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Falcon 9

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Falcon 9
Logo of the Falcon 9
Ground-level view of a Falcon 9 lifting off from its launch pad
Falcon 9 B1058 lifting off from Kennedy LC-39A, carrying Demo-2
FunctionMedium-lift launch vehicle
ManufacturerSpaceX
Country of originUnited States
Cost per launchUS$69.75 million (2024)[1]
Size
Height
Diameter3.7 m (12 ft)[2]
Mass
  • FT: 549,000 kg (1,210,000 lb)[2]
  • v1.1: 506,000 kg (1,116,000 lb)[3]
  • v1.0: 333,000 kg (734,000 lb)[4]
Stages2
Capacity
Payload to LEO
Orbital inclination28.5°
Mass
  • FT: 22,800 kg (50,300 lb)[1] when expended,
    17,500 kg (38,600 lb)[5] when landing on drone ship
  • v1.1: 13,100 kg (28,900 lb)[3]
  • v1.0: 10,400 kg (22,900 lb)[4]
Payload to GTO
Orbital inclination27.0°
Mass
  • FT: 8,300 kg (18,300 lb) when expended,
    5,500 kg (12,100 lb) when landing on drone ship,[1]
    3,500 kg (7,700 lb) when landing at launch site[6]
  • v1.1: 4,800 kg (10,600 lb)[3]
  • v1.0: 4,500 kg (9,900 lb)[4]
Payload to Mars
MassFT: 4,020 kg (8,860 lb)[1]
Associated rockets
Based onFalcon 1
Derivative workFalcon Heavy
Launch history
Status
Launch sites
Total launches
  • 461
    • FT: 441
    • v1.1: 15
    • v1.0: 5
Success(es)
  • 458
    • FT: 440
    • v1.1: 14
    • v1.0: 4
Failure(s)2 (v1.1: CRS-7, FT Block 5: Starlink Group 9-3)
Partial failure(s)1 (v1.0: CRS-1)
Notable outcome(s)1 (FT: AMOS-6 pre-flight destruction)
Landings413 / 424 attempts
First flight
Last flight
First stage
Height39.6 m (130 ft) v1.0 41.2 m (135 ft) v1.1 & FT
Powered by
Maximum thrust
  • FT Block 5: 7,600 kN (1,700,000 lbf)[11]
  • FT: 6,800 kN (1,500,000 lbf)[2]
  • v1.1: 5,900 kN (1,300,000 lbf)[3]
  • v1.0: 4,900 kN (1,100,000 lbf)[4]
Specific impulse
  • v1.1 SL: 282 s (2.77 km/s)[12]
  • v1.1 vac: 311 s (3.05 km/s)[12]
  • v1.0 SL: 275 s (2.70 km/s)[4]
  • v1.0 vac: 304 s (2.98 km/s)[4]
Burn time
  • FT: 162 seconds[2]
  • v1.1: 180 seconds[3]
  • v1.0: 170 seconds
PropellantLOX / RP-1
Second stage
Height2.4 m (7 ft 10 in) v1.0 13.6 m (45 ft) v1.1 and FT short nozzle 13.8 m (45 ft) FT
Powered by
Maximum thrust
  • FT regular: 934 kN (210,000 lbf)[2]
  • FT short: 840 kN (190,000 lbf)
  • v1.1: 801 kN (180,000 lbf)[3]
  • v1.0: 617 kN (139,000 lbf)[4]
Specific impulse
  • FT: 348 s (3.41 km/s)[2]
  • v1.1: 340 s (3.3 km/s)[3]
  • v1.0: 342 s (3.35 km/s)[13]
Burn time
  • FT: 397 seconds[2]
  • v1.1: 375 seconds[3]
  • v1.0: 345 seconds[4]
PropellantLOX / RP-1
[edit on Wikidata]

Falcon 9 is a partially reusable, two-stage-to-orbit, medium-lift launch vehicle[d] designed and manufactured in the United States by SpaceX. The first Falcon 9 launch was on June 4, 2010, and the first commercial resupply mission to the International Space Station (ISS) launched on October 8, 2012.[14] In 2020, it became the first commercial rocket to launch humans to orbit.[15] The Falcon 9 has been noted for its reliability and high launch cadence,[16][17][18] with 458 successful launches, two in-flight failures, one partial failure and one pre-flight destruction. It is the most-launched American orbital rocket in history.

The rocket has two stages. The first (booster) stage carries the second stage and payload to a predetermined speed and altitude, after which the second stage accelerates the payload to its target orbit. The booster is capable of landing vertically to facilitate reuse. This feat was first achieved on flight 20 in December 2015. As of 7 April 2025, SpaceX has successfully landed Falcon 9 boosters 413 times.[e] Individual boosters have flown as many as 26 flights.[19] Both stages are powered by SpaceX Merlin engines,[f] using cryogenic liquid oxygen and rocket-grade kerosene (RP-1) as propellants.[20][21]

The heaviest payloads flown to geostationary transfer orbit (GTO) were Intelsat 35e carrying 6,761 kg (14,905 lb), and Telstar 19V with 7,075 kg (15,598 lb). The former was launched into an advantageous super-synchronous transfer orbit,[22] while the latter went into a lower-energy GTO, with an apogee well below the geostationary altitude.[23] On January 24, 2021, Falcon 9 set a record for the most satellites launched by a single rocket, carrying 143 into orbit.[24]

Falcon 9 is human-rated for transporting NASA astronauts to the ISS, certified for the National Security Space Launch program[25] and the NASA Launch Services Program lists it as a "Category 3" (Low Risk) launch vehicle allowing it to launch the agency's most expensive, important, and complex missions.[26]

Several versions of Falcon 9 have been built and flown: v1.0 flew from 2010 to 2013, v1.1 flew from 2013 to 2016, while v1.2 Full Thrust first launched in 2015, encompassing the Block 5 variant, which has been in operation since May 2018.

Development history

[edit]

Conception and funding

[edit]

In October 2005, SpaceX announced plans to launch Falcon 9 in the first half of 2007.[27] The initial launch would not occur until 2010.[28]

SpaceX spent its own capital to develop and fly its previous launcher, Falcon 1, with no pre-arranged sales of launch services. SpaceX developed Falcon 9 with private capital as well, but did have pre-arranged commitments by NASA to purchase several operational flights once specific capabilities were demonstrated. Milestone-specific payments were provided under the Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) program in 2006.[29][30] The NASA contract was structured as a Space Act Agreement (SAA) "to develop and demonstrate commercial orbital transportation service",[30] including the purchase of three demonstration flights.[31] The overall contract award was US$278 million to provide three demonstration launches of Falcon 9 with the SpaceX Dragon cargo spacecraft. Additional milestones were added later, raising the total contract value to US$396 million.[32][33]

In 2008, SpaceX won a Commercial Resupply Services (CRS) contract in NASA's Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) program to deliver cargo to ISS using Falcon 9/Dragon.[33][34] Funds would be disbursed only after the demonstration missions were successfully and thoroughly completed. The contract totaled US$1.6 billion for a minimum of 12 missions to ferry supplies to and from the ISS.[35]

In 2011, SpaceX estimated that Falcon 9 v1.0 development costs were approximately US$300 million.[36] NASA estimated development costs of US$3.6 billion had a traditional cost-plus contract approach been used.[37] A 2011 NASA report "estimated that it would have cost the agency about US$4 billion to develop a rocket like the Falcon 9 booster based upon NASA's traditional contracting processes" while "a more commercial development" approach might have allowed the agency to pay only US$1.7 billion".[38]

In 2014, SpaceX released combined development costs for Falcon 9 and Dragon. NASA provided US$396 million, while SpaceX provided over US$450 million.[39]

Congressional testimony by SpaceX in 2017 suggested that the unusual NASA process of "setting only a high-level requirement for cargo transport to the space station [while] leaving the details to industry" had allowed SpaceX to complete the task at a substantially lower cost. "According to NASA's own independently verified numbers, SpaceX's development costs of both the Falcon 1 and Falcon 9 rockets were estimated at approximately $390 million in total."[38]

Development

[edit]

SpaceX originally intended to follow its Falcon 1 launch vehicle with an intermediate capacity vehicle, Falcon 5.[40] The Falcon line of vehicles are named after the Millennium Falcon, a fictional starship from the Star Wars film series.[41] In 2005, SpaceX announced that it was instead proceeding with Falcon 9, a "fully reusable heavy-lift launch vehicle", and had already secured a government customer. Falcon 9 was described as capable of launching approximately 9,500 kilograms (20,900 lb) to low Earth orbit and was projected to be priced at US$27 million per flight with a 3.7 m (12 ft) payload fairing and US$35 million with a 5.2 m (17 ft) fairing. SpaceX also announced a heavy version of Falcon 9 with a payload capacity of approximately 25,000 kilograms (55,000 lb).[42] Falcon 9 was intended to support LEO and GTO missions, as well as crew and cargo missions to the ISS.[40]

Testing

[edit]

The original NASA COTS contract called for the first demonstration flight in September 2008, and the completion of all three demonstration missions by September 2009.[43] In February 2008, the date slipped into the first quarter of 2009. According to Musk, complexity and Cape Canaveral regulatory requirements contributed to the delay.[44]

The first multi-engine test (two engines firing simultaneously, connected to the first stage) was completed in January 2008.[45] Successive tests led to a 178-second (mission length), nine engine test-fire in November 2008.[46] In October 2009, the first flight-ready all-engine test fire was at its test facility in McGregor, Texas. In November, SpaceX conducted the initial second stage test firing, lasting forty seconds. In January 2010, a 329-second (mission length) orbit-insertion firing of the second stage was conducted at McGregor.[47]

The elements of the stack arrived at the launch site for integration at the beginning of February 2010.[48] The flight stack went vertical at Space Launch Complex 40, Cape Canaveral,[49] and in March, SpaceX performed a static fire test, where the first stage was fired without launch. The test was aborted at T−2 due to a failure in the high-pressure helium pump. All systems up to the abort performed as expected, and no additional issues needed addressing. A subsequent test on March 13 fired the first-stage engines for 3.5 seconds.[50]

Production

[edit]
See also: List of Falcon 9 first-stage boosters

In December 2010, the SpaceX production line manufactured a Falcon 9 (and Dragon spacecraft) every three months.[51] By September 2013, SpaceX's total manufacturing space had increased to nearly 93,000 m2 (1,000,000 sq ft), in order to support a production capacity of 40 rocket cores annually.[52] The factory was producing one Falcon 9 per month as of November 2013.[53]

By February 2016 the production rate for Falcon 9 cores had increased to 18 per year, and the number of first stage cores that could be assembled at one time reached six.[54]

Since 2018, SpaceX has routinely reused first stages, reducing the demand for new cores. In 2023, SpaceX performed 91 launches of Falcon 9 with only 4 using new boosters and successfully recovered the booster on all flights. The Hawthorne factory continues to produce one (expendable) second stage for each launch.

Launch history

[edit]

Past launches (2010-2019)

[edit]
This section is transcluded from List of Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launches (2010–2019). (edit | history)


2020-present

[edit]
This section is transcluded from List of Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launches. (edit | history)

2010 to 2019

[edit]
For launches prior to 2020, please refer to List of Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launches (2010–2019).

From June 2010, to the end of 2019, Falcon 9 was launched 77 times, with 75 full mission successes, one partial failure and one total loss of the spacecraft. In addition, one rocket and its payload were destroyed on the launch pad during the fueling process before a static fire test was set to occur. Falcon Heavy was launched three times, all successful.

The first Falcon 9 version, Falcon 9 v1.0, was launched five times from June 2010, to March 2013, its successor Falcon 9 v1.1 15 times from September 2013, to January 2016, and the Falcon 9 Full Thrust (through Block 4) 36 times from December 2015, to June 2018. The latest Full Thrust variant, Block 5, was introduced in May 2018,[55] and launched 21 times before the end of 2019.

2020 to 2022

[edit]
For launches between 2020 and 2022, please refer to List of Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launches (2020–2022).

From January 2020, to the end of 2022, Falcon 9 was launched 117 times, all successful, and landed boosters successfully on 111 of 114 attempts. Falcon Heavy was launched once and was successful, including landing of the mission's two side boosters.

2023

[edit]

SpaceX launched 96 Falcon family vehicles—91 Falcon 9 and five Falcon Heavy rockets. It surpassed both the company's own single-year launch record of 61 and the global annual record of 64 launches, coming close to its previously announced goal of 100 Falcon launches in the year.[56][57]

The company's payload delivery capacity also rose, with approximately 1,200 tonnes (2,600,000 lb) sent to orbit.[58]

2024

[edit]

SpaceX conducted 134 Falcon family (132 Falcon 9 and two Falcon Heavy) launches in 2024, including the failed Starlink Group 9-3 mission.[264] It again broke the global single-year launch record of 98 launches in a year (set by SpaceX in the previous year with 96 Falcon and 2 Starship launches).

The company had set initial launch targets for the year of approximately 144 launches, or an average of 12 per month, accounting for potential delays due to weather, technical issues, and scheduled maintenance.[265][266] However, subsequent statements from SpaceX leadership indicated a potential increase to 148 launches, an average of 13 launches per month.[267][268] Later in November 2024, due to launch or recovery failures leading to several mishap investigations and delays, SpaceX leadership lowered the year's launch projections to approximately 136 launches in the year, which was subsequently missed by two launches.[269]

The company's payload delivery capacity also rose, with more than 1,498 tonnes (3,303,000 lb) (only 85.5% of the launches were reported launch masses) sent to orbit.[270]

2025

[edit]

As of November 11,, SpaceX has conducted Expression error: Unexpected / operator (Expression error: Unexpected / operator Falcon 9 and no Falcon Heavy) launches in 2025. In November 2024, the company outlined ambitious launch targets for the year, with initial projections of more than 150 launches, or an average of 12 to 13 per month, accounting for potential delays due to weather, technical issues, and scheduled maintenance.[494] Later, in December, SpaceX President Gwynne Shotwell stated they are expecting 175 to 180 launches in 2025, or an average of 14 to 15 per month.[495] Later the reduced the target to 170 launches this year or an average of 13 to 14 launches per month.[496]

In Q1, the company delivered payload more than 422 tonnes (930,000 lb) (only 81.1% of the launches were reported launch masses) sent to orbit.[497]

Planned launches

[edit]
This section is transcluded from List of Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launches. (edit | history)

Future launches are listed chronologically when firm plans are in place. The order of the later launches is much less certain. Tentative launch dates and mission details are sourced from multiple locations.[476][564][565][566] Launches are expected to take place "no earlier than" (NET) the listed date.

2025, future

[edit]
Date and time (UTC) Version,
booster[g] 		Launch site Payload[h] Orbit Customer
April 12, 2025
05:11 		F9 B5
B1083.10 		Kennedy, LC‑39A Starlink: Group 12-17 LEO SpaceX
Launch of 21 Starlink v2 mini satellites, including 13 with direct-to-cell connectivity, to a 559 km (347 mi) orbit at an inclination of 43° to expand internet constellation.
April 12, 2025
12:25 		F9 B5
B1071.24 		Vandenberg, SLC‑4E NROL-192 (~20 Starshield satellites) LEO NRO
Ninth launch of SpaceX/Northrop Grumman-built satellites for the National Reconnaissance Office.
April 14, 2025
01:59 		F9 B5
B1067.27 		Cape Canaveral, SLC‑40 Starlink: Group 6-73 LEO SpaceX
Launch of 27 Starlink v2 mini optimized satellites to a 559 km (347 mi) orbit at an inclination of 43° to expand internet constellation. First booster to fly 27th time.
April 17, 2025
02:24 		F9 B5 Cape Canaveral, SLC‑40 Starlink: Group 6-74 LEO SpaceX
Launch of ~28 Starlink v2 mini optimized satellites to a 559 km (347 mi) orbit at an inclination of 43° to expand internet constellation.
April 19, 2025 F9 B5 Vandenberg, SLC‑4E NROL-145 (~20 Starshield satellites) LEO NRO
Tenth launch of SpaceX/Northrop Grumman-built satellites for the National Reconnaissance Office.
April 21, 2025
08:15 		F9 B5 Kennedy, LC‑39A CRS SpX-32 LEO (ISS) NASA (CRS)
Will carry cargo and supplies to the International Space Station (ISS).[567]
April 2025 F9 B5 TBD Bandwagon-3 (smallsat rideshare)[314][334] LEO Various
Dedicated SmallSat rideshare mission to a 550–600 km (340–370 mi) orbit at an inclination of 45°.
April 2025 F9 B5 Vandenberg, SLC‑4E SDA Tranche 1 Transport Layer B Polar LEO SDA
Launch part of Phase 2 US Space Force contract awarded in 2022.[568][569]
April 2025 onwards F9 B5 Vandenberg, SLC‑4E 12 launches for Rivada broadband constellation[570] LEO Rivada Space Networks
In March 2023, Rivada contracted SpaceX to launch 300 B2B broadband satellites over 12 Falcon 9 launches between April 2025 and June 2026.
May 11, 2025 F9 B5 Vandenberg, SLC‑4E TRACERS[571] (2 satellites)
Rideshares include: SPRITE, Athena & PExT 		SSO NASA
Tandem Reconnection and Cusp Electrodynamics Reconnaissance Satellites (TRACERS) is a Small Explorers program mission. Expected to be part of a rideshare mission.[572]
May, 2025 F9 B5 Cape Canaveral, SLC‑40 GPS III-8 MEO USSF
GPS III-8, originally scheduled to launch on a ULA Vulcan rocket, was reassigned to the Falcon 9. As a result, GPS IIIF-1, originally planned to launch on the Falcon Heavy, will now launch on Vulcan.
May 29, 2025
17:00[573] 		F9 B5 Kennedy, LC‑39A Axiom Mission 4 (Crew Dragon C213.1) LEO (ISS) Axiom Space
Fully private flight to the ISS.[156]
May 2025 F9 B5 TBD Bandwagon-4 (smallsat rideshare)[314][334] LEO Various
Dedicated SmallSat Rideshare mission to 45 degree inclination 550–600 km altitude.
June 2025[574] F9 B5 TBA (FL) Spainsat NG II[575] GTO Hisdesat
Communications satellite built on the Eurostar-Neo platform, to be utilized by the Spanish government and its allies.[521] Second of two launches for the Spainsat-NG program. First stage booster will also likely be expended due to satellite’s weight of 6,100kg to GTO.[574]
June 2025 F9 B5 TBD Transporter-14 (smallsat rideshare)[314] SSO Various
Dedicated SmallSat rideshare mission to sun-synchronous orbit.
July 2025[576] F9 B5 TBA (FL) Crew-11 LEO (ISS) NASA (CCP)
Long-duration mission. Will ferry four Expedition 73 / 74 crew members to the ISS.
Q2 2025[577] F9 B5 TBD Reentry demonstration capsule Possible rideshare LEO The Exploration Company
Reduced-scale test of a reentry capsule with a diameter of 2.5 meters (8 ft 2 in) and a mass of 1,600 kg (3,500 lb). The full-scale version, Nyx, with a diameter of 4 meters (13 ft 1 in) and a mass of 8,000 kg (18,000 lb), is intended to deliver payloads to the ISS and return them safely to Earth.[578]
Q2 2025 F9 B5 Vandenberg, SLC‑4E SDA Tranche 1 Transport Layer A Polar LEO SDA
Launch part of Phase 2 US Space Force contract awarded in 2022.[568][569]
Q2 2025 F9 B5 Vandenberg, SLC‑4E SDA Tranche 1 Transport Layer C Polar LEO SDA
Launch part of Phase 2 US Space Force contract awarded in 2022.[568][569]
Q2 2025 F9 B5 Vandenberg, SLC‑4E SDA Tranche 1 Transport Layer D Polar LEO SDA
Launch part of Phase 2 US Space Force contract awarded in 2022.[568][569]
Q2 2025 F9 B5 Vandenberg, SLC‑4E SDA Tranche 1 Transport Layer E Polar LEO SDA
Launch part of Phase 2 US Space Force contract awarded in 2022.[568][569]
Q2 2025 F9 B5 Vandenberg, SLC‑4E SDA Tranche 1 Tracking Layer F Polar LEO SDA
Launch part of Phase 2 US Space Force contract awarded in 2022.[568][569]
H2 2025 onwards (3 flights)[579][580] F9 B5 TBD Project Kuiper constellation deployment LEO Amazon (Kuiper Systems)
Announced December 1, 2023. Three Falcon 9 launches beginning in the second half of 2025 in support of Amazon's Project Kuiper megaconstellation.
September 2025[581] F9 B5 Cape Canaveral, SLC‑40 Interstellar Mapping and Acceleration Probe (IMAP)[582] Sun–Earth L1 NASA
In September 2020, NASA selected SpaceX to launch the IMAP mission, which will help researchers better understand the boundary of the heliosphere, a magnetic barrier surrounding our solar system. The total launch cost is approximately US$109.4 million. The secondary payloads include the Carruthers Geocorona Observatory and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Space Weather Follow On-Lagrange 1 (SWFO-L1) mission.[582]
October 2025[583] F9 B5 Kennedy, LC‑39A IM-3 Nova-C lunar lander TLI NASA (CLPS)
Intuitive Machines
Third mission for Intuitive Machines, with multiple rideshare payloads.[584] This mission was selected by NASA under the CLPS program in November 2021.[585][586]
October 2025 F9 B5 TBD Transporter-15 (smallsat rideshare)[314] SSO Various
Dedicated SmallSat rideshare mission to sun-synchronous orbit.
November 2025 F9 B5 Vandenberg, SLC‑4E Sentinel-6B[587] LEO NASA/NOAA/EUMETSAT/ESA
Identical to Sentinel-6A.[588]
December 2025[589] Falcon Heavy B5 Kennedy, LC‑39A Griffin Mission 1[590] TLI Astrobotic
NASA (Artemis)
Astrobotic's Griffin lunar lander was originally expected to deliver NASA's VIPER rover to the lunar south pole prior to its cancellation. Booster recovery method is unconfirmed, but could possibly feature the first Falcon Heavy center core recovery attempt since STP-2.[591] Amidst cost growth and delays to readiness of the rover and the Griffin lander, the VIPER program was ended in July 2024, with the rover planned to be disassembled and its instruments and components reused for other lunar missions.[592][593][594] The agency still plans to support the Griffin lander to arrive on the moon in fall of 2025, though with a mass simulator in place of the VIPER rover.[595] NASA expects the primary objectives of VIPER to be fulfilled by an array of other missions planned for the next several years.[594]
Q4 2025[596] F9 B5 TBA (FL) CHORUS LEO MDA
Announced in October 2023, CHORUS will be a commercial Earth observation constellation owned and operated by MDA Ltd. Will utilize C and X-band SAR.
2025[597] F9 B5[598] TBA (FL)[599] USSF-36 TBA USSF
Launch part of Phase 2 US Space Force contract awarded in 2021.[554]
2025 F9 B5 TBA (FL) USSF-31[569] TBA USSF
Classified mission, part of Phase 2 US Space Force contract awarded in 2022.
2025 F9 B5 TBA (FL) Globalstar-3 M104–120 (17 satellites)[600] LEO Globalstar
Globalstar's third-generation satellite constellation, launching to a 52 degree inclination orbit at an altitude of 1,410 km.[601]
2025 F9 B5 TBA (FL) MTG-S1[602] GTO EUMETSAT
Geostationary weather satellite. Launch vehicle changed from Ariane 6 to Falcon 9.[602] First stage booster will likely be expended in this mission due to satellite’s heavy weight.
2025[603] F9 B5 TBA (FL) O3b mPOWER 9-11[604] MEO SES
In August 2020, SES expanded the O3b mPOWER contract with a fourth launch.[605][606] In October 2023 the mission was delayed to 2025 due to electrical issues discovered in the first four satellites of the constellation.[603]
2025 F9 B5 TBA (FL) Skynet 6A[607] GTO Airbus / UK Ministry of Defence
British military communications satellite ordered to bridge the gap between Skynet-5 and its successor.[608]
2025 F9 B5 TBA (FL) Nusantara Lima GTO? PT Pasifik Satelit Nusantara
A hot backup system for SATRIA-1.[609][610][611]
~2025 F9 B5 Vandenberg, SLC‑4E SDA Tranche 1 Transport layer T1TL-F[481][482] Polar LEO SDA
Launch is part of Phase 2 US Air Force contract awarded in 2022.
~2025 F9 B5 Vandenberg, SLC‑4E SDA Tranche 1 Tracking layer T1TR-A[481][482] Polar LEO SDA
Launch is part of Phase 2 US Air Force contract awarded in 2022.
~2025 F9 B5 Vandenberg, SLC‑4E SDA Tranche 1 Tracking layer T1TR-E[481][482] Polar LEO SDA
Launch is part of Phase 2 US Air Force contract awarded in 2022.
~2025 F9 B5 Vandenberg, SLC‑4E SDA Tranche 2 Transport layer T2TL-A[481][482] Polar LEO SDA
Launch is part of Phase 2 US Air Force contract awarded in 2022.
~2025 F9 B5 Vandenberg, SLC‑4E SDA Tranche 2 Transport layer T2TL-C[481][482] Polar LEO SDA
Launch is part of Phase 2 US Air Force contract awarded in 2022.
~2025 F9 B5 TBA (FL) NROL-77[481][482] Classified NRO
Launch is part of Phase 2 US Air Force contract awarded in 2022.
~2025[612] F9 B5 TBA (FL) BlueBird Block 2 (4 satellites) LEO AST SpaceMobile
Cellphone-compatible broadband constellation. The next-generation Block 2 BlueBird satellites delivers 10x the bandwidth of BlueBird Block 1 satellites, allowing continuous cellular broadband service coverage. They will feature a ~2,400 sq ft (220 m2) communications array, the largest ever developed commercially.[613]
~2025[614] F9 B5 TBA (FL) BlueBird Block 2 (4 satellites) LEO AST SpaceMobile
Cellphone-compatible broadband constellation. The next-generation Block 2 BlueBird satellites delivers 10x the bandwidth of BlueBird Block 1 satellites, allowing continuous cellular broadband service coverage. They will feature a ~2,400 sq ft (220 m2) communications array, the largest ever developed commercially.[613]
2025–2026
(4 flights) 		F9 B5 TBA (FL) SpaceX CRS-33 to SpaceX CRS-35[324] LEO (ISS) NASA (CRS)
Six additional CRS-2 missions for Dragon 2 were announced in March 2022, resupplying the ISS until 2026.

2026

[edit]
Date and time (UTC) Version,
booster[g] 		Launch site Payload[h] Orbit Customer
Q1 2026 F9 B5 TBD Transporter-16 (smallsat rideshare)[314] SSO Various
Dedicated SmallSat rideshare mission to sun-synchronous orbit.
May 2026 F9 B5 TBD Haven-1[615] LEO Vast
Launch of a new commercial space station by Vast Space.
Late June 2026 F9 B5 Kennedy, LC‑39A Vast-1[615] LEO Vast
First crewed mission to the Haven-1 space station.
Q2 2026 F9 B5 TBD Transporter-17 (smallsat rideshare)[314] SSO Various
Dedicated SmallSat rideshare mission to sun-synchronous orbit.
Q4 2026 F9 B5 TBD Transporter-18 (smallsat rideshare)[314] SSO Various
Dedicated SmallSat rideshare mission to sun-synchronous orbit.
~2026 Falcon Heavy B5 Kennedy, LC‑39A USSF-75[481][482] GSO USSF
~2026 Falcon Heavy B5 Kennedy, LC‑39A USSF-70[481][482] GSO USSF
2026[616] F9 B5 TBA (FL) Arabsat 7A[162][617] GTO Arabsat
Announced in September 2022, Arabsat 7A will enter a geostationary orbit after its launch by a Falcon 9 rocket. The first stage will be expended in this mission.
2026[618] F9 B5 TBA (FL) Mission Robotic Vehicle (MRV) × 1[619]
Mission Extension Pod (MEP) × 3 		GTO Northrop Grumman
Developed from Northrop Grumman's 2,000 kg Mission Extension Vehicle architecture. One MEP (400 kg each) will be attached to Optus D3.[620]
2026[603] F9 B5 TBA (FL) O3b mPOWER 12 & 13 MEO SES
Two additional satellites were announced in October 2023 due to electrical issues discovered in the first four satellites of the constellation.[603]
2026[621] Falcon Heavy B5 Kennedy, LC‑39A Astrobotic Technology Lunar Lander[622] TLI Astrobotic Technology
Astrobotic's third upcoming lander mission to the Moon. Targeting a South Pole landing in 2026.
2026 and later
(14 flights) 		F9 B5 TBD Telesat Lightspeed × 18 LEO Telesat
Announced in September 2023, Telesat has booked 14 launches of up to 18 satellites each.[623]
2026–2030 F9 B5 TBA (FL) 3 more launches (Crew-12 through Crew-14)[624] LEO (ISS) NASA (ISS)
In June 2022, NASA announced it purchased an additional 5 crewed flights (Crew-10 through Crew-14) from SpaceX in addition to the previous 9 missions on top of the $3.5 billion contract.[625]

2027 and beyond

[edit]
Date and time (UTC) Version,
booster[g] 		Launch site Payload[h] Orbit Customer
Q1 2027 F9 B5 TBD Transporter-19 (smallsat rideshare)[314] SSO Various
Dedicated SmallSat rideshare mission to sun-synchronous orbit.
May 2027[626] Falcon Heavy B5 Kennedy, LC‑39A Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope[627] Sun–Earth L2 NASA
Flagship-class infrared space telescope. One of two space telescopes donated by the NRO in 2012.
Q2 2027 F9 B5 TBD Transporter-20 (smallsat rideshare)[314] SSO Various
Dedicated SmallSat rideshare mission to sun-synchronous orbit.
August 2027 F9 B5 TBA (FL) COSI[628] LEO NASA
Compton Spectrometer and Imager (COSI).
September 2027[629] F9 B5 TBA (FL) NEO Surveyor Sun–Earth L1 NASA
Space-based infrared telescope designed to survey for potentially hazardous asteroids.[630]
Q4 2027 F9 B5 TBD Transporter-21 (smallsat rideshare)[314] SSO Various
Dedicated SmallSat rideshare mission to sun-synchronous orbit.
H2 2027 F9 B5 TBA (FL) GEO-KOMPSAT-3[631] GTO KASA
Also known as Cheollian-3. A South Korean communication satellite with a mass of 3.7 tonnes, replacing GEO-Kompsat-1.
2027 F9 B5 Vandenberg, SLC‑4E NROL-96[632] Classified NRO
Launch is part of Phase 3 Lane 2 US Space Force contract awarded in 2025.
2027 Falcon Heavy B5 Kennedy, LC‑39A NROL-97[632] Classified NRO
Launch is part of Phase 3 Lane 2 US Space Force contract awarded in 2025. First NRO launch from a Falcon Heavy.
2027 F9 B5 Vandenberg, SLC‑4E NROL-157[632] Classified NRO
Launch is part of Phase 3 Lane 2 US Space Force contract awarded in 2025.
2027 Falcon Heavy B5 Kennedy, LC‑39A USSF-186 TBA USSF
Classified mission, part of Phase 3 Lane 2 US Space Force contract awarded in 2025.
2027 F9 B5 TBA (FL) USSF-234 TBA USSF
Classified mission, part of Phase 3 Lane 2 US Space Force contract awarded in 2025.
2027 Falcon Heavy B5 Kennedy, LC‑39A USSF-174 TBA USSF
Classified mission, part of Phase 3 Lane 2 US Space Force contract awarded in 2025.
2027 Falcon Heavy B5 Kennedy, LC‑39A USSF-15 (GPS IIIF-3) MEO USSF
Part of Phase 3 Lane 2 US Space Force contract awarded in 2025.
2027 F9 B5 TBA (FL) Al Yah 4[633] GTO Yahsat
Replacement for Al Yah 1.
2027 F9 B5 Vandenberg, SLC‑4E JPSS-4[634] SSO NOAA
Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS).
2027[635] F9 B5 TBA (FL) Thaicom-10[636] GTO Thaicom
2027[637] Falcon Heavy B5 Kennedy, LC‑39A Power and Propulsion Element (PPE)
Habitation and Logistics Outpost (HALO)[638] 		TLI NASA (Artemis)
First two Gateway space station modules as part of the Artemis program, awarded in February 2021. The launch will cost NASA $331.8 million and will utilize Falcon Heavy's extended fairing.
2027[639] F9 B5 TBA IM-4 TLI NASA (CLPS)
Intuitive Machines
Two lunar relay satellites and IM-4 lunar lander.
July 5, 2028[640] Falcon Heavy B5 Kennedy, LC‑39A Dragonfly NASA (New Frontiers Program)
Awarded in November 2024. The launch will cost NASA $256.6 million. First Falcon mission to carry an RTG.[641]
2028 F9 B5 TBA (FL) Al Yah 5[633] GTO Yahsat
Replacement for Al Yah 2.
2028[621][642] Falcon Heavy B5 Kennedy, LC‑39A GLS-1 (Dragon XL) TLI NASA (Gateway Logistics Services)
In March 2020, NASA announced its first contract for the Gateway Logistics Services that guarantees at least two launches on a new variant of the Dragon spacecraft that will carry over 5 tonnes of cargo to the Lunar Gateway on 6–12 months long missions.[643][644]
2028 F9 B5 TBD GRACE-C1, C2[645] Polar LEO NASA / DLR
Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment-Continuity (GRACE-C).
2029[621] Falcon Heavy B5 Kennedy, LC‑39A GLS-2 (Dragon XL)[646] TLI NASA (Gateway Logistics Services)
Second Dragon XL logistics module.[646]
TBD F9 B5 TBD CAS500-4[647] Likely Rideshare SSO Korea Aerospace Industries
A satellite to monitor Korean agriculture.

Notable flights and payloads

[edit]
See also: Notable launches of Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy
SpaceX Falcon 9 launch with COTS Demo Flight 1
Falcon 9 flight 20 historic first-stage landing at Cape Canaveral, Landing Zone 1, on December 21, 2015
  • Flight 1, Dragon Spacecraft Qualification Unit — June 4, 2010, first flight of Falcon 9 and first test of Dragon,
  • Flight 3, Dragon C2+ — first cargo delivery to the International Space Station,
  • Flight 4, CRS-1 — first operational cargo mission to the ISS, and the first demonstration of the rocket's engine-out capability due to the failure of a first-stage Merlin engine,
  • Flight 6, CASSIOPE — first v1.1 rocket, first launch from Vandenberg AFB, first attempt at propulsive return of the first stage,
  • Flight 7, SES-8 — first launch to geosynchronous transfer orbit (GTO), first non-governmental payload,
  • Flight 9, CRS-3 — added landing legs, first fully controlled descent and vertical ocean touchdown,
  • Flight 15, Deep Space Climate Observatory (DSCOVR) — first mission injecting spacecraft into Sun–Earth L1 point,
  • Flight 19, CRS-7 — total loss of mission due to structural failure and helium overpressure in the second stage,
  • Flight 20, Orbcomm OG-2 — first vertical landing of an orbital-class rocket booster,
  • Flight 23, CRS-8 — first vertical landing achieved on an autonomous spaceport drone ship at sea,
  • AMOS-6 — total vehicle and payload loss prior to static fire test (would have been Flight 29),
  • Flight 30, CRS-10 — first launch from LC-39A at the Kennedy Space Center,
  • Flight 32, SES-10 — first reflight of a previously flown orbital class booster (B1021, previously used for SpaceX CRS-8), first recovery of a fairing,[648][649]
  • Flight 41, X-37B OTV-5 — first launch of a spaceplane,
  • Flight 54 Bangladesh Satellite-1 — first flight of the Block 5 version,
  • Flight 58 Telstar 19V — heaviest communications satellite delivered to GEO, at the time,[650][j]
  • Flight 69 Crew Dragon Demo-1 — first launch of the Crew Dragon (did not carry astronauts),
  • Flight 72, RADARSAT Constellation — most valuable commercial payload put into orbit,[652][653][654]
  • Flight 81 — Starlink launch, was a successful flight, but had the first recovery failure of a previously flown and recovered booster,
  • Flight 83 — successful Starlink launch, saw the first failure of a Merlin 1D first-stage engine during ascent, and the second ascent engine failure on the rocket following CRS-1 on flight 4,
  • Flight 85, Crew Dragon Demo-2 — first crewed launch of the Crew Dragon, carrying two astronauts,
  • Flight 98, Crew-1 — first crewed operational launch of the Crew Dragon, holding the record for the longest spaceflight by a US crew vehicle,
  • Flight 101, CRS-21 — first launch of the Cargo Dragon 2, an uncrewed variant of the Crew Dragon,
  • Flight 106, Transporter-1 — first dedicated smallsat rideshare launch arranged by SpaceX,[k] set the record of the most satellites launched on a single launch with 143 satellites, surpassing the previous record of 108 satellites held by the November 17, 2018, launch of an Antares,
  • Flight 108 — routine Starlink launch which experienced early shut-down of a first-stage Merlin 1D engine during ascent due to damage, but still delivered the payload to the target orbit,
  • Flight 126, Inspiration4 — first orbital spaceflight of an all-private crew,
  • Flight 129, DART — first planetary defense mission against near-Earth objects,
  • Flight 134, CRS-24 — 100th successful vertical landing of an orbital-class rocket, on the sixth anniversary of the first landing in 2015,
  • Flight 232 — 200th overall successful booster landing,
  • Flight 236 — first launch with a fairing half flying for the tenth time,[655]
  • Flight 300 — 200th consecutive successful vertical landing for the orbital class Falcon booster,
  • Flight 323 — B1062 becomes the first Falcon 9 booster to fly and land 20 times; this was preceded by certification of boosters to fly that often, double the initial goal,[656]
  • Flight 328 — 300th consecutive successful Falcon 9 mission.
  • Flight 354 — Starlink Group 9–3 — Second stage failed to relight, Starlink satellites deployed into lower orbit than planned. This resulted in loss of all 20 Starlink satellites.[657]

Notable payloads

[edit]

Design

[edit]

F9 is a two-stage, LOX/RP-1-powered launch vehicle.

Specifications

[edit]
First stage
Height 41.2 m / 135.2 ft
Height (with interstage) 47.7 m / 156.5 ft
Diameter 3.7 m / 12 ft
Empty mass 25,600 kg / 56,423 lb
Propellant mass 395,700 kg/ 872,369 lb
Structure type LOX tank: monocoque
Fuel tank: skin and stringer
Structure material Aluminum lithium skin; aluminum domes
Landing Legs Number: 4
Material: carbon fiber; aluminum honeycomb
Number of Merlin engines 9 sea level
Propellant LOX / RP-1
Thrust at sea Level 7,607 kN / 1,710,000 lbf
Thrust in vacuum 8,227 kN / 1,849,500 lbf
Specific Impulse (sea-level) 283 sec.
Specific Impulse (vacuum sec) 312 sec.
Burn time 162 sec.
Ascent Attitude Control – Pitch, Yaw Gimbaled engines
Ascent Attitude Control – Roll Gimbaled engines
Coast/Descent Attitude Control Nitrogen gas thrusters and grid fins
Second stage
Height 13.8 m / 45.3 ft
Diameter 3.7 m / 12.1 ft
Empty mass 3,900 kg / 8,598 lb
Propellant mass 92,670 kg / 204,302 lb
Structure type LOX tank: monocoque
Fuel tank: skin and stringer
Structure material Aluminum lithium skin; aluminum domes
Number of Merlin engines 1 vacuum
Propellant LOX / RP-1
Thrust 981 kN / 220,500 lbf
Specific Impulse (vacuum) 348 sec
Burn Time 397 sec
Ascent Attitude Control – Pitch, Yaw Gimbaled engine and nitrogen gas thrusters
Ascent Attitude Control – Roll Nitrogen gas thrusters
Coast/Descent Attitude Control Nitrogen gas thrusters

Engine

[edit]
Main article: SpaceX Merlin
Interactive 3D model of the Falcon 9
Interactive 3D model of the Falcon 9, fully integrated on the left and in exploded view on the right

Both stages are equipped with Merlin 1D rocket engines. Every Merlin engine produces 854 kN (192,000 lbf) of thrust.[659] They use a pyrophoric mixture of triethylaluminum-triethylborane (TEA-TEB) as an engine igniter.[660]

The booster stage has 9 engines, arranged in a configuration that SpaceX calls Octaweb.[661] The second stage of the Falcon 9 has 1 short or regular nozzle, Merlin 1D Vacuum engine version.

Falcon 9 is capable of losing up to 2 engines and still complete the mission by burning the remaining engines longer.

Each Merlin rocket engine is controlled by three voting computers, each having 2 CPUs which constantly check the other 2 in the trio. The Merlin 1D engines can vector thrust to adjust trajectory.

Tanks

[edit]

The propellant tank walls and domes are made from an aluminum–lithium alloy. SpaceX uses an all friction-stir welded tank, for its strength and reliability.[4] The second stage tank is a shorter version of the first stage tank. It uses most of the same tooling, material, and manufacturing techniques.[4]

The F9 interstage, which connects the upper and lower stages, is a carbon-fibre aluminium-core composite structure that holds reusable separation collets and a pneumatic pusher system. The original stage separation system had twelve attachment points, reduced to three for v1.1.[662]

Fairing

[edit]
Fairing F9 - sketch of payload space[663]

Falcon 9 uses a payload fairing (nose cone) to protect (non-Dragon) satellites during launch. The fairing is 13 m (43 ft) long, 5.2 m (17 ft) in diameter, weighs approximately 1900 kg, and is constructed of carbon fiber skin overlaid on an aluminum honeycomb core.[664] SpaceX designed and fabricates fairings in Hawthorne. Testing was completed at NASA's Plum Brook Station facility in spring 2013 where the acoustic shock and mechanical vibration of launch, plus electromagnetic static discharge conditions, were simulated on a full-size test article in a vacuum chamber.[665] Since 2019, fairings are designed to re-enter the Earth's atmosphere and are reused for future missions.

Control systems

[edit]

SpaceX uses multiple redundant flight computers in a fault-tolerant design. The software runs on Linux and is written in C++.[666] For flexibility, commercial off-the-shelf parts and system-wide radiation-tolerant design are used instead of rad-hardened parts.[666] Each stage has stage-level flight computers, in addition to the Merlin-specific engine controllers, of the same fault-tolerant triad design to handle stage control functions. Each engine microcontroller CPU runs on a PowerPC architecture.[667]

Legs/fins

[edit]

Boosters that will be deliberately expended do not have legs or fins. Recoverable boosters include four extensible landing legs attached around the base.[668]

To control the core's descent through the atmosphere, SpaceX uses grid fins that deploy from the vehicle[669] moments after stage separation.[670] Initially, the V1.2 Full Thrust version of the Falcon 9 were equipped with grid fins made from aluminum, which were eventually replaced by larger, more aerodynamically efficient, and durable titanium fins. The upgraded titanium grid fins, cast and cut from a single piece of titanium, offer significantly better maneuverability and survivability from the extreme heat of re-entry than aluminum grid fins and can be reused indefinitely with minimal refurbishment.[671][672][673]

Versions

[edit]
Falcon 9 rocket family; from left to right: Falcon 9 v1.0, v1.1, Full Thrust and Block 5. Also seen are the various configurations; reusable with capsule, reusable with payload fairing and expendable with payload fairing.

The Falcon 9 has seen five major revisions: v1.0, v1.1, Full Thrust (also called Block 3 or v1.2), Block 4, and Block 5.

V1.0 flew five successful orbital launches from 2010 to 2013. The much larger V1.1 made its first flight in September 2013. The demonstration mission carried a small 500 kg (1,100 lb) primary payload, the CASSIOPE satellite.[662] Larger payloads followed, starting with the launch of the SES-8 GEO communications satellite.[674] Both v1.0 and v1.1 used expendable launch vehicles (ELVs). The Falcon 9 Full Thrust made its first flight in December 2015. The first stage of the Full Thrust version was reusable. The current version, known as Falcon 9 Block 5, made its first flight in May 2018.

V1.0

[edit]
Main article: Falcon 9 v1.0
A Falcon 9 v1.0 being launched with a Dragon spacecraft to deliver cargo to the ISS in 2012

F9 v1.0 was an expendable launch vehicle developed from 2005 to 2010. It flew for the first time in 2010. V1.0 made five flights, after which it was retired. The first stage was powered by nine Merlin 1C engines arranged in a 3 × 3 grid. Each had a sea-level thrust of 556 kN (125,000 lbf) for a total liftoff thrust of about 5,000 kN (1,100,000 lbf).[4] The second stage was powered by a single Merlin 1C engine modified for vacuum operation, with an expansion ratio of 117:1 and a nominal burn time of 345 seconds. Gaseous N2 thrusters were used on the second-stage as a reaction control system (RCS).[675]

Early attempts to add a lightweight thermal protection system to the booster stage and parachute recovery were not successful.[676]

In 2011, SpaceX began a formal development program for a reusable Falcon 9, initially focusing on the first stage.[670]

V1.1

[edit]
Main article: Falcon 9 v1.1
Falcon 9 v1.0 (left) and v1.1 (right) engine configurations
The launch of the first Falcon 9 v1.1 from Vandenberg SLC-4 (Falcon 9 Flight 6) in September 2013


V1.1 is 60% heavier with 60% more thrust than v1.0.[662] Its nine (more powerful) Merlin 1D engines were rearranged into an "octagonal" pattern[677][678] that SpaceX called Octaweb. This is designed to simplify and streamline manufacturing.[679][680] The fuel tanks were 60% longer, making the rocket more susceptible to bending during flight.[662]

The v1.1 first stage offered a total sea-level thrust at liftoff of 5,885 kN (1,323,000 lbf), with the engines burning for a nominal 180 seconds. The stage's thrust rose to 6,672 kN (1,500,000 lbf) as the booster climbed out of the atmosphere.[3]

The stage separation system was redesigned to reduce the number of attachment points from twelve to three,[662] and the vehicle had upgraded avionics and software.[662]

These improvements increased the payload capability from 9,000 kg (20,000 lb) to 13,150 kg (28,990 lb).[3] SpaceX president Gwynne Shotwell stated the v1.1 had about 30% more payload capacity than published on its price list, with the extra margin reserved for returning stages via powered re-entry.[681]

Development testing of the first stage was completed in July 2013,[682][683] and it first flew in September 2013.

The second stage igniter propellant lines were later insulated to better support in-space restart following long coast phases for orbital trajectory maneuvers.[684] Four extensible carbon fiber/aluminum honeycomb landing legs were included on later flights where landings were attempted.[685][686][687]

SpaceX pricing and payload specifications published for v1.1 as of March 2014 included about 30% more performance than the published price list indicated; SpaceX reserved the additional performance to perform reusability testing. Many engineering changes to support reusability and recovery of the first stage were made for v1.1.

Full Thrust

[edit]
Main article: Falcon 9 Full Thrust
A close-up of the newer titanium grid fins first flown for the second Iridium NEXT mission in June 2017

The Full Thrust upgrade (also known as FT, v1.2 or Block 3),[688][689] made major changes. It added cryogenic propellant cooling to increase density allowing 17% higher thrust, improved the stage separation system, stretched the second stage to hold additional propellant, and strengthened struts for holding helium bottles believed to have been involved with the failure of flight 19.[690] It offered a reusable first stage. Plans to reuse the second-stage were abandoned as the weight of a heat shield and other equipment would reduce payload too much.[691] The reusable booster was developed using systems and software tested on the Falcon 9 prototypes.

The Autonomous Flight Safety System (AFSS) replaced the ground-based mission flight control personnel and equipment. AFSS offered on-board Positioning, Navigation and Timing sources and decision logic. The benefits of AFSS included increased public safety, reduced reliance on range infrastructure, reduced range spacelift cost, increased schedule predictability and availability, operational flexibility, and launch slot flexibility".[692]

FT's capacity allowed SpaceX to choose between increasing payload, decreasing launch price, or both.[693]

Its first successful landing came in December 2015[694] and the first reflight in March 2017.[695] In February 2017, CRS-10 launch was the first operational launch utilizing AFSS. All SpaceX launches after March 16 used AFSS. A June 25 mission carried the second batch of ten Iridium NEXT satellites, for which the aluminum grid fins were replaced by larger titanium versions, to improve control authority, and heat tolerance during re-entry.[671]

Block 4

[edit]

In 2017, SpaceX started including incremental changes to the Full Thrust, internally dubbed Block 4.[696] Initially, only the second stage was modified to Block 4 standards, flying on top of a Block 3 first stage for three missions: NROL-76 and Inmarsat-5 F5 in May 2017, and Intelsat 35e in July 2017.[697] Block 4 was described as a transition between the Full Thrust v1.2 Block 3 and Block 5. It includes incremental engine thrust upgrades leading to Block 5.[698] The maiden flight of the full Block 4 design (first and second stages) was the SpaceX CRS-12 mission on August 14.[699]

Block 5

[edit]
Main article: Falcon 9 Block 5

In October 2016, Musk described Block 5 as coming with "a lot of minor refinements that collectively are important, but uprated thrust and improved legs are the most significant".[700] In January 2017, Musk added that Block 5 "significantly improves performance and ease of reusability".[701] The maiden flight took place on May 11, 2018,[702] with the Bangabandhu Satellite-1 satellite.[703]

Capabilities

[edit]

Performance

[edit]
Version v1.0 (retired) v1.1 (retired) Full Thrust[8]
Block 3 and Block 4 (retired) Block 5 (active)[704][705]
Stage 1 engines 9 × Merlin 1C 9 × Merlin 1D 9 × Merlin 1D (upgraded)[706] 9 × Merlin 1D (upgraded)
Stage 2 engines 1 × Merlin 1C Vacuum 1 × Merlin 1D Vacuum 1 × Merlin 1D Vacuum (upgraded)[689][706] 1 × Merlin 1D Vacuum (upgraded) (short or regular nozzle)
Max. height (m) 53[707] 68.4[3] 70[2][689] 70
Diameter (m) 3.66[708] 3.66[709] 3.66[689] 3.66
Initial thrust 3.807 MN (388.2 tf) 5.9 MN (600 tf)[3] 6.804 MN (693.8 tf)[2][689] 7.6 MN (770 tf)[710]
Takeoff mass 318 t (701,000 lb)[707] 506 t (1,116,000 lb)[3] 549 t (1,210,000 lb)[2] 549 t (1,210,000 lb)
Fairing diameter (m) —[l] 5.2 5.2 5.2
Payload to LEO (kg)
(from Cape Canaveral) 		8,500–9,000[707] 13,150[3] 22,800 (expendable)[1][m] ≥ 22,800 (expendable)
≥ 17,400 (reusable)[n]
Payload to GTO (kg) 3,400[707] 4,850[3] 8,300[1] (expendable)
About 5,300[713][714] (reusable) 		≥ 8,300 (expendable)
≥ 5,800 (reusable)[715]
Success ratio 5 / 5[o] 14 / 15[p] 36 / 36 (1 precluded)[q] 404 / 405

Reliability

[edit]

As of 7 April 2025, Falcon 9 had achieved 458 out of 461 full mission successes (99.4%). SpaceX CRS-1 succeeded in its primary mission, but left a secondary payload in a wrong orbit, while SpaceX CRS-7 was destroyed in flight. In addition, AMOS-6 disintegrated on the launch pad during fueling for an engine test. Block 5 has a success rate of 99.8% (404/405). For comparison, the industry benchmark Soyuz series has performed 1880 launches[717] with a success rate of 95.1% (the latest Soyuz-2's success rate is 94%),[718] the Russian Proton series has performed 425 launches with a success rate of 88.7% (the latest Proton-M's success rate is 90.1%), the European Ariane 5 has performed 117 launches with a success rate of 95.7%, and Chinese Long March 3B has performed 85 launches with a success rate of 95.3%.

F9's launch sequence includes a hold-down feature that allows full engine ignition and systems check before liftoff. After the first-stage engine starts, the launcher is held down and not released for flight until all propulsion and vehicle systems are confirmed to be operating normally. Similar hold-down systems have been used on launch vehicles such as Saturn V[719] and Space Shuttle. An automatic safe shut-down and unloading of propellant occur if any abnormal conditions are detected.[4] Prior to the launch date, SpaceX sometimes completes a test cycle, culminating in a three-and-a-half second first stage engine static firing.[720][721] F9 has triple-redundant flight computers and inertial navigation, with a GPS overlay for additional accuracy.[4]

Since the middle of 2024, the Falcon 9 has been involved in a number of mission anomalies, which have raised reliability concerns about the rocket.[722] On July 2024 the upper stage engine of the Falcon 9 malfunctioned during the launch of the Starlink Group 9-3 mission, resulting in the total loss of the payload and the Federal Aviation Administration grounding the rocket for two weeks.[723] On August 2024 a Falcon 9 booster tipped over and was destroyed during landing after a successful Starlink launch, resulting in the first unsuccessful booster landing in over three years for SpaceX. The rocket was briefly grounded for two days.[724] In September 2024, after the successful launch of the Crew-9 mission, the upper stage engine again malfunctioned during a deorbit burn, causing it to reenter outside its designed zone and resulting in another grounding of the Falcon fleet. This anomaly occurred only ten days before the planned launch date of NASA's flagship Europa Clipper mission, which had a limited launch window and required two burns of the rocket's upper stage, prompting NASA to participate in the investigation and convene its own independent anomaly review board.[725][726][727] Europa Clipper eventually launched successfully on October 14.[728] These anomalies were mentioned on NASA's Aerospace Safety Advisory Panel 2024 Annual Report, which warned that SpaceX's fast cadence of launches may "interfere with sound judgment, deliberate analysis, and careful implementation of corrective actions", while also praising the company's "openness with NASA and willingness to address each situation".[729]

On February 2025, another upper stage malfunction occurred after the launch of the Starlink Group 11-4 mission, which prevented the stage from executing its planned deorbit burn. It remained in orbit for two weeks before eventually falling near the city of Poznań, Poland in an uncontrolled reentry. Similar to the July 2024 failure, this anomaly was also caused by a liquid oxygen leak in the upper stage's engine.[730] On March 2025, a Falcon 9 booster was lost when it caught fire and tipped over after a droneship landing following a Starlink launch.[722] This failure was blamed on a fuel leak that occurred inside one of the first stage engines during ascent.[731] Space journalist Eric Berger has argued that the main factor behind the recent anomalies is SpaceX's "ever-present pressure to accelerate, even while taking on more and more challenging tasks", noting that the company may have reached "the speed limit for commercial spaceflight". He also noted that SpaceX is under intense pressure to develop its super-heavy Starship rocket, with many talented engineers being moved off from the Falcon and Dragon programs onto Starship.[732]

Engine-out capability

[edit]

Like the Saturn family of rockets, multiple engines allow for mission completion even if one fails.[4][733] Detailed descriptions of destructive engine failure modes and designed-in engine-out capabilities were made public.[734]

SpaceX emphasized that the first stage is designed for "engine-out" capability.[4] CRS-1 in October 2012 was a partial success after engine number 1 lost pressure at 79 seconds, and then shut down. To compensate for the resulting loss of acceleration, the first stage had to burn 28 seconds longer than planned, and the second stage had to burn an extra 15 seconds. That extra burn time reduced fuel reserves so that the likelihood that there was sufficient fuel to execute the mission dropped from 99% to 95%. Because NASA had purchased the launch and therefore contractually controlled several mission decision points, NASA declined SpaceX's request to restart the second stage and attempt to deliver the secondary payload into the correct orbit. As a result, the secondary payload reentered the atmosphere.[735]

Merlin 1D engines have suffered two premature shutdowns on ascent. Neither has affected the primary mission, but both landing attempts failed. On an March 18, 2020, Starlink mission, one of the first stage engines failed 3 seconds before cut-off due to the ignition of some isopropyl alcohol that was not properly purged after cleaning.[736] On another Starlink mission on February 15, 2021, hot exhaust gasses entered an engine due to a fatigue-related hole in its cover.[737] SpaceX stated the failed cover had the "highest... number of flights that this particular boot [cover] design had seen."[738]

Reusability

[edit]
Main article: SpaceX reusable launch system development program
Explanatory graphic of Falcon 9's first stage barge landing

SpaceX planned from the beginning to make both stages reusable.[739] The first stages of early Falcon flights were equipped with parachutes and were covered with a layer of ablative cork to allow them to survive atmospheric re-entry. These were defeated by the accompanying aerodynamic stress and heating.[676] The stages were salt-water corrosion-resistant.[739]

In late 2011, SpaceX eliminated parachutes in favor of powered descent.[740][741] The design was complete by February 2012.[670]

Powered landings were first flight-tested with the suborbital Grasshopper rocket.[742] Between 2012 and 2013, this low-altitude, low-speed demonstration test vehicle made eight vertical landings, including a 79-second round-trip flight to an altitude of 744 m (2,441 ft). In March 2013, SpaceX announced that as of the first v1.1 flight, every booster would be equipped for powered descent.[686]

Post-mission flight tests and landing attempts

[edit]
Main article: Falcon 9 first-stage landing tests
Falcon 9's first stage successfully landing on an ASDS for the first time, following the launch of SpaceX CRS-8 to the ISS

For Flight 6 in September 2013, after stage separation, the flight plan called for the first stage to conduct a burn to reduce its reentry velocity, and then a second burn just before reaching the water. Although not a complete success, the stage was able to change direction and make a controlled entry into the atmosphere.[743] During the final landing burn, the RCS thrusters could not overcome an aerodynamically induced spin. The centrifugal force deprived the engine of fuel, leading to early engine shutdown and a hard splashdown.[743]

After four more ocean landing tests, the CRS-5 booster attempted a landing on the ASDS floating platform in January 2015. The rocket incorporated (for the first time in an orbital mission) grid fin aerodynamic control surfaces, and successfully guided itself to the ship, before running out of hydraulic fluid and crashing into the platform.[744] A second attempt occurred in April 2015, on CRS-6. After the launch, the bipropellant valve became stuck, preventing the control system from reacting rapidly enough for a successful landing.[745]

The first attempt to land a booster on a ground pad near the launch site occurred on flight 20, in December 2015. The landing was successful and the booster was recovered.[746][747] This was the first time in history that after launching an orbital mission, a first stage achieved a controlled vertical landing. The first successful booster landing on an ASDS occurred in April 2016 on the drone ship Of Course I Still Love You during CRS-8.

Sixteen test flights were conducted from 2013 to 2016, six of which achieved a soft landing and booster recovery. Since January 2017, with the exceptions of the centre core from the Falcon Heavy test flight, Falcon Heavy USAF STP-2 mission, the Falcon 9 CRS-16 resupply mission and the Starlink-4, 5, and 19 missions,[748][749] every landing attempt has been successful. Two boosters have been lost or destroyed at sea after landing: the center core used during the Arabsat-6A mission,[750] and B1058 after completing a Starlink flight.[751]

Relaunch

[edit]
The first reflight of a Falcon 9, in March 2017

The first operational relaunch of a previously flown booster was accomplished in March 2017[752] with B1021 on the SES-10 mission after CRS-8 in April 2016.[753] After landing a second time, it was retired.[754] In June 2017, booster B1029 helped carry BulgariaSat-1 towards GTO after an Iridium NEXT LEO mission in January 2017, again achieving reuse and landing of a recovered booster.[755] The third reuse flight came in November 2018 on the SSO-A mission. The core for the mission, Falcon 9 B1046, was the first Block 5 booster produced, and had flown initially on the Bangabandhu Satellite-1 mission.[756]

In May 2021 the first booster reached 10 missions. Musk indicated that SpaceX intends to fly boosters until they see a failure in Starlink missions.[757][758] As of 7 April 2025, the record is 26 flights by the same booster.

Recovery of fairings

[edit]

SpaceX developed payload fairings equipped with a steerable parachute as well as RCS thrusters that can be recovered and reused. A payload fairing half was recovered following a soft-landing in the ocean for the first time in March 2017, following SES-10.[649] Subsequently, development began on a ship-based system involving a massive net, in order to catch returning fairings. Two dedicated ships were outfitted for this role, making their first catches in 2019.[759] However, following mixed success, SpaceX returned to water landings and wet recovery.[760]

Recovery of second stages

[edit]

Despite public statements that they would endeavor to make the second-stage reusable as well, by late 2014, SpaceX determined that the mass needed for a heat shield, landing engines, and other equipment to support recovery of the second stage was prohibitive, and abandoned second-stage reusability efforts.[691][761]

Launch sites

[edit]
Main article: SpaceX launch facilities
Falcon 9 lifts off from Cape Canaveral Space Launch Complex 40 in Florida carrying CRS NG-20 to the ISS in January 2024 with the newly constructed tower and crewed access arm visible.

The Falcon 9 launches from three orbital launch sites: Space Launch Complex 40 (SLC-40) at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station in Florida (operational since 2007),[762] Space Launch Complex 4E (SLC-4E) of Vandenberg Space Force Base in California (operational since 2013),[763][743] and Launch Complex 39A (LC-39A) of the Kennedy Space Center in Florida (operational since 2017).[764]

SpaceX has designated specific roles for each launch site based on mission profiles. SLC-40 serves as the company’s high-volume launch pad for missions to medium-inclination orbits (28.5–55°). SLC-4E is optimized for launches to highly inclined polar orbits (66–145°). LC-39A is primarily reserved for complex missions, such as Crew Dragon or Falcon Heavy launches. However, in 2024, SLC-40 was upgraded to accommodate Crew Dragon launches as a backup to LC-39A.[765]

On April 21, 2023, the United States Space Force granted SpaceX permission to lease Vandenberg Space Launch Complex 6 (SLC-6). This will become SpaceX’s fourth orbital launch site, providing a second pad for highly inclined polar orbit launches and enabling Falcon Heavy launches from the West Coast.[766]

Pricing

[edit]

At the time of the Falcon 9's maiden flight in 2010, the advertised price for commercial satellite launches using the v1.0 version was $49.9–56 million.[4] Over the years, the price increased, keeping pace with inflation. By 2012, it rose to $54–59.5 million,[767] followed by $56.5 million for the v1.1 version in 2013,[768] $61.2 million in 2014,[769] $62 million for the Full Thrust version in 2016,[770] and $69.75 million for the Block 5 version in 2024.[771]

Government contracts typically involve higher prices, determined through competitive bidding processes. For instance, Dragon cargo missions to the ISS cost $133 million under a fixed-price contract with NASA, which included the spacecraft's use.[772] Similarly, the 2013 DSCOVR mission for NOAA, launched aboard a Falcon 9, cost $97 million.[773] As of 2020, U.S. Air Force launches using the Falcon 9 cost $95 million due to added security requirements.[774] Because of the higher prices charged to government customers, in 2020, Roscosmos administrator Dmitry Rogozin accused SpaceX of price dumping in the commercial marketplace.[775]

The declining costs of Falcon 9 launches prompted competitors to develop lower-cost launch vehicles. Arianespace introduced the Ariane 6, ULA developed the Vulcan Centaur, and Roscosmos focused on the Proton-M.[776] ULA CEO Tory Bruno stated that in their estimates, each booster would need to fly ten times to break even on the additional costs of designing and operating reusable rockets.[777] Musk countered, asserting that Falcon 9's recovery and refurbishment costs were under 10%, achieving breakeven after just two flights and yielding substantial savings by the third.[778]

As of 2024, SpaceX's internal costs for a Falcon 9 launch are estimated between $15 million[779] and $28 million,[778] factoring in workforce expenses, refurbishment, assembly, operations, and facility depreciation.[780] These efficiencies are primarily due to the reuse of first-stage boosters and payload fairings.[781] The second stage, which is not reused, is believed to be the largest expense per launch, with the company's COO stating that each costs $12 million to produce.[782]

Rideshare payload programs

[edit]

SpaceX provides two rideshare programs, regularly scheduled Falcon 9 flights for small satellite deployment: Transporter and Bandwagon. The Transporter program started in 2021 and specializes in delivering payloads to sun-synchronous orbits, primarily serving Earth observation missions, with flights typically operating every four months. The Bandwagon program started in 2024, offers access to mid-inclination orbits of approximately 45 degrees, with flights typically operating every six months.[783][784] Unlike traditional secondary payload arrangements, these programs do not rely on a primary mission. Instead, SpaceX provides a unique "cake topper" option for larger satellites between 500 and 2,500 kilograms (1,100 and 5,500 lb).[785] Price for 50 kg payload is US$300,000 to SSO.[786]

SpaceX also offers more traditional rideshares where small satellites piggyback on the launch of a large primary payload.[783] In the past, the company has offered clients the option to mount payloads using the EELV Secondary Payload Adapter (ESPA) ring, the same interstage adapter first used for launching secondary payloads on US DoD missions that use the Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicles (EELV) Atlas V and Delta IV.[787]

Even though the Falcon 9 is a medium-lift launch vehicle, through these programs, SpaceX has become the leading provider of rideshare launches. Given the company's frequent launch cadence and low prices, operators of small-lift launch vehicles have found it difficult to compete.[785]

Public display of Falcon 9 vehicles

[edit]

SpaceX first put a Falcon 9 (B1019) on public display at their headquarters in Hawthorne, California, in 2016.[788]

In 2019, SpaceX donated a Falcon 9 (B1035) to Space Center Houston, in Houston, Texas. It was a booster that flew two missions, "the 11th and 13th supply missions to the International Space Station [and was] the first Falcon 9 rocket NASA agreed to fly a second time".[789][790]

In 2021, SpaceX donated a Falcon Heavy side booster (B1023) to the Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex.[791]

In 2023, a Falcon 9 (B1021)[792] has been put on public display outside Dish Network's headquarters in Littleton, Colorado.[793]

Influence on space industry

[edit]

The Russian space agency has launched the development of Soyuz-7 which shares many similarities with Falcon 9, including a reusable first stage that will land vertically with the help of legs.[794] The first launch is planned for 2028-2030.[795]

China's Beijing Tianbing Technology company is developing Tianlong-3, which is benchmarked against Falcon 9.[796] In 2024, China’s central government designated commercial space as a key industry for support, with the reusable medium-lift launchers being necessary to deploy China’s planned low Earth orbit communications megaconstellations.[796]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Height measured to the top of the payload fairing. Height is 65.7 m (216 ft) with Dragon 2 and 63.7 m (209 ft) with Dragon 1.[2]
  2. ^ Height measured to the top of the payload fairing. Height is 63.4 m (208 ft) with Dragon 1.[3]
  3. ^ Height measured to the top of the payload fairing. Height is 47.8 m (157 ft) with Dragon 1.[4]
  4. ^ If launched in expendable configuration, Falcon 9 has a theoretical payload capability of a heavy-lift launch vehicle
  5. ^ Landing success details at List of Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launches
  6. ^ Upper stage uses a different version of the engine, Merlin Vacuum, which is much larger due to nozzle extension, and cannot work at sea level
  7. ^ a b c d e f Cite error: The named reference booster was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  8. ^ a b c d e f Cite error: The named reference Dragon was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  9. ^ a b c d e f g Cite error: The named reference Noexactnessofpayload mass was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  10. ^ Jupiter 3/EchoStar XXIV has a larger mass, when comparing both initial mass (~9,200 kg vs. 7,076 kg) and dry mass (5,817 kg vs. 3,031 kg)[651]
  11. ^ The first dedicated smallsat rideshare launch was flight 64, SSO-A: SmallSat Express, arranged by Spaceflight, Inc. (a division Spaceflight Industries at the time). It carried two SHERPA dispensers and nothing else.
  12. ^ The Falcon 9 v1.0 only launched the Dragon spacecraft; it was never launched with the clam-shell payload fairing.
  13. ^ Payload was restricted to 10,886 kg (24,000 lb) due to structural limit of the payload adapter fitting (PAF).[711]
  14. ^ Heaviest explicitly confirmed payload has been 17,400 kg.[712]
  15. ^ On SpaceX CRS-1, the primary payload, Dragon, was successful. A secondary payload was placed in an incorrect orbit because of a changed flight profile due to the malfunction and shut-down of a single first-stage engine. Likely enough fuel and oxidizer remained on the second stage for orbital insertion, but not enough to be within NASA safety margins for the protection of the International Space Station.[716]
  16. ^ The only failed mission of the Falcon 9 v1.1 was SpaceX CRS-7, which was lost during its first stage operation due to an overpressure event in the second stage oxygen tank.
  17. ^ One rocket and payload were destroyed before launch, during preparation for a routine static fire test.

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