Tarihin adabi
 Tarihin adabi | |
|---|---|
academic discipline (en)  , aspect of history (en) da academic major (en) | |
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na |
literary studies (en) da cultural history (en) |
| Facet of (en) | adabi |
| Gudanarwan |
literary historian (en) |
Tarihin adabi shi ne tarihin ci gaban rubuce-rubuce a cikin litattafai ko waƙa waɗanda ke ƙoƙarin ba da nishaɗi, fadakarwa, ko koyarwa ga mai karatu/mai sauraro/mai kallo, da kuma haɓaka dabarun adabi da ake amfani da su wajen sadarwa na waɗannan guntu. Ba duka rubuce-rubuce ne ke zama adabi ba. Wasu kayan da aka yi rikodi, kamar tattara bayanai (misali, rajistan rajista) ba a ɗaukar wallafe-wallafen ba, kuma wannan labarin yana da alaƙa ne kawai da juyin halittar ayyukan da aka ayyana a sama.
Ancient (Bronze Age–5th century)
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An samo wallafe-wallafen farko daga labarun da aka ba da su a cikin ƙungiyoyin mafarauta ta hanyar al'adar baka, ciki har da tatsuniyoyi da almara. Bayar da labari ya fito yayin da hankalin ɗan adam ya samo asali don amfani da dalilai na dalili da tsara abubuwan da suka faru a cikin labari kuma ya ba da damar ɗan adam na farko su raba bayanai da juna. Ba da labari na farko ya ba da damar koyo game da haɗari da ƙa'idodin zamantakewa tare da nishadantar da masu sauraro.[1] Za a iya faɗaɗa labarai don haɗa duk amfani da ƙira da labarai don fahimtar duniya, kuma yana iya zama mai mahimmanci ga ɗan adam. An gane waƙar almara a matsayin kololuwar adabi. Wadannan ayyuka dogayen wakoki ne na ba da labari, wadanda ke ba da labarin fitattun jaruman tatsuniyoyi, wadanda galibi aka ce sun faru a farkon tarihin al’umma. [2]
Tarihin rubuce-rubuce ya fara kansa a sassa daban-daban na duniya, ciki har da a Mesopotamiya kimanin 3200 BC, a tsohuwar kasar Sin kimanin 1250 BC, kuma a Mesoamerica kimanin 650 BC.[3] Ba a fara shigar da wallafe-wallafen a rubuce ba, saboda ana amfani da shi da farko don dalilai masu sauƙi, kamar lissafin kuɗi. Wasu daga cikin ayyukan wallafe-wallafen na farko sun haɗa da Maxims na Ptahhotep da Labarin Wenamun daga tsohuwar Masar, Umarnin Shuruppak da Talaka na Nippur daga Mesopotamiya, da Classic of Poetry daga tsohuwar Sin.[4]
Mesopotamiya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Adabin Sumerian shine wallafe-wallafen da aka fi sani da su, wanda aka rubuta a cikin Sumer. Ba a fayyace nau'ikan wallafe-wallafen ba, kuma duk adabin Sumerian sun haɗa fannonin wakoki. Waƙoƙin Sumerian suna nuna ainihin abubuwan waƙa, gami da layi, hoto, da kwatance. Mutane, alloli, dabbobi masu magana, da abubuwa marasa rai duk an haɗa su azaman haruffa. Shakku da ban dariya duka an haɗa su cikin labarun Sumerian. An ba da waɗannan labaran da farko da baki, ko da yake su ma marubuta ne suka rubuta su. Wasu ayyukan an haɗa su da takamaiman kayan kida ko mahallin kuma ƙila an yi su a takamaiman saitunan. Littattafan Sumerian ba su yi amfani da lakabi ba, a maimakon haka ana magana da su ta hanyar layin farko na aikin.[5]
Adabin Akkadiya sun haɓaka a cikin al'ummomin Mesopotamiya na gaba, kamar Babila da Assuriya, daga na uku zuwa ƙarni na farko BC. A wannan lokacin, ta bazu zuwa wasu yankuna, ciki har da Masar, Ugarit, da Hattusa. Harshen Sumerian ya rinjayi harshen Akkadian, kuma an karɓi abubuwa da yawa na adabin Sumerian a cikin adabin Akkadian. Sarakuna da suke da marubuta da masana a hidimarsu ne suka ba da umarni da yawa na littattafan Akkadiya. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan ayyukan sun yi don bikin sarki ko na allahntaka, yayin da wasu sun rubuta bayanai don ayyukan addini ko magani. An shigar da wakoki, karin magana, tatsuniyoyi, wakokin soyayya, da bayanan rigingimu duk sun shiga cikin adabin Akkadiya.[6]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- ↑ Sugiyama, Michelle Scalise (2017). "Literary Prehistory: The Origins and Psychology of Storytelling". In Evans, Robert (ed.). Critical Approaches to Literature: Psychological. Salem Press. pp. 67–83. ISBN 9781682172728.
- ↑ Sutherland 2008.
- ↑ Sutherland 2008, p. 7–16. sfn error: no target: CITEREFSutherland2008 (help)
- ↑ Street, Deb. "10 Of The Most Ancient Pieces Of Literature Ever Found". History Daily. Retrieved 2022-08-24.
- ↑ Black, Jeremy; Cunningham, Graham; Robson, Eleanor; Zólyomi, Gábor (2004-11-25). "Introduction". The Literature of Ancient Sumer. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-155572-5.
- ↑ Lenzi, Alan (2020-01-10). "Introduction". An Introduction to Akkadian Literature: Contexts and Content. Penn State Press. ISBN 978-1-64602-030-0.