Theodemir (Visigoth)
Theodemir or Theudimer[1] (died 743) was a Visigothic comes (count) prominent in the southeast of Carthaginensis (the region around Murcia[2]) during the last decades of the Visigothic kingdom and for several years after the Arab conquest. He ruled seven cities in southeastern Spain, mentioned in the Treaty of Orihuela that was preserved by the Andalusian historian Ibn Adarí in the thirteenth century:[3] Orihuela, Valentila (possibly an equivalent for Valencia), Alicante, Mula, Bigastro, Eyya (probably Ojós), and Lorca.[4]
Sometime probably during the joint reign of Egica and Wittiza, a Byzantine fleet raided the coasts of southern Iberia and was driven off by Theudimer. The dating of this event is disputed: it may have occurred as part of Leontios' expedition to relieve Carthage, under assault by the Arabs, in 697;[5] perhaps later, around 702;[6] or perhaps late in Wittiza's reign.[7] What is almost universally accepted is that it was an isolated incident connected with other military activities (probably against the Arabs) and not an attempt to reestablish the province of Spania, lost in the 620s. As E. A. Thompson states, "We know nothing whatever of the context of this strange event."[6]
After the defeat of king Roderic at the Battle of Guadalete in 711 or 712, Theudimer resisted the invading Arabs, but he was eventually defeated in pitched battle and made peace with the Muslim emir Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa.[8] "The text of the treaty he signed has been preserved in at least three separate sources, including a fourteenth-century biographical dictionary, and is dated to 5 April 713 (4 Recheb 94 AH)."[4] The treaty allowed that Christians who submitted to Muslim rule ("the patronage of God") would be spared their lives and allowed to continue living with their families according to their mores and practising their Catholic faith in their churches, but they were required to pay a tribute per capita and to turn over any enemies of the conquerors to the government.[4] The tribute consisted of one dinar, four measures (or jugfuls) each of wheat, barley, grape juice, and vinegar, plus two of honey and oil; and half this for slaves.[4] Theudimer retained his land and his local authority.[4][9]
Theudimer later travelled to Damascus to have his treaty confirmed by the Umayyad Caliph.[10] However, it is unknown how long this treaty lasted in practice, whether it continued until Theudimer's death (which is recorded in the Chronicle of 754) or after, or was cut short before his death.[11] His prominence in the region is testified by the number of later Gothic nobles in the same region who tried to claim descent from him.[11] The region itself was given the commemorative name Tudmir by the Arabs.[11] Theudimer left a son, Athanagild, who was described as very wealthy by the Chronicle, but whether or not he was his successor is debated by scholars.[11] If he did succeed, he would have done so around 740, but his fate is unknown and the region of Tudmir had lost its independence by the 780s.[12]
In fiction
[edit]In the historical novel Amaya o los vascos en el siglo VIII (1879), the characters mention Teodomiro "duke of Aurariola and Baetica, general prevost of the army" as one of those who successfully resist Islamic dominance along with Pelayo of Asturias and García Jiménez of Navarre.[13]
Notes
[edit]- ^ Spanish: Teodomiro, Arabic: Tudmīr or Tadmir.
- ^ Wolf, Kenneth Baxter (September 1986). "The Earliest Spanish Christian Views of Islam". Church History. 55 (3). Church History, Vol. 55, No. 3: 281–293. doi:10.2307/3166818. JSTOR 3166818. S2CID 162718809.
- ^ "Pacto de Tudmir" Archived 2007-11-11 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ a b c d e Collins, The Arab Conquest of Spain, 39–41.
- ^ Collins, Visigothic Spain, 109.
- ^ a b Thompson, E. A. (1969). The Goths in Spain. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 249. ISBN 0-19-814271-4.
- ^ Bachrach, Bernard S. (February 1973). "A Reassessment of Visigothic Jewish Policy, 589-711". The American Historical Review. 78 (1). The American Historical Review, Vol. 78, No. 1: 11–34. doi:10.2307/1853939. JSTOR 1853939.
- ^ Thompson, 250.
- ^ Collins, Visigothic Spain, 143.
- ^ Collins, The Arab Conquest of Spain, 105.
- ^ a b c d Collins, The Arab Conquest of Spain, 191.
- ^ Collins, in Gerli, Medieval Iberia, 128.
- ^ Amaya o los vascos en el siglo VIII, p. 276, Francisco Navarro Villoslada, 1973, Editorial La Gran Enciclopedia Vasca.
References
[edit]- Collins, Roger (1989). The Arab Conquest of Spain, 710–797. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-631-15923-1.
- Collins, Roger (2003). E. Michael Gerli (ed.). Medieval Iberia: An Encyclopedia. London: Routledge.
- Collins, Roger (2004). Visigothic Spain, 409–711. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-18185-7.
- König, Daniel G. 2020. “713: The Treaty of Tudmir As a Testimony to the Muslim Subjection of the Iberian Peninsula”. Transmediterranean History 2 (1). https://doi.org/10.18148/tmh/2020.2.1.24.
External links
[edit]- Charles Morris, "The Stratagem Of Theodomir", Historical Tales: Spanish, Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1898.