Premio Red Bull de Andalucía
3 9 August Czech Republic Monster Energy Grand Prix České republiky[64] Brno Circuit, Brno
4 16 August Austria myWorld Motorrad Grand Prix von Österreich[65] Red Bull Ring, Spielberg
5 23 August Styria BMW M Grand Prix of Styria
6 13 September San Marino Gran Premio Lenovo di San Marino e della Riviera di Rimini[66] Misano World Circuit Marco Simoncelli, Misano Adriatico
7 20 September Emilia-Romagna Gran Premio TISSOT dell'Emilia Romagna e della Riviera di Rimini[67]
8 27 September Catalonia Gran Premi Monster Energy de Catalunya[68] Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya, Montmeló
9 11 October France SHARK Helmets Grand Prix de France[69] Bugatti Circuit, Le Mans
10 18 October Aragon Gran Premio Michelin de Aragón[70] MotorLand Aragón, Alcañiz
11 25 October Province of Teruel Gran Premio Liqui Moly de Teruel
12 8 November Europe Gran Premio de Europa Circuit Ricardo Tormo, Valencia
13 15 November Valencian Community Gran Premio Motul de la Comunitat Valenciana[71]
14 22 November Portugal Grande Prémio MEO de Portugal[72] Algarve International Circuit, Portimão

Cancelled Grands Prix

[edit]

The following rounds were included on the original calendar, but were cancelled in response to the COVID-19 pandemic:[73]

Original Date Grand Prix Circuit
8 March[d] Qatar Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix[74] Losail International Circuit, Lusail
31 May Italy Italian motorcycle Grand Prix Autodromo Internazionale del Mugello, Scarperia e San Piero
21 June Germany German motorcycle Grand Prix[75] Sachsenring, Hohenstein-Ernstthal
28 June Netherlands Dutch TT[76] TT Circuit Assen, Assen
12 July Finland Finnish motorcycle Grand Prix[77] Kymi Ring, Iitti
30 August United Kingdom British motorcycle Grand Prix[78] Silverstone Circuit, Silverstone
22 March
4 October[e] 		Thailand Thailand motorcycle Grand Prix[79] Chang International Circuit, Buriram
18 October Japan Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix Twin Ring Motegi, Motegi
25 October Australia Australian motorcycle Grand Prix[80] Phillip Island Grand Prix Circuit, Phillip Island
1 November Malaysia Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix[81] Sepang International Circuit, Sepang
5 April
15 November[e] 		United States Motorcycle Grand Prix of the Americas[82] Circuit of the Americas, Austin
19 April
22 November[e] 		Argentina Argentine Republic motorcycle Grand Prix[83] Autódromo Termas de Río Hondo, Termas de Río Hondo

Calendar changes

[edit]
  • The Finnish Grand Prix was planned to be reintroduced to the calendar after a 37-year absence. The venue hosting the round was planned to be the new Kymi Ring, instead of the Tampere Circuit used in 1962 and 1963 or the Imatra Circuit which hosted the round until 1982.[77]
  • The Aragon Grand Prix was moved from the last week of September to the first week of October. It was later returned to its original schedule to allow for the rescheduled Thailand Grand Prix.[84]

Calendar changes as a reaction to COVID-19 pandemic

[edit]

The season calendar was significantly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, leading to the cancellation or postponement of many races and an overall delay to the start of the season.

  • The Qatar Grand Prix, originally scheduled to be the first round, was cancelled after Qatari quarantine measures were put in place. Travelers coming from Italy or having recently been in Italy would be required to quarantine for two weeks, creating difficulties for the many teams, riders, and suppliers based in Italy. However, the Moto2 and Moto3 races proceeded as planned, as the teams and riders were already in Qatar for their final pre-season test before the quarantine measures were implemented.[85]
  • The Thailand Grand Prix was postponed on 2 March due to COVID-19 concerns.[86] It was later planned to take place on 4 October, shifting the Aragon Grand Prix forward by a week.[87]
  • The Grand Prix of the Americas was postponed from 5 April to 15 November after the City of Austin implemented a state of emergency. The Valencian Grand Prix was subsequently shifted back by one week to 22 November to accommodate the Austin rescheduling.[88]
  • The Argentine Grand Prix was postponed to 22 November, further shifting the finale in Valencia to 29 November.[89]
  • The Spanish Grand Prix was postponed on 26 March.[90]
  • The French Grand Prix was postponed on 2 April.[91]
  • The Italian and Catalan Grands Prix were postponed on 7 April.[92]
  • The German Grand Prix was postponed on 17 April after the German government announced a ban of all large gatherings until at least 31 August.[93]
  • The Dutch TT was postponed on 23 April after the Dutch government announced a ban on all mass events until at least 1 September.[94]
  • The Finnish Grand Prix was postponed on 24 April.[95]
  • The German, Dutch and Finnish rounds were officially cancelled on 29 April.[96] For the first time in the championship's history, the Dutch TT was absent from the calendar.
  • The British and Australian rounds were cancelled on 29 May.[97]
  • The Japanese round was cancelled on 1 June.[98]
  • The Italian round was officially cancelled on 10 June.[99]
  • On 11 June, a new schedule based solely within Europe was announced. The season would contain 5 "double-headers" on consecutive weekends at Jerez, Austria, Misano, Aragon, and Valencia to achieve a minimum of 13 races.[62]
  • The European Grand Prix returned to the calendar for the first time since 1995, held at Ricardo Tormo Circuit as the first round of the Valencian double-header.[62]
  • The Grand Prix of the Americas was officially cancelled on 8 July.[100]
  • The Argentine, Thai and Malaysian rounds were officially cancelled on 31 July.[101]
  • On 10 August, the Portuguese Grand Prix was announced to be staging the final race of the 2020 season at the Autódromo Internacional do Algarve in Portimão. It marked the first Portuguese Grand Prix since 2012, when it was held at the Autódromo do Estoril. Portimão has been MotoGP's reserve track since 2017.[72] It also marked the first time since 2001 that the season finale was not held in Valencia.

Results and standings

[edit]

Grands Prix

[edit]
Round Grand Prix Pole position Fastest lap Winning rider Winning team Winning constructor Report
1 Spain Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix France Fabio Quartararo Spain Marc Márquez France Fabio Quartararo Malaysia Petronas Yamaha SRT Japan Yamaha Report
2 Andalusia Andalusian motorcycle Grand Prix France Fabio Quartararo France Fabio Quartararo France Fabio Quartararo Malaysia Petronas Yamaha SRT Japan Yamaha Report
3 Czech Republic Czech Republic motorcycle Grand Prix France Johann Zarco South Africa Brad Binder South Africa Brad Binder Austria Red Bull KTM Factory Racing Austria KTM Report
4 Austria Austrian motorcycle Grand Prix Spain Maverick Viñales Spain Álex Rins Italy Andrea Dovizioso Italy Ducati Team Italy Ducati Report
5 Styria Styrian motorcycle Grand Prix Spain Pol Espargaró Spain Pol Espargaró Portugal Miguel Oliveira France Red Bull KTM Tech3 Austria KTM Report
6 San Marino San Marino and Rimini Riviera motorcycle Grand Prix Spain Maverick Viñales Italy Francesco Bagnaia Italy Franco Morbidelli Malaysia Petronas Yamaha SRT Japan Yamaha Report
7 Emilia-Romagna Emilia Romagna and Rimini Riviera motorcycle Grand Prix Spain Maverick Viñales Italy Francesco Bagnaia Spain Maverick Viñales Japan Monster Energy Yamaha MotoGP Japan Yamaha Report
8 Catalonia Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix Italy Franco Morbidelli France Fabio Quartararo France Fabio Quartararo Malaysia Petronas Yamaha SRT Japan Yamaha Report
9 France French motorcycle Grand Prix France Fabio Quartararo France Johann Zarco Italy Danilo Petrucci Italy Ducati Team Italy Ducati Report
10 Aragon Aragon motorcycle Grand Prix France Fabio Quartararo Spain Álex Rins Spain Álex Rins Japan Team Suzuki Ecstar Japan Suzuki Report
11 Province of Teruel Teruel motorcycle Grand Prix Japan Takaaki Nakagami Italy Franco Morbidelli Italy Franco Morbidelli Malaysia Petronas Yamaha SRT Japan Yamaha Report
12 Europe European motorcycle Grand Prix Spain Pol Espargaró South Africa Brad Binder Spain Joan Mir Japan Team Suzuki Ecstar Japan Suzuki Report
13 Valencian Community Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix Italy Franco Morbidelli Australia Jack Miller Italy Franco Morbidelli Malaysia Petronas Yamaha SRT Japan Yamaha Report
14 Portugal Portuguese motorcycle Grand Prix Portugal Miguel Oliveira Portugal Miguel Oliveira Portugal Miguel Oliveira France Red Bull KTM Tech3 Austria KTM Report

Riders' standings

[edit]
Scoring system

Points were awarded to the top fifteen finishers. A rider had to finish the race to earn points.

Position  1st   2nd   3rd   4th   5th   6th   7th   8th   9th   10th   11th   12th   13th   14th   15th 
Points 25 20 16 13 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Pos. Rider Bike Team SPA
Spain 		ANC
Andalusia 		CZE
Czech Republic 		AUT
Austria 		STY
Styria 		RSM
San Marino 		EMI
Emilia-Romagna 		CAT
Catalonia 		FRA
France 		ARA
Aragon 		TER
Province of Teruel 		EUR
Europe 		VAL
Valencian Community 		POR
Portugal 		Pts
1 Spain Joan Mir Suzuki Team Suzuki Ecstar Ret 5 Ret 2 4 3 2 2 11 3 3 1 7 Ret 171
2 Italy Franco Morbidelli Yamaha Petronas Yamaha SRT 5 Ret 2 Ret 15 1 9 4P Ret 6 1F 11 1P 3 158
3 Spain Álex Rins Suzuki Team Suzuki Ecstar DNS 10 4 RetF 6 5 12 3 NC 1F 2 2 4 15 139
4 Italy Andrea Dovizioso Ducati Ducati Team 3 6 11 1 5 7 8 Ret 4 7 13 8 8 6 135
5 Spain Pol Espargaró KTM Red Bull KTM Factory Racing 6 7 Ret Ret 3P F 10 3 Ret 3 12 4 3P 3 4 135
6 Spain Maverick Viñales Yamaha Monster Energy Yamaha MotoGP 2 2 14 10P Ret 6P 1P 9 10 4 7 13 10 11 132
7 Australia Jack Miller Ducati Pramac Racing 4 Ret 9 3 2 8 Ret 5 Ret 9 Ret 6 2F 2 132
8 France Fabio Quartararo Yamaha Petronas Yamaha SRT 1P 1P F 7 8 13 Ret 4 1F 9P 18P 8 14 Ret 14 127
9 Portugal Miguel Oliveira KTM Red Bull KTM Tech3 8 Ret 6 Ret 1 11 5 Ret 6 16 6 5 6 1P F 125
10 Japan Takaaki Nakagami Honda LCR Honda Idemitsu 10 4 8 6 7 9 6 7 7 5 RetP 4 Ret 5 116
11 South Africa Brad Binder KTM Red Bull KTM Factory Racing 13 Ret 1F 4 8 12 Ret 11 12 11 Ret 7F 5 Ret 87
12 Italy Danilo Petrucci Ducati Ducati Team 9 Ret 12 7 11 16 10 8 1 15 10 10 15 16 78
13 France Johann Zarco Ducati Esponsorama Racing 11 9 3P Ret 14 15 11 Ret 5F 10 5 9 Ret 10 77
14 Spain Álex Márquez Honda Repsol Honda Team 12 8 15 14 16 17 7 13 2 2 Ret Ret 16 9 74
15 Italy Valentino Rossi Yamaha Monster Energy Yamaha MotoGP Ret 3 5 5 9 4 Ret Ret Ret Ret 12 12 66
16 Italy Francesco Bagnaia Ducati Pramac Racing 7 Ret DNS 2F RetF 6 13 Ret Ret Ret 11 Ret 47
17 Spain Aleix Espargaró Aprilia Aprilia Racing Team Gresini Ret Ret 10 11 12 13 Ret 12 14 13 Ret Ret 9 8 42
18 United Kingdom Cal Crutchlow Honda LCR Honda Castrol DNS 13 13 15 17 DNS 10 Ret 8 11 Ret 13 13 32
19 Germany Stefan Bradl Honda Repsol Honda Team 18 17 18 18 DNS 17 8 17 12 12 14 7 27
20 Spain Iker Lecuona KTM Red Bull KTM Tech3 Ret Ret Ret 9 10 14 Ret 14 15 14 9 WD 27
21 United Kingdom Bradley Smith Aprilia Aprilia Racing Team Gresini 15 12 17 13 19 19 13 16 Ret 19 15 12
22 Spain Tito Rabat Ducati Esponsorama Racing 14 11 16 16 21 Ret Ret 15 Ret 20 14 Ret 17 18 10
23 Italy Michele Pirro Ducati Pramac Racing 12 20 4
24 Finland Mika Kallio KTM Red Bull KTM Tech3 17 0
25 Italy Lorenzo Savadori Aprilia Aprilia Racing Team Gresini Ret 18 Ret 0
Spain Marc Márquez Honda Repsol Honda Team RetF DNS 0
United States Garrett Gerloff Yamaha Monster Energy Yamaha MotoGP WD 0
Pos. Rider Bike Team SPA
Spain 		ANC
Andalusia 		CZE
Czech Republic 		AUT
Austria 		STY
Styria 		RSM
San Marino 		EMI
Emilia-Romagna 		CAT
Catalonia 		FRA
France 		ARA
Aragon 		TER
Province of Teruel 		EUR
Europe 		VAL
Valencian Community 		POR
Portugal 		Pts
Source:[102]
Race key
Colour Result
Gold Winner
Silver 2nd place
Bronze 3rd place
Green Points finish
Blue Non-points finish
Non-classified finish (NC)
Purple Retired (Ret)
Red Did not qualify (DNQ)
Did not pre-qualify (DNPQ)
Black Disqualified (DSQ)
White Did not start (DNS)
Withdrew (WD)
Race cancelled (C)
Blank Did not practice (DNP)
Did not arrive (DNA)
Excluded (EX)
Annotation Meaning
P Pole position
F Fastest lap
Rider key
Colour Meaning
Light blue Rookie rider

Constructors' standings

[edit]

Each constructor received the same number of points as their best placed rider in each race.

Pos. Constructor SPA
Spain 		ANC
Andalusia 		CZE
Czech Republic 		AUT
Austria 		STY
Styria 		RSM
San Marino 		EMI
Emilia-Romagna 		CAT
Catalonia 		FRA
France 		ARA
Aragon 		TER
Province of Teruel 		EUR
Europe 		VAL
Valencian Community 		POR
Portugal 		Pts
1 Italy Ducati 3 6 3 1 2 2 8 5 1 7 5 6 2 2 221
2 Japan Yamaha 1 1 2 5 9 1 1 1 9 4 1 11 1 3 204[f]
3 Japan Suzuki Ret 5 4 2 4 3 2 2 11 1 2 1 4 15 202
4 Austria KTM 6 7 1 4 1 10 3 11 3 11 4 3 3 1 200
5 Japan Honda 10 4 8 6 7 9 6 7 2 2 11 4 13 5 144
6 Italy Aprilia 15 12 10 11 12 13 13 12 14 13 15 Ret 9 8 51
Pos. Constructor SPA
Spain 		ANC
Andalusia 		CZE
Czech Republic 		AUT
Austria 		STY
Styria 		RSM
San Marino 		EMI
Emilia-Romagna 		CAT
Catalonia 		FRA
France 		ARA
Aragon 		TER
Province of Teruel 		EUR
Europe 		VAL
Valencian Community 		POR
Portugal 		Pts
Source:[102]

Teams' standings

[edit]

The teams' standings were based on results obtained by regular and substitute riders.

Pos. Team Bike
No. 		SPA
Spain 		ANC
Andalusia 		CZE
Czech Republic 		AUT
Austria 		STY
Styria 		RSM
San Marino 		EMI
Emilia-Romagna 		CAT
Catalonia 		FRA
France 		ARA
Aragon 		TER
Province of Teruel 		EUR
Europe 		VAL
Valencian Community 		POR
Portugal 		Pts
1 Japan Team Suzuki Ecstar 36 Ret 5 Ret 2 4 3 2 2 11 3 3 1 7 Ret 310
42 DNS 10 4 RetF 6 5 12 3 NC 1F 2 2 4 15
2 Malaysia Petronas Yamaha SRT 20 1P 1P F 7 8 13 Ret 4 1F 9P 18P 8 14 Ret 14 248[g]
21 5 Ret 2 Ret 15 1 9 4P Ret 6 1F 11 1P 3
3 Austria Red Bull KTM Factory Racing 33 13 Ret 1F 4 8 12 Ret 11 12 11 Ret 7F 5 Ret 222
44 6 7 Ret Ret 3P F 10 3 Ret 3 12 4 3P 3 4
4 Italy Ducati Team 04 3 6 11 1 5 7 8 Ret 4 7 13 8 8 6 213
9 9 Ret 12 7 11 16 10 8 1 15 10 10 15 16
5 Italy Pramac Racing 43 4 Ret 9 3 2 8 Ret 5 Ret 9 Ret 6 2F 2 183
51 12 20
63 7 Ret DNS 2F RetF 6 13 Ret Ret Ret 11 Ret
6 Japan Monster Energy Yamaha MotoGP 12 2 2 14 10P Ret 6P 1P 9 10 4 7 13 10 11 178[h]
31 WD
46 Ret 3 5 5 9 4 Ret Ret Ret Ret 12 12
7 France Red Bull KTM Tech3 27 Ret Ret Ret 9 10 14 Ret 14 15 14 9 WD 152
82 17
88 8 Ret 6 Ret 1 11 5 Ret 6 16 6 5 6 1P F
8 Monaco LCR Honda 30 10 4 8 6 7 9 6 7 7 5 RetP 4 Ret 5 148
35 DNS 13 13 15 17 DNS 10 Ret 8 11 Ret 13 13
9 Japan Repsol Honda Team 6 18 17 18 18 DNS 17 8 17 12 12 14 7 101
73 12 8 15 14 16 17 7 13 2 2 Ret Ret 16 9
93 RetF DNS
10 Spain Esponsorama Racing 5 11 9 3P Ret 14 15 11 Ret 5F 10 5 9 Ret 10 87
53 14 11 16 16 21 Ret Ret 15 Ret 20 14 Ret 17 18
11 Italy Aprilia Racing Team Gresini 32 Ret 18 Ret 54
38 15 12 17 13 19 19 13 16 Ret 19 15
41 Ret Ret 10 11 12 13 Ret 12 14 13 Ret Ret 9 8
Pos. Team Bike
No. 		SPA
Spain 		ANC
Andalusia 		CZE
Czech Republic 		AUT
Austria 		STY
Styria 		RSM
San Marino 		EMI
Emilia-Romagna 		CAT
Catalonia 		FRA
France 		ARA
Aragon 		TER
Province of Teruel 		EUR
Europe 		VAL
Valencian Community 		POR
Portugal 		Pts
Source:[102]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Aprilia Racing Team Gresini maintained Andrea Iannone as their official entry despite his suspension, pending appeals. Replacement rider entries were made as Iannone was ineligible to participate.
  2. ^ Iker Lecuona was entered during round 13 but was withdrawn from the race when he tested positive for COVID-19.[41]
  3. ^ a b Garrett Gerloff initially replaced Valentino Rossi during round 12 and competed in the two Friday practice sessions while Rossi was waiting for his COVID-19 test results, but was withdrawn from the race when Rossi was declared fit to race after testing negative for COVID-19.
  4. ^ Night race
  5. ^ a b c Early season race was initially rescheduled for later in the season before ultimately being cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
  6. ^ Yamaha scored 254 points as a manufacturer, but were deducted 50 points after failing to respect MSMA technical changes protocols.[19]
  7. ^ Petronas Yamaha SRT riders scored 285 points, but the team was deducted 37 points after failing to respect MSMA technical changes protocols.[19]
  8. ^ Monster Energy Yamaha MotoGP riders scored 198 points, but the team was deducted 20 points after failing to respect MSMA technical changes protocols.[19]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Saiz, Alberto (15 November 2020). "Mir wins first MotoGP title at Valencia Grand Prix". The Washington Post. Retrieved 15 November 2020.[dead link]
  2. ^ "Marc Marquez suffers fractured humerus in Jerez crash". MotoGP.com. Dorna Sports. 19 July 2020. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
  3. ^ Duncan, Lewis (25 July 2020). "MotoGP news: Marquez pulls out of Andalusian GP". Motorsport.com. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  4. ^ a b Williams-Smith, Jake (10 November 2020). "Marc Márquez confirms he will not race again in the 2020 MotoGP season". Motor Sport Magazine. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  5. ^ Duncan, Lewis (19 July 2020). "Jerez MotoGP: Quartararo wins as Marquez crashes hard". www.motorsport.com. Retrieved 21 July 2020.
  6. ^ Duncan, Lewis (9 August 2020). "Czech Republic MotoGP: Binder stuns for KTM to take maiden win at Brno". Autosport.com. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
  7. ^ Duncan, Lewis (23 August 2020). "Styria MotoGP: Oliveira makes last-turn pass to win thriller". www.motorsport.com. Retrieved 23 August 2020.
  8. ^ "Morbidelli wins first MotoGP race at San Marino". ESPN.co.uk. 13 September 2020. Retrieved 22 September 2020.
  9. ^ Lewis, Lisa (8 November 2020). "MotoGP Europe: Mir's first victory puts title rivals on the ropes". Crash.net. Retrieved 8 November 2020.
  10. ^ "8 in 8: Rins beats Marquez in magnificent MotorLand battle". MotoGP.com. Dorna Sports. 18 October 2020. Retrieved 18 October 2020.
  11. ^ "Honour roll: the 9 winners – so far". MotoGP.com. Dorna Sports. 30 October 2016. Retrieved 31 October 2016. The only other year in the 68 year history of motorcycle grand prix racing that there were eight different winners in a premier-class season was in 2000, when eight riders won 500cc Grands Prix: Kenny Roberts Jnr, Garry McCoy, Valentino Rossi, Max Biaggi, Alex Barros, Alex Criville, Loris Capirossi and Norick Abe.
  12. ^ Duncan, Lewis; Puigdemont, Oriol (31 July 2020). "MotoGP set for Portugal return as flyaway rounds cancelled". Autosport.com. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
  13. ^ a b Duncan, Lewis (15 October 2020). "MotoGP News: Rossi to miss Aragon GP with COVID-19". www.motorsport.com. Retrieved 16 October 2020.
  14. ^ a b Duncan, Lewis (18 October 2020). "Yamaha won't replace Rossi for MotoGP Teruel GP, ending Lorenzo speculation". Autosport.com. Retrieved 18 October 2020.
  15. ^ a b "Rossi will take part in the European Grand Prix". MotoGP.com. Dorna Sports. 6 November 2020. Retrieved 6 November 2020.
  16. ^ a b Duncan, Lewis (5 November 2020). "Iker Lecuona ruled out of European GP due to quarantine rules". Motorsport.com. Retrieved 5 November 2020.
  17. ^ a b Barstow, Ollie (14 November 2020). "Iker Lecuona out of Valencia MotoGP after COVID-19 diagnosis". Crash.net. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
  18. ^ a b c Barstow, Ollie (17 November 2020). "Lecuona out of Portuguese MotoGP finale, Kallio returns on Tech3 KTM". Crash.net. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
  19. ^ a b c d "Yamaha handed penalties, no effect on rider points". MotoGP.com. Dorna Sports. 5 November 2020. Retrieved 5 November 2020.
  20. ^ Emmett, David (5 November 2020). "The Irony Behind Yamaha's Punishment For Using An Illegal Engine Spec At Jerez". motomatters.com. Retrieved 5 November 2020.
  21. ^ Patterson, Simon (5 November 2020). "Heavy points penalty for Yamaha, Petronas but not the riders". The Race. Retrieved 5 November 2020.
  22. ^ Yamaha Motor Racing (6 November 2020). "Yamaha statement following the sanction of the FIM". MotoGP.com. Dorna Sports. Retrieved 6 November 2020.
  23. ^ a b "Smith confirmed for opening two rounds of 2020". www.motogp.com. Dorna Sports. 23 June 2020. Retrieved 23 June 2020.
  24. ^ a b Duncan, Lewis (13 August 2020). "Aprilia MotoGP rider Iannone's anti-doping hearing delayed to October". Autosport.com. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
  25. ^ a b McLaren, Peter (27 October 2020). "Aprilia replaces Bradley Smith with Lorenzo Savadori". Crash.net. Retrieved 27 October 2020.
  26. ^ "Aleix Espargaro continues with Aprilia for 2019 and 2020". MotoGP.com. Dorna Sports. 17 May 2018. Retrieved 17 May 2018.
  27. ^ "Dovizioso stays with Ducati for two more seasons". MotoGP.com. Dorna Sports. 18 May 2018. Retrieved 18 May 2018.
  28. ^ "Petrucci to remain with Ducati Team for 2020". MotoGP.com. Dorna Sports. 4 July 2019. Retrieved 5 July 2019.
  29. ^ "Miller renews with Pramac Racing for 2020". MotoGP.com. Dorna Sports. 14 August 2019. Retrieved 14 August 2019.
  30. ^ "Bagnaia confirmed in MotoGP in 2019 and 2020". MotoGP.com. Dorna Sports. 21 February 2018. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
  31. ^ a b Gugliemetti, Riccardo (12 August 2020). "MotoGP, Michele Pirro reckons Dovizioso and Ducati are not out of the title race yet". GPOne.com. Retrieved 13 August 2020.
  32. ^ a b Duncan, Lewis (6 December 2019). "Johann Zarco reveals Ducati deal, rides for Avintia in MotoGP 2020". Autosport.com. Retrieved 7 December 2019.
  33. ^ McLaren, Peter (31 July 2019). "Tito Rabat re-signs for Avintia, 'factory machines'". crash.net. Retrieved 9 December 2019.
  34. ^ "Nakagami signs one-year extension with HRC". MotoGP.com. Dorna Sports. 15 October 2019. Retrieved 15 October 2019.
  35. ^ "Crutchlow extends his contract with HRC and LCR until 2020". MotoGP.com. Dorna Sports. 23 August 2018. Retrieved 24 August 2018.
  36. ^ a b "Alex Marquez announced at Repsol Honda for 2020". MotoGP.com. Dorna Sports. 18 November 2019. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
  37. ^ "Marquez to stay at Repsol Honda in 2019 and 2020". MotoGP.com. Dorna Sports. 26 February 2018. Retrieved 26 February 2018.
  38. ^ a b "Stefan Bradl joins Alex Marquez in Brno while Marc Marquez recovers". Honda Racing Corporation. 4 August 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
  39. ^ a b c "Red Bull KTM MotoGP 2020 line-up confirmed". MotoGP.com. Dorna Sports. 24 October 2019. Retrieved 24 October 2019.
  40. ^ "Pol Espargaro signs new two-year contract with KTM". MotoGP.com. Dorna Sports. 2 May 2018. Retrieved 2 May 2018.
  41. ^ Barstow, Ollie (14 November 2020). "Iker Lecuona out of Valencia MotoGP after COVID-19 diagnosis". crash.net. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
  42. ^ "Oliveira extends KTM deal into 2020". MotoGP.com. Dorna Sports. 5 May 2019. Retrieved 5 May 2019.
  43. ^ "Mir confirmed at Suzuki in 2019 and 2020". MotoGP.com. Dorna Sports. 11 June 2018. Retrieved 12 June 2018.
  44. ^ "Rins to stay with Team Suzuki Ecstar for two more seasons". MotoGP.com. Dorna Sports. 17 May 2018. Retrieved 17 May 2018.
  45. ^ "Vinales to remain at Yamaha in 2019 and 2020". MotoGP.com. Dorna Sports. 24 January 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  46. ^ "Rossi signs new two year deal with Movistar Yamaha". MotoGP.com. Dorna Sports. 15 March 2018. Retrieved 15 March 2018.
  47. ^ a b Patterson, Simon (6 November 2020). "Gerloff replaces Rossi in Valencia practice at least". The Race. Retrieved 6 November 2020.
  48. ^ a b Cobb, Haydn (24 August 2018). "Morbidelli, Quartararo revealed in Petronas Yamaha presentation". crash.net. Retrieved 9 December 2019.
  49. ^ "FIM Grand Prix World Championship 2020 Provisional Entry Lists" (PDF). fim-live.com. Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 January 2020. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
  50. ^ "Michelin confirmed as MotoGP tyre supplier until 2023". MotoGP.com. Dorna Sports. 20 October 2017. Retrieved 6 October 2023.
  51. ^ "Zarco and Red Bull KTM announce split". www.motogp.com. Retrieved 12 August 2019.
  52. ^ Khorounzhiy, Valentin (23 October 2019). "KTM names Binder as Zarco's MotoGP replacement at KTM in 2020". autosport.com. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
  53. ^ Duncan, Lewis (14 November 2019). "Three-time champion Lorenzo announces MotoGP retirement". motorsport.com. Retrieved 17 November 2019.
  54. ^ Duncan, Lewis (18 November 2019). "Alex Marquez replaces Lorenzo at Honda, joins brother Marc". motorsport.com. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
  55. ^ "Jorge Lorenzo returns to Yamaha". motogp.com. Dorna Sports. 30 January 2020. Retrieved 30 January 2020.
  56. ^ Tobin, Dominic (5 March 2020). "Jorge Lorenzo MotoGP return confirmed with wildcard Catalunya entry". MotorsportMagazine.com. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
  57. ^ Duncan, Lewis (15 May 2020). "MotoGP News: Jorge Lorenzo won't get wildcard return in 2020". Autosport.com. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
  58. ^ Khorounzhiy, Valentin (24 November 2019). "Zarco Avintia MotoGP deal a step closer as Karel Abraham confirms exit". Autosport.com. Retrieved 25 November 2019.
  59. ^ "Iannone handed 18-month suspension". MotoGP.com. Dorna Sports. 1 April 2020. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
  60. ^ "MotoGP, CAS sentence on Andrea Iannone to arrive in mid-November". GPOne.com. 16 October 2020. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
  61. ^ Sports, Dorna. "Andrea Iannone receives four-year ban after losing appeal". www.motogp.com. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
  62. ^ a b c "MotoGP announces 13-round European calendar". Crash.net. CMG. 11 June 2020. Retrieved 11 June 2020.
  63. ^ "Jerez, tres años más en el Mundial de MotoGP". Mundo Deportivo. Mundo Deportivo. 1 August 2018. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
  64. ^ "Dorna extends contract with Brno until 2020". MotoGP.com. Dorna Sports. 12 January 2016. Retrieved 12 January 2016.
  65. ^ "MotoGP to race at the Red Bull Ring until at least 2025". MotoGP.com. Dorna Sports. 10 August 2019. Retrieved 10 August 2019.
  66. ^ "Misano to host MotoGP until 2021". MotoGP.com. Dorna Sports. 6 September 2018. Retrieved 6 September 2018.
  67. ^ "Tissot to be title sponsor of second GP in Misano". MotoGP.com. Dorna Sports. 27 August 2020. Retrieved 27 August 2020.
  68. ^ "Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya to host MotoGP until 2021". MotoGP.com. Dorna Sports. 9 November 2016. Retrieved 9 November 2016.
  69. ^ "French GP held at Le Mans until 2026". MotoGP.com. Dorna Sports. 19 May 2018. Retrieved 19 May 2018.
  70. ^ "MotoGP at MotorLand Aragon until 2021". MotoGP.com. Dorna Sports. 22 September 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2016.
  71. ^ "Valencia to host MotoGP until 2021". MotoGP.com. Dorna Sports. 20 September 2016. Retrieved 20 September 2016.
  72. ^ a b "Portimao to host 2020 MotoGP season finale". MotoGP.com. Dorna Sports. 10 August 2020. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
  73. ^ "2020 MotoGP calendar confirmed". Crash.net. CMG. 23 January 2020. Retrieved 23 January 2020.
  74. ^ "Qatar secures 10-year MotoGP contract". MotoGP.com. Dorna Sports. 14 June 2015. Retrieved 14 June 2015.
  75. ^ "Future of German Motorcycle Grand Prix secured". MotoGP.com. Dorna Sports. 17 July 2016. Retrieved 17 July 2016.
  76. ^ "Ten more years in Assen". MotoGP.com. Dorna Sports. 25 June 2016. Retrieved 25 June 2016.
  77. ^ a b "MOTOGP WILL BE HELD IN 2020–2024 This contract is valid for five years, and the race will be held at KymiRing. Events of the World Championships will come back in Finland after 40 years". Kymiring. Kymi Ring. 3 August 2017. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 3 August 2017.
  78. ^ "Silverstone extends MotoGP contract until the end of 2021". MotoGP.com. Dorna Sports. 8 May 2019. Retrieved 8 May 2019.
  79. ^ "Thailand confirmed on the MotoGP calendar". MotoGP.com. Dorna Sports. 31 August 2017. Retrieved 31 August 2017.
  80. ^ "Phillip Island is here to stay". MotoGP.com. Dorna Sports. 11 April 2016. Retrieved 11 April 2016.
  81. ^ "MotoGP at Sepang International Circuit until 2021". MotoGP.com. Dorna Sports. 29 October 2016. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
  82. ^ "MotoGP is Coming to Texas". Cycleworld. Cycleworld. 13 April 2011. Retrieved 13 April 2011.
  83. ^ "Argentina to host MotoGP until 2021". MotoGP.com. Dorna Sports. 11 December 2018. Retrieved 11 December 2018.
  84. ^ "Argentina to host MotoGP until 2021". motogp.com. 11 December 2018. Retrieved 17 November 2017.
  85. ^ "MOTOGP CLASS CANCELLED AT THE GRAND PRIX OF QATAR". FIM-live.com. 1 March 2020. Retrieved 1 March 2020.
  86. ^ "Buriram MotoGP postponed indefinitely due to coronavirus". Bangkok Post. Bangkok Post Public Company Limited. 2 March 2020. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
  87. ^ "UPDATED: 2020 MotoGP calendar officially confirmed". MotoGP.com. Dorna Sports. 5 March 2020. Retrieved 5 March 2020.
  88. ^ "Red Bull Grand Prix of the Americas rescheduled for November". Dorna Sports. 10 March 2020. Retrieved 10 March 2020.
  89. ^ "Motul Argentina Grand Prix rescheduled for November". MotoGP.com. Dorna Sports. 11 March 2020. Retrieved 11 March 2020.
  90. ^ "Red Bull Gran Premio de España postponed". MotoGP.com. Dorna Sports. 26 March 2020. Retrieved 26 March 2020.
  91. ^ "SHARK Helmets Grand Prix de France postponed". MotoGP.com. Dorna Sports. 2 April 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
  92. ^ "Italian and Catalan Grands Prix postponed". MotoGP.com. Dorna Sports. 7 April 2020. Retrieved 8 April 2020.
  93. ^ Leeuwen, Andrew Van (17 April 2020). "New COVID-19 restrictions forces MotoGP German GP postponement". Autosport.com. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
  94. ^ Duncan, Lewis (23 April 2020). "MotoGP's Dutch TT at Assen postponed amid coronavirus pandemic". Autosport.com. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
  95. ^ Duncan, Lewis (24 April 2020). "Finnish GP becomes 11th MotoGP race to be scrapped". www.motorsport.com. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
  96. ^ "German, Dutch and Finnish Grands Prix cancelled". MotoGP.com. Dorna Sports. 29 April 2020. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
  97. ^ "2020 British and Australian Grands Prix cancelled". MotoGP.com. Dorna Sports. 29 May 2020. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
  98. ^ "Motul Grand Prix of Japan cancelled". MotoGP.com. Dorna Sports. 1 June 2020. Retrieved 1 June 2020.
  99. ^ "MotoGP: GP d'Italia Oakley at Mugello cancelled". www.fim-live.com. 10 June 2020. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
  100. ^ Duncan, Lewis (8 July 2020). "MotoGP cancels 2020 Austin visit". www.motorsport.com. Retrieved 10 July 2020.
  101. ^ Sports, Dorna. "UPDATED 2020 MotoGP Calendar with a total of 15 Grands Prix". www.motogp.com. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
  102. ^ a b c "2020 Standings" (PDF). motogp.com. 22 November 2020. Retrieved 17 April 2023.
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2020_MotoGP_World_Championship&oldid=1229955472"
pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy