SQL-92
| First published | November 1992 |
|---|---|
| Domain | SQL |
| SQL language revisions |
|---|
SQL-92 was the third revision of the SQL database query language. Unlike SQL-89, it was a major revision of the standard. Aside from a few minor incompatibilities, the SQL-89 standard is forward-compatible with SQL-92.
The standard specification itself grew about five times compared to SQL-89. Much of it was due to more precise specifications of existing features; the increase due to new features was only by a factor of 1.5–2. Many of the new features had already been implemented by vendors before the new standard was adopted.[1] However, most of the new features were added to the "intermediate" and "full" tiers of the specification, meaning that conformance with SQL-92 entry level was scarcely any more demanding than conformance with SQL-89.
Later revisions of the standard include SQL:1999 (SQL3), SQL:2003, SQL:2008, SQL:2011, SQL:2016 and SQL:2023.
New features
[edit]Significant new features include:[2]
- New data types defined:
DATE,TIME,TIMESTAMP,INTERVAL,BITstring,VARCHARstrings, andNATIONAL CHARACTERstrings. - Support for additional character sets beyond the base requirement for representing SQL statements.
- New scalar operations such as string concatenation and substring extraction, date and time mathematics, and conditional statements.
- New set operations such as
UNION,UNION ALL,CROSS JOIN, and formalizedJOINtypes (INNER JOIN,LEFT JOIN,RIGHT JOIN,FULL OUTER JOIN). - Conditional expressions with
CASE. For an example, see Case (SQL). - Support for alterations of schema definitions via
ALTERandDROP. - Bindings for C, Ada, and MUMPS.
- New features for user privileges.
- New integrity-checking functionality such as within a
CHECKconstraint. - A new information schema—read-only views about database metadata like what tables it contains, etc. For example,
SELECT * FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES;. - Dynamic execution of queries (as opposed to prepared).
- Better support for remote database access.
- Temporary tables;
CREATE TEMP TABLEetc. - Transaction isolation levels.
- New operations for changing data types on the fly via
CAST (expr AS type). - Scrolled cursors.
- Compatibility flagging for backwards and forwards compatibility with other SQL standards.
Extensions
[edit]Two significant extensions were published after standard (but before the next major iteration.)
- SQL/CLI (Call Level Interface) in 1995
- SQL/PSM (stored procedures) in 1996
References
[edit]- ^ Jim Melton; Alan R. Simon (1993). Understanding The New SQL: A Complete Guide. Morgan Kaufmann. pp. 11–12. ISBN 978-1-55860-245-8.
- ^ C. J. Date with Hugh Darwen: A Guide to the SQL standard : a users guide to the standard database language SQL, 4th ed., Addison Wesley, USA 1997, ISBN 978-0-201-96426-4