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Red-tailed hawk at University of Michigan NCRC solar array

Solar power in Michigan has been growing in recent years due to new technological improvements, falling solar prices and a variety of regulatory actions and financial incentives. The largest solar farm in Michigan is Assembly Solar, completed in 2022, which has 347 MW of capacity. Small-scale solar provided 50% of Michigan solar electricity as recently as 2020 but multiple solar farms in the 100 MW to 200 MW range are proposed to be completed by the middle of the decade. Although among the lowest U.S. states for solar irradiance, Michigan mostly lies farther south than Germany where solar power is heavily deployed. Michigan is expected to use 120 TWh per year in 2030. To reach a 100% solar electrical grid would require 2.4% of Michigan's land area to host 108 GW of installed capacity.[1]

Michigan had over 1,444 MW of solar capacity by the end of 2023.[2] December 2020 marked a high point with over 105 MW brought online in that month alone. December 2021 saw 110 MW added.[3] In 2016, solar provided only about 0.25% of all electricity.[4] This rose to 1.3% in 2023.[5]

Solar farms and arrays

[edit]

The 347MW Assembly Solar Project is the largest in the state. Located in Shiawassee County, it began construction in 2019 and was completed in March 2022.[6][7][8]

In July 2012, Michigan's largest rooftop array, 977.6 kW, was installed in Canton on the IKEA store.[9] Ford Motor Company and DTE Energy built the largest solar plant in the state, a 1.04 MW solar car port at Ford's world headquarters in Dearborn, Michigan in 2015.[10][11] In 2015, DTE built a 1.1 MW solar farm at Domino's Farms near Ann Arbor, slightly larger than the Ford carport.[12] The IKEA store announced an expansion of its existing array in 2015 to bring it to 1.2 MW.[13] A 1.95 MW solar farm at DTE's Greenwood Energy Center near St. Clair came online in January 2016.[14] Indiana Michigan Power, in November 2016, opened a 4.6 MW solar farm near Watervliet.[15][16] In May 2017, DTE brought online two solar farms in Lapeer County: a 28.4 MW farm and a 19.6 MW solar farm.[17] These are the first large utility-scale solar farms in the state, with the larger covering 200 acres of land and the smaller one covering 100 acres.[18] In July 2017, DTE completed a 2MW solar farm built in a closed city park in Detroit.[19]

The 24 MW Delta solar farm opened in two phases in 2018, supplying power for the Lansing Board of Water and Light.[20][21] Michigan State University built the largest solar car port project in North America, that covers 5000 parking spaces and has a total of 15 MW(DC) of power, completed in December 2017.[22][23]

A 1.3 MW solar farm was built by American Municipal Power at a brownfield site in Coldwater and came online in February 2018.[24][25] Flushing Schools built a 0.96 MW system spread over the roofs of seven school buildings, completed in 2019.[26][27]

In December 2020, the 20 MW Temperance Solar,[28] 20 MW Bingham Solar, 15 MW Electric City Solar and the first 50 MW phase of Assembly Solar Farm were all brought online.[3]

In January 2021, Pine Gate Renewables brought 16 MW of solar power online in the form of eight separate 2 MW solar farms in Genesee and Saginaw counties.[29]

Fort Custer began construction in May 2015 of a 0.25 MW solar farm with plans for a second 0.3 MW farm later.[30] This is part of the U.S. military's renewable energy goals of 25% renewables by 2025. In 2017, a project was announced for Fort Custer that would be a microgrid consisting of a 1.375 MW diesel system, 0.720 MW solar PV array, and a 0.400 MW energy storage system.[31] Camp Grayling has a small 0.02 MW installation on one building roof while Selfridge Air National Guard Base had no solar power by 2014. Orion Renewable Energy Group, has proposed a 100 MW solar farm in SE Goodland Township in Lapeer County.[32]

Solar with battery storage

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"Circuit West" is a thirteen-block microgrid test in Grand Rapids. It contains a 0.65MW array of 1,800 panels on the roofs of three buildings and a 500 kW-hr battery.[33]

Community solar

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In 2015, several community solar projects were proposed. Consumers Power built a 3 MW solar farm at Grand Valley State University, completed April 2016, which became the largest solar farm in Michigan.[34] Consumers Power also built a 1 MW community solar project at Western Michigan University, completed in August 2016.[35][36] Spartan Solar, a 1.2 MW installation in Cadillac, was built by Wolverine Power Cooperative in fall 2016, the largest solar plant in Northern Michigan.[37] A 0.3 MW community solar farm in East Lansing opened in January 2019 for Lansing Board of Water and Light.[38][39] Escanaba approved a 1MW partly community solar installation near Delta County Airport to be online in 2018.[40]

Proposed and under construction

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Pittsfield Township has approved a 20 MW Community Solar Project on 77 acres owned by Ann Arbor.[41]

A proposed 125 MW solar farm near Muskegon would also be among the largest in the state.[42][43] Ranger Power's 149MW River Fork solar farm would be built in Sheridan Township, Calhoun County by mid-2021 and has an agreement with Consumers Energy.[44][45] Ranger has also proposed a 200 MW farm in Montcalm County to be called Freshwater Solar.[46] The 200 MW Calhoun Solar Energy Center is proposed in 2019 by Invenergy for Convis Township in Calhoun County which signed an agreement with Consumers Power in March 2021.[47][48] In 2019, Ann Arbor proposed a 20 MW solar farm on a closed landfill site.[49] In February 2020, Michigan State University's board approved a proposal to seek a 20 MW solar farm on 100 acres.[50] Traverse City is investigating a 10MW solar farm at the Cherry City Airport and a 1MW farm on a waste dump; nearby Acme Township is working on the 9MW Trailside Solar Farm.[51] A 150 MW solar farm to be built in Coldwater in Branch County was seeking planning approval in 2021.[52] Copper Country Power has an agreement to build solar farms on two former mining sites in the Upper Peninsula: Groveland Mine in Dickinson County, and 7 Mile Pit in Crawford County.[53] Superior Solar Project will be a 150 MW solar farm in Sands Township, Marquette County.[54][55] White Tail Solar would be a 120 MW farm in Washtenaw County,[56][57] A 100 MW solar project in Hart, Michigan was expected to be online in 2023.[58]

Distributed solar

[edit]

Distributed solar is not widely used in Michigan, with 14,446 installations. The total electric generation capacity of these installations was 124,749 kilowatts (kW) at the end of 2021. However, customer participation and installations are increasing quickly, with a 53% increase in capacity in 2019.[59] On Jan 21, 2023 Consumers Power agreed to double the cap on its distributed rooftop solar and legacy net metering program from 2% to 4%. Additionally, the rate at which the company credits rooftop solar customers for the excess power fed onto the grid will be based on power supply rates that factor in transmission costs.[60]

Large-scale solar plans

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Despite having only reached 100 megawatts of installation statewide by 2018, thousands of megawatts have been proposed or included in planning documents. In response to DTE Energy filing a proposal for 2023 which included a 1.1GW natural gas plant with almost no new solar installations, renewable energy advocates proposed a plan with 1,100 megawatts of new solar capacity, 1,100 megawatts of wind, and 253 megawatts of demand response, which they claimed would satisfy criteria at a lower cost.[61] The state panel backed the DTE proposal in April 2018.

In 2017, Cypress Creek Renewables announced plans to build 2,600MW of solar plants in Michigan but has received no contracts from the two major power companies.[62] Cypress Creek has filed complaints, in 2018, against DTE and Consumers Power for failing to comply with the PURPA law.[63] In August 2019, Consumers Power proposed to allow 584 MW to connect to the grid by September 2023. This was almost four times the entire state total for solar power at the time of the proposal. They also propose accepting as much as 3000 MW to be connected to the grid at a lower purchase price per kilowatt hour over a longer timeframe. The proposal would need approval from the state electrical rate board.[64] In September 2019, the Michigan Public Service Commission approved the settlement.[65]

In June 2018, Consumers Power announced a plan detailing changes from now until 2040 that would see it close all coal plants, use only natural gas for 10% of current needs and have the majority of its power supplied by solar. This would require building 6,200MW of solar as well as using 450MW of battery storage.[66] In 2020, Consumer Power expanded on this plan by announcing it would become carbon neutral.[67]

In September 2019, DTE Energy announced it was seeking bids for 25 to 200 megawatts of electricity from solar projects to be online between 2021 and 2023.[68]

Solar industry

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Michigan was ranked 14th among U.S. states for solar jobs in 2013.[69]

In 2002, Stanford R. Ovshinsky built a factory in Auburn Hills, Michigan to build low cost Uni-Solar panels using amorphous semiconductors that generate power in diffuse light.[70] Uni-Solar became the second largest manufacturer of thin film solar cells, after First Solar, and a developer of solar shingles before going bankrupt in 2012.[71][72]

Suniva opened a solar panel factory in Saginaw, Michigan in 2014, capable of producing 200MW of panels per year.[73] Suniva closed its Michigan plant in March 2017 and later filed for bankruptcy.

Government policy

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The Government of Michigan has taken a variety of actions in order to encourage solar energy use within the state. On 28 November 2023, Governor Whitmer signed bills to transition Michigan to clean energy by 2040. The new laws also give the state the authority to override local decisions to allow farmers and property owners to house wind and solar projects on their land. State control over wind and solar projects will allow energy companies to avoid the bitter local zoning battles that have doomed such projects in the past.[74]

On November 20, 2019, Governor Whitmer signed legislation exempting rooftop solar and alternative energy systems up to 150 kW from property tax assessment.[75]

Net metering

[edit]

The state had a net metering program that allowed installations of up to 20 kW of on-site electrical generation to continuously roll over any excess generation to the next month. Participation was limited to 0.75% of utilities peak demand the prior year.[76] Peak demand for the state for 2011 was 21,477 MW.[77]

In 2018, the net metering program was ended (with those already enrolled getting a 10-year grandfather term). The new inflow/outflow system will require new customers to pay full price for all electricity going in and receiving a credit based on avoided cost to the utility for electricity going out to the grid. Each utility will have to set this price in its rate case which must be approved by the Michigan Public Service Commission. Bills were introduced into the state house within weeks to alter this system as favoring large utilities over solar owners.[78] Co-op electrical providers are not covered by the same rules but some moved to alter their rates after the state board's ruling.

Renewable portfolio standard

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The state adopted a renewable portfolio standard (RPS) in 2008 which required that 10% of Michigan's electricity come from renewable resources by 2015.[79] This standard was met mostly by wind power. A program to add 2 MW of distributed solar by Consumers Energy customers was reached in two weeks, and the state directed the company to offer another 2 MW at a cost not to exceed $20 million.[80]

In December 2016, a new energy policy was adopted which called for 12.5% renewable power by 2019 and 15% by 2021. It further called for power suppliers to "obtain at least 35% of the State's electric needs through energy waste reduction and renewable energy by 2025."[81]

Before the 2018 election, a referendum calling for "30% by 2030" was circulating. In response, DTE and Consumers Power promised at least 50% consisting of 25% actual renewables and 25% efficiency and demand reduction.[82] The referendum's backers including Tom Steyer then stopped their campaign.[83]

In September 2020, Gov. Whitmer signed an executive order for "statewide decarbonization by 2050."[84] Bills were introduced in January 2020 to require that all of Michigan utilities' energy generation be renewable by 2050.[85]

Statistics

[edit]
Michigan grid-connected PV capacity (MW)[86][87][88][89][90][91][92][93][94][95][2]
Year Capacity Change % change
2007 0.4
2008 0.4 —
2009 0.7 0.3 75%
2010 2.6 1.9 271%
2011 8.8 6.2 238%
2012 19.9 11.1 126%
2013 22.6 2.7 14%
2014 27.2 4.6 20%
2015 NA NA
2016 37.5
2017 113.5 76 203%
2018 153 40 35%
2019 188 35 23%
2020 290.7 102.7 55%
2021 758.8 468.1 261%
2022 1,003 244.2 32%
2023 1,444 441 44%
Utility-scale solar generation in Michigan (GWh)[96]
Year Total Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
2016 9 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2017 63 0 1 1 2 6 11 11 10 9 6 4 2
2018 119 3 4 11 13 13 14 18 15 12 9 3 4
2019 143 5 11 13 14 14 16 19 18 12 11 5 5
2020 155 5 8 11 14 17 21 20 18 14 11 8 8
2021 425 13 23 44 40 50 50 51 51 41 25 18 19
2022 861 31 40 65 71 98 122 115 106 79 71 44 19
2022 1313 40 71 101 131 169 160 161 150 115 85 76 54
2024 170 51 119

Largest farms

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Solar farms in Michigan with over 5 MW of capacity
Name Location Size (MW) Notes
Assembly Solar Farm Shiwassee County 346.9 239 MW(AC), completed March 2022[8]
Calhoun Solar Calhoun County 260.0 200 MWac, 2023[97]
Cereal City Solar Battle Creek 100.0
DeMille Solar Farm Lapeer County 28.4 DTE
Delta Solar I and II Eaton County 24.0 Lansing Board of Water & Light
Bingham Solar Clinton County 20.0
Blue Elk II Solar Ingham County 20.0 [98]
Blue Elk III Solar Eaton Rapids 20.0 [99][100]
Blue Elk IV Solar Adrian 20.0
Blue Elk VII Solar Genesee 20.0 [99][100]
Cement City Solar Cement City 20.0
Greenstone Solar Coldwater 20.0
Lyons Road Solar Shiawassee County 26.8 20.0 MW (AC)[101]
MacBeth Solar Muskegon County 26.8 20.0 MW (AC)[102][103]
Midcontinent Solar Owosso 20.0 [99][100]
Pullman Solar Allegan County 20.0 [99][100]
Shipsterns Solar Calhoun County 20.0 [98][100]
Temperance Solar Monroe County 20.0 [28]
Willford Solar Gladwin County 20.0 [98][100]
Turrill Solar Farm Lapeer County 19.6 DTE
Electric City Solar Sturgis 15.0
Letts Creek Solar Grass Lake 15.0 [100]
Lightfoot Solar Oscoda 10.0 June 2023 [98][100]
Spartan PV 1 East Lansing 10.5 Michigan State University carports
Pickford Solar Pickford 6.9 Cloverland Electric Coop / Heritage Sustainable Energy
Byrne Solar Farm Detroit 5.0 [99]

Other smaller farms

[edit]

This incomplete list includes some of the earliest and some more unique solar installations in Michigan.

Solar farms in Michigan with over 0.5 MW of capacity
Name Location Size (MW) Notes
Watervliet Watervliet 4.6 Indiana Michigan Power
Solar Garden 1 Grand Valley State University 3.0 Consumers Energy, community solar[104]
13 Mile Solar Calhoun County 2.0 Consumers Energy
O'Shea Solar Farm Detroit 2.0 DTE Energy
Angola Solar Farm 2.0 [105]
Bullhead Solar Project Hillsdale County 2.0 Consumers Power[106]
Captain Solar Farm Genesee County 2.0 Consumers Power
Coldwater Solar Farm Genesee County 2.0 Consumers Power
Interchange Solar Farm Genesee County 2.0 Consumers Power
Geddes 1 Solar Farm Saginaw County 2.0 Consumers Power
Geddes 2 Solar Farm Saginaw County 2.0 Consumers Power
Hazel Solar Farm Montcalm County 2.0 Consumers Power
Hendershot Solar Farm Lenawee County 2.0 Consumers Power
Jack Francis Solar Farm Genesee County 2.0 Consumers Power
May Shannon Solar Farm Genesee County 2.0 Consumers Power
Stoneheart Solar Farm Saginaw County 2.0 Consumers Power
M-72 West Solar Traverse City 2.0 Traverse City Light & Power / Heritage Sustainable Energy
Greenwood Energy Center Avoca 1.95 DTE Energy[107]
Garden 2 Solar 1.4 DTE Energy
Lakeshore Die Cast Solar Berrien County 1.4 Lakeshore Die Cast
Canton IKEA Canton 1.22

[108][109]

Coldwater Solar Coldwater 1.20 American Municipal Power[110]
Spartan Solar Cadillac 1.20 Wolverine Power, community solar[111]
Stateline Farms Solar Morenci 1.2 1.0 MWAC, Wolverine Power Cooperative[112]
Gerken Paving Solar Lenawee 1.2 1.0 MWAC, Wolverine Power Cooperative[112]
Harvest Solar Lenawee Lenawee 1.2 1.0 MWAC, Wolverine Power Cooperative[112]
Domino's Farms Ann Arbor 1.08 DTE Energy SolarCurrents
Ford World Headquarters Dearborn 1.04 DTE Energy SolarCurrents
M-72 East Solar Traverse City 1.0 Traverse City Light & Power[113] / Heritage Sustainable Energy
Western Michigan University Kalamazoo 1.0 Consumer Energy Solar Gardens program
GM Warren Transmission Warren 0.9 DTE Energy SolarCurrents[114]
Highland Cemetery Ypsilanti 0.84 [115]
McPhail Wixom 0.82 DTE Energy SolarCurrents[116]
Bissell Solar and Battery 0.8 with 0.3 MW battery, Consumers Power
Romulus Solar Romulus 0.75 DTE Energy SolarCurrents
University of Michigan Ann Arbor 0.67 DTE Energy SolarCurrents, 2 locations[117]
Thumb Solar Caro 0.66 DTE Energy SolarCurrents
Circuit West Grand Rapids 0.65 Consumers Power, with 500 kW-hr battery
Heliotek Holland 0.525 [118]
GM Detroit-Hamtramck Assembly Hamtramck 0.5 DTE Energy SolarCurrents[119]
Ford Michigan Assembly Wayne 0.5 DTE Energy SolarCurrents
Hartland Schools Hartland 0.5 DTE Energy SolarCurrents
Liepprandt Orchard Pigeon 0.5 DTE Energy SolarCurrents[120]
Monroe County Community College Monroe 0.5 DTE Energy SolarCurrents
Indian Springs Metropark White Lake 0.5 DTE Energy SolarCurrents
Riopelle Farms Harbor Beach 0.5 DTE Energy SolarCurrents
St. Clair RESA Marysville 0.5 DTE Energy SolarCurrents
Sisters, Servants of the Immaculate Heart of Mary Monroe 0.5 DTE Energy SolarCurrents
Brownstown Solar Taylor 0.5 DTE Energy SolarCurrents
Wil Le Farms Bad Axe 0.5 DTE Energy SolarCurrents

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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  6. ^ Proposed Shiawassee solar farm would cover 1,200 acres in two townships, mlive.com, October 16, 2018
  7. ^ Assembly Solar Project construction moves ahead, GREYSON STEELE, Argus-Press, Jul 20, 2020
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  102. ^ MacBeth Solar and Lyons Road Solar under construction in Michigan, SolarBuilder, January 6, 2022
  103. ^ Muskegon County solar farm being built to power 3,400 homes annually, mLive, January 07, 2022
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  105. ^ Electric Power Monthly, U.S. Energy Information Administration, February 2022
  106. ^ Ways clean technology improves daily life, Nancy Hastings, Hillsdale Daily News, March 9, 2021
  107. ^ DTE Energy opens solar energy facilities in three Michigan communities, PRNewswire, Feb. 4, 2016
  108. ^ IKEA to increase size of Michigan's largest rooftop solar array by approximately 25% atop Detroit-area store in Canton, MI, IKEA Corporate News, December 3, 2014
  109. ^ Michigan's Largest Solar Array Now Plugged In Atop IKEA Canton, CBS Detroit, July 10, 2012
  110. ^ News, Spartan Solar, January 19, 2017
  111. ^ Solar farm operating, The Daily Reporter, January 6, 2018
  112. ^ a b c Harvest Energy Solutions provides 3 MWac of solar to Michigan utility, Solar Power World, Billy Ludt, December 27, 2018
  113. ^ "Renewable Energy – Traverse City Light & Power".
  114. ^ DTE opens solar array at GM facility in Warren, Crain's Business Detroit, October 28, 2016
  115. ^ Highland Cemetery, SolarYpsi
  116. ^ DTE is busy growing solar panel field beside I-96, DetroitFree Press, March 10, 2014
  117. ^ "DTE Energy - Project Map". DTE Energy.
  118. ^ Peter Venlet. "HelioTek, LLC - Holland, MI - Home".
  119. ^ DTE Energy SolarCurrents Utility-Owned Program Aggregate Output, accessed July 11, 2012
  120. ^ "DTE Energy - Project Map". DTE Energy.
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