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Chronology of warfare between the Romans and Germanic peoples

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"Germanic Wars" redirects here. For the book Bella Germanica, see Pliny the Elder.
The Varus battle by Otto Albert Koch, 1909

This is a chronology of warfare between the Romans and various Germanic peoples. The nature of these wars varied through time between Roman conquest, Germanic uprisings, later Germanic invasions of the Western Roman Empire that started in the late second century BC, and more. The series of conflicts was one factor which led to the ultimate downfall of the Western Roman Empire in particular and ancient Rome in general in 476.

List of campaigns

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Chronology

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Second century BC

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The Defeat of the Cimbri by Alexandre Gabriel Décamps

First century BC

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Vercingetorix Throws Down His Arms at the Feet of Julius Caesar by Lionel Noel Royer, 1899

First century

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Battles of Idistaviso and the Angrivarian Wall.

Campaigns of Tiberius and Germanicus in the years 10/11-13 CE. In pink the anti-Roman Germanic coalition led by Arminius. In dark green, territories still directly held by the Romans, in yellow the Roman client states

Second century

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Third century

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  • 213–214, Emperor Caracalla's successful campaign against the Alamanni, fortifications of Raetia and Germania Superior strengthened.[49]
  • 235–284, Crisis of the Third Century.
    • The area (Agri Decumates) between Main and Rhine was evacuated in 259 AD, dozens of Roman camps were abandoned.

    Fourth century

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    The northern and eastern frontiers of the Roman Empire in the time of Constantine, with the territories acquired in the course of the thirty years of military campaigns between 306 and 337.
    Empire of the Huns, pushing the Germanic tribes over the Limes into the Roman Empire.

    Fifth century

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    For the timeline of events in Britannia after its abandonment by Emperor Valentinian III, see Timeline of conflict in Anglo-Saxon Britain.

    Kingdom of the Vandals (yellow) and their allies the Sarmatian Alans before the invasion of Roman Africa, c. 418
    During his four-year reign Majorian reconquered most of Hispania and southern Gaul, meanwhile reducing the Visigoths, Burgundians and Suevi to federate status.
    Europe in the late fifth century (476–486).

    Sixth century

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    Kingdom of the Visigoths (orange), Kingdom of the Suebi (green), Kingdom of the Burgundians, Kingdom of the Franks (purple), Kingdom of the Vandals (yellow), c. 490.
    The Byzantine Empire at the end of Antiquity in 555 AD.

    Eighth century

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    • 751, the Lombards conquer Ravenna, but Pope Stephen II controlled the territories of Rome, Sicily, Sardinia and others.
    • 751–756, just when it seemed Aistulf was able to defeat all opposition on Italian soil, Pepin the Short, the old enemy of the usurpers of Liutprand's family, finally managed to overthrow the Merovingian dynasty in Gaul, deposing Childeric III and becoming king de jure as well as de facto. The support Pepin enjoyed from the papacy was decisive. Because of the threat this move represented for the new king of the Franks, an agreement between Pepin and Stephen II settled, in exchange for the formal royal anointing, the descent of the Franks in Italy.
    • In 754, the Lombard army, deployed in defence of the Locks in Val di Susa, was defeated by the Franks. Aistulf, perched in Pavia, had to accept a treaty that required the delivery of hostages and territorial concessions, but two years later resumed the war against the pope, who in turn called on the Franks. Defeated again, Aistulf had to accept much harsher conditions: Ravenna was returned not to the Byzantines, but to the pope, increasing the core area of the Patrimony of St. Peter; Aistulf had to accept a sort of Frankish protectorate, the loss of territorial continuity of his domains, and payment of substantial compensation. The duchies of Spoleto and Benevento were quick to ally themselves with the victors. Aistulf died in 756, shortly after this severe humiliation.
    • In 772 CE, the Roman pope Adrian I, of the opposite party of Desiderius, reversed the delicate game of alliances, demanding the surrender of the area never ceded by Desiderius and thus causing him to resume the war against the cities of Romagna.[112] Charlemagne, though he had just begun his campaign against the Saxons, came to the aid of the pope. He feared the capture of Rome by the Lombards and the consequent loss of prestige that would follow.
    • Between 773 and 774 Charlemagne invaded Italy. Once again the defence of the Locks was ineffective, the fault of the divisions among the Lombards.[112] Charlemagne, having prevailed against a tough resistance, captured the capital of the kingdom, Pavia. Charles then called himself Gratia Dei rex Francorum et Langobardorum ("By the grace of God king of the Franks and the Lombards"), realizing a personal union of the two kingdoms. Thus ended the Lombard Kingdom in Latin Italy, led by the Roman Pope Adrian I.

    See also

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    References

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    41. ^ Tacitus, Annals, XII.27
    42. ^ Tacitus 117:253, The Annals, Bk XIII, Ch 55. Events of AD 54–58.
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    66. ^ Origo Constantini 6.32 mention the actions.
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    73. ^ Ammianus Marcellinus, Historiae, book 15, chapters 4.
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    75. ^ Ammianus Marcellinus, Historiae, book 17, chapters 12–13.
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    77. ^ Gibbon, Ibid. p. 892, 893
    78. ^ Ammianus Marcellinus, Historiae, book 27, chapter 5.
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    89. ^ Socrates Scholasticus, The Ecclesiastical History[permanent dead link‍], book 4, chapters 34–38 & book 5, chapter 1.
    90. ^ Heather, Peter, 1998, The Goths, pp. 130–138.
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    94. ^ Zosimus, Historia Nova, book 4.
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    96. ^ a b Heather, Peter, The Goths, p. 205
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    101. ^ a b c d e f Lanting, J. N.; van der Plicht, J. (2010). "De 14C-chronologie van de Nederlandse Pre- en Protohistorie VI: Romeinse tijd en Merovische periode, deel A: historische bronnen en chronologische thema's". Palaeohistoria 51/52 (2009/2010) (in Dutch). Groningen: Groningen Institute of Archaeology. pp. 45–46. ISBN 9789077922736. Retrieved 1 September 2020.
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    103. ^ "Butler, Rev. Alban, "St. Germanus, Bishop of Auxerre, Confessor", The Lives of the Saints, Vol. VII, 1866". Archived from the original on 2017-12-22. Retrieved 2017-12-20.
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    105. ^ Sidonius Apollinaris, Carmina, V.385–440 and A. Loyen, Recherches historiques sur les panégiriques de Sidonine Apollinaire, Paris 1942, pp. 76–77 and note 5. Cited in Savino, Eliodoro, Campania tardoantica (284–604 d.C.), Edipuglia, 2005, ISBN 88-7228-257-8, p. 84.
    106. ^ History of the Goths. University of California Press. 13 February 1990. ISBN 9780520069831. Retrieved 5 April 2012.
    107. ^ "World Timeline of Europe AD 400–800 Early medieval". The British Museum. 2005. Archived from the original on 2009-02-27. Retrieved 2009-04-06.
    108. ^ Getica, 303
    109. ^ Haldon, John, 2008, The Byzantine Wars, p. 39.
    110. ^ Amory, Patrick, 2003, People and Identity in Ostrogothic Italy, 489–554.
    111. ^ De Bello Gothico IV 32, pp. 241–245
    112. ^ a b Jarnut, Jörg (2002). Storia dei Longobardi (in Italian). Torino: Einaudi. p. 125. ISBN 88-464-4085-4.

    Works cited

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    Further reading

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