Mark Aitchison Young

Sir Mark Young
GCMG KStJ
Sir Mark Young GCMG KStJ
21st Governor of Hong Kong
	In office; 1 May 1946 – 17 May 1947
Monarch	George VI
Colonial Secretary	David Mercer MacDougall
Preceded by	Sir Cecil Harcourt (Acting, Military Administration)
Succeeded by	Alexander Grantham
	In office; 10 September 1941 – 25 December 1941
Monarch	George VI
Colonial Secretary	Norman Lockhart Smith; Sir Franklin Gimson
Preceded by	Sir Geoffry Northcote
Succeeded by	Takashi Sakai (under Japanese occupation)
Personal details
Born	30 June 1886; British Raj
Died	12 May 1974 (aged 87); Winchester, England
Spouse	Josephine Mary
Alma mater	King's College, Cambridge
Profession	soldier, colonial administrator
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese	楊慕琦
Simplified Chinese	杨慕琦
Hanyu Pinyin
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin	Yáng Mùqí
Yue: Cantonese
Jyutping	joeng4 mou6 kei4

Sir Mark Aitchison Young GCMG KStJ (Chinese: 楊慕琦; 30 June 1886 – 12 May 1974) was a British colonial administrator, who is best remembered for his service as the Governor of Hong Kong at the time of the Japanese invasion of the territory in 1941.

Born in British India, the son and grandson of senior members of the Indian Civil Service, Young followed in the steps of his two elder brothers and became a colonial administrator, serving in Ceylon, Sierra Leone, Palestine, before becoming Governor of Barbados and of Tanganyika. Young assumed the governorship of Hong Kong in 1941, three months before the outbreak of the Pacific War. During the Battle of Hong Kong, Young refused to capitulate on numerous occasions, before surrendering on Christmas Day, 1941 in order to avoid further bloodshed. Young then became a Japanese prisoner-of-war until 1945.

After a period of recovery, Young returned to Hong Kong in 1946 as its governor, Young introduced limited democratic reforms in Hong Kong, which were undone by his successor, Sir Alexander Grantham. Retiring to England, Young died in Winchester in 1974.

Early life and education

Young was the third son of colonial administrator Sir William Mackworth Young, sometime Lieutenant-Governor of the Punjab, and his second wife, Frances Mary, daughter of Sir Robert Eyles Egerton, also Lieutenant-Governor of the Punjab.^[1]^[2] Sir Robert Egerton was nephew of Sir John Grey Egerton, 8th Baronet and the Reverend Sir Philip Grey Egerton, 9th Baronet.^[3]

Young was educated at Eton College and King's College, Cambridge, where he took first-class honours in Classics.

Colonial career

He entered the Eastern Cadet Service and went to Ceylon in 1909. He served in the British Army with the Rifle Brigade (Prince Consort's Own) during World War I from 1915.

Young served as principal assistant colonial secretary of Ceylon (from 1923 to 1925 under Sir Cecil Clementi and Murchison Fletcher from 1925 to 1928), then as colonial secretary of Sierra Leone from 1928 to 1930. From 1930 to 1933, he served as chief secretary to the Government of the British Mandate of Palestine.

From 5 August 1933 to March 1938, he served as governor and commander-in-chief of Barbados. From November 1937 to February 1938, he served in the Government of Trinidad and Tobago.

From 1938 to 1941, Young served as Governor and Commander-in-Chief of Tanganyika. With the war in Europe looming, Young restored confidence within the colony, which was apprehensive that it would be returned to Germany as part of peace negotiations. He also took the step of appointing Indian representatives to the territory's institutions. At the outbreak of the Second World War, Young swiftly disarmed and interned the colony's large German population.

Hong Kong governor, prisoner of war

On 10 September 1941 Young was appointed Governor of Hong Kong. Japanese forces already occupied the Chinese mainland adjoining Hong Kong as part of their ongoing war with China, and early in Young's term Hong Kong came under the threat of Japanese invasion.

At 08:00, 8 December 1941, several hours after Pearl Harbor was attacked, Hong Kong came under fire by Imperial Japanese Forces. The battle lasted for 17 days, and ended when Young surrendered the colony to the Japanese General Takashi Sakai on 25 December, known as the 'Black Christmas' by Hong Kong people, who were then subject to Japanese rule for the next 3 years and 8 months. Young rebuffed several attempts by General Maltby and others in the military to ask for terms and discuss surrender as early as the 18th. This was in part based on clear instruction by Churchill directly to Young, advising him that "Every Part of (Hong Kong) Island must be fought over and the enemy resisted with the utmost stubbornness. Every day that you are able to maintain your resistance you help the Allied cause all over the world."^[4]

Young was a prisoner of war in Japanese hands from December 1941 to August 1945. He was initially held in the Peninsula Hotel and subsequently incarcerated in a prisoner of war camp in Stanley, on the southern shores of Hong Kong Island. Shortly thereafter, he was later transferred, with other high-ranking Allied captives, including General Maltby, to a series of POW camps in Shanghai, Taiwan, and Japan, then to a camp near the Chinese-Mongolian border, and finally to a location near Mukden (modern Shenyang) Manchuria,^[5] until his liberation at war's end. Despite being the colony's highest-ranking official, Young was mistreated by his captors.^{[clarification needed]} Japan was defeated and surrendered in September 1945 and the British regained control of the colony.

Post-Japanese occupation governorship

Young resumed his duties as Governor of Hong Kong on 1 May 1946, after having spent some time recuperating in England. After returning, he proposed political reforms that would have allowed Hong Kong residents to directly choose a 30-member representative Legislative Council. He envisaged that the new Council would handle everyday affairs and that its decisions would be immune to the Governor's veto. Young, echoing the plan of Sir Geoffry Northcote, called for the promotion of local Chinese civil servants to the senior posts. These initiatives were eventually abandoned under the term of Governor Sir Alexander Grantham, an ardent conservative.^[6] Young retired from the governorship in 1947.

Personal life

Young and his wife, Josephine Mary, had six children, including Sir Brian Young.

Young, Sir William Robinson and Christopher Patten are the only governors not to have been honoured in Hong Kong after completing their post. This is probably because most of Young's time in Hong Kong was spent as prisoner of war, with only a brief period from 1946 to 1947 as governor.

His brothers Gerard Mackworth Young (also director of the British School at Athens) and Sir Hubert Winthrop Young, KCMG, were also colonial administrators.^[2]

Honours

Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (C.M.G.) (1931)
Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (K.C.M.G.) - Sir (1934)
Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (G.C.M.G.) - Sir (1946)

References

^ "The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/37077. ISBN 978-0-19-861412-8. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ ^a ^b Burke's Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage, 107th edition, vol. 1, Burke's Peerage Ltd, 2003, p. 1164
^ Burke's Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage, 107th edition, vol. 2, Burke's Peerage Ltd, 2003, p. 1674
^ Snow, Philip. [2004] (2004). The fall of Hong Kong: Britain, China and the Japanese occupation. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-10373-5, ISBN 978-0-300-10373-1
^ List of Mukden POWs^{[permanent dead link‍]}
^ Goodstadt, Leo F. (2004). "The Rise and Fall of Social, Economic and Political Reforms in Hong Kong, 1930–1955". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch. 44: 70.

Battle For Hong Kong December 1941 by Philip Cracknell JULY 2019. ISBN 978-1-4456-9049-0 Publisher AMBERLEY.

External links

Hong Kong Photo 1946–1947 by Hedda Morrison

Government offices
Preceded by Sir John Robert Chancellor	High Commissioner of Palestine High Commissioner for Trans-Jordan 1931–1932 (acting)	Succeeded by Sir Arthur Grenfell Wauchope
Preceded by Harry Scott Newlands	Governor of Barbados 1933–1938	Succeeded by Sir Eubule John Waddington
Preceded by Harold Alfred MacMichael	Governor of Tanganyika Territory 1938–1941	Succeeded by Wilfrid Edward Francis Jackson
Preceded by Sir Geoffry Northcote	Governor of Hong Kong 1941	Succeeded by Takashi Sakai and Masaichi Niimi as Governor-General of Hong Kong Japanese occupation of Hong Kong
Preceded by Admiral Sir Cecil Harcourt as Administrator of Hong Kong	Governor of Hong Kong 1946–1947	Succeeded by Sir Alexander Grantham

[1] "The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/37077. ISBN 978-0-19-861412-8. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)

[peerage2003-2] Burke's Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage, 107th edition, vol. 1, Burke's Peerage Ltd, 2003, p. 1164

[3] Burke's Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage, 107th edition, vol. 2, Burke's Peerage Ltd, 2003, p. 1674

[Snow-4] Snow, Philip. [2004] (2004). The fall of Hong Kong: Britain, China and the Japanese occupation. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-10373-5, ISBN 978-0-300-10373-1

[5] List of Mukden POWs^{[permanent dead link‍]}

[6] Goodstadt, Leo F. (2004). "The Rise and Fall of Social, Economic and Political Reforms in Hong Kong, 1930–1955". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch. 44: 70.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

v t e Governors of Barbados
Barbados (1627–1833)	H. Powell W. Deane C. Wolferstone J. Powell R. Wheatley^* W. Tufton Henry Hawley Richard Peers^* William Hawley^* Henry Huncks Philip Bell Francis Willoughby George Ayscue Daniel Searle^* Thomas Modyford^* Humphrey Walrond^* Francis Willoughby Henry Willoughby^* William Willoughby^* Samuel Barwick^* Henry Hawley^* William Willoughby Christopher Codrington^* Peter Colleton^* Jonathan Atkins^* John Witham^* Richard Dutton Edwyn Stede^* James Kendall Francis Russell Francis Bond^* Ralph Grey John Farmer^* Bevil Granville Mitford Crow George Lillington^* Robert Lowther William Sharpe^* John Frere^* Samuel Cox^* Henry Worsley Thomas Catesby Paget James Dotin^* Walter Chetwynd Emanuel Howe James Dotin^* Orlando Bridgeman Humphrey Howarth Thomas Gage Robert Byng James Dotin^* Thomas Robinson Henry Grenville Charles Pinfold Samuel Rous^* William Spry Samuel Rous^* Edward Hay^* John Dotin^* James Cunninghame John Dotin^* David Parry William Bishop^* George Poyntz Ricketts William Bishop^* Francis Mackenzie John Spooner^* George Beckwith James Leith John Foster Alleyne^* Stapleton Cotton John Skeete^* Samuel Hinds^* Henry Warde James Frederick Lyon
Barbados and the Windward Islands (1833–1885)	Lionel Smith Evan MacGregor Charles Henry Darling Charles Grey William Reid William Colebrooke Francis Hincks James Walker Rawson W. Rawson Sanford Freeling^* John Hennessy George Strahan D. J. Gamble^* William Robinson
Barbados (1885–1966)	Charles Lees Walter Sendall James Hay Frederick Hodgson Gilbert Carter Leslie Probyn Charles O'Brien William Robertson Harry Newlands Mark Young Eubule Waddington Henry Bushe Hilary Blood Alfred Savage Robert Arundell John Stow
Related	Government House
^* Served as Acting Governor of Barbados.

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