kim

See also: Kim, kìm, kiṃ, kim-, kîm, and ким-

Afrikaans

Etymology

From Dutch kim, from Middle Dutch kimme.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kəm/

Noun

kim (plural kimme)

1. horizon

   Synonym: horison

Ainu

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [kim]

Noun

kim (Kana spelling キム)

1. mountain

Derived terms

• kimpe (“bear”)

Descendants

• Western Old Japanese: [script needed] (kî)

References

• Bugaeva, Anna. Handbook of the Ainu Language, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501502859

Azerbaijani

Etymology

Ultimately from Proto-Turkic *kem (“who”). Cognate with Turkish kim, Old Turkic 𐰚𐰢 (kem, “who”), etc.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [cim]

• Audio (Baku):

  (file)

Pronoun

kim (definite accusative kimi, plural kimlər)

1. who

Declension

Declension of kim
	singular	plural
nominative	kim	kimlər
definite accusative	kimi	kimləri
dative	kimə	kimlərə
locative	kimdə	kimlərdə
ablative	kimdən	kimlərdən
definite genitive	kimin	kimlərin

Possessive forms of kim
	nominative
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	kimim	kimlərim
sənin (“your”)	kimin	kimlərin
onun (“his/her/its”)	kimi	kimləri
bizim (“our”)	kimimiz	kimlərimiz
sizin (“your”)	kiminiz	kimləriniz
onların (“their”)	kimi or kimləri	kimləri
	accusative
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	kimimi	kimlərimi
sənin (“your”)	kimini	kimlərini
onun (“his/her/its”)	kimini	kimlərini
bizim (“our”)	kimimizi	kimlərimizi
sizin (“your”)	kiminizi	kimlərinizi
onların (“their”)	kimini or kimlərini	kimlərini
	dative
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	kimimə	kimlərimə
sənin (“your”)	kiminə	kimlərinə
onun (“his/her/its”)	kiminə	kimlərinə
bizim (“our”)	kimimizə	kimlərimizə
sizin (“your”)	kiminizə	kimlərinizə
onların (“their”)	kiminə or kimlərinə	kimlərinə
	locative
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	kimimdə	kimlərimdə
sənin (“your”)	kimində	kimlərində
onun (“his/her/its”)	kimində	kimlərində
bizim (“our”)	kimimizdə	kimlərimizdə
sizin (“your”)	kiminizdə	kimlərinizdə
onların (“their”)	kimində or kimlərində	kimlərində
	ablative
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	kimimdən	kimlərimdən
sənin (“your”)	kimindən	kimlərindən
onun (“his/her/its”)	kimindən	kimlərindən
bizim (“our”)	kimimizdən	kimlərimizdən
sizin (“your”)	kiminizdən	kimlərinizdən
onların (“their”)	kimindən or kimlərindən	kimlərindən
	genitive
	singular	plural
mənim (“my”)	kimimin	kimlərimin
sənin (“your”)	kiminin	kimlərinin
onun (“his/her/its”)	kiminin	kimlərinin
bizim (“our”)	kimimizin	kimlərimizin
sizin (“your”)	kiminizin	kimlərinizin
onların (“their”)	kiminin or kimlərinin	kimlərinin

Derived terms

• kimlik (“identity”)
• kimsə (“someone”)
  • kimsəsiz (“ownerless, derelict, parentless”)

See also

Azerbaijani interrogative pro-forms

English	Azerbaijani
what	nə, (dialectal) nəmənə
who	kim
which	hansı
which (in a numbered series)	neçənci
who (by occupation)	nəçi
who (by origin)	haralı
where (which place)	hara, hayan, (colloquial) hanı, (dialectal) həncəri
where (at which place)	harada, hayanda
whither (to which place)	hara, haraya, hayana
whence (from which place)	haradan, hayandan
when	nə vaxt, nə zaman, haçan, (colloquial) havaxt
why	niyə, nə üçün, neyçün
how	necə, nətər, nə təhər, (archaic) nə tövr, nə cür, (dialectal) həncəri
how much	nə qədər
how many	neçə

Crimean Tatar

Etymology

Ultimately from Proto-Turkic *kem (“who”).

Pronoun

kim

1. who, whom

Declension

Declension of kim

nominative	kim
genitive	kimniñ
dative	kimge
accusative	kimni
locative	kimde
ablative	kimden

References

• Mirjejev, V. A., Usejinov, S. M. (2002) Ukrajinsʹko-krymsʹkotatarsʹkyj slovnyk [Ukrainian – Crimean Tatar Dictionary]‎^[1], Simferopol: Dolya, →ISBN

Danish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kiːm/, [kʰiːˀm]

Noun

kim c or n (singular definite kimen or kimet, plural indefinite kim, plural definite kimene)

1. germ
2. seeds pl

Dutch

Etymology

From Middle Dutch kimme. This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kɪm/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Hyphenation: kim
• Rhymes: -ɪm
• Homophone: Kim

Noun

kim f (plural kimmen, diminutive kimmetje n)

1. horizon

Synonyms

• horizon

Anagrams

• mik

Eskayan

Pronoun

kim

1. we; us (1st person plural exclusive absolutive form)

Hokkien

For pronunciation and definitions of kim – see 金 (“copper; metal; etc.”). (This term is the pe̍h-ōe-jī form of 金).

Gagauz

Etymology

Inherited from Old Anatolian Turkish كِمْ (kim, gim), from Proto-Turkic *kem . Compare Turkish kim, Azerbaijani kim.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /cim/

Pronoun

kim (accusative kimi, plural kimnär)

1. (interrogative) who?
   • 2015 November 24, Yuliya JEREBŢOVA, “İntelektual oyunu “KİM İSTEER OLMAA HALİZ GAGAUZ””, in Ana Sözü‎^[2]:

     Kasım ayın 17-dä Kiriyet küüyün “Dionis TANASOGLU” adına teoretik liţeyindä, 9-cu klaslar için, seftä geçti pek meraklı bit intelektual oyunu – “KİM İSTEER OLMAA HALİZ GAGAUZ”. Hazırladı onu liţeyin gagauz dilindä hem literaturasında üüredici Anna Kirilovna KOLOMİİTSEVA.

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

   • 2019 April 10, Todur Zanet, “Bu bokluklardan tarafımızı kim paklayacek?”, in Ana Sözü‎^[3]:

     Bu bokluklardan tarafımızı kim paklayacek?

     Who will clean our place from these crap?

   kimi inanêrsın?

   who do you believe?

2. (relative) who, that

   kardaşım, kim bırda yaşêêr

   my sibling who lives here

Declension

declension of kim

	singular (tekil)	plural (çoğul)
nominative (yalın)	kim	kimnär
definite accusative (belirtme)	kimi	kimneri
dative (yönelme)	kimä	kimnerä
locative (bulunma)	kimdä	kimnerdä
ablative (çıkma)	kimdän	kimnerdän
genitive (tamlayan)	kimin	kimnerin

Derived terms

• kimnik
• kimsä

Related terms

• ki
• kimsey

Further reading

• N. A Baskakov, editor (1972), “ким”, in Gagauzsko-Russko-Moldavskij Slovarʹ [Gagauz-Russian-Moldovan Dictionary], Moskva: Izdatelʹstvo Sovetskaja Enciklopedija, →ISBN, page 269
• Mavrodi M. F., editor (2019), “kimi”, in Gagauzça-rusça sözlük: klaslar 1-4, Komrat: Gagauziya M.V. Maruneviç adına Bilim-Aaraştırma merkezi, →ISBN
• Kopuşçu M. İ. , Todorova S. A. , Kiräkova T.İ., editors (2019), “kimi”, in Gagauzça-rusça sözlük: klaslar 5-12, Komrat: Gagauziya M.V. Maruneviç adına Bilim-Aaraştırma merkezi, →ISBN, page 100

Hungarian

Etymology

ki (“who”) +‎ -m (“my, of mine”, possessive suffix)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈkim]
• Hyphenation: kim

Pronoun

kim

1. first-person singular single-possession possessive of ki

   Kim vagy te nekem? - Én nem Kim vagyok, hanem a bácsikád. ― Who of mine are you? - I'm not Kim but your uncle.

Declension

Inflection (stem in -e-, front unrounded harmony)
	singular	plural
nominative	kim	—
accusative	kimet	—
dative	kimnek	—
instrumental	kimmel	—
causal-final	kimért	—
translative	kimmé	—
terminative	kimig	—
essive-formal	kimként	—
essive-modal	—	—
inessive	kimben	—
superessive	kimen	—
adessive	kimnél	—
illative	kimbe	—
sublative	kimre	—
allative	kimhez	—
elative	kimből	—
delative	kimről	—
ablative	kimtől	—
non-attributive possessive - singular	kimé	—
non-attributive possessive - plural	kiméi	—

Karaim

Etymology

From Proto-Turkic *kem (“who”). Relate to Crimean Tatar kim ,Karachay-Balkar ким (kim) ,Kumyk ким (kim) , Urum ким (kim) ,Tofa ӄум (qum), Tuvan кым (kım), etc.

Pronoun

kim

1. who

References

kim

Khalaj

Perso-Arabic		کیم

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [kɪm]
• (Xarrâbî) IPA^(key): [kɪm]

Pronoun

kim (oblique, plural stem)

1. Alternative form of kêm (“who”).

References

• Doerfer, Gerhard (1980) Wörterbuch des Chaladsch (Dialekt von Charrab) [Khalaj dictionary] (in German), Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó.
• Doerfer, Gerhard (1988) Grammatik des Chaladsch [Grammar of Khalaj] (in German), Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, →ISBN, →OCLC

Livonian

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *kümmen. Akin to Finnish kymmenen.

Numeral

kim

1. ten

Usage notes

In names of tens kim takes on the form kimdõ – declension type 118 – sieldõ. In vīžkimdõ both compound components are declineable, e.g., in genitive vīdkimdõ.

Declension

Declension of kim (126)

	singular (ikšlug)	plural (pǟgiņlug)
nominative (nominatīv)	kim	kimmõd
genitive (genitīv)	kim	kimmõd
partitive (partitīv)	kimmõ	kimmidi
dative (datīv)	kimmõn	kimmõdõn
instrumental (instrumentāl)	kimmõks	kimmõdõks
illative (illatīv)	kimmõ	kimmiž
inessive (inesīv)	kims kimsõ	kimmis
elative (elatīv)	kimst kimstõ	kimmist

Related terms

• kimmõz

See also

• Livonian cardinals (1–11):

ikš, kakš, kuolm, nēļa, vīž, kūž, seis, kōdõks, īdõks, kim, ikštuoistõn (Compounds with both parts inflected given in bold)

Lower Sorbian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈkʲim/

Pronoun

kim

1. instrumental of chto
2. locative of chto

Middle Vietnamese

Etymology

From Proto-Vietic *kiːm, from Chinese 針 (OC *kjum, *kjums).

Noun

kim

1. needle

Descendants

• Vietnamese: kim

References

• Alexandre de Rhodes (1651) “kim”, in Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum (in Middle Vietnamese, Latin, and Portuguese), Rome: Propaganda Fide

Muong

Etymology

From Proto-Vietic *kiːm, from Chinese 針 (OC *kjum, *kjums). Cognate with Vietnamese kim.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kim¹/

Noun

kim

1. (Mường Bi) needle

References

• Nguyễn Văn Khang, Bùi Chỉ, Hoàng Văn Hành (2002) Từ điển Mường - Việt (Muong - Vietnamese dictionary)‎^[4], Nhà xuất bản Văn hoá Dân tộc Hà Nội

Norwegian Nynorsk

Noun

kim m (definite singular kimen, indefinite plural kimar, definite plural kimane)

1. Alternative form of kime

Polish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈkim/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -im
• Syllabification: kim

Pronoun

kim

1. instrumental of kto
2. locative of kto

Serbo-Croatian

Etymology 1

Borrowed from German Kümmel, from Latin cuminum, from Ancient Greek κύμινον (kúminon).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kîm/

Noun

kȉm m (Cyrillic spelling ки̏м)

1. caraway (Persian cumin)

Declension

Declension of kim

	singular	plural
nominative	kim	kimovi
genitive	kima	kimova
dative	kimu	kimovima
accusative	kim	kimove
vocative	kime	kimovi
locative	kimu	kimovima
instrumental	kimom	kimovima

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kîːm/

Pronoun

kȋm (Cyrillic spelling ки̑м)

1. (with) whom (instrumental)

Declension

Declension of kim

	singular/plural
nominative	tkȍ, kȍ
genitive	kȍg, kòga
dative	kȍm, kòmu, kòme
accusative	kȍg. kòga
vocative	—
locative	kòm, kòme
instrumental	kȋm, kíme

Turkish

Etymology

From Ottoman Turkish كیم (kim, “who”), from Proto-Turkic *kem (“who”). Cognate with Old Turkic 𐰚𐰢 (kem, “who”), Karakhanid كِمْ (kim, “who”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /cim/

• Audio:

  (file)

Pronoun

kim

1. who

Declension

Inflection
Nominative	kim
Definite accusative	kimi
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	kim	kimler
Definite accusative	kimi	kimleri
Dative	kime	kimlere
Locative	kimde	kimlerde
Ablative	kimden	kimlerden
Genitive	kimin	kimlerin

Derived terms

• kim bilir
• kime ne
• kimlik

Vietnamese

Pronunciation

• (Hà Nội) IPA^(key): [kim˧˧]
• (Huế) IPA^(key): [kim˧˧]
• (Saigon) IPA^(key): [kim˧˧]

• Audio (Hà Nội):

  (file)

Etymology 1

Sino-Vietnamese word from 金 (“metal; gold”).

This reading is irregular, the expected reading would be *câm; cf. cấm < 禁 (MC kimH), cầm < 琴 (MC gim). ⟨-im⟩ is a very rare rime in Sino-Vietnamese proper, with this and the homophonous kim < 今 (MC kim) being the only examples.

It is possible that the usage of kim as the Sino-Vietnamese reading for 金 (MC kim) and 今 (MC kim) was to avoid homophony with câm (“mute”), although it is difficult to be sure. The much less common 衿 (MC kim) (that basically has no usage in Vietnamese) is considered to have the expected reading câm.

Also possibly compare Korean 금 (geum) and 김 (gim), the former is the expected Sino-Korean reading of 金 (MC kim) while the latter found chiefly as a surname.

Noun

kim

1. (rare, only in compounds) metal

   ánh kim

   metallic shininess

2. Metal, one of the Wu Xing

   Thổ sinh kim. Kim sinh thuỷ.
   Hoả khắc kim. Kim khắc mộc.

   Earth bears Metal. Metal enriches Water.
   Fire melts Metal. Metal chops Wood.

Derived terms

• á kim
• giả kim
• giả kim thuật
• hoàng kim
• hợp kim
• Kim
• kim cương
• kim khí
• kim loại
• Kim tinh
• luyện kim
• nhà giả kim (“alchemist”)
• phi kim
• thuật giả kim (“alchemy”)

See also

• ngũ hành
• vàng

Etymology 2

From Proto-Vietic *kiːm. Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 針 (“needle”, SV: châm). Cognate to Muong kim.

Attested as kim in the Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum (1651).

Noun

(classifier cây) kim

1. a needle
2. (of a clock/watch) a hand

Derived terms

• mò kim đáy bể

See also

• Kim

Volapük

Pronoun

kim

1. who (nominative)

Inflection

• genitive: kima
• accusative: kimi

White Hmong

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ki˩̰/

Etymology 1

From Middle Chinese 貴 (kʉi^H, “expensive”)

Adjective

kim

1. expensive

See also

• tsis pheejyig

Etymology 2

From Mandarin 跪 (guì) ("to kneel").

Verb

kim

1. to kneel on one knee