Jump to content

Kiɗa

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
kiɗa
type of arts (en) Fassara, specialty (en) Fassara, field of study (en) Fassara da academic discipline (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na entertainment (en) Fassara da arts (en) Fassara
Karatun ta musicology (en) Fassara, music theory (en) Fassara da sociomusicology (en) Fassara
Product, material, or service produced or provided (en) Fassara music (en) Fassara
Hashtag (en) Fassara Music
Tarihin maudu'i tarihin kiɗa da music and politics (en) Fassara
Entry in abbreviations table (en) Fassara mus.
Mastodon instance URL (en) Fassara https://musicworld.social

Kiɗa shine tsarin sauti don ƙirƙirar wasu haɗe-haɗe na tsari, jituwa, waƙa, kari, ko wani abu mai bayyanawa. An yarda da kida gabaɗaya don zama al'ada ta duniya wacce ke cikin dukkan al'ummomin ɗan adam. Ma'anar kiɗan ya bambanta da yawa a cikin abu da kuma kusanci. Yayin da malamai suka yi ittifaqi a kan cewa ana siffanta kida ne da wasu ƴan ƙayyadaddun abubuwa, babu ijma’i dangane da mene ne waɗannan abubuwan da ake bukata. Ana siffanta kiɗan a matsayin matsakaicin matsakaici don bayyana ƙirƙirar ɗan adam. Ayyuka daban-daban suna shiga cikin ƙirƙirar kiɗa, kuma galibi ana rarraba su zuwa nau'ikan abun ciki, haɓakawa, da aiki. Ana iya yin kida ta amfani da kayan kida iri-iri, gami da muryar mutum. Hakanan ana iya haɗa ta, jeri, ko akasin haka, don a kunna ta a kaikaice ta hanyar inji ko na lantarki, kamar ta akwatin kiɗa, sashin ganga, ko software na aikin sauti na dijital akan kwamfuta. Waƙa sau da yawa tana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin al'amuran zamantakewa da bikin addini. Dabarun yin kida galibi ana watsa su azaman wani ɓangare na al'adar al'ada. Ana kunna kiɗan a cikin mahallin jama'a da na sirri, ana haskaka su a abubuwan da suka faru kamar bukukuwa da kide-kide don nau'ikan taruka daban-daban. Ana amfani da kiɗa don samar da wasu kafofin watsa labaru, kamar a cikin waƙoƙin sauti zuwa fina-finai, nunin TV, wasan operas, da wasannin bidiyo.

Faifayin kida


Sauraron kiɗa hanya ce ta gama gari ta nishaɗi. Al'adar da ke kewaye da kiɗa ta faɗaɗa zuwa wuraren nazarin ilimi, aikin jarida, falsafa, ilimin halin ɗan adam, da jiyya. Masana'antar kiɗa ta haɗa da mawaƙa, masu yin wasan kwaikwayo, injiniyoyin sauti, furodusoshi, masu shirya balaguro, masu rarraba kayan kida, na'urorin haɗi, da masu buga kida da rikodi. Fasaha da ke sauƙaƙe yin rikodi da sake haifuwa na kiɗa a tarihi sun haɗa da kiɗan takarda, microphones, phonographs, da na'urorin kaset, tare da sake kunna kiɗan dijital wanda aka saba amfani dashi ga masu kunna MP3, masu kunna CD, da wayoyi.

Asali da baiwa Kalmar Ingilishi ta zamani ta 'kiɗa' ta fara amfani da ita a cikin 1630s. An samo shi daga dogon layi na madogara masu zuwa: Tsohon Turanci 'musike' na tsakiyar karni na 13; Tsohon kade-kade na Faransa na karni na 12; da Latin musica. Kalmar Latin kanta ta samo asali ne daga tsohuwar Girkanci mousiké (technē) - μουσική (τέχνη) - a zahiri ma'anar "(art) na Muses". Muses sun kasance alloli tara a cikin tatsuniyar tsohuwar Girka waɗanda suka jagoranci fasaha da kimiyya. An haɗa su cikin tatsuniyoyi daga farkon marubutan Yammacin Turai, Homer da Hesiod, kuma daga ƙarshe sun kasance suna alaƙa da kiɗa musamman. A tsawon lokaci, Polyhymnia zai zauna akan kiɗa fiye da sauran muses. Kalmar Latin musica ita ce mafarin mawallafin musica na Mutanen Espanya da musique na Faransanci ta hanyar rubutun kalmomi da daidaita harshe, kodayake wasu kalmomin Turai tabbas kalmomin lamuni ne, gami da kiɗan Italiyanci, Musik na Jamusanci, muziek na Dutch, musikk na Norwegian, muzyka na Poland da muzïka na Rasha.

Tambarin kida


Duniyar Yamma ta zamani ta kan bayyana kida a matsayin kalma mai tattare da komai da ake amfani da ita wajen bayyana nau'o'i, salo, da al'adu daban-daban. Wannan ba haka yake ba a duk duniya, kuma harsuna irin su Indonesiya na zamani (musik) da Shona (musakazo) kwanan nan sun ɗauki kalmomi don nuna wannan tunanin na duniya, domin ba su da kalmomin da suka dace daidai da yanayin yammacin duniya. Kafin mu'amalar yammacin Asiya a Gabashin Asiya, Japan ko Sin ba su da wata kalma guda da ta kunshi kida a ma'ana mai fadi, amma a al'adance, sau da yawa suna daukar kida a irin wannan salon. Kalmar da ta fi kusa da ma'anar kida a cikin Sinanci, yue, tana musayar hali tare da le, ma'ana farin ciki, kuma tun asali ana magana ne ga duk fasaha kafin a taƙaita ma'ana. Afirka tana da banbance-banbance sosai don yin cikakken bayani, amma masanin kiɗan J. H. Kwabena Nketia ya jaddada dangantakar kiɗan Afirka sau da yawa ba ta rabu da rawa da magana gabaɗaya. Wasu al'adun Afirka, irin su 'yan Songye na Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kwango da Tiv na Najeriya, suna da kakkarfar tunani da fa'ida na 'kaɗa' amma ba su da wata kalma mai kama da haka a cikin harsunansu na asali. Sauran kalmomin da aka fi fassara a matsayin 'kiɗa' sau da yawa suna da ƙarin takamaiman ma'ana a cikin al'adunsu: kalmar Hindi don kiɗa, sangita, da kyau tana nufin kiɗan fasaha, yayin da yawancin harsunan 'yan asalin Amurkawa suna da kalmomin kiɗa waɗanda ke nufin waƙa musamman amma bayyana kidan kayan aiki ko da kuwa. Ko da yake musiqi na Larabci na iya nufin duk kiɗan, yawanci ana amfani da shi don kiɗan kayan aiki da na awo, yayin da Khandan ke gano murya da ingantaccen kiɗan.

Asalin da tarihi Sau da yawa ana muhawara kan yadda za a fahimci asalin waƙar, kuma akwai ka'idoji masu gasa da ke da nufin bayyana shi. Yawancin malamai suna bayyana alaƙar da ke tsakanin asalin waƙa da asalin harshe, kuma akwai rashin jituwa game da ko waƙa ta tasowa kafin, ko bayanta, ko kuma a lokaci ɗaya da harshe. Irin wannan tushen gardama yana kewaye ko kiɗan sakamakon ganganci ne na zaɓin yanayi ko kuma ɓangarorin juyin halitta. Ka'idar farko mai tasiri ta Charles Darwin ne ya gabatar da ita a cikin 1871, wanda ya bayyana cewa kiɗa ya tashi azaman nau'in zaɓin jima'i, wataƙila ta hanyar kiran mating. Tunanin asali na Darwin ya sha suka sosai saboda rashin daidaituwarsa da sauran hanyoyin zaɓen jima'i, kodayake masana da yawa a ƙarni na 21 sun haɓaka tare da haɓaka ka'idar. Sauran ra'ayoyin sun haɗa da cewa kiɗa ya tashi don taimakawa wajen tsara aiki, inganta sadarwa mai nisa, amfanar sadarwa tare da allahntaka, taimakawa cikin haɗin kai tsakanin al'umma ko a matsayin kariya don tsoratar da mafarauta.

Masu kida a kasar Hausa

Kiɗa kafin tarihi kawai za a iya ƙididdigewa bisa ga binciken daga wuraren binciken kayan tarihi na paleolithic. Divje Babe sarewa da ake ta cece-kuce a kai, mai ratsawar kogon beyar femur, ya kai shekaru akalla 40,000, duk da cewa ana tafka muhawara mai yawa dangane da ko da gaske kayan kida ne ko kuma wani abu da dabbobi suka yi. Abubuwan farko da aka yarda da sunayensu a matsayin kayan kida da yawa sune sarewan kashi daga Swabian Jura, Jamus, wato daga kogon Geissenklösterle, Hohle Fels da Vogelherd. Kwanan wata zuwa ga Aurignacian (na Upper Paleolithic) da mutanen zamanin Turai na farko suka yi amfani da su, daga dukkan kogo uku akwai misalai takwas, hudu da aka yi daga kasusuwan fikafikan tsuntsaye da hudu daga hauren giwa; uku daga cikin wadannan sun kusa kammalawa. Ana buga sarewa uku daga Geissenklösterle a matsayin mafi tsufa, c. 43,150-39,370 BP.

Dada Babban labarin: Tsohon kiɗa Abubuwan farko da shaidun wakilci na kayan kidan Masar sun kasance a zamanin Predynastic, amma an fi tabbatar da shaidar a cikin Tsohuwar Mulki lokacin da aka buga garayu, sarewa da clarinets biyu. Masarautar Tsakiyar ta ƙara kayan kaɗe-kaɗe da kaɗe-kaɗe da kaɗe-kaɗe. Kuge akai-akai suna tafiya tare da kiɗa da raye-raye, kamar yadda suke yi a Masar a yau. Kaɗe-kaɗen gargajiya na Masar, gami da al'adun Sufanci na zikiri na gargajiya, su ne mafi kusancin nau'in kiɗan zamani ga kiɗan Masarawa na dā, bayan da suka adana abubuwa da yawa, kade-kade da kayan kida.

"Waƙar Hurrian zuwa Nikkal", wanda aka samo akan allunan yumbu a cikin tsohon birnin Ugarit na Siriya, shine aikin kide-kide mafi dadewa da ya rayu, wanda ya kasance kusan 1400 KZ.

Kida wani muhimmin bangare ne na rayuwar zamantakewa da al'adu a tsohuwar Girka, hakika yana daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ake koya wa yara. An dauki ilimin kiɗa yana da mahimmanci don haɓaka ran mutum. Mawaƙa da mawaƙa sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a wasan kwaikwayo na Girka, kuma waɗanda suka sami ilimin kiɗa ana ganin su a matsayin manyan mutane kuma suna cikin cikakkiyar jituwa (kamar yadda ake iya karantawa a cikin Jamhuriyar, Plato). Ganawar mawakan jinsi da aka yi don nishaɗi, biki, da bukukuwan ruhaniya. Kayayyakin sun haɗa da aulos mai raɗaɗi biyu da kayan zare da aka ɗebo, garaya, musamman nau'i na musamman da ake kira kithara. Kida wani muhimmin bangare ne na ilimi, kuma an koyar da yara maza kida tun suna shekara shida. Karatun kiɗan Girika ya haifar da gagarumin ci gaban kiɗan. Ka'idar kiɗan Girka ta haɗa da yanayin kiɗan Girka, wanda a ƙarshe ya zama tushen tushen kiɗan addinin yammaci da na gargajiya. Daga baya, tasiri daga Daular Romawa, Gabashin Turai, da Daular Byzantine sun canza kiɗan Girkanci. Epitaph na Seikilos shine mafi dadewa misali mai rai na cikakken kayan kida, gami da bayanin kida, daga ko'ina cikin duniya. Aikin da ya fi tsufa da aka rubuta game da ka'idar kiɗa shine Harmonika Stoicheia na Aristoxenus.

Al'adun Asiya Babban labarin: Kiɗa na Asiya Waƙar Asiya ta ƙunshi ɗimbin al'adun kiɗan da aka bincika a cikin labaran kan Arabiya, Asiya ta Tsakiya, Gabashin Asiya, Kudancin Asiya, da Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya. Da yawa suna da hadisai da suka kai ga zamanin da.

Ofishin kidan Asiya


Matan Indiya sanye da kayan yanki suna buga kayan kida iri-iri da suka shahara a sassa daban-daban na Indiya Waƙar gargajiya ta Indiya ɗaya ce daga cikin tsoffin al'adun kiɗan a duniya. Hotunan daga wayewar Indus Valley suna nuna raye-raye da tsoffin kayan kida, kamar sarewa mai ramuka bakwai. An gano kayan kida da ganguna daga Harappa da Mohenjo Daro ta hanyar tono da Mortimer Wheeler ya yi. Rigveda, tsohon rubutun Hindu, yana da abubuwa na kiɗan Indiya na yanzu, tare da alamar kida don nuna mita da yanayin rera waƙa. Waƙar gargajiya ta Indiya (marga) ta monophonic ce, kuma bisa layin waƙa guda ɗaya ko raga da aka tsara ta hanyar talas. Waƙar Cilappatikaram tana ba da bayani game da yadda za a iya samar da sababbin ma'auni ta hanyar canza yanayin tonic daga sikelin da ke akwai. Kidan Hindi na yau ya sami tasirin kidan gargajiya na Farisa da Mughals na Afghanistan. Kade-kade da kade-kade, wadanda suka shahara a jihohin kudu, galibi ibada ne; yawancin waƙoƙin suna magana ne ga gumakan Hindu. Akwai wakokin da ke jaddada soyayya da sauran batutuwan zamantakewa. An kafa kiɗan Indonesiya tun lokacin da al'adun zamanin Bronze suka yi ƙaura zuwa tsibiran Indonesiya a ƙarni na 2-3 KZ. Kaɗe-kaɗen gargajiya na Indonesiya na amfani da kayan kaɗe-kaɗe, musamman kendang da gongs. Wasu daga cikinsu sun ƙera naɗaɗɗen kayan kida na musamman, irin su sasando kirtani a tsibirin Rote, da Sundanese angklung, da hadaddun ƙwararrun mawakan Javanese da Balinese gamelan. Indonesiya ita ce gidan gong chime, kalma na gabaɗaya don saitin ƙarami, tsayin gong ɗin tukunya. Gongs yawanci ana sanya su cikin tsari na rubutu, tare da maigidan sama a kan igiya da ke riƙe a cikin ƙaramin katako. Mafi shaharar nau'in kiɗan Indonesiya shine gamelan, tarin kayan kida da aka saurara waɗanda suka haɗa da wayoyin ƙarfe, ganguna, gongs da spike fiddles tare da suling bamboo (kamar sarewa).

Kade-kade na gargajiyar kasar Sin, fasahar gargajiya ko kidan kotu na kasar Sin, tana da tarihin da ya kai kimanin shekaru 3,000. Tana da nata tsarin nata na musamman na bayanin kida, da kuma kunna kida da farar kida, kayan kida da salo ko salo. Kidan kasar Sin pentatonic-diatonic, yana da ma'auni na rubutu goma sha biyu zuwa octave (5 + 7 = 12) kamar yadda kidan da Turawa ke tasiri.

Yamma na gargajiya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Waƙoƙin Farko Zamanin kida na tsakiya (500 zuwa 1400), wanda ya faru a lokacin tsakiyar zamanai, ya fara ne tare da gabatar da monophonic (layin melodic guda ɗaya) yana rera waƙoƙi a cikin ayyukan Cocin Katolika. Tun zamanin d ¯ a, ana amfani da rubutun waƙa a al'adun Girka, amma a tsakiyar zamanai, Ikklisiyar Katolika ta fara gabatar da rubutu, don haka za a iya rubuta waƙoƙin waƙoƙin waƙa, don sauƙaƙe amfani da waƙa iri ɗaya don kiɗan addini a cikin daular Katolika. Iyakar tarihin tsakiyar Turai da aka samo, a cikin rubuce-rubuce, tun kafin 800 shine waƙoƙin liturgical na cocin Katolika, al'adar tsakiyar wadda ake kira Gregorian chant. Tare da waɗannan hadisai na kaɗe-kaɗe masu tsarki da na coci akwai al'adar waƙa ta duniya (waƙoƙin da ba na addini ba). Misalai na mawaƙa daga wannan lokacin sune Léonin, Pérotin, Guillaume de Machaut, da Walther von der Vogelweide.

Kiɗa na Renaissance (c. 1400 zuwa 1600) ya fi mai da hankali kan jigogi na duniya, kamar soyayyar ɗaurin aure. A wajen shekara ta 1450, an ƙirƙiro na'urar bugu, wanda hakan ya sa waƙar da aka buga ta zama ƙasa da tsada da sauƙin samarwa da yawa (kafin ƙirƙirar ƴan jarida, duk waƙar da aka sani da hannu aka kwafi). Ƙarfafa samun waƙar takarda tana yaɗa salon kiɗan cikin sauri kuma cikin babban yanki. Mawaƙa da mawaƙa sukan yi aiki ga coci, kotuna da garuruwa. Ƙungiyoyin mawaƙa na coci sun girma da girma, kuma cocin ya kasance babban majiɓincin kiɗa. A tsakiyar karni na 15, mawaƙa sun rubuta kida mai tsarki da yawa, waɗanda aka haɗa layin waƙoƙi daban-daban a lokaci guda. Shahararrun mawaƙa daga wannan zamanin sun haɗa da Guillaume Du Fay, Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina, Thomas Morley, Orlando di Lasso da Josquin des Prez. Yayin da ayyukan kida ke motsawa daga coci zuwa kotunan sarki, sarakuna, sarauniya da sarakuna sun yi takara don ƙwararrun mawaƙa. Manyan mawaƙa da yawa sun fito daga Netherlands, Belgium, da Faransa; ana kiran su mawakan Franco-Flemish. Sun rike manyan mukamai a duk fadin Turai, musamman a Italiya. Sauran ƙasashe masu ƙwaƙƙwaran kida sun haɗa da Jamus, Ingila, da Spain.

Baroque Zamanin Baroque na kiɗa ya faru ne daga 1600 zuwa 1750, ya yi daidai da bunƙasa salon fasahar Baroque a Turai. Farkon zamanin Baroque ya kasance alamar alƙalami na wasan operas na farko. Kiɗa mai kaɗe-kaɗe na polyphonic (kiɗa tare da keɓance, layukan melodic na lokaci ɗaya) ya kasance mai mahimmanci a wannan lokacin. Mawaƙan Baroque na Jamus sun rubuta don ƙananan ƙungiyoyi waɗanda suka haɗa da kirtani, tagulla, da iskar itace, da kuma mawaƙa da kayan kida na maɓalli kamar su bututu, harpsichord, da clavichord. Rikicin kiɗa ya ƙaru a wannan lokacin. An ƙirƙiri manyan nau'o'in kiɗa da yawa, wasu daga cikinsu waɗanda suka dawwama a cikin lokaci na gaba, suna ganin ƙarin ci gaba. Waɗannan sun haɗa da fugue, ƙirƙira, sonata, da wasan kwaikwayo. Salon Baroque na marigayi ya kasance mai sarƙaƙƙiya da yawa kuma an ƙawata shi sosai. Mawallafi masu mahimmanci daga zamanin Baroque sun haɗa da Johann Sebastian Bach (Cello suites), George Frideric Handel (Almasihu), Georg Philipp Telemann da Antonio Vivaldi (The Four Seasons).

Na gargajiya Kiɗa na zamanin gargajiya (1730 zuwa 1820) yana nufin yin koyi da abin da ake gani a matsayin mahimman abubuwan fasaha da falsafar tsohuwar Girka da Roma: manufofin ma'auni, daidaito da kuma magana mai ladabi. (Lura: kida daga zamanin gargajiya bai kamata a rikita shi da kiɗan gargajiya gabaɗaya ba, kalmar da ke nufin kiɗan fasaha na Yamma daga karni na 5 zuwa 2000, wanda ya haɗa da lokacin gargajiya a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin lokuta masu yawa). Kiɗa daga zamanin gargajiya yana da haske, bayyananni da sauƙi mafi sauƙi fiye da kiɗan Baroque wanda ya gabace ta. Babban salon shi ne luwaɗi, inda fitaccen waƙar waƙa da ɓangaren rakiyar mawaƙa ya bambanta a fili. Waƙoƙin kayan kida na gargajiya sun kasance kusan kamar murya da waƙa. An kirkiro sabbin nau'ikan da aka kirkira da su an kirkiro su ne, wanda ya zama mai gaba ga piano na zamani, ya maye gurbin harpsichord na zamanin Baroque da gabon bututu a matsayin babban kayan aikin keyboard (ko da yake ana ci gaba da amfani da gabobin bututu a cikin kide-kide masu tsarki, kamar Mass).

Masu kidan gargajiya


An ba da mahimmanci ga kiɗan kayan aiki. An mamaye shi ta hanyar ci gaba da haɓaka nau'ikan kiɗan da aka fara bayyana a cikin lokacin Baroque: sonata, concerto, da wasan kwaikwayo. Sauran manyan nau'ikan sune uku, string quartet, serenade da karkatar da hankali. Sonata ita ce mafi mahimmanci da ci gaba. Kodayake mawaƙan Baroque sun rubuta sonatas, salon gargajiya na sonata ya bambanta. Duk manyan nau'ikan kayan aiki na zamanin Na gargajiya, daga kirtani quartets zuwa wasan kwaikwayo da kade-kade, sun dogara ne akan tsarin sonata. Kayayyakin da aka yi amfani da su na kiɗan ɗakin gida da ƙungiyar makaɗa sun zama mafi daidaita. A wurin basso continuo rukuni na zamanin Baroque, wanda ya ƙunshi harpsichord, organ ko lute tare da adadin kayan kida da aka zaɓa bisa ga ra'ayin shugaban ƙungiyar (misali, viol, cello, theorbo, maciji), ƙungiyoyin ɗakin gargajiya na gargajiya. ƙayyadaddun kayan aikin da aka yi amfani da su (misali, za a yi quartet ɗin kirtani ta violin biyu, viola da cello). Al'adar ingantacciyar wasa ta hanyar maɓalli na ci gaba ko mai kunna lute, alamar waƙar Baroque, ta sami raguwa a hankali tsakanin 1750 zuwa 1800.

Ɗaya daga cikin muhimman canje-canjen da aka yi a zamanin Na gargajiya shine haɓakar kide-kide na jama'a. Aristocracy har yanzu ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen daukar nauyin kide-kide da kade-kade, amma yanzu ya yiwu mawakan su rayu ba tare da zama ma’aikatan sarauniya ko sarakuna na dindindin ba. Karɓar shaharar kiɗan gargajiya ya haifar da haɓaka adadin da nau'ikan ƙungiyar makaɗa. Fadada wasannin kide-kide na makada ya tilasta gina manyan wuraren wasan kwaikwayo na jama'a. Kiɗan Symphonic ciki har da kade-kade, rakiyar kiɗa zuwa ballet da gauraye nau'ikan muryoyi/kayan aiki, irin su opera da oratori, sun fi shahara.

Shahararrun mawakan Classicism sune Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach, Christoph Willibald Gluck, Johann Christian Bach, Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Ludwig van Beethoven da Franz Schubert. Beethoven da Schubert kuma ana la'akari da su a matsayin mawaƙa a ƙarshen zamanin Classical, yayin da ya fara motsawa zuwa Romanticism.

Soyayya Kiɗa na Romantic (c. 1820 zuwa 1900) daga ƙarni na 19 yana da abubuwa da yawa da suka dace da salon Romantic a cikin adabi da zanen zamanin. Romanticism wani motsi ne na fasaha, adabi, da hankali wanda aka siffanta shi ta hanyar girmamawa ga motsin rai da ɗabi'a da kuma ɗaukaka duk abubuwan da suka gabata da yanayi. Kiɗa na Romantic ya faɗaɗa sama da tsayayyen salo da nau'ikan zamanin Na gargajiya zuwa ƙarin sha'awa, guntu na ban mamaki da waƙoƙi. Mawakan soyayya irin su Wagner da Brahms sun yi ƙoƙarin ƙara magana da ƙarfi a cikin kiɗan su don bayyana gaskiya mai zurfi ko ji na ɗan adam. Tare da waƙoƙin sautin murya, mawaƙa sun yi ƙoƙari su ba da labari da tayar da hotuna ko shimfidar wurare ta amfani da kiɗan kayan aiki. Wasu mawaƙa sun haɓaka fahariyar kishin ƙasa tare da kidan kade-kade na kishin ƙasa wanda aka ƙarfafa ta hanyar kiɗan jama'a. Halayen motsin rai da bayyanawa na kida sun zo ne da fifiko akan al'ada.

Mawaƙa na Romantic sun girma cikin wawanci, kuma sun ci gaba a cikin syncretism na binciken nau'ikan fasaha daban-daban a cikin mahallin kiɗa, (kamar wallafe-wallafe), tarihi (ƙididdigar tarihi da almara), ko yanayin kanta. Soyayya ko sha'awar soyayya ta kasance jigo a cikin ayyuka da yawa da aka haɗa a wannan lokacin. A wasu lokuta, an ci gaba da amfani da sifofi na yau da kullun (misali, nau'in sonata da aka yi amfani da su a cikin kirtani quartets da symphonies), amma waɗannan sifofin sun faɗaɗa kuma an canza su. A yawancin lokuta, an binciko sababbin hanyoyi don nau'o'in nau'o'in nau'i, siffofi, da ayyuka. Har ila yau, an ƙirƙiri sababbin siffofi waɗanda aka ga sun fi dacewa da sabon batun. Mawaƙa sun ci gaba da haɓaka wasan opera da kiɗan ballet, suna bincika sabbin salo da jigogi.

A cikin shekaru bayan 1800, waƙar da Ludwig van Beethoven da Franz Schubert suka kirkira sun gabatar da salon da ya fi ban mamaki. A cikin yanayin Beethoven, gajerun motifs, waɗanda suka haɓaka ta zahiri, sun zo ne don maye gurbin waƙa a matsayin mafi mahimmancin rukunin haɗin gwiwa (misali shine keɓaɓɓen adadi guda huɗu da aka yi amfani da shi a Symphony na biyar). Daga baya mawakan Romantic irin su Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, Antonín Dvořák, da Gustav Mahler sun yi amfani da waƙoƙin da ba a saba gani ba da ƙarin rashin fahimta don haifar da tashin hankali. Sun haifar da hadaddun kuma galibin ayyukan kida sun fi tsayi. A lokacin ƙarshen lokacin Romantic, mawaƙa sun binciko sauye-sauye na chromatic mai ban mamaki na tonality, irin su tsawaita waƙa da sauye-sauye, wanda ya haifar da sabon sauti "launi." Ƙarshen karni na 19 ya ga wani gagarumin faɗaɗa a cikin girman ƙungiyar makaɗa, kuma juyin juya halin masana'antu ya taimaka wajen ƙirƙirar kayan aiki mafi kyau, samar da sauti mai ƙarfi. Wasannin kide-kide na jama'a sun zama muhimmin bangare na al'ummar birane masu wadata. Har ila yau, ya ga wani sabon salo a cikin kiɗan wasan kwaikwayo, ciki har da operetta, da wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa da sauran nau'o'in wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa.

Halitta

Rubutu' Rubutu shine aiki ko aiki na ƙirƙirar waƙa, kayan kiɗan kayan aiki, aiki tare da waƙa da kayan kida, ko wani nau'in kiɗan. A cikin al'adu da yawa, ciki har da kiɗan gargajiya na Yammacin Turai, aikin tsarawa kuma ya haɗa da ƙirƙirar rubutun waƙa, kamar waƙar "maki", wanda mai yin waƙa ko wasu mawaƙa ko mawaƙa ke yi. A cikin shahararrun kide-kide da kade-kade na gargajiya, aikin tsarawa, wanda galibi ake kira rubuta waka, na iya ƙunsar ƙirƙirar ainihin jigo na waƙar, mai suna Lead sheet, wanda ke tsara waƙa, waƙoƙi da ci gaba. A cikin kiɗan gargajiya, mawaƙin yakan shirya abubuwan da suka tsara nasa, amma a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa da kiɗan pop, marubutan waƙa na iya hayan mai shiryawa don yin ƙungiyar. A wasu lokuta, mawallafin waƙa na iya yin amfani da rubutu kwata-kwata, maimakon haka, ta tsara waƙar a cikin zuciyarta sannan ta kunna ko rikodin ta daga ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. A cikin jazz da mashahuran kiɗan, fitattun rikodi na ƴan wasan kwaikwayo ana ba su nauyin da rubutaccen maki ke takawa a cikin kiɗan gargajiya.

Ko da a lokacin da aka yi la'akari da waƙa daidai, kamar yadda a cikin kiɗa na gargajiya, akwai shawarwari da yawa da mai yin wasan zai yanke, saboda bayanin ba ya ƙayyade duk abubuwan da ke cikin kiɗa daidai. Tsarin yanke shawarar yadda ake yin kiɗan da aka tsara a baya kuma an lura da shi ana kiransa "fassarar". Fassarar mawaƙa daban-daban na aikin waƙa ɗaya na iya bambanta sosai, ta fuskar lokacin da aka zaɓa da salon kida ko rera ko jimlar waƙoƙin. Mawaka da mawaƙan waƙa waɗanda suka gabatar da nasu kiɗan suna fassara waƙoƙinsu, kamar yadda masu yin waƙar wasu suke fassarawa. Daidaitaccen tsarin zaɓe da dabarun da ke akwai a wani lokacin da aka ba da wuri ana kiransa aikin aiki, yayin da ana amfani da fassarar gabaɗaya don nufin zaɓin mutum ɗaya na mai yin.

Ko da yake tsarin kida yana yawan amfani da bayanin kida kuma yana da marubuci guda ɗaya, wannan ba koyaushe haka yake ba. Aikin waƙa na iya samun mawaƙa da yawa, wanda sau da yawa yakan faru a cikin shahararrun waƙa idan ƙungiya ta haɗa kai don rubuta waƙa, ko kuma a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa, lokacin da mutum ya rubuta waƙoƙin, mutum na biyu ya rubuta waƙoƙin, kuma mutum na uku ya tsara waƙoƙin. . A wasu nau'ikan kiɗan, kamar blues, mawaƙi/marubuci na iya ƙirƙira, yi da yin rikodin sabbin waƙa ko guntu ba tare da taɓa rubuta su cikin bayanin waƙa ba. Hakanan ana iya haɗa wani yanki na kiɗa da kalmomi, hotuna, ko shirye-shiryen kwamfuta waɗanda ke bayyana ko bayanin yadda mawaƙi ko mawaƙi ya kamata su ƙirƙiri sautin kiɗan. Misalai sun fito ne daga kiɗan avant-garde wanda ke amfani da bayanan hoto, zuwa ƙaƙƙarfan rubutu kamar Aus den sieben Tagen, zuwa shirye-shiryen kwamfuta waɗanda ke zaɓar sauti don guntun kiɗan. Kiɗa da ke yin amfani da bazuwar da dama ana kiranta kidan aleatoric, kuma tana da alaƙa da mawaƙa na zamani waɗanda ke aiki a cikin ƙarni na 20, kamar su John Cage, Morton Feldman, da Witold Lutosławski. Misalin da aka fi sani na tushen kida shine sautin ƙarar iska mai jingling a cikin iska.

A al'adance an mamaye nazarin abun da ke ciki ta hanyar nazarin hanyoyin da aiwatar da wakokin gargajiya na yammacin Turai, amma ma'anar abun da ke tattare da shi yana da fa'ida wanda ya hada da samar da fitattun kide-kide da wakokin gargajiya da guntun kayan aiki da kuma ayyukan da aka inganta ba zato ba tsammani kamar na na ’Yan wasan jazz na kyauta da mawaƙan kaɗe-kaɗe na Afirka irin su Ewe.

Ayyuka Aiki shine yanayin kida na zahiri, wanda ke faruwa lokacin da ake rera waƙa ko guntun piano, waƙar guitar, kade-kade, bugun ganga ko wani ɓangaren kiɗan. A cikin waƙar gargajiya, wani mawaƙi ne ya rubuta wani aiki a cikin bayanin waƙa sannan kuma ya yi shi da zarar mawaƙin ya gamsu da tsarinsa da kayan aikin sa. Koyaya, yayin da ake yin ta, fassarar waƙa ko yanki na iya canzawa kuma ta canza. A cikin kiɗan gargajiya, masu yin kida, mawaƙa ko masu gudanarwa na iya yin canje-canje a hankali ga jimla ko ɗan lokaci na yanki. A cikin mashahuri da kiɗa na gargajiya, masu yin wasan suna da ƙarin 'yancin yin canje-canje ga nau'in waƙa ko yanki. Don haka, a cikin shahararrun nau'ikan kiɗa na gargajiya, ko da lokacin da makada ke kunna waƙar murfi, suna iya yin canje-canje kamar ƙara solo na guitar ko saka gabatarwa.

Za a iya tsara wasan kwaikwayo da kuma maimaitawa (aiki) - wanda shine al'ada a cikin kiɗa na gargajiya, manyan makada na jazz, da kuma shahararrun salon kiɗa - ko ingantawa akan ci gaba na ci gaba (jeri na chords), wanda shine al'ada a cikin ƙananan. kungiyoyin jazz da blues. Koyarwar ƙungiyar makaɗa, makada da mawaƙa ne ke jagoranta ta madugu. Rock, blues da jazz bandleader yawanci suna jagorantar bandleader. Sake maimaitawa wani tsari ne na maimaitawar waka ko guntu da masu yin su ke yi har sai an iya rerawa ko kunna ta daidai kuma, idan waka ce ko guntuwar mawaka fiye da daya, sai sassan sun hade ta hanyar juzu'i da daidaitawa.

Al'adu da yawa suna da ƙaƙƙarfan al'adun wasan kwaikwayo na solo (wanda ɗaya daga cikin mawaƙa ko ƙwararrun kayan aiki ke yin), kamar a cikin kiɗan gargajiya na Indiya, da kuma al'adar kiɗa-kiɗa ta Yamma. Sauran al'adu, irin su a Bali, sun haɗa da al'adu masu karfi na aikin rukuni. Duk al'adu sun haɗa da cakuɗar duka biyun, kuma wasan kwaikwayon na iya kasancewa daga ingantaccen wasan solo zuwa shirye-shiryen da aka tsara da kuma tsararru kamar wasan kide-kide na zamani, jerin gwanon addini, bukukuwan kiɗa na gargajiya ko gasar kiɗa. Kiɗa na ɗakin, wanda shine kiɗa don ƙaramin gungu tare da ɗaya ko kaɗan na kowane nau'in kayan aiki, galibi ana ganin su a matsayin mafi kusanci fiye da manyan ayyukan nuna ban dariya.

Ingantawa Babban labarin: Inganta kiɗan Inganta kiɗan shine ƙirƙirar kiɗan kai tsaye, sau da yawa a cikin (ko bisa) tsarin jituwa wanda ya rigaya ya wanzu, ci gaba, ko riffs. Masu haɓakawa suna amfani da bayanan ƙididdiga, ma'auni daban-daban waɗanda ke da alaƙa da kowane maɗaukaki, da kayan ado na chromatic da sautunan wucewa waɗanda bazai zama sautunan murya ba ko kuma daga ma'auni na yau da kullum da ke hade da ma'auni. Ana iya inganta haɓakar kiɗa tare da ko ba tare da shiri ba. Ingantawa shine babban ɓangare na wasu nau'ikan kiɗan, kamar blues, jazz, da jazz fusion, waɗanda masu yin kayan kida suke haɓaka solos, layin waƙa, da sassan rakiya.

A cikin al'adar kiɗan fasaha ta Yamma, haɓakawa wata fasaha ce mai mahimmanci a lokacin Baroque da kuma lokacin zamanin gargajiya. A zamanin Baroque, masu yin wasan kwaikwayo sun inganta kayan adon, kuma basso ya ci gaba da ƴan wasan madannai sun inganta muryoyin ƙira bisa ƙiratun bass. Hakazalika, ana sa ran manyan soloists za su iya inganta guda kamar fage. A zamanin gargajiya, ƴan wasan solo da mawaƙa sun inganta virtuoso cadenzas yayin wasan kwaikwayo.

Koyaya, a cikin 20th da farkon 21st karni, kamar yadda "aiki na yau da kullun" wasan kwaikwayon kiɗan Yammacin Yamma ya zama tushe a cikin kade-kade na kade-kade, gidajen wasan opera, da ballets, haɓakawa ya taka rawa sosai, yayin da aka sami ƙarin kide-kide a cikin maki da sassa don haɓakawa. mawaƙa su yi wasa. A lokaci guda kuma, wasu mawakan fasaha na ƙarni na 20 da 21 sun ƙara haɗa haɓakawa a cikin ayyukansu na ƙirƙira. A cikin kiɗan gargajiya na Indiya, haɓakawa shine ginshiƙan sashi da mahimmancin ma'aunin wasan kwaikwayo.

Rera waka An tsara kida kuma ana yin kida don dalilai da yawa, kama daga nishaɗantarwa, na addini ko na biki, ko azaman kayan nishaɗi don kasuwa. Lokacin da kida kawai ke samuwa ta hanyar kida na kida, kamar a lokacin zamanin gargajiya da na Romantic, masu son kiɗa za su sayi waƙar da aka fi so da waƙoƙin da suka fi so don su iya yin su a gida akan piano. Da zuwan phonograph, faifan waƙoƙin shahararru, maimakon waƙar takarda ya zama babbar hanyar da masoya kiɗan ke jin daɗin waƙoƙin da suka fi so. Tare da zuwan masu rikodin kaset na gida a cikin 1980s da kiɗan dijital a cikin 1990s, masu son kiɗa za su iya yin kaset ko jerin waƙoƙi na waƙoƙin da aka fi so kuma su ɗauke su tare da su akan na'urar kaset mai ɗaukar hoto ko na'urar MP3. Wasu masoyan kiɗa suna ƙirƙirar kaset ɗin waƙoƙin da aka fi so, waɗanda ke zama a matsayin "hoton kai, alamar abota, takardar sayan magani don bikin da ya dace... [da] yanayin da ya ƙunshi abin da aka fi so da gaske".

Mawakan mai son na iya tsarawa ko yin kiɗa don jin daɗin kansu kuma su sami kuɗin shiga a wani wuri. Ƙwararrun mawaƙa suna aiki da cibiyoyi da ƙungiyoyi, gami da sojoji (a cikin ƙungiyoyin maƙiya, ƙungiyoyin kide-kide da ƙungiyoyin kida masu shahara), cibiyoyin addini, ƙungiyoyin kade-kade, watsa shirye-shirye ko kamfanonin shirya fina-finai, da makarantun kiɗa. Ƙwararrun mawaƙa wani lokaci suna aiki a matsayin masu zaman kansu ko mawaƙa, neman kwangiloli da haɗin kai a cikin saituna iri-iri. Sau da yawa akwai alaƙa da yawa tsakanin mai son da ƙwararrun mawaƙa. Mawakan masu son farawa suna ɗaukar darasi tare da ƙwararrun mawaƙa. A cikin saitunan al'umma, mawakan masu son ci gaba suna yin tare da ƙwararrun mawaƙa a cikin ƙungiyoyi daban-daban kamar ƙungiyoyin kide-kide na al'umma da makada na al'umma.

Sau da yawa ana yin bambanci tsakanin kiɗan da aka yi don masu sauraro kai tsaye da kiɗan da ake yin su a cikin ɗakin karatu don a iya rikodin su kuma a rarraba su ta hanyar tsarin sayar da kiɗan ko tsarin watsa shirye-shirye. Koyaya, akwai kuma lokuta da yawa inda aka yi rikodin wasan kwaikwayon kai tsaye a gaban masu sauraro kuma ana rarrabawa. Rikodin kide-kide kai tsaye sun shahara a cikin wakokin gargajiya da kuma a cikin shahararrun nau'ikan kiɗan irin su rock, inda masoya kiɗan ke ba da kide-kide na raye-raye ba bisa ka'ida ba. A cikin filin wasan jam, raye-raye, ingantattun lokutan jam an fi son yin rikodin studio.

Al'adu An tsara kida kuma ana yin kida don dalilai da yawa, kama daga nishaɗantarwa, na addini ko na biki, ko azaman kayan nishaɗi don kasuwa. Lokacin da kida kawai ke samuwa ta hanyar kida na kida, kamar a lokacin zamanin gargajiya da na Romantic, masu son kiɗa za su sayi waƙar da aka fi so da waƙoƙin da suka fi so don su iya yin su a gida akan piano. Da zuwan phonograph, faifan waƙoƙin shahararru, maimakon waƙar takarda ya zama babbar hanyar da masoya kiɗan ke jin daɗin waƙoƙin da suka fi so. Tare da zuwan masu rikodin kaset na gida a cikin 1980s da kiɗan dijital a cikin 1990s, masu son kiɗa za su iya yin kaset ko jerin waƙoƙi na waƙoƙin da aka fi so kuma su ɗauke su tare da su akan na'urar kaset mai ɗaukar hoto ko na'urar MP3. Wasu masoyan kiɗa suna ƙirƙirar kaset ɗin waƙoƙin da aka fi so, waɗanda ke zama a matsayin "hoton kai, alamar abota, takardar sayan magani don bikin da ya dace... [da] yanayin da ya ƙunshi abin da aka fi so da gaske".

Mawakan mai son na iya tsarawa ko yin kiɗa don jin daɗin kansu kuma su sami kuɗin shiga a wani wuri. Ƙwararrun mawaƙa suna aiki da cibiyoyi da ƙungiyoyi, gami da sojoji (a cikin ƙungiyoyin maƙiya, ƙungiyoyin kide-kide da ƙungiyoyin kida masu shahara), cibiyoyin addini, ƙungiyoyin kade-kade, watsa shirye-shirye ko kamfanonin shirya fina-finai, da makarantun kiɗa. Ƙwararrun mawaƙa wani lokaci suna aiki a matsayin masu zaman kansu ko mawaƙa, neman kwangiloli da haɗin kai a cikin saituna iri-iri. Sau da yawa akwai alaƙa da yawa tsakanin mai son da ƙwararrun mawaƙa. Mawakan masu son farawa suna ɗaukar darasi tare da ƙwararrun mawaƙa. A cikin saitunan al'umma, mawakan masu son ci gaba suna yin tare da ƙwararrun mawaƙa a cikin ƙungiyoyi daban-daban kamar ƙungiyoyin kide-kide na al'umma da makada na al'umma.

Sau da yawa ana yin bambanci tsakanin kiɗan da aka yi don masu sauraro kai tsaye da kiɗan da ake yin su a cikin ɗakin karatu don a iya rikodin su kuma a rarraba su ta hanyar tsarin sayar da kiɗan ko tsarin watsa shirye-shirye. Koyaya, akwai kuma lokuta da yawa inda aka yi rikodin wasan kwaikwayon kai tsaye a gaban masu sauraro kuma ana rarrabawa. Rikodin kide-kide kai tsaye sun shahara a cikin wakokin gargajiya da kuma a cikin shahararrun nau'ikan kiɗan irin su rock, inda masoya kiɗan ke ba da kide-kide na raye-raye ba bisa ka'ida ba. A cikin filin wasan jam, raye-raye, ingantattun lokutan jam an fi son yin rikodin studio.

Bada Sanarwa Alamar kida yawanci tana nufin rubutaccen bayanin bayanin kida da kari akan takarda ta amfani da alamomi. Lokacin da aka rubuta kida, ana lura da filaye da rhythm na kiɗan, kamar bayanin kula na waƙar. Alamar waƙa sau da yawa tana ba da umarni kan yadda ake yin kiɗan. Misali, waƙar takarda don waƙa na iya bayyana waƙar "Slow blues" ko "sauri mai sauri", wanda ke nuna lokaci da nau'in. Don karanta abin rubutu, dole ne mutum ya fahimci ka'idar kiɗa, jituwa da aikin wasan kwaikwayon da ke da alaƙa da takamaiman waƙa ko nau'in yanki.

Rubuce-rubucen rubutu ya bambanta da salo da lokacin kiɗa. A zamanin yau, sanannen kida ana samar da shi azaman waƙar takarda ko, ga daidaikun mutane masu shirye-shiryen rubuta maki na kwamfuta, azaman hoto akan allon kwamfuta. A zamanin d ¯ a, ana sanya alamar waƙa a kan allunan dutse ko yumbu. Don yin kida daga abin lura, mawaƙi ko ƙwararrun kayan aiki na buƙatar fahimtar ƙayyadaddun abubuwa da sautin da ke cikin alamomin da aikin wasan kwaikwayon da ke da alaƙa da wani yanki na kiɗa ko nau'in. A cikin nau'ikan da ke buƙatar haɓaka kiɗan, mai yin yakan yi wasa daga kiɗan inda kawai ake rubuta ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙira da nau'in waƙar, yana buƙatar mai yin ya sami kyakkyawar fahimtar tsarin kiɗan, jituwa da salon wani nau'i na musamman misali, jazz ko kuma kiɗan ƙasa.

A cikin kiɗan fasaha na yammacin duniya, nau'ikan rubutattun rubutu na yau da kullun shine maki, waɗanda suka haɗa da duk sassan kiɗan na guntun gungu, da sassa, waɗanda sune bayanin waƙar ga ɗaiɗaikun mawaƙa ko mawaƙa. A cikin shahararrun kiɗa, jazz, da blues, daidaitaccen bayanin kida shine takardar jagora, wanda ke lura da karin waƙa, waƙoƙi, waƙoƙi (idan sautin murya ne), da tsarin kiɗan. Hakanan ana amfani da littattafan karya a jazz; ƙila su ƙunshi zanen gubar ko kuma kawai taswirar maɗaukaki, waɗanda ke ba da izini ga membobin sashin kari don inganta sashin rakiya zuwa waƙoƙin jazz. Hakanan ana amfani da maki da sassa a cikin shahararrun kiɗan da jazz, musamman a cikin manyan ƙungiyoyi irin su jazz "manyan makada." A cikin mashahurin kiɗan, masu kaɗe-kaɗe da ’yan wasan bass na lantarki sukan karanta waƙar da aka rubuta a cikin tablature (sau da yawa ana gajarta a matsayin “tab”), wanda ke nuna wurin da bayanan da za a kunna akan kayan aikin ta amfani da zane na guitar ko allon yatsa. An yi amfani da Tablature a zamanin Baroque don lura da kida don lute, kirtani, kayan kida.

Al'adar Baki da Baki Yawancin nau'ikan kiɗa, irin su blues na gargajiya da kiɗan gargajiya ba a rubuta su cikin waƙar takarda ba; maimakon haka, tun asali an adana su ne don tunawa da mawaƙa, kuma ana ba da waƙoƙin da baki, daga mawaƙa ko mawaƙa zuwa wani, ko kuma a cikin murya, inda mai yin ya ke koyon waƙar "da kunne". Lokacin da aka daina sanin wanda ya yi waƙa ko guntu, wannan waƙar ana yawan rarraba ta a matsayin "gargajiya" ko kuma "waƙar jama'a". Al'adun kiɗa daban-daban suna da halaye daban-daban game da yadda da kuma inda za'a yi canje-canje ga kayan asali na asali, daga tsattsauran ra'ayi, zuwa waɗanda ke buƙatar haɓakawa ko gyara ga kiɗan. Hakanan ana iya ba da tarihin al'ada da labarun ta hanyar kunne ta hanyar waƙa.

Abubuwa Kiɗa yana da tushe ko abubuwa daban-daban. Dangane da ma'anar "bangaren" da ake amfani da su, waɗannan na iya haɗawa da sauti, bugun ko bugun jini, ɗan lokaci, kari, waƙa, jituwa, rubutu, salo, rabon muryoyi, timbre ko launi, kuzari, magana, magana, tsari, da tsari. . Abubuwan da ke cikin kiɗa sun fito fili a cikin manhajojin kiɗa na Ostiraliya, Burtaniya, da Amurka. Dukkanin manhajoji guda uku sun bayyana fage, kuzari, katako, da rubutu a matsayin abubuwa, amma sauran abubuwan da aka gano na kida sun yi nisa da yardan duniya. A ƙasa akwai jerin nau'ikan hukuma guda uku na "kayan aikin kiɗa":

Ostiraliya: farar, katako, rubutu, kuzari da magana, kari, tsari da tsari. UK: farar, timbre, rubutu, kuzari, tsawon lokaci, lokaci, tsari. Amurka: farar, timbre, rubutu, kuzari, kari, tsari, jituwa, salo/fasa. Dangane da tsarin karatun Burtaniya, a cikin 2013 an ƙara kalmar: "ƙididdigar kiɗan da ta dace" a cikin jerin abubuwan su kuma an canza taken jerin daga "bangarori na kiɗa" zuwa "bangaren kiɗan da ke da alaƙa". An jera ma'auni masu alaƙa da kiɗan a matsayin: farar, tsawon lokaci, kuzari, ɗan lokaci, timbre, rubutu, tsari, da kuma bayanan kida masu dacewa.

An yi amfani da kalmar “abin da ke cikin kiɗa” a cikin mahalli daban-daban. Za a iya bambanta mahallin guda biyu da aka fi sani ta hanyar siffanta su a matsayin "abubuwan da suka fi dacewa da kida" da "bangarori na kida".

Fita Pitch wani bangare ne na sauti da za mu iya ji, yana nuna ko sautin kida ɗaya, bayanin kula, ko sautin "mafi girma" ko "ƙasa" fiye da wani sautin kiɗa, bayanin kula, ko sautin. Za mu iya magana game da girma ko ƙasƙantar farar a ma'ana ta gaba ɗaya, kamar yadda mai sauraro ke jin babban bayanin kular piccolo ko sautin busar da ya fi girma a cikin farar fiye da zurfafan bugun drum na bass. Har ila yau, muna magana game da farar a madaidaicin ma'anar da ke da alaƙa da waƙoƙin kiɗa, basslines da mawaƙa. Za'a iya tantance madaidaicin sauti a cikin sautunan da ke da mitar da take a sarari da kwanciyar hankali don bambanta da amo. Alal misali, ya fi sauƙi ga masu sauraro su gane sautin rubutu ɗaya da ake kunna piano fiye da ƙoƙarin su gane sautin kuge mai haɗari da aka buga.

Melody Waƙar waƙa, kuma ana kiranta "tune", jeri ne na filaye (bayanin kula) da ke fitowa a jere (ɗaya bayan ɗaya), sau da yawa a cikin yanayin tashi da faɗuwa. Ana ƙirƙira bayanan waƙar yawanci ta amfani da tsarin sauti kamar ma'auni ko yanayi. Ƙwaƙwalwar waƙa kuma sukan ƙunshi bayanin kula daga maƙallan da aka yi amfani da su a cikin waƙar. Ƙwaƙwalwar waƙa a cikin waƙoƙin jama'a masu sauƙi da waƙoƙin gargajiya na iya amfani da bayanan sikeli ɗaya kawai, ma'aunin da ke da alaƙa da bayanin tonic ko maɓalli na waƙar da aka bayar. Misali, waƙar jama'a a cikin maɓalli na C (kuma ana kiranta da manyan C) na iya samun waƙar waƙar da ke amfani da bayanan babban ma'aunin C (labaran mutum ɗaya C, D, E, F, G, A, B , da C; waɗannan su ne "fararen bayanin kula" akan madannai na piano A gefe guda, jazz na Bebop daga shekarun 1940 da kiɗa na zamani daga ƙarni na 20 da 21 na iya amfani da karin waƙa tare da bayanin kula da yawa (watau bayanin kula ban da haka. zuwa bayanin kula na babban ma'auni; akan piano, ma'aunin chromatic zai haɗa da duk bayanan kula akan maballin, gami da "fararen bayanin kula" da "baƙar fata" da ma'auni na ban mamaki, kamar dukan ma'aunin sautin (cikakken sikelin sautin gaba ɗaya). A cikin maɓalli na C zai ƙunshi bayanin kula C, D, E, F♯, G♯ da A♯).

Harmony Harmony yana nufin sautunan “tsaye” na filaye a cikin kiɗa, wanda ke nufin filaye da ake kunna ko rera tare a lokaci guda don ƙirƙirar ƙwanƙwasa. Yawancin lokaci, wannan yana nufin ana buga bayanin kula a lokaci guda, ko da yake ana iya haifar da jituwa ta hanyar waƙar da ke bayyana tsarin jituwa (watau ta hanyar yin amfani da bayanan waƙa waɗanda ake buga ɗaya bayan ɗaya, suna zayyana bayanin kula). A cikin waƙar da aka rubuta ta amfani da tsarin ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ("maɓallai"), wanda ya haɗa da yawancin kiɗan gargajiya da aka rubuta daga 1600 zuwa 1900 da yawancin pop, rock, da kiɗa na gargajiya, maɓalli na yanki yana ƙayyade "bayanin gida" ko tonic wanda yanki gabaɗaya ke warwarewa, da kuma halin (misali babba ko ƙarami) na sikelin da ake amfani da shi. Sauƙaƙan guntun gargajiya da yawa pop da waƙoƙin kiɗa na gargajiya an rubuta su don duk kiɗan yana cikin maɓalli ɗaya. Ƙarin hadaddun na gargajiya, pop, da waƙoƙin kiɗa na gargajiya da guda na iya samun maɓallai biyu (kuma a wasu lokuta maɓallai uku ko fiye). Waƙar gargajiya daga zamanin Romantic (an rubuta daga kimanin 1820-1900) sau da yawa ya ƙunshi maɓallai da yawa, kamar yadda jazz yake, musamman Bebop jazz daga 1940s, wanda maɓallin ko "bayanin gida" na waƙar na iya canza kowane sanduna huɗu ko ma kowace. sanduna biyu.

Rhythm Rhythm shine tsarin sauti da shiru cikin lokaci. Mita yana rayar da lokaci a cikin ƙungiyoyin bugun jini na yau da kullun, wanda ake kira ma'auni ko sanduna, waɗanda a cikin al'adun gargajiya, shahararru, da kiɗan al'ada galibi suna rukuni a cikin saiti biyu (misali, lokaci 2/4), uku (misali, lokaci 3/4, kuma sananne. kamar lokacin Waltz, ko lokacin 3/8), ko hudu (misali, lokacin 4/4). Mita suna samun sauƙin ji saboda waƙoƙi da guntu sau da yawa (amma ba koyaushe ba) suna ba da fifiko ga bugun farko na kowane rukuni. Akwai sanannen keɓancewa, kamar bugun baya da aka yi amfani da shi a yawancin pop da dutsen Yammacin Turai, wanda waƙar da ke amfani da ma'aunin da ta ƙunshi bugun guda huɗu (wanda ake kira 4/4 lokaci ko lokacin gama gari) zai sami lafazi akan bugun biyu da huɗu, waɗanda suke. yawanci mai buge-buge ne ke yi a kan gangan tarko, kayan kaɗe-kaɗe mai ƙara da ƙara. A cikin pop da rock, sassan waƙoƙin waƙoƙi suna kunna ta sashin waƙoƙi, wanda ya haɗa da kayan kida (misali, gitar lantarki, guitar acoustic, piano, ko wasu kayan kidan madannai), kayan aikin bass (yawanci bass na lantarki ko don wasu salo irin su jazz da bluegrass, bass biyu) da kuma ɗan wasan kit ɗin drum.

Tsarin rubutu Babban labarin: Texture (kiɗa) Rubutun kiɗa shine gabaɗayan sautin kiɗan ko waƙa. Nau'in guntu ko waƙa ana ƙididdige shi ne ta yadda ake haɗa kayan kiɗan, rhythmic, da na jituwa a cikin abun da ke ciki, ta haka ne ke ƙayyade yanayin sautin gaba ɗaya. Sau da yawa ana bayyana rubutun dangane da yawa, ko kauri, da kewayo, ko faɗi, tsakanin mafi ƙasƙanci da mafi girma, a cikin ma'anar dangi da kuma bambanta musamman dangane da adadin muryoyin, ko sassa, da alaƙar waɗannan muryoyin. (duba nau'ikan gama gari a ƙasa). Misali, kauri mai kauri yana ƙunshe da kayan kida da yawa. Ɗayan Layer na iya zama sashin kirtani ko wani tagulla. Kauri yana shafar adadin da wadatar kayan aikin. Ana bayyana rubutun da yawa bisa ga adadin da alaƙa tsakanin sassa ko layukan kiɗa:

monophony: waƙa guda ɗaya (ko "tune") ba tare da rakiyar kayan aiki ba ko ɓangaren jituwa. Uwa da ke waƙa ga jaririnta zai zama misali. heterophony: kayan kida biyu ko sama da haka ko mawaƙa suna wasa/waƙa waƙa iri ɗaya, amma tare da kowane mai yin waƙa yana ɗan bambanta sauti ko saurin waƙar ko ƙara kayan ado daban-daban a cikin waƙar. Ma'aikatan bluegrass guda biyu suna wasa da waƙar fiddawa na gargajiya iri ɗaya tare za su bambanta da waƙar ta wani mataki kuma kowannensu yana ƙara kayan ado daban-daban. polyphony: layukan waƙa masu zaman kansu da yawa waɗanda ke saƙa tare, waɗanda ake rera su ko kunna su a lokaci guda. Kiɗan Choral da aka rubuta a zamanin kiɗan Renaissance yawanci ana rubuta su ta wannan salon. Zagaye, wanda waka ce irin ta “Row, Row, Row Your Boat”, wanda kungiyoyin mawaka daban-daban suka fara rera waka a wani lokaci daban, misali ne na waka. homophony: bayyanannen waƙar waƙar da ke goyan bayan rakiyar mawaƙa. Mafi shaharar wakokin kida na yammacin duniya daga karni na 19 zuwa gaba an rubuta su cikin wannan rubutu. Waƙar da ta ƙunshi ɗimbin sassa masu zaman kansu (misali, wasan kide-kide biyu tare da kayan kida 100 tare da layukan waƙoƙin saƙa da yawa) ana cewa gabaɗaya yana da nau'in "kauri" ko "ɗaɗa" fiye da aiki tare da ƴan sassa (misali, a waƙar sarewa solo tare da cello guda ɗaya).

Launi Timbre, wani lokaci ana kiransa "launi" ko "launi mai launi" shine inganci ko sautin murya ko kayan aiki. Timbre shine abin da ke sa sautin kida na musamman ya bambanta da wani, koda kuwa suna da sauti iri ɗaya da ƙara. Misali, bayanin kula na 440 Hz yana yin sauti daban-daban lokacin da ake kunna shi akan oboe, piano, violin, ko guitar lantarki. Ko da ’yan wasa daban-daban na kayan aiki iri ɗaya sun buga bayanin kula iri ɗaya, bayanansu na iya yin sauti daban-daban saboda bambance-bambance a cikin fasahar kayan aiki (misali, embouchures daban-daban), nau'ikan kayan haɗi daban-daban (misali, bakin baki don ’yan wasan tagulla, reeds don masu wasan oboe da bassoon) ko igiyoyin da aka yi daga kayan daban-daban don masu wasan kirtani (misali, igiyoyin hanji da igiyoyin ƙarfe). Ko da masu yin kayan aiki guda biyu suna wasa rubutu iri ɗaya akan kayan aiki ɗaya (ɗaya bayan ɗayan) na iya yin sauti daban-daban saboda hanyoyi daban-daban na kunna kayan (misali, 'yan wasan kirtani biyu na iya riƙe baka daban).

Halayen jiki na sauti waɗanda ke ƙayyade tsinkayen timbre sun haɗa da bakan, ambulaf, da juzu'i na bayanin kula ko sautin kiɗa. Don kayan aikin lantarki da aka haɓaka a ƙarni na 20, kamar gitar lantarki, bass na lantarki da piano na lantarki, mai wasan kwaikwayo zai iya canza sautin ta hanyar daidaita abubuwan sarrafa daidaitawa, sarrafa sauti akan kayan aikin, da kuma amfani da na'urori masu tasiri na lantarki kamar fedar murdiya. Ana sarrafa sautin sashin jikin Hammond na lantarki ta hanyar daidaita sanduna.

Magana Halayen bayyanawa sune abubuwan da ke cikin kiɗa waɗanda ke haifar da canji a cikin kiɗa ba tare da canza manyan filaye ba ko kuma canza yanayin waƙar da rakiya. Masu yin wasan kwaikwayo, gami da mawaƙa da ƙwararrun kayan kida, na iya ƙara kalaman kida zuwa waƙa ko yanki ta hanyar ƙara jimla, ta ƙara tasiri kamar vibrato (tare da murya da wasu kayan kida, kamar guitar, violin, kayan tagulla, da iskar itace), kuzari (ƙaramar ƙara). ko taushin guntu ko wani sashe nasa), canjin lokaci (misali, ritardando ko accelerando, waɗanda suke, bi da bi suna rage gudu da saurin ɗan lokaci), ta ƙara tsaiko ko fermatas akan ƙararrawa, da kuma ta canza bayanin bayanin kula. (misali, yin bayanin kula da karin furuci ko ƙaranci, ta hanyar yin bayanin kula da ƙarin legato, wanda ke nufin haɗawa da kyau, ko ta hanyar yin gajeriyar bayanin kula).

Ana samun ma'anar magana ta hanyar sarrafa farar (kamar inflection, vibrato, nunin faifai da dai sauransu), ƙara (ƙarfafawa, lafazi, tremolo da dai sauransu), tsawon lokaci (sauyiwar lokaci, canje-canje na rhythmic, canza tsawon bayanin kula kamar tare da legato da staccato, da dai sauransu). .), timbre (misali canza timbre na murya daga haske zuwa murya mai sauti) kuma wani lokacin har ma da rubutu (misali ninka bayanan bass don ingantaccen tasiri a cikin yanki na piano). Don haka ana iya ganin magana a matsayin magudin dukkan abubuwa don isar da "alama ta yanayi, ruhi, hali da sauransu." kuma don haka ba za a iya haɗa shi da wani nau'in fahimi na musamman na kiɗa ba, kodayake ana iya ɗaukarsa wani muhimmin sashe na kiɗan.

Siffar A cikin kiɗa, tsari yana bayyana tsarin gaba ɗaya ko tsarin waƙa ko yanki na kiɗa, kuma yana bayyana tsarin abin da aka tsara kamar yadda aka kasu kashi-kashi. A farkon karni na 20, wakokin Tin Pan Alley da wakokin kade-kade na Broadway sun kasance sau da yawa a cikin nau'in mashaya talatin da biyu na AABA, inda sassan A suka maimaita karin waƙa guda takwas (tare da bambancin) kuma sashin B ya ba da karin waƙa ko jituwa. na sanduna takwas. Tun daga shekarun 1960 zuwa gaba, waƙoƙin pop da rock na yammacin Turai galibi suna cikin nau'in mawaƙa, wanda ya ƙunshi jerin jerin aya da ƙungiyar mawaƙa ("refrain"), tare da sabbin waƙoƙi don yawancin ayoyi da maimaita waƙoƙin waƙoƙin. Popular music sau da yawa yin amfani da strophic form, wani lokacin a hade tare da sha biyu mashaya blues.

A cikin bugu na goma na The Oxford Companion to Music, Percy Scholes ya bayyana sigar kiɗa a matsayin "jerin dabarun da aka ƙera don nemo ma'ana mai nasara tsakanin kishiyar maimaitawar da ba a warware ba da kuma canjin da ba a warware ba." Misalai na gama-gari na kiɗan Yamma sun haɗa da fugue, ƙirƙira, sonata-allegro, canon, strophic, jigo da bambancin, da kuma rondo.

Scholes ya bayyana cewa kiɗan gargajiya na Turai yana da nau'ikan tsayuwa guda shida kawai: binary mai sauƙi, sauƙi mai sauƙi, binary fili, rondo, iska tare da bambance-bambancen, da fugue (ko da yake masanin kiɗan Alfred Mann ya jaddada cewa fugue shine farkon hanyar haɗakarwa wanda wani lokaci ya ɗauka. akan wasu ƙa'idodi na tsari.)

Inda ba za a iya karya juzu'i zuwa sashe ba (ko da yake yana iya aron wani nau'i daga waka, labari ko shiri), an ce an yi shi ta hanyar tsari. Irin wannan shi ne sau da yawa al'amarin tare da fantasia, prelude, rhapsody, etude (ko nazari), symphonic waka, Bagatelle, impromptu ko makamancin haka. Farfesa Charles Keil ya rarraba siffofi da cikakkun bayanai a matsayin "bangare, ci gaba, ko bambancin."

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy