Ngwá ọrụ ugbo

Site n'aka ekpe gaa n'aka nri: John Deere 7800 tractor na Houle slurry trailer, Case IH jikọtara onye owuwe ihe ubi, New Holland FX 25 forage harvester na isi ọka.

Igwe ọrụ ugbo na-emetụta ihe arụrụ arụ na ngwaọrụ eji arụ ọrụ ugbo ma ọ bụ ọrụ ugbo ndị ọzọ. Enwere ọtụtụ ụdị ngwa ndị dị otú ahụ, site na ngwá ọrụ aka na ngwá ọrụ ike ruo traktọ na ụdị ngwá ọrụ ugbo na-enweghị atụ nke ha na-adọkpụ ma ọ bụ rụọ ọrụ. A na-eji ngwa ọrụ dị iche iche na-arụ ọrụ ugbo na nke na-abụghị organic. Karịsịa ebe ọ bụ na ọrụ ugbo nke mechanized malitere, igwe ọrụ ugbo bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke otu e si enweta nri n'ụwa. Enwere ike were igwe ọrụ ugbo dị ka akụkụ nke teknụzụ akpaaka ọrụ ugbo sara mbara, nke gụnyere ngwa dijitalụ kachasị elu na robotics. Ọ bụ ezie na ígwè ọrụ ugbo nwere ikike imezi usoro atọ dị mkpa dị na ọrụ ugbo ọ bụla (nchọpụta nchọpụta, ime mkpebi na ịrụ ọrụ), a na-eji ígwè ọrụ moto a na-ejikarị eme ihe iji rụọ ọrụ naanị usoro na-arụ ọrụ ebe ndị mmadụ na-eduzi nchọpụta na ime mkpebi. na nlebanya na ahụmahụ.^[1]

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

Mgbanwe nke Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-emepụta Ihe

Site na ọbịbịa nke Mgbanwe Ụlọ Ọrụ na mmepe nke igwe ndị gbagwojuru anya karị, ụzọ ọrụ ugbo mere nnukwu ọganihu. Kama iji aka dị nkọ ewere ọka na-egbute ọka, ígwè ọrụ ndị nwere ụkwụ na-akpụ akpụ na-aga n'ihu. Kama ịzọcha ọka ahụ site n'iti ya osisi, ígwè ọrụ nzọcha mkpụrụ na-ekewapụ mkpụrụ n'isi na okporo osisi. Traktọ mbụ pụtara na njedebe narị afọ nke 19..

Ike steam

Onye Germany na-ewe ihe ubi site na Klas

Ọ bụ ehi ma ọ bụ anụmanụ ndị ọzọ a na-azụ n'ụlọ nyere Ike maka ígwè ọrụ ugbo. Site na mmepụta nke ike steam, injin a na-ebugharị ebugharị, na mgbe e mesịrị injin traction, ihe na-arụ ọrụ dị iche iche, isi iyi ike na-agagharị agagharị nke bụ nwa nwanne nne na-agafe n'ala na locomotive steam. Injin ndị na-arụ ọrụ n'ọrụ ugbo weghaara ọrụ ịdọrọ ehi dị arọ, a na-ejikwa pulley nke nwere ike ịnye ígwè ọrụ kwụ otu ebe site na iji eriri ogologo. Ngwunye ndị na-eji uzuoku eme ihe nwere ike dị ala site na ụkpụrụ nke taa mana n'ihi ogo ha na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala ha, ha nwere ike inye nnukwu dragbar. Ịnọ nwayọ nke igwe na-arụ ọrụ na steam mere ka ndị ọrụ ugbo kwuo na traktọ nwere ọsọ abụọ: "nke na-adịghị ngwa ngwa, na nke na-adịghị mma".

Injin ndị na-ere ọkụ n'ime

Injin ọkụ dị n'ime; nke mbụ bụ Injin mmanụ ụgbọala, na mgbe e mesịrị injin dizel; ghọrọ isi iyi nke ike maka ọgbọ na-esote nke traktọ. Injin ndị a nyekwara aka na mmepe nke onye na-ewe ihe ubi na onye na-egwe ihe ubi, ma ọ bụ onye na-eme ihe ubi (nke a na-emekwa ka ọ bụrụ 'combine'). Kama ịkpụcha ahịhịa ọka ma buru ha gaa n'ụgbọ ahịhịhịa kwụ otu ebe, ihe ndị a jikọtara ọnụ na-ebibi, na-eti, ma na-ekewa ọka ahụ ka ha na-aga n'ihu n'ọhịa ahụ.

Ụdị ígwè ọrụ ugbo

Tractor

Ndị traktọ na-arụ ọtụtụ ọrụ n'ugbo nke oge a. A na-eji ha ebugharị / dọrọ ngwá ọrụ - igwe na-agbanyụ ala, na-akụ mkpụrụ, ma na-arụ ọrụ ndị ọzọ. Ngwá ọrụ ịkpụ osisi na-akwadebe ala maka ịkụ site na ịtọpụ ala ma gbuo ahịhịa ma ọ bụ osisi ndị na-asọmpi. Ihe a maara nke ọma bụ arọ, ihe eji eme ihe n'oge ochie nke John Deere mezigharịrị na 1838. A na-eji mkpịsị ugodi eme ihe ugbu a na US karịa na mbụ, na diski offset eji eme ihe iji tụgharịa ala, na chisels eji nweta omimi dị mkpa iji jide mmiri.

Njikọ

Onye na-ewe ihe ubi John Deere na-arụ ọrụ n'ubi owu

Combine bụ igwe e mere iji nweta ihe ọkụkụ dịgasị iche iche nke ọma. Aha ahụ sitere na ijikọta ọrụ owuwe ihe ubi anọ dị iche iche - owuwe ihe nketa, ịkwachasị, ịnakọta, na ịṅụ mmanya - n'ime otu usoro. N'etiti ihe ọkụkụ ndị a na-ewepụta na ngwakọta bụ ọka wit, osikapa, oats, Rye, ọka bali, ọka (mkpụrụ), sorghum, soybeans, flax (mkpụrụ lin), sunflowers na rapeseed.^[2]

Ndị na-akụ ihe

A na-akpọ ụdị onye na-akụ mkpụrụ a na-ahụkarị onye na-etinye mkpụrụ, na oghere na-agbasa n'otu ụzọ ahụ n'ahịrị ogologo, nke na-adịkarị mita abụọ ruo atọ. A na-akụ ihe ọzụzụ ụfọdụ site na ntụrụndụ, nke na-ewepụta ọtụtụ mkpụrụ n'ahịrị na-erughị otu ụkwụ, na-ekpuchi ubi ahụ na ihe ọkụkụ. Ndị na-etinye mkpụrụ na-arụ ọrụ nke itinye mkpụrụ osisi n'ọhịa. Site n'iji plastik mulch mee ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe, plastic mulch layers, transplanters, na ndị na-akụ mkpụrụ na-etinye ogologo ahịrị plastik, ma na-akụ site na ha na-akpaghị aka.

Ndị na-asacha

Mgbe a kụrụ ya, a pụrụ iji ígwè ọrụ ugbo ndị ọzọ dị ka sprayers na-agba onwe ha mee ihe iji tinye fatịlaịza na ọgwụ ahụhụ. Ntinye nke ugbo bụ usoro iji chebe ihe ọkụkụ site na ahịhịa site na iji herbicides, fungicides, na insecticides. Ịgbasa ma ọ bụ ịkụ ihe ọkụkụ mkpuchi bụ ụzọ isi gwakọta uto ahịhịa.^[3]

Balers na ngwá ọrụ ugbo ndị ọzọ

Onye ọrụ ugbo n'ebe a na-ewe ihe ubi na Switzerland

Enwere ike iji ihe ọkụkụ ahịhịa mee ihe iji kpoo ahịhịhịa ma ọ bụ alfalfa n'ụdị a na-echekwa maka ọnwa oyi. ịgba mmiri nke oge a na-adabere na ígwè ọrụ. Injin, mgbapụta na ngwa ndị ọzọ pụrụ iche na-enye mmiri ngwa ngwa na nnukwu oke na nnukwu ala. Enwere ike iji ụdị ngwá ọrụ ndị yiri ya dị ka ndị na-agbasa ozi ugbo iji nye fatịlaịza na ọgwụ ahụhụ.

E wezụga traktọ ahụ, a gbanwere ụgbọala ndị ọzọ maka iji ya mee ihe n'ọrụ ugbo, gụnyere gwongworo, ụgbọelu, na helikọpta, dị ka maka ibugharị ihe ọkụkụ na ime ka ngwá ọrụ na-agagharị agagharị, na ikuku na njikwa ìgwè anụ ụlọ.

Nkà na ụzụ ọhụrụ na ọdịnihu

Onye na-ewe ihe ubi nke New Holland TR85

Nkà na ụzụ bụ isi nke igwe ọrụ ugbo agbanwebeghị nke nta na narị afọ gara aga. Ọ bụ ezie na ndị na-ewe ihe ubi na ndị na'akụ osisi nke oge a nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ ka mma ma ọ bụ gbanwee ya site na ndị bu ha ụzọ, njikọta nke taa ka na-ebibi, na-egbutu, ma na-ekewapụta ọka n'otu ụzọ ahụ a na-eme ya mgbe niile. Otú ọ dị, teknụzụ na-agbanwe ụzọ ụmụ mmadụ si arụ ọrụ na igwe, dị ka usoro nlekota kọmputa, ndị na-achọta GPS na mmemme na-eduzi onwe ha na-enye ohere ka traktọ na ngwá ọrụ ndị kachasị elu bụrụ ndị ziri ezi na ndị na-adịghị emebi emebi eme ihe n'iji mmanụ, mkpụrụ, ma ọ bụ fatịlaịza. N'ọdịnihu a na-ahụ anya, enwere ike ịmepụta ọtụtụ traktọ na-enweghị onye ọkwọ ụgbọala, nke na-eji map GPS na ihe mmetụta eletrọniki.

Ọrụ ugbo

Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Nri na Ọrụ Ugbo nke United Nations (FAO) na-akọwa ọrụ ugbo dị ka iji igwe na akụrụngwa na-arụ ọrụ ugbo iji meziwanye nchoputa ha, ime mkpebi, ma ọ bụ ịrụ ọrụ ha, na-ebelata ike ọgwụgwụ nke ọrụ ugbo na imeziwanye oge, na nwere ike. nkenke, nke ọrụ ugbo. ^[1]^[4]

Usoro mgbanwe teknụzụ na ọrụ ugbo abụrụla njem site na ngwa ntuziaka gaa na traction anụmanụ, wee gaa n'ịhazi igwe, wee gaa n'ihu na ngwa dijitalụ. Ọganihu a ejedebela n'iji robotics nwere ọgụgụ isi mmadụ (AI). Ịrụ ụgbọ ala, dịka ọmụmaatụ, na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ịkọ ihe, ịgha mkpụrụ, fatịlaịza, ịsa mmiri ara, inye nri na ịgba mmiri, si otú a na-ebelata ọrụ aka. Site na ọbịbịa nke teknụzụ akpaaka dijitalụ, ọ ga-ekwe omume ịmegharị nyocha na ime mkpebi. Dị ka ọmụmaatụ, rọbọt ndị na-akụ ihe ubi nwere ike iwe ihe ubi na mkpụrụ, na drones nwere ike ịnakọta ozi iji nyere aka rụọ ọrụ ntinye ngwa. N'aka nke ọzọ, traktọ nwere ike gbanwee ka ọ bụrụ ụgbọ ala akpaghị aka nke nwere ike ịgha mkpụrụ n'onwe ya. < ref aha= ":1"/>

Akụkọ 2023 nke Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo nke United States (USDA) kpughere na ihe karịrị 50% nke ọka, ogho, osikapa, sorghum, soybeans, na ọka wit n'oge oyi na United States ka a na-akụ site na iji usoro nduzi akpaghị aka. Usoro ndị a, nke na-eji teknụzụ na-eduzi ngwá ọrụ ugbo n'onwe ya, chọrọ naanị nlekọta site n'aka onye ọrụ ugbo. Nke a bụ ihe atụ doro anya nke otu a na-esi etinye ọrụ ugbo n'ọrụ n'ọrụ ugbo n"ụwa.^[5]

Ngwá ọrụ ugbo na-emeghe

Apache Sprayer na-agba onwe ya site na Equipment Technologies

Ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ ugbo na-ewe iwe n'ihi enweghị ike idozi ụdị ọhụrụ nke ngwá ọrụ ugbo dị elu. Nke a bụ n'ihi ụlọ ọrụ na-eji iwu ihe onwunwe ọgụgụ isi iji gbochie ndị ọrụ ugbo inwe ikike iwu iji dozie ngwá ọrụ ha (ma ọ bụ nweta ohere ịnweta ozi iji nye ha ohere ime ya). N'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2015, a gbakwunyere nnwere onwe na DMCA iji nye ohere nyocha na mgbanwe nke ngwanrọ na ụgbọala na ụgbọala ndị ọzọ gụnyere igwe ọrụ ugbo.^[6]

Open Source Agriculture movement na-agụ atụmatụ na òtù dị iche iche dị ka Farm Labs nke bụ netwọk na Europe, ^[7] l'Atelier Paysan nke bụ njikọ aka iji kụziere ndị ọrụ ugbo na France otu esi ewu ma rụzie ngwá ọrụ ha, ^[8] ^[9] Ekylibre nke bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-emeghe iji nye ndị ọrụ ugpo na France ngwanrọ na-emegide (SaaS) iji jikwaa ọrụ ugbo.^[10] Na United States, MIT Media Lab's Open Agriculture Initiative na-achọ ịkwalite "ịmepụta usoro okike na-emeghe nke teknụzụ nke na-eme ka ma na-akwalite nghọta, nnwale netwọk, agụmakwụkwọ, na mmepụta hyper-local". ^[11] Ọ na-emepe Personal Food Computer, ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ iji mepụta "usoro teknụzụ ọrụ ugbo na-achịkwa gburugburu ebe obibi nke na-eji usoro robotic na-achịkọta ma na-enyocha ihu igwe, ike, na uto osisi n'ime ụlọ na-eto eto pụrụ iche". Ọ na-agụnye mmepe nke Open Phenom, ọbá akwụkwọ na-emeghe na data mepere emepe maka ntụziaka ihu igwe nke na-ejikọta nzaghachi phenotype nke osisi (nri, nri na-edozi ahụ) na mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi, ihe ndị dị ndụ, mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na ihe ndị metụtara ihe dị mkpa maka ịzụlite (input). ^[12]^[13] Osisi ndị nwere otu mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ahụ nwere ike ịdịgasị iche na agba, nha, ọdịdị, ọnụego uto, mmepụta, ụtọ, na njupụta ihe oriri dabere na ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi ebe a na-emepụta ha.

Ndị na-emepụta ya

Ịrụsi Ọrụ Ike

AGCO
Agrale
Tractor Al-Ghazi
Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-adọkpụ n'Algeria
Osisi
ARGO SpA
Carraro Agritalia
Ikpe IH
Tractor ndị na-ese ihe
Klas
Ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe nke CNH
Daedong
Deutz-Fahr
Escorts Limited
Fendt
Goldoni
Iseki
Jacto
JCB
John Deere
Ụlọ Ọrụ Tractor Kharkiv
Ụlọ ọrụ Kirov
Kubota
Lamborghini Trattori
Landini
Lindner
LS Mtron
Ụgbọ ala na-adọkpụ Mahindra
Massey Ferguson
Ndị na-adọkpụ ụgbọala McCormick
Ndị na-adọkpụ ụgbọala
Minsk Tractor Works
Mitsubishi Agricultural Machinery
Ọrụ ugbo na New Holland
Ịkpọ ụta
Shibaura
Tractor Sonalika
SAME
Ụgbọ ala SAS
Òtù SDF
Stara
Steyr
TAFE
TYM
Ursus SA
Valpadana
Nnukwu ihe
Ịdịgasị iche iche
Yanmar
Ìgwè YTO
Zetor
Mgbasawanye
Balwaan Agri

Onye bụbu

Allis-Chalmers
Ụlọ Ọrụ Case
Ụlọ ọrụ Ferguson-Brown
Fiat Trattori
Ford
Onye Nwe Ihe Ike Mba Nile
Ụgbọ ala Leyland
Massey-Harris
Ọrụ ugbo Renault

Hụkwa

Ndepụta nke ígwè ọrụ ugbo
Ọrụ ugbo na-arụ ọrụ
Ụlọ ọrụ igwe ọrụ ugbo
Rọbọt ọrụ ugbo

Ebe e si nweta ya

Isiokwu a gụnyere ederede sitere naọdịnaya n'efuọrụ. Ikike n'okpuru CC BY-SA 3.0 (Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ ezie nankwupụta ikike / ikikeỌpụpụ ọzọ Ihe odide e si nwetaNa Brief to The State of Food and Agriculture 2022 - Ntinye aka n'ọrụ ugbo maka ịgbanwe usoro nri ugbo__ibo____ibo____ibo__ Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]

Ebem si dee

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 (2022) The State of Food and Agriculture 2022 − Leveraging agricultural automation for transforming agrifood systems. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). DOI:10.4060/cb9479en. ISBN 978-92-5-136043-9. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":1" defined multiple times with different content
↑ Miu (2016). Combine harvesters: theory, modeling, and design. Boca Raton; London; New York: CRC Press. ISBN 9781482282375.
↑ How to Manage Prevent Plant Weeds (en). Successful Farming (2019-12-06). Retrieved on 2020-08-13.
↑ (2022) In brief to The State of Food and Agriculture 2022 − Leveraging automation in agriculture for transforming agrifood systems. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). DOI:10.4060/cc2459en. ISBN 978-92-5-137005-6.
↑ Koebler. "Solar Storm Knocks Out Farmers' Tractor GPS Systems During Peak Planting Season", 404 Media, 2024-05-12. Retrieved on 2024-05-13.
↑ Exemption to Prohibition on Circumvention of Copyright Protection Systems for Access Control Technologies http://copyright.gov/1201/2015/fedreg-publicinspectionFR.pdf
↑ farmlabs.org. This is the Beginning of a network of open laboratories for agricultural research and experimentation (en). farmlabs.org. Retrieved on 2019-07-20.
↑ Gaillard. L'Atelier Paysan (fr). L’Atelier Paysan. Retrieved on 2019-07-20.
↑ Chance (2017-06-06). "L'agriculture libre. Les outils agricoles à l'épreuve de l'open source" (in fr). Techniques & Culture. Revue semestrielle d'anthropologie des techniques (67): 236–239. DOI:10.4000/tc.8534. ISSN 0248-6016.
↑ Ekylibre. ekylibre.com. Retrieved on 2019-07-20.
↑ Group Overview ‹ Open Agriculture (OpenAg). MIT Media Lab. Retrieved on 2019-07-20.
↑ Project Overview ‹ Open Phenome Project. MIT Media Lab. Retrieved on 2019-07-20.
↑ recipe:start [OpenAg]. wiki.openag.media.mit.edu. Archived from the original on 2019-07-20. Retrieved on 2019-07-20.

[:1-1] 1.0 ^1.1 (2022) The State of Food and Agriculture 2022 − Leveraging agricultural automation for transforming agrifood systems. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). DOI:10.4060/cb9479en. ISBN 978-92-5-136043-9. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":1" defined multiple times with different content

[2] Miu (2016). Combine harvesters: theory, modeling, and design. Boca Raton; London; New York: CRC Press. ISBN 9781482282375.

[3] How to Manage Prevent Plant Weeds (en). Successful Farming (2019-12-06). Retrieved on 2020-08-13.

[:2-4] (2022) In brief to The State of Food and Agriculture 2022 − Leveraging automation in agriculture for transforming agrifood systems. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). DOI:10.4060/cc2459en. ISBN 978-92-5-137005-6.

[5] Koebler. "Solar Storm Knocks Out Farmers' Tractor GPS Systems During Peak Planting Season", 404 Media, 2024-05-12. Retrieved on 2024-05-13.

[6] Exemption to Prohibition on Circumvention of Copyright Protection Systems for Access Control Technologies http://copyright.gov/1201/2015/fedreg-publicinspectionFR.pdf

[7] rmlabs.org. This is the Beginning of a network of open laboratories for agricultural research and experimentation (en). farmlabs.org. Retrieved on 2019-07-20.

[8] Gaillard. L'Atelier Paysan (fr). L’Atelier Paysan. Retrieved on 2019-07-20.

[:0-9] Chance (2017-06-06). "L'agriculture libre. Les outils agricoles à l'épreuve de l'open source" (in fr). Techniques & Culture. Revue semestrielle d'anthropologie des techniques (67): 236–239. DOI:10.4000/tc.8534. ISSN 0248-6016.

[10] Ekylibre. ekylibre.com. Retrieved on 2019-07-20.

[11] Group Overview ‹ Open Agriculture (OpenAg). MIT Media Lab. Retrieved on 2019-07-20.

[12] Project Overview ‹ Open Phenome Project. MIT Media Lab. Retrieved on 2019-07-20.

[13] recipe:start [OpenAg]. wiki.openag.media.mit.edu. Archived from the original on 2019-07-20. Retrieved on 2019-07-20.

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