害

害 U+5BB3, 害 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5BB3 ← 宲 [U+5BB2] CJK Unified Ideographs 宴 → [U+5BB4]

Translingual

Stroke order

Stroke order (Taiwan)

Stroke order (Japan)

Han character

害 (Kangxi radical 40, 宀+7, 10 strokes, cangjie input 十手十口 (JQJR) or 十手一口 (JQMR), four-corner 3060₁, composition ⿳宀丰口)

Derived characters

• 嗐 搳 㮫 犗 瞎 磍 縖(𬘻) 螛 轄(辖) 鎋(𬭪) 割 㪡 㲅 豁 鶷 㝬
• 𡟲 𢞐 𥎆 𦎱 𦟈 𦧮 𧜅 𧯆 𩝛 𩡔 𩥌 𩪃 𪙏(𫜯) 𦤬 𠢆 𢻜 𣣶 𨝃 𩏓 𡮞 𡫲 𡫴 𥰶 𦵯 𩮝 𢞩
• 𬣁 𰃫 𫳶 𫴓 𭔛 𭔠

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 286, character 12
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 7165
• Dae Jaweon: page 565, character 9
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 929, character 5
• Unihan data for U+5BB3

Chinese

trad.		害
simp. #		害
alternative forms		𡧱 𰀘

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 害
Western Zhou	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Bronze inscriptions	Small seal script

Characters in the same phonetic series (害) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
轄	*kʰaːds, *ɡraːd
害	*ɡaːds
犗	*kraːds
幰	*qʰanʔ
攇	*qʰanʔ
憲	*hŋans
瀗	*qʰans
割	*kaːd
磍	*kreːd, *kʰraːd
瞎	*qʰraːd
鎋	*ɡraːd
鶷	*ɡraːd
縖	*ɡraːd
豁	*qʰʷaːd

Multiple theories:

• He Linyi (何琳儀): Ideogram (指事) : a spear 𫲸 (now 𥎆) + a distinguishing mark 口.
• Li Xueqin (2012): Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声) . The phonetic component is 𡩜 (xiàn).
• Guo Moruo (郭沫若), Dai Jiaxiang (戴家祥): Pictogram (象形) , ancient form of 蓋 ("lid; cover").
• Gao Hongying (高鴻纓): Jiajie (假借) , original character of 桷, borrowed for sound, which was a pictogram (象形) of a house's rafters (see 舍).
• Chen Bingxin (陳秉新): Original form of 𠤳, written as ⿷𠥓⿴害五 in bronze inscriptions, which itself is an ancient way of writing the 胡 in 胡簋.
• Shuowen Jiezi: Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɡaːds) : semantic 宀 + semantic 口 + phonetic 丯 (OC *kreːds).

Etymology

Cognate with 割 (OC *kaːd, “to cut”). See there for more.

Pronunciation 1

• Mandarin

  (Standard)

  (Pinyin): hài (hai⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄏㄞˋ

  (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): хэ (he, III)

• Cantonese (Jyutping): hoi⁶
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): hoi

  (Hailu, HRS): hoi^˖

  (Meixian, Guangdong): hoi⁴

• Jin (Wiktionary): hai³
• Northern Min (KCR): huōi
• Eastern Min (BUC): hâi
• Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): hai⁵
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): hāi

  (Teochew, Peng'im): hai⁷

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁶ghe

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: hài
    • Zhuyin: ㄏㄞˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: hài
    • Wade–Giles: hai⁴
    • Yale: hài
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: hay
    • Palladius: хай (xaj)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /xaɪ̯⁵¹/
  • (Dungan)
    • Cyrillic and Wiktionary: хэ (he, III)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /xɛ⁴⁴/

    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)

• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: hoi⁶
    • Yale: hoih
    • Cantonese Pinyin: hoi⁶
    • Guangdong Romanization: hoi⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɔːi̯²²/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hoi
    • Hakka Romanization System: hoi
    • Hagfa Pinyim: hoi⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /hoi̯⁵⁵/
  • (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
    • Hakka Romanization System: hoi^˖
    • Sinological IPA: /hoi³³/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: hoi⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /hoɪ⁵³/
• Jin
  • (Taiyuan)⁺
    • Wiktionary: hai³
    • Sinological IPA (old-style): /xai⁴⁵/
• Northern Min
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: huōi
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /xuɛ⁵⁵/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: hâi
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɑi²⁴²/
• Puxian Min
  • (Putian, Xianyou)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: hai⁵
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hai²¹/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hāi
    • Tâi-lô: hāi
    • Phofsit Daibuun: hai
    • IPA (Xiamen): /hai²²/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /hai⁴¹/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /hai²²/
    • IPA (Taipei): /hai³³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /hai³³/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: hai⁷
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hāi
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hai¹¹/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ⁶ghe
    • MiniDict: ghe^去
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³hhe
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɦe²³/

---

• Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 害
Mandarin	Beijing	/xai⁵¹/
	Harbin	/xai⁵³/ /xai²¹³/ ～怕
	Tianjin	/xai⁵³/
	Jinan	/xɛ²¹/
	Qingdao	/xɛ⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/xai³¹²/
	Xi'an	/xai⁴⁴/
	Xining	/xɛ²¹³/
	Yinchuan	/xɛ¹³/
	Lanzhou	/xɛ¹³/
	Ürümqi	/xai²¹³/
	Wuhan	/xai³⁵/
	Chengdu	/xai¹³/
	Guiyang	/xai²¹³/
	Kunming	/xæ²¹²/
	Nanjing	/xae⁴⁴/
	Hefei	/xe̞⁵³/
Jin	Taiyuan	/xai⁴⁵/
	Pingyao	/xæ³⁵/
	Hohhot	/xɛ⁵⁵/
Wu	Shanghai	/ɦe²³/
	Suzhou	/ɦe̞³¹/
	Hangzhou	/ɦe̞¹³/
	Wenzhou	/ɦe²²/
Hui	Shexian	/xɛ²²/
	Tunxi	/xuə¹¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/xai⁵⁵/ /xai¹¹/
	Xiangtan	/ɦai²¹/
Gan	Nanchang	/hai²¹/
Hakka	Meixian	/hoi⁵³/
	Taoyuan	/hoi⁵⁵/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/hɔi²²/
	Nanning	/hɔi²²/
	Hong Kong	/hɔi²²/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/hai²²/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/hɑi²⁴²/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/xuɛ⁴⁴/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/hai³¹/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/hai³³/

---

• Middle Chinese: hajH

Rime
Character	害
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	泰 (25)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	胡蓋切
Baxter	hajH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɦɑiH/
Pan Wuyun	/ɦɑiH/
Shao Rongfen	/ɣɑiH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɦajH/
Li Rong	/ɣɑiH/
Wang Li	/ɣɑiH/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ɣɑiH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	hài
Expected Cantonese Reflex	hoi6

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*N-kˤat-s/, /*m-kˤat-s/

  (Zhengzhang): /*ɡaːds/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	害	害
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	hài	hài
Middle Chinese	‹ hajH ›	‹ hajH ›
Old Chinese	/*N-kˁat-s/	/*m-kˁat-s/
English	be hurt (v.i.); injury (n.)	hurt (v.t.)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	害
Reading #	1/1
No.	4845
Phonetic component	害
Rime group	祭
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	害
Old Chinese	/*ɡaːds/
Notes	金文非丯聲，似𥎆初文加古聲， 㝬通胡

Definitions

害

1. to harm; to maim; to injure

   • 銅生鉎，害自身。 [Eastern Min, trad.]
     铜生𰽫，害自身。 [Eastern Min, simp.]

     Dè̤ng săng cĭng, hâi cê̤ṳ-sĭng. / [tøyŋ⁵³ saŋ⁵⁵ t͡siŋ⁵⁵ hɑi²⁴² t͡sy²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ^(s-)liŋ⁵⁵] [Bàng-uâ-cê / IPA]

     Harm oneself (just like copper rusting).

2. to cause to do; to result in (something unfavourable)

   • 航班晚點了，害我多等了兩個小時。 [MSC, trad.]
     航班晚点了，害我多等了两个小时。 [MSC, simp.]

     Hángbān wǎndiǎn le, hài wǒ duō děng le liǎng ge xiǎoshí. [Pinyin]

     The flight was delayed, causing me to wait for another two hours.

3. to kill; to murder
4. to suffer from
5. to feel (an adverse sentiment)
6. harm; disaster; calamity
7. crucial point; vital point
8. harmful; injurious
9. (Southern Min) broken

Antonyms

• 益 (yì, “benefit”)
• 利 (lì, “benefit”)

Compounds

• 三害
• 不害 (bùhài)
• 不害事
• 不知利害
• 不計利害 / 不计利害
• 以文害辭 / 以文害辞
• 侵害 (qīnhài)
• 傷天害理 / 伤天害理 (shāngtiānhàilǐ)
• 傷害 / 伤害 (shānghài)
• 傷害保險 / 伤害保险
• 傷害罪 / 伤害罪
• 光害 (guānghài)
• 全身遠害 / 全身远害
• 公害 (gōnghài)
• 公害病
• 冷害 (lěnghài)
• 凍害 / 冻害 (dònghài)
• 利害得失
• 利害關係 / 利害关系
• 加害 (jiāhài)
• 加害人
• 危害 (wēihài)
• 厲害 / 厉害 (lìhài)
• 受害 (shòuhài)
• 喪天害理 / 丧天害理
• 噤害
• 圖害 / 图害 (túhài)
• 圖財害命 / 图财害命
• 坑害 (kēnghài)
• 墊害 / 垫害
• 大害
• 天然災害 / 天然灾害
• 妨功害能
• 妨害 (fánghài)
• 妨害治安
• 妨害自由
• 妨害風化 / 妨害风化
• 妒能害賢 / 妒能害贤
• 定害
• 害乏
• 害事
• 害人不淺 / 害人不浅 (hàirénbùqiǎn)
• 害人利己
• 害人害己 (hàirénhàijǐ)
• 害人精
• 害人蟲 / 害人虫
• 害冷
• 害口
• 害命
• 害喜 (hàixǐ)
• 害夏
• 害天災 / 害天灾
• 害心 (hàixīn)
• 害怕 (hàipà)
• 害慌
• 害死 (hàisǐ)
• 害死人
• 害民 (hàimín)
• 害熱 / 害热
• 害獸 / 害兽 (hàishòu)
• 害病 (hàibìng)
• 害發 / 害发
• 害眼
• 害羞 (hàixiū)
• 害群之馬 / 害群之马 (hàiqúnzhīmǎ)
• 害肚子
• 害臊 (hàisào)
• 害苦
• 害處 / 害处 (hàichù)
• 害蟲 / 害虫 (hàichóng)
• 害酒
• 害頭疼 / 害头疼
• 害馬 / 害马
• 害鳥 / 害鸟 (hàiniǎo)
• 寒害
• 弊害 (bìhài)
• 患害
• 戕害 (qiānghài)
• 戕害不辜 (qiānghàibùgū)
• 扳害
• 排害
• 損害 / 损害 (sǔnhài)
• 損害賠償 / 损害赔偿
• 暗害 (ànhài)
• 有害 (yǒuhài)
• 有害無利 / 有害无利
• 殘害 / 残害 (cánhài)
• 殘民害物 / 残民害物
• 殘賢害善 / 残贤害善
• 殺害 / 杀害 (shāhài)
• 毒害 (dúhài)
• 民害
• 求生害義 / 求生害义
• 災害 / 灾害 (zāihài)
• 災害救濟 / 灾害救济
• 為害 / 为害 (wéihài)
• 為民除害 / 为民除害
• 無害 / 无害 (wúhài)
• 病害 (bìnghài)
• 病蟲害 / 病虫害 (bìngchónghài)
• 盛衰利害
• 禁害
• 禍害 / 祸害 (huòhài)
• 種族迫害 / 种族迫害
• 自然災害 / 自然灾害 (zìrán zāihài)
• 自相殘害 / 自相残害 (zìxiāngcánhài)
• 興利除害 / 兴利除害
• 藥害 / 药害
• 螟害
• 蟲害 / 虫害 (chónghài)
• 蠹國害民 / 蠹国害民
• 蠹害
• 被害人 (bèihàirén)
• 要害 (yàohài)
• 誤國害民 / 误国害民
• 誣害 / 诬害 (wūhài)
• 謀害 / 谋害 (móuhài)
• 謀財害命 / 谋财害命 (móucáihàimìng)
• 譖害 / 谮害
• 讒害 / 谗害 (chánhài)
• 貪生害義 / 贪生害义
• 貽害 / 贻害 (yíhài)
• 賊害 / 贼害
• 趨利避害 / 趋利避害 (qūlìbìhài)
• 迫害 (pòhài)
• 運動傷害 / 运动伤害
• 違天害理 / 违天害理
• 過失傷害 / 过失伤害
• 遇害 (yùhài)
• 違害就利 / 违害就利
• 遠害全身 / 远害全身
• 遺害 / 遗害 (yíhài)
• 防弊除害
• 除凶去害
• 除害 (chúhài)
• 陰害 / 阴害
• 陷害 (xiànhài)
• 陰柔害物 / 阴柔害物
• 隘害
• 雷害
• 霜害 (shuānghài)
• 風害 / 风害 (fēnghài)
• 養癰貽害 / 养痈贻害
• 鴆害 / 鸩害
• 鹽害 / 盐害

Pronunciation 2

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): hé (he²)

  (Zhuyin): ㄏㄜˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): hot³ / hot⁶

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: hé
    • Zhuyin: ㄏㄜˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: hé
    • Wade–Giles: ho²
    • Yale: hé
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: her
    • Palladius: хэ (xɛ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /xɤ³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: hot³ / hot⁶
    • Yale: hot / hoht
    • Cantonese Pinyin: hot⁸ / hot⁹
    • Guangdong Romanization: hod³ / hod⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɔːt̚³/, /hɔːt̚²/

Definitions

害

1. ^† Alternative form of 曷 (hé, “why”)

Japanese

Shinjitai	害
Kyūjitai	害󠄂 害+󠄂? (Adobe-Japan1)
	害󠄆 害+󠄆? (Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho)
The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details.

Kanji

害

(Fourth grade kyōiku kanji)

1. (そこなう) damage, harm, injure
2. (あやめる) kill
3. (わざわい) disaster

Readings

• Go-on: がい (gai, Jōyō)
• Kan-on: かい (kai)
• Kun: そこなう (sokonau, 害なう)^{←そこなふ (sokonafu, 害なふ, historical)}、そこなう (sokonau, 害う)^{←そこなふ (sokonafu, 害ふ, historical)}、そこねる (sokoneru, 害ねる)、あやめる (ayameru, 害める)、わざわい (wazawai, 害い)^{←わざはひ (wazafafi, 害ひ, historical)}

Etymology

Kanji in this term
害
がい Grade: 4
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese 害 (haj^H, “injury”).

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) がい [gáꜜì] (Atamadaka – [1])
• IPA^(key): [ɡa̠i]

Noun

害(がい) • (gai) 

1. injury, harm, damage

Antonyms

• 益(えき) (eki, “benefit”)
• 利(り) (ri, “benefit”)

Derived terms

• 害(がい)悪(あく) (gaiaku)
• 害(がい)獣(じゅう) (gaijū, “harmful animal”)
• 害(がい)虫(ちゅう) (gaichū, “harmful insect”)
• 害(がい)鳥(ちょう) (gaichō, “harmful bird”)
• 害(がい)毒(どく) (gaidoku)
• 危(き)害(がい) (kigai)
• 災(さい)害(がい) (saigai)
• 殺(さつ)害(がい) (satsugai)
• 残(ざん)害(がい) (zangai)
• 自(じ)害(がい) (jigai)
• 水(すい)害(がい) (suigai)
• 損(そん)害(がい) (songai)
• 被(ひ)害(がい) (higai)
• 風(ふう)害(がい) (fūgai)
• 無(む)害(がい) (mugai)
• 有(ゆう)害(がい) (yūgai)
• 利(り)害(がい) (rigai)

Korean

Hanja

害 (eumhun 해칠 해 (haechil hae))

1. hanja form^? of 해 (“harm”)

Compounds

• 해충 (害蟲, haechung, “insect pest”)

Vietnamese

Han character

害: Hán Nôm readings: hại

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.