Certificate of ascertainment
In the United States, a certificate of ascertainment is an official document that identifies a state's appointed electors for U.S. President and Vice President, and the final vote count for each candidate that received popular votes.[1]
Procedure
[edit]After a presidential election,[2][3] the ascertainment is submitted by the governor of each state (and by the mayor of the District of Columbia) to the Archivist of the United States[4][5][6] and others,[7] in accordance with 3 U.S.C. §§ 6–14[8][9] the Electoral Count Act,[10][11] and the Electoral Count Reform and Presidential Transition Improvement Act of 2022. Within the United States' electoral system, the certificates "[represent] a crucial link between the popular vote and votes cast by electors".[12]
The certificates must bear the state seal and the governor's signature. Each state is free to choose the appearance and layout of the certificate. Staff from the Office of the Federal Register ensure that each certificate contains all legally required information.[13] States are required to produce either seven original certificates with two certified copies, or nine original certificates; of these, one original and either two more originals or two copies, are sent to the Archivist via registered mail or a commercial carrier. Both the House and the Senate receive one of the copies.[13]
When each state's electors meet to vote (on the first Monday after the second Wednesday of December),[3] they sign and record their vote on six "certificates of the vote",[9][11] which are then paired with the six remaining certificates of ascertainment. One pair of certificates is sent to the president of the Senate; two pairs are sent to the Archivist; two pairs are sent via registered mail to the state's secretary of state; and one pair is sent to the chief judge of the closest United States district court.[14][15] One of each of the two pairs sent to the Archivist and the secretary of state are designated for public inspection, while the others (and the chief judge's copy) are "held subject to the order of the President of the United States Senate".[13] The Archivist must receive the certificates by the fourth Wednesday in December,[11] and may take "extraordinary measures to retrieve duplicate originals" otherwise.[13]
The Vice President, as President of the Senate, opens the certificates in alphabetical order by state during a joint session of Congress in the House chamber on January 6 and gives them to one of four "tellers" (two from the House and two from the Senate), who tally the vote while seated at the clerks' desks.[15][16]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Robinson, Courtney (November 17, 2020). "It's official: Florida certifies its 2020 election results". WTSP. Retrieved November 20, 2020.
- ^ Conniff, Ruth (November 19, 2020). "Wisconsin's divisive presidential recount begins". Wisconsin Examiner. Retrieved November 20, 2020.
- ^ a b Astor, Maggie (November 12, 2020). "Here's What Will Happen Between Election Day and Inauguration Day". The New York Times. Retrieved November 19, 2020.
- ^ Bedillion, Caleb (November 16, 2020). "Final vote tally shows Lee County turnout increase". Northeast Mississippi Daily Journal. Retrieved November 20, 2020.
- ^ Lee, Jessica (November 19, 2020). "Could Trump Defy Popular Vote By Halting Voter Certification?". Snopes. Retrieved November 20, 2020.
- ^ Certificate of Ascertainment of Electors, President and Vice President of the United States of America, District of Columbia (2016).
- ^ Albiges, Marie (November 13, 2020). "Meet Pennsylvania's Electoral College voters: Everything they can — and can't — do". WHYY. Retrieved November 19, 2020.
- ^ Karson, Kendall (December 8, 2020). "What to know about Tuesday's 'safe harbor' deadline to certify election results". ABC News. Retrieved December 9, 2020.
- ^ a b Viebeck, Elise; Santamariña, Daniela (November 12, 2020). "Vote certification deadlines in states facing legal challenges from Trump, GOP". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 19, 2020.
- ^ Montellaro, Zach (November 19, 2020). "What you need to know about how the Electoral College works". Politico. Retrieved November 20, 2020.
- ^ a b c Neale, Thomas H. (October 22, 2020). "The Electoral College: A 2020 Presidential Election Timeline". Congressional Research Service. Retrieved November 19, 2020.
- ^ Friedmann, Sarah (November 3, 2016). "The Certificate Of Ascertainment Records Each Vote". Bustle. Retrieved November 19, 2020.
- ^ a b c d "The 2020 Presidential Election: Provisions of the Constitution and U.S. Code" (PDF). Office of the Federal Register. National Archives and Records Administration. July 2020. Retrieved November 19, 2020.
- ^ Dixon, R. G. (June 1950). "Electoral College Procedure". The Western Political Quarterly. 3 (2). University of Utah: 214–224. doi:10.2307/443484. JSTOR 443484.
- ^ a b Grullón Paz, Isabella; Lerer, Lisa (December 13, 2020). "The Electoral College Is Voting Tomorrow. Here's What to Expect". The New York Times. Retrieved December 14, 2020.
- ^ McNamara, Audrey (December 10, 2020). "Electoral College is last long-shot chance for Trump allies to challenge election results". CBS News. Retrieved December 11, 2020.
External links
[edit]- 2016 Electoral College certificates of ascertainment from the National Archives
- 2020 Electoral College certificates of ascertainment from the National Archives