Yaren Chewa
| Yaren Chewa | |
|---|---|
| Chilankhulo cha Chichewa — Chicheŵa | |
'Yan asalin magana | harshen asali: 12,000,000 (2007) |
| |
| Baƙaƙen boko | |
| Lamban rijistar harshe | |
| ISO 639-1 |
ny |
| ISO 639-2 |
nya |
| ISO 639-3 |
nya |
| Glottolog |
nyan1308[1] |
 | |
Chewa(wanda aka fi sani da Nyanja, /ˈnjændʒə/) yare ne na Bantu da ake magana a Malawi kuma sanannen 'yan tsiraru ne a Zambia da Mozambique .Ana amfani da prefix na aji chi- don harsuna, [2] don haka ana kiran yaren Chichewa da Chinyanja (wanda aka rubuta Cinianja a cikin Portuguese). [3] Malawi, an canza sunan a hukumance daga Chinyanja zuwa Chichewa a shekarar 1968 a kan dagewar Shugaba Hastings Kamuzu Banda (shi kansa daga Mutanen Chewa), kuma wannan har yanzu shine sunan da aka fi amfani dashi a Malawi a yau. [4] Zambia, an san yaren da Nyanja ko Cinyanja/Chinyanja ' (harshe) na tafkin' (yana nufin Tafkin Malawi). [1]
A cikin tarihin Malawi, Chewa da Tumbuka ne kawai a wani lokaci suka kasance manyan harsunan kasa da jami'an gwamnati ke amfani da su da kuma a cikin tsarin karatun makaranta. Koyaya, yaren Tumbuka ya sha wahala sosai a lokacin mulkin Shugaba Hastings Kamuzu Banda, tun daga shekarar 1968 sakamakon manufofinsa na ƙasa ɗaya, harshe ɗaya ya rasa matsayinsa a matsayin harshen hukuma a Malawi. A sakamakon haka, an cire Tumbuka daga tsarin karatun makaranta, rediyo na kasa, da kafofin watsa labarai. [5] Tare [6] zuwan dimokuradiyya ta jam'iyyun da yawa a cikin 1994, an sake fara shirye-shiryen Tumbuka a rediyo, amma yawan littattafai da sauran wallafe-wallafen a Tumbuka ya kasance ƙasa.
Rarraba
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Chewa shine sanannen yaren Malawi, wanda ake magana da shi mafi yawa a Yankunan Tsakiya da Kudancin ƙasar. [7] Hakanan ana magana shi a Lardin Gabashin Zambia, da kuma Mozambique, musamman a lardunan Tete da Niassa. [Tushen da aka buga da kansa?] Yana ɗaya daga cikin harsuna 55 da aka nuna a cikin Jirgin sararin samaniya na Voyager . [1]
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin][8][9] Chewa reshe ne na mutanen Maravi waɗanda ke zaune a Lardin Gabashin Zambia da arewacin Mozambique har zuwa kudu kamar Kogin Zambezi daga karni na 16 ko a baya.
António Gamitto ne ya fara rubuta sunan "Chevas" (a cikin nau'in Chévas), wanda a lokacin da yake da shekaru 26 a 1831 aka nada shi a matsayin na biyu a cikin umurni na balaguro daga Tete zuwa kotun Sarki Kazembe a cikin abin da ke yanzu Zambia. Hanyar [10] ya yi ta hanyar ƙasar Sarki Undi a yammacin tsaunukan Dzalanyama, a fadin kusurwar Malawi ta yanzu zuwa Zambia. Daga baya, ya rubuta wani asusun da ya hada da wasu bayanan ethnographic da harshe da ƙamus. [11] cewar Gamitto, mutanen Malawi ko Maravi (Maraves) su ne mutanen da Sarki Undi ya mallaka a kudancin kogin Chambwe (ba da nisa a kudancin iyakar Mozambique / Zambia ta yanzu ba), yayin da Chewa ke zaune a arewacin Chambwe.
Wani, mafi girma, jerin kalmomi 263 da jimloli na yaren ya yi da mishan na Jamus Sigismund Koelle wanda, yana aiki a Saliyo a Yammacin Afirka, ya yi hira da wasu tsoffin bayi 160 kuma ya rubuta kalmomin a cikin yarensu. Ya buga sakamakon a cikin littafin da ake kira Polyglotta Africana a 1854. Ɗaya daga cikin bayin da ya yi hira da shi shine Mateke, wanda ke magana da yaren da ya kira 'Maravi'. Harshen Mateke a bayyane yake yaren kudancin wani nau'i ne na farko na Nyanja. [12], kalmar nan "shekaru biyu" a cikin jawabin Mateke, yayin da ga mai ba da labari na Johannes Rebmann Salimini, wanda ya fito daga yankin Lilongwe, shi ne bzaka bziŵiri. Bambancin [13] iri ɗaya ya tsira a yau a cikin kalmar dzala ko bzala " (zuwa) shuka".
Baya ga 'yan kalmomin da Gamitto da Koelle suka rubuta, Johannes Rebmann ne ya yi rikodin farko na harshen Chewa a cikin Dictionary of the Kiniassa Language, wanda aka buga a 1877 amma an rubuta shi a 1853-4. Rebmann [14] kasance mai wa'azi a ƙasashen waje da ke zaune a kusa da Mombasa a Kenya, kuma ya sami bayaninsa daga wani bawa na Malawi, wanda aka sani da sunan Swahili Salimini, wanda aka kama a Malawi kimanin shekaru goma da suka gabata. [15], wanda mombo fito ne daga wani wuri da ake kira Mphande a bayyane yake a yankin Lilongwe, ya kuma lura da wasu bambance-bambance tsakanin yarensa, wanda ya kira Kikamtunda, "harshe na tsaunin", da yaren Kimaravi da ake magana a kudu; alal misali, Maravi ya ba da sunan mombo ga itacen da kansa ya kira kamphoni.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Yaren Chewa". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ↑ cf. Kiswahili for the Swahili language.
- ↑ Kishindo (2001), p.265.
- ↑ For spelling Chinyanja cf. Lehmann (1977). Both spellings are used in Zambia Daily Mail articles.
- ↑ Kamwendo (2004), p.278.
- ↑ See Language Mapping Survey for Northern Malawi (2006), pp.38–40 for a list of publications.
- ↑ Mchombo (2006).
- ↑ Newitt (1982).
- ↑ Marwick (1963)
- ↑ Marwick (1964).
- ↑ Marwick (1963), p.383.
- ↑ Goodson (2011).
- ↑ Downing & Mtenje (2017), p. 46.
- ↑ Rebman (1877), preface.
- ↑ Rebmann (1877) s.v. M'ombo.