Sulfite sulfate
A sulfite sulfate is a chemical compound that contains both sulfite and sulfate anions [SO3]2− [SO4]2−. These compounds were discovered in the 1980s as calcium and rare earth element salts. Minerals in this class were later discovered. Minerals may have sulfite as an essential component, or have it substituted for another anion as in alloriite.[1] The related ions [O3SOSO2]2− and [(O2SO)2SO2]2− may be produced in a reaction between sulfur dioxide and sulfate and exist in the solid form as tetramethyl ammonium salts. They have a significant partial pressure of sulfur dioxide.[2]
Related compounds are selenate selenites and tellurate tellurites with a varying chalcogen. They can be classed as mixed valent compounds.
Production
[edit]Europium and cerium rare earth sulfite sulfates are produced when heating the metal sulfite trihydrate in air.
Ce2(SO3)3.3H2O + 1⁄2O2 → Ce2(SO3)2SO4 + 3H2O
Ce2(SO3)3.3H2O + O2 → Ce2SO3(SO4)2 + 3H2O
Other rare earth sulfite sulfates can be crystallized as hydrates from a water solution.[3] These sulfite sulfates can be made by at least three methods. One is to dissolve a rare earth oxosulfate in water and then bubble in sulfur dioxide. The second way a rare earth oxide is dissolved in a half equivalent of sulfuric acid. The third way was to bubble sulfur dioxide through a suspension of rare earth oxide in water until it dissolved, then let it sit around for a few days with limited air exposure. To make calcium sulfite sulfate, a soluble calcium salt is added to a mixed solution of sodium sulfite and sodium sulfate.[4]
Control of pH is important when attempting to produce solid sulfite compounds. In basic conditions sulfite easily oxidises to sulfate and in acidic conditions it easily turns into sulfur dioxide.[5]
Properties
[edit]In the sulfite sulfates, sulfur has both a +4 and a +6 oxidation state.[6]
The crystal structure of sulfite sulfates has been difficult to study, as the crystal symmetry is low, crystals are usually microscopic as they are quite insoluble, and they are mixed with other related phases. So they have been studied via powder X-ray diffraction.[4]
Reactions
[edit]When heated in the absence of oxygen, cerium sulfite sulfate hydrate parts with water by 400 °C. Up to 800° it loses some sulfur dioxide. From 800° to 850 °C it loses sulfur dioxide and disulfur resulting in cerium oxy disulfate, and dioxy sulfate, which loses some further sulfur dioxide as it is heated to 1000 °C. Over 1000° the remaining oxysulfates decompose to sulfur dioxide, oxygen and cerium dioxide. This reaction is studied as a way to convert sulfur dioxide into sulfur and oxygen using only heat.[7][8]
Another thermochemical reaction for cerium sulfite sulfate hydrate involves using iodine to oxidise the sulfite to sulfate, producing hydrogen iodide which can then be used to make hydrogen gas and iodine. When combined with the previous high temperature process, water can be split into oxygen and hydrogen using heat only.[9][10] This is termed the GA sulfur-iodine water splitting cycle.[11]
Applications
[edit]Calcium sulfite sulfate hydrate is formed in flue gas scrubbers that attempt to remove sulfur dioxide from coal burning facilities. Calcium sulfite sulfate hydrate is also formed in the weathering of limestone, concrete and mortar by sulfur dioxide polluted air. These two would be classed as anthropogenic production as it was not deliberately produced or used.
List
[edit]| name | formula | ratio
SO3:SO4 |
mw | system | space group | unit cell | volume | density | optical | references |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| tricalcium disulfite sulfate dodecahydrate | Ca3(SO3)2SO4•12H2O | 2:1 | rhombohedral | R3c | a=11.3514 c=28.412
a = 11.350 c = 28.321 Z=6 |
3170
3159.7 |
1.87 | Uniaxial (+)
nω = 1.4941 nɛ = 1.4960 |
[12][13][14] | |
| Hielscherite | Ca3Si(OH)6(SO4)(SO3)·11H2O | 1:1 | hexagonal | P63 | a = 11.1178 c = 10.5381 Z=2 | 1128.06 | 1.82 | Uniaxial (−)
nω = 1.494 nε = 1.476 |
[15] | |
| pentamanganese tetrahydroxide disulfite disulfate dihydrate | Mn5(OH)4(H2O)2[SO3]2[SO4] | 2:1 | 634.9 | monoclinic | P21/m | a = 7.6117 b = 8.5326 c = 10.9273 β = 101.600° Z = 2 | 695.2 | 3.0321 | pink | [16] |
| Y2(SO3)2SO4•2.5H2O | 2:1 | [4] | ||||||||
| Barium sulfite sulfate3,7 | Ba(SO3)0.3(SO4)0.7 | 2:7 | orthorhombic | Pnma | a=8.766 b=5.46 c=7.126 | [17] | ||||
| lanthanum disulfite sulfate tetrahydrate | La2(SO3)2SO4•4H2O | 2:1 | [4] | |||||||
| cerium disulfite sulfate | Ce2(SO3)2SO4 | 2:1 | [3] | |||||||
| cerium disulfite sulfate tetrahydrate | Ce2(SO3)2SO4•4H2O | 2:1 | [7][18] | |||||||
| cerium sulfite disulfate | Ce2SO3(SO4)2 | 1:2 | [3] | |||||||
| neodymium disulfite sulfate tetrahydrate | Nd2(SO3)2SO4•4H2O | 2:1 | [4] | |||||||
| Nd(SO3)(HSO4)(H2O)3 | 1:1 | 374.41 | triclinic | P1 | a=6.5904 b=6.9899 c=9.536 α=101.206 β=97.767
γ=92.823 Z=2 |
425.67 | 2.921 | light violet | [5] | |
| Nd(SO3)(HSO4) | 1:1 | triclinic | P1 | a=6.4152 b=6.6232 c=6.9955 α=91.726 β=92.438
γ=92.423 Z=2 |
296.55 | 3.610 | light violet | [5] | ||
| ethylenediammonium bis-(neodymium sulfite sulfate hydrate) | C2H10N2[Nd(SO3)(SO4)H2O]2 | 1:1 | 738.87 | monoclinic | P21/c | a=9.0880 b=6.9429 c=13.0805 β=91.55 Z=2 | 825.04 | 2.974 | pink | [19][20] |
| Sm2(SO3)2SO4•2.5H2O | 2:1 | [21] | ||||||||
| europium disulfite sulfate | Eu2(SO3)2SO4 | 2:1 | [3] | |||||||
| europium sulfite disulfate | Eu2SO3(SO4)2 | 1:2 | [3] | |||||||
| Tb2(SO3)2SO4•2.5H2O | 2:1 | [4] | ||||||||
| poly[diaqua-μ(4)-sulfato-di-μ(4)-sulfito-didysprosium(III)] | Dy2(SO3)2SO4•2H2O | 2:1 | 617.21 | monoclinic | C2/c | a = 11.736 b = 6.8010 c = 12.793 β = 102.686° Z=4 | 996.1 | 4.115 | colourless | [4][22] |
| Ho2(SO3)2SO4•2.5H2O | 2:1 | [4] | ||||||||
| Er2(SO3)2SO4•2.5H2O | 2:1 | [4] | ||||||||
| Yb2(SO3)2SO4•2.5H2O | 2:1 | [4] | ||||||||
| Complexes | ||||||||||
| [OsO2(SO3)(SO4)(NH3)2]2− | 1:1 | [23] | ||||||||
References
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- ^ Richardson, Stephanie (2009). "Capture of Sulfur Dioxide using Sulfur Oxydianions: Synthesis and Characterization of Two Novel Compounds" (PDF). Retrieved 24 June 2020.
- ^ a b c d e Karppinen, M.; Leskelä, M.; Niinistö, L. (March 1989). "Studies on lanthanoid sulfites. Part VIII. Thermogravimetric study of europium sulfite trihydrate". Journal of Thermal Analysis. 35 (2): 355–359. doi:10.1007/BF01904438. ISSN 0368-4466. S2CID 97297578.
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