re-

See also: Appendix:Variations of "re"

English

Etymology

From Middle English re-, from Old French re-, from Latin re-, red- (“back; anew; again; against”), of uncertain origin but conjectured by Watkins to be from Proto-Indo-European *wret-, a metathetic alteration of *wert- (“to turn”). Displaced native English ed-, eft-, a-, with-/wither-, gain-/again-.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɹiː/
- Audio (US): (file)
IPA^(key): /ɹɪ/
- Audio (US): (file)
IPA^(key): /ɹə/
- Audio (US): (file)

Prefix

re-

again, anew
‎re- + ‎new → ‎renew (“to make something new again”)

‎re- + ‎commit → ‎recommit (“to commit an act again”)

‎re- + ‎heat → ‎reheat (“to heat something that has cooled off”)
a completive or intensification of the base; up, a-, out
reletter, relead, rebronze (examples from: ^[1])
back, backward
reject, reply, resist

Usage notes

The pronunciation varies depending on the word, with /ɹiː/, /ɹɪ/ (some pronunciations), /ɹɛ/ found in words like replay, resist and revolution, respectively.
The hyphen is not normally included in words formed using this prefix, except when the absence of a hyphen would make the meaning unclear. Hyphens are used in the following cases:
- Sometimes in new coinages and nonce words.
  stir and re-stir the mixture
- When the word that the prefix is combined with begins with a capital letter.
  re-Christianise
- When the word that the prefix is combined with begins with another re-.
  re-record
- In British usage, when the word that the prefix is combined with begins with e.
  re-entry (North American: reentry)
- When the word formed is identical in form to another word in which re- does not have any of the senses listed above.
  The chairs have been re-covered (covered again)
  
  The chairs have been recovered (obtained back)
A dieresis may be used instead of a hyphen, as in reëntry. This usage is now rare, but extant; see diaeresis (diacritic) for examples and discussion.
re- is highly productive, to the point of being almost grammaticalized — almost any verb can have re- applied, especially in colloquial speech. Notable exceptions to this include all forms of be and the modal verbs can, should, etc. When used productively, it is always pronounced /ɹiː/.

Synonyms

(again): ana-, palin-
(back): with-

Derived terms

English terms prefixed with re-

Translations

again

Armenian: վերա- (vera-)
Azerbaijani: yenidən
Catalan: re- (ca)
Chinese:
Mandarin: 重- (-chóng), 再- (zài-)
Crimean Tatar: yañıdan
Czech: pře- (cs), znovu-
Danish: gen-
Dutch: her- (nl), weer-, weder-
Esperanto: re- (eo)
Finnish: jälleen- (fi), uudestaan (fi)
French: r- (fr), re- (fr), ré- (fr)
Middle French: re-

Old French: re-
Galician: re- (gl)
Georgian: ხელახლა (xelaxla), განმეორებით (ganmeorebit), კვლავ (ḳvlav), რე- (re-)
German: re- (de), wieder- (de), zurück- (de)
Greek: ανα- (el) (ana-), επανα- (el) (epana-), ξανα- (el) (xana-)
Hindi: पुनः- (punaḥ-)
Hittite: 𒀀𒀊𒉺 (a-ap-pa)
Hungarian: újra- (hu), újjá- (hu)
Icelandic: endur-
Ido: ri-
Interlingua: re-
Irish: a-, ath-
Italian: re- (it), ri- (it)
Japanese: 再- (ja) (sai-), -直す (-naosu), -返す (-kaesu)
Khmer: វិញ (km) (vɨñ)
Korean: 재 (ko) (jae), 재- (jae-)
Kurdish:
Northern Kurdish: ve- (ku)
Luwian: 𒀀𒀊𒉺 (a-ap-pa)
Malayalam: പുനഃ- (punaḥ-)
Mongolian: please add this translation if you can
Norman: èr-, re-
Norwegian: gjen-
Occitan: re-
Old English: ed-, aġēn
Persian: باز- (bâz-)
Polish: od- (pl), prze- (pl)
Portuguese: re- (pt)
Romanian: re- (ro)
Russian: пере- (ru) (pere-), воз- (ru) (voz-)/вос- (ru) (vos-), ре- (ru) (re-)
Sanskrit : पुनः- (punaḥ-)
Scottish Gaelic: ath- (lenites)
Spanish: re- (es)
Swedish: åter- (sv), re- (sv), om- (sv)
Thai: please add this translation if you can
Turkish: yeniden (tr), tekrar (tr)
Ukrainian: пере- (pere-), воз- (voz-), ре- (re-), від- (vid-)
Vietnamese: lại (vi)
Walloon: ri- (wa), er- (wa), r- (wa)
Welsh: ail-, eil-, ad-, at-

References

“re-”, in Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster, 1996–present.

^ Oxford English Dictionary, s.v. “re- (prefix),” December 2023, https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/1031113569.

Anagrams

'er, -'er, -er, E-R, E. R., E.R., ER, er, er.

Catalan

Etymology

From Latin re-.

Prefix

re-

re- (again)
‎re- + ‎fer (“to do”) → ‎refer (“to redo”)
intensifier for adjectives and adverbs
Synonym: -íssim

‎re- + ‎vell (“old”) → ‎revell (“very old”)
great-, grand- (used to denote the removal of one generation)
Synonym: bes-

‎re- + ‎nebot (“nephew”) → ‎renebot (“grandnephew”)

Derived terms

Catalan terms prefixed with re-

Chuukese

Prefix

re-

(inflected as a noun) with
(subject marker for tense modifying adverbs) they

Dutch

Etymology

From Latin re-. Doublet of her-.

Prefix

re-

re-

Derived terms

Dutch terms prefixed with re-

Esperanto

Etymology

From Latin re-.

Prefix

re-

indicates repetition, again
indicates a return to previous state, back
indicates an action performed reciprocally, back (e.g., to hit back, to talk back)

Derived terms

Franco-Provençal

Etymology

From Latin re-.

Prefix

re- (ORB, broad)

Attaches to verbs, often adding a sense of repetition or reversion.

Derived terms

Franco-Provençal terms prefixed with re-

rechèrchiér

revêre

French

Etymology

From Latin re-.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ʁə/
Audio: (file)

Prefix

re-

re-
‎re- + ‎marcher (“to function”) → ‎remarcher (“to function again”)
meaningless generic derivation prefix, especially as r-. From semantic bleaching of sense 1 followed by the unprefixed terms becoming obsolete or diverging in meaning.

Usage notes

This is only used when the stem starts with a consonant; otherwise, ré- or r- are used.

Derived terms

French terms prefixed with re-

German

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ʁe/
Audio: (file)

Prefix

re-

re-

Derived terms

German terms prefixed with re-

Hungarian

Etymology

From Latin re- (“again; back”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ˈrɛ]

Prefix

re-

indicates repetition, again
indicates a return to previous state, back

Derived terms

Hungarian verbs prefixed with re-

reorganizál

reprivatizál

Interlingua

Etymology

From Latin re-.

Prefix

re-

back, backwards
again; prefix added to various words to indicate an action being done again, or like the other usages indicated above under English.

Derived terms

Interlingua terms prefixed with re-

Italian

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin re-. The prefix re- is borrowed from Latin, while the variant ri- is inherited from Latin.^[1]

Prefix

re-

re-
Synonym: ri-

Usage notes

The prefix re- normally replaces ri- before words beginning with i, for euphonic reasons.

Derived terms

References

^ Migliorini, Bruno with Aldo Duro (1950) Prontuario etimologico della lingua italiana (in Italian), Paravia

Latin

Etymology

From Proto-Italic *wre- (“again”), of uncertain origin (OED); see the Proto-Italic entry for more.^[1]

Prefix

re-

back, backwards
un-, de-^[2]
‎re- + ‎glūtinō (“glue”) → ‎reglūtinō (“unglue, separate”)

‎re- + ‎neō (“spin, weave, entwine”) → ‎reneō (“unspin, unravel”)

‎re- + ‎gelō (“freeze, congeal”) → ‎regelō (“thaw, unfreeze”)
again; prefix added to various words to indicate an action being done again, or like the other usages indicated above under English.

Usage notes

The alternative form red- occurs before vowels or h in old formations; it is used with the linking vowel -i- in the word redivīvus. The -d- can be compared to that in sēditiō (compare sē- and sed) and in prōd-, antid-, postid- (alternative forms of prō-, ante-, post-). It may originate from the particle *de^[3] or from the use of -d as an archaic ablative singular ending. The use of the form re- before vowels, as in reaedifico, reinvito, is not seen until Late Latin.^[3] (See Lewis & Short, A Latin Dictionary, 1897, s.v. "re" and "D").

Before consonants, its usual form is rĕ- with short /e/, but the following consonant is sometimes doubled. In some cases, such as reccidī, the double consonant comes from syncope of an originally reduplicated syllable of the base word: compare the unprefixed form cecidī. In other cases, such as redducō, relligiō, relliquiae, the double consonant may have arisen from preconsonantal use of red-, with assimilation of -d- to the following consonant.

Derived terms

Latin terms prefixed with re-

Descendants

Catalan: re-
→ English: re-
French: re-, ré-, r-
Galician: re-
Interlingua: re-
Italian: re-, ri-
Norman: re-, èr-
Occitan: re-
Picard: ar-
Portuguese: re-
Romanian: ră-, re-
Spanish: re-

References

^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “re-, red-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 516
^ R. B. Burnaby (1905) Elegiac Selections from Ovid, page 98
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Lindsay, Wallace Martin (1894) The Latin Language, page 591

Middle French

Prefix

re-

re- (again; once more)

Neapolitan

Etymology

Inherited from Latin re-.

Prefix

re-

re-

Derived terms

Neapolitan terms prefixed with re-

revotare

Norman

Alternative forms

èr-

Etymology

From Old French re-, from Latin re-.

Prefix

re-

re-

Derived terms

Norwegian Bokmål

Etymology

From Latin re-.

Prefix

re-

re-

References

Norwegian Bokmål terms prefixed with re-

“re-” in The Bokmål Dictionary.

Norwegian Nynorsk

Etymology

From Latin re-.

Prefix

re-

re-

References

Norwegian Nynorsk terms prefixed with re-

“re-” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

Occitan

Etymology

From Latin re-.

Prefix

re-

re-

Derived terms

Occitan terms prefixed with re-

Old French

Prefix

re-

re- (again; once more)

Polish

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Latin re-.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /rɛ/
Audio: (file)
Rhymes: -ɛ
Syllabification: [please specify syllabification manually]
Homophones: re, Re

Prefix

re-

re- (again, anew)
re- (back, backward)

Derived terms

Portuguese

Etymology

From Old Galician-Portuguese re-, from Latin re-.

Pronunciation

(Brazil) IPA^(key): /ʁe/ [he], /ˌʁe/ [ˌhe]
- (Rio de Janeiro) IPA^(key): /ʁe/ [χe], /ˌʁe/ [ˌχe]

(Portugal) IPA^(key): /ʁɨ/

Prefix

re-

re- (forms verbs indicating that the action is being done again)
‎re- + ‎fazer (“to do”) → ‎refazer (“to redo”)

Derived terms

Portuguese terms prefixed with re-

Romanian

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin re-. The form ră- only appears in a few inherited words.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /re/

Prefix

re-

re-

Slovak

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Latin re-.

Prefix

re-

re- (again, anew)
re- (back, backward)

Derived terms

Slovak terms prefixed with re-

reaktivizácia

Spanish

Etymology 1

From Latin re-.

Prefix

re-

again
‎re- + ‎construir → ‎reconstruir
backwards
‎re- + ‎fluir → ‎refluir
opposition
‎re- + ‎pugnar → ‎repugnar

Etymology 2

Of Proto-Celtic origin, cognate with Irish ró- (“very”). (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?)

Prefix

re-

(colloquial) forms superlatives from adjectives
Synonyms: muy, -ísimo

‎re- + ‎bueno (“good”) → ‎rebueno (“great”)

‎re- + ‎chulo (“cute”) → ‎rechulo (“very cute”)

Derived terms

rete-, requete-, recontra-
re

Derived terms

Spanish terms prefixed with re-
reabastecer
reabrir
reabsorber
reacción
reacomodar
reacondicionar
reactivación
reactivar
reactivo
reactualizar
readaptar
readecuar
readiestrar
readmisión
readmitir
readquirir
reafirmación
reafirmar
reagrupar
rehogar
reajustar
realimentar
realinear
realistar
realojar
realquilar
realzar
reanudar
reaparecer
reapertura
reaplicar
reaprender
reaprovechar
reaprovisionar
rearticular
reasegurar
reasentar
reasfaltar
reasignar
reasumir
reatar
reautorizar
reavituallamiento
reavivar
rebajar
rebalancear
rebatir
rebautizar
rebien
rebobinar
rebotar
rebozar
rebramar
rebrillar
rebrincar
rebrote
rebueno
rebullicio
rebujar
rebuscar
recaer
recalcar
recalcular
recalendarizar
recalentar
recalibrar
recalificar
recámara
recapitalizar
recapturar
recargar
recategorizar
recauchutar
recentralización
recentralizar
recercar
recertificar
rechulo
reclasificar
recocer
recocinar
recodificar
recodar
recodo
recolector
recolocar
recolonizar
recombinar
recomenzar
recomisionar
recompilar
recomprar
reconcentrar
reconducir
reconectar
reconexión
reconfigurar
reconfirmar
reconfortar
reconquistar
reconsagrar
reconsiderar
reconstituir
recontar
recontextualizar
recontratar
reconvenir
reconvertir
recopilar
recorrer
recortar
recoser
recostar
recristalizar
recrudecer
recuadro
recubrir
redecir
redecorar
rededicar
redefinir
redemocratizar
redenominar
redescribir
redescubrimiento
redescubrir
redesignar
redibujar
redifundir
redifusión
redimensionar
rediós
redirección
redirigir
rediscutir
rediseñar
redistribuir
reedición
reeditar
reeducar
reelaborar
reelegir
reembarcar
reembolsar
remendar
reemisión
reemitir
reemplazar
reemprender
rempujar
reenamorar
reencaminar
reencantar
reencarnar
reencauzar
reencontrar
reencuadernar
reenergizar
reenfocar
reenganchar
reengendrar
reenmarcar
reensamblar
reenterrar
reentrar
reentrenar
reenvasar
reenviar
reequilibrar
reequipar
resguardar
resbalar
reescalar
reescribir
resfriar
respaldar
reestabilizar
restablecer
reestatizar
reestilizar
restregar
reestrenar
reestructurar
reeuskaldunización
reevaluación
reevaluar
reexaminar
reexpandir
reexpedir
reexportar
refabricar
refaccionar
refacción
refacturar
refamoso
refinanciar
refirmar
reflotar
reforestación
reforestar

Swedish

Prefix

re-

re-; doing something again
Synonyms: åter-, om-

Derived terms

Swedish terms prefixed with re-

Anagrams

-er, er, er-

[oedonline-1] Oxford English Dictionary, s.v. “re- (prefix),” December 2023, https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/1031113569.

[2] Migliorini, Bruno with Aldo Duro (1950) Prontuario etimologico della lingua italiana (in Italian), Paravia

[3] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “re-, red-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 516

[4] R. B. Burnaby (1905) Elegiac Selections from Ovid, page 98

[Lindsay-5] 3.0 ^3.1 Lindsay, Wallace Martin (1894) The Latin Language, page 591

[1]

[1]

[1]

[2]

[3]

English

Etymology

Pronunciation

Prefix

Usage notes

Synonyms

Derived terms

Translations

See also

References

Anagrams

Catalan

Etymology

Prefix

Derived terms

Further reading

Chuukese

Prefix

Dutch

Etymology

Prefix

Derived terms

Esperanto

Etymology

Prefix

Derived terms

Franco-Provençal

Etymology

Prefix

Derived terms

French

Etymology

Pronunciation

Prefix

Usage notes

Derived terms

See also

German

Pronunciation

Prefix

Derived terms

Hungarian

Etymology

Pronunciation

Prefix

Derived terms

Interlingua

Etymology

Prefix

Derived terms

Italian

Etymology

Prefix

Usage notes

Derived terms

References

Latin

Etymology

Prefix

Usage notes

Derived terms

Descendants

References

Middle French

Prefix

Neapolitan

Etymology

Prefix

Derived terms

Norman

Alternative forms

Etymology

Prefix

Derived terms

Norwegian Bokmål

Etymology

Prefix

References

Norwegian Nynorsk

Etymology