-que
See also: Appendix:Variations of "que"
Latin
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]- -qꝫ, -q́ꝫ, -q. (Medieval Latin), -q́ue
Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Italic *-kʷe (“and”), from Proto-Indo-European *-kʷe (“and”). Cognates include Sanskrit च (ca), Ancient Greek τε (te), Faliscan -𐌂𐌖𐌄 (-cue), Proto-Germanic *-hw ( → English (thou)gh). Its alternative use as a generalizing particle "any, -every" with pronouns and adverbs may result from a shift from an earlier meaning along the lines of "as".[1] There are also a number of words that are etymologically suffixed with this particle but that have developed specific meanings not clearly analyzable in terms of either of these senses, such as dēnique (“finally; at length”).[1]
Pronunciation
[edit]- (Classical Latin) IPA(key): /kʷe/, [kʷɛ]
- (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): /kwe/, [kwe]
Conjunction
[edit]-que (enclitic)
- and, coordinating conjunction
- 6th or 5th century BCE, Castor-Pollux dedication (image (page 3; requires access to JSTOR); facsimile):
- 𐌂𐌀𐌔𐌕𐌏𐌓𐌄𐌉:𐌐𐌏𐌃𐌋𐌏𐌖𐌒𐌖𐌄𐌉𐌒𐌖𐌄/𐌒𐌖𐌓𐌏𐌉𐌔
- CASTOREI PODLOVQVEIQVE/QVROIS
Castorei Podlouqueique qurois - To Castor and Pollux, the Dioskouroi
- CASTOREI PODLOVQVEIQVE/QVROIS
- 63 BCE, Cicero, Catiline Orations Oratio in Catilinam Prima in Senatu Habita.VIII:
- Nihil agis, nihil moliris, nihil cogitas quod non ego non modo audiam sed etiam videam planeque sentiam.
- There is nothing you do, nothing you plot, nothing you think about, that I do not only hear of, but actually see as well and distinctly discern.
- Nihil agis, nihil moliris, nihil cogitas quod non ego non modo audiam sed etiam videam planeque sentiam.
- Senatus Populusque Romanus.
- The Senate and the People of Rome
- (literally, “The Roman Senate and People”)
- 6th or 5th century BCE, Castor-Pollux dedication (image (page 3; requires access to JSTOR); facsimile):
- (when repeated) "both... and", "whether... or"
- introducing an explanatory clause
- (rare) used in an answer
Usage notes
[edit]- Per late Latin grammarians, this enclitic (along with -ne and -ve) regularly triggers an accent on the immediately preceding syllable, regardless of its shape (this does not apply however to the fixed expression itaque (“therefore”)). When the preceding syllable ends in a consonant or long vowel, as in "Mūsámque" or "Mūsā́que", this accentuation is consistent with the general Latin stress rule (assuming -que is counted as part of the phonological word), and most modern scholars accept these accentuations as as valid for the classical period. However, modern scholars disagree about whether accentuations like "Mūsáque" and "līmináque", which violate the general Latin stress rule by putting stress on a light penultimate syllable, were used in Classical Latin. There is also some debate about how forms ending in -que were accented in early Latin, e.g. the comedies of Plautus.
- -que is always attached to the end of a word. When used to coordinate two words, it is normally attached to the second. When used to coordinate two phrases or clauses, it is normally attached to the first word of the second phrase/clause. In some circumstances, it is attached instead to the second word of the second phrase: this occurs often when the second phrase starts with a monosyllabic preposition, sometimes when it starts with a disyllabic preposition or the adverb tam or quam.[2]
- In archaic and official language, -que is preferred to et, from which it is distinguished by denoting a closer connection.
- It is used singly to link words with related meanings.
- Some examples:
- Fames sitisque. (hunger and thirst)
- Augeri amplificarique. (to be increased and to be enlarged)
- Admirabilis incredibilisque. (admirable and incredible)
- Fuga pavorque. (fleeing and fear)
- Cibus victusque. (sustenance and living)
- Concilium coetusque. (a public gathering and a meeting)
- Blandimenta voluptatis otiique. (delights of pleasure and leisure)
- Extremum summumque supplicium. (the furthest and greatest punishment)
- Imperio auspicioque. (with command and divination)
- Carus acceptusque. ([he is] dear and pleasing)
- Jus fasque. (law and divine will)
- It is especially used in phrases like:
- With the comparative:
- When used with personal and possessive pronouns:
- Also used in archaic formulae:
- Some examples:
- Also words of contrasting meaning:
- Jus nefasque. (law and sin)
- Longe lateque. (distant and widely)
- Cominus eminusque. (in close combat and beyond swords reach)
- Ultro citroque. (there and here) literally "beyond and to this side"
- Terrā marique. (from earth and sea)
- Ferro ignique. (with iron and [with] fire)
- Pace belloque. (with peace and [with] war)
- Tempus locusque. (time and place)
- Parvis magnisque. (with small and [with] large)
Derived terms
[edit]See also
[edit]Particle
[edit]-que
- -ever; every-, any-; every, each ('universalizing'[1] or 'generalizing'[3] particle found in a fixed set of indefinite pronouns and adverbs)
Derived terms
[edit]- cumque, -cumque
- quoque (alternatively derived from the conjunction)[1]
- quisque
- ubique
- undique
- uterque
- utique
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Tore Jansen (1979) Mechanisms of Language Change in Latin[1], pages 102-103
- ^ Harm Pinkster (2015) The Oxford Latin Syntax, volumes 2. The Complex Sentence and Discourse, page 627
- ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “-que”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 506
- “-que”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
Categories:
- Latin terms inherited from Proto-Italic
- Latin terms derived from Proto-Italic
- Latin terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European
- Latin terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Latin 1-syllable words
- Latin terms with IPA pronunciation
- Latin lemmas
- Latin conjunctions
- Latin clitics
- Latin terms with quotations
- Latin terms with usage examples
- Latin terms with rare senses
- Latin particles