Maharaja Qianlong
| Maharaja Qianlong 乾隆帝 | |||||||||||||
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 Maharaja Qing China ke-6 | |||||||||||||
| Pemerintahan | 8 Oktober 1735 – 9 Februari 1796 (60 tahun, 124 hari) | ||||||||||||
| Didahului oleh | Maharaja Yongzheng | ||||||||||||
| Diikuti oleh | Maharaja Jiaqing | ||||||||||||
| Tempoh pemerintahan | 8 Oktober 1735 – 7 Februari 1799 (63 tahun, 122 hari) | ||||||||||||
| Keputeraan | 25 September 1711 | ||||||||||||
| Kemangkatan | 7 Februari 1799 (umur 87) | ||||||||||||
| Pemakaman | Makam Qing Timur, Zunhua | ||||||||||||
| Maharani | Maharani Xiaoxianchun Ulanara, si Maharani Tiri Maharani Xiaoyichun | ||||||||||||
| Imperial Noble Consort | Imperial Noble Consort Huixian Imperial Noble Consort Chunhui Imperial Noble Consort Qinggong Imperial Noble Consort Jiwen Imperial Noble Consort Shujia | ||||||||||||
| Anakanda antara lain... | Yonghuang Yonglian Kurun Princess Hejing Yongzhang Yongcheng Yongqi Yongrong Heshuo Princess Hejia Yongcong Yongxuan Yongxing Yongqi Yongjing Kurun Princess Hejing Yonglu Heshuo Princess Heke Yongyan Yonglin Kurun Princess Hexiao | ||||||||||||
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| Kerabat | Kerabat Aisin-Gioro(爱新觉罗) | ||||||||||||
| Ayahanda | Maharaja Yongzheng | ||||||||||||
| Bonda | Maharani Xiaoshengxian | ||||||||||||
Maharaja Qianlong (sebutan bahasa Mandarin: [tɕʰi̯ɛ̌n lu̯ə̌ŋ tɨ̂]) (Bahasa Cina: 乾隆帝; pinyin: Qiánlóngdì; Wade-Giles: Ch'ien-lung Ti; Mongolian: Тэнгэрийг Тэтгэгч хаан, Manchu: ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ ᠸᡝᡥᡳᠶᡝᡥᡝ Abkai Wehiyehe hūwangdi, Tibetan: ཆན་ལུང་། lha skyong rgyal po, born Hongli (Bahasa Cina: 弘曆; bahasa Manchu: ᡥᡠᠩ ᠯᡳ ;transliterasi Möllendorff: hung li), 25 September 1711 – 7 Februari 1799) merupakan maharaja ke-6 dari dinasti Qing dan maharaja Qing ke-4 yang memerintah di tanah besar China. Baginda merupakan anak lelaki ke-4 bagi Maharaja Yongzheng, dan memerintah secara rasminya bermua pada 11 Oktober 1735 sehingga 8 Februari 1796.[1] Pada 8 Februari, baginda telah turun dari takhta bagi memberi peluang kepada anak lelaki baginda , Maharaja Jiaqing – bagi memenuhi janji baginda bahawa baginda tidak akan memerintah lebih lama dari datuk baginda, Maharaja Kangxi.[2] Meskipun telah bersara, baginda masih mengekalkan kuasa mutlak sehingga kemangkatan baginda pada tahun 1799. Meskipun pada tahun-tahun awal pemerintahan baginda mewarisi kelangsungan era kekayaan di China, hari-hari terakhir baginda menyaksikan pebagai masalah yang melanda di tanah air dan Empayar Qing.
Lihat juga
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Jean Joseph Marie Amiot
- Giuseppe Castiglione
- Manwen Laodang
- Sistem Canton
- Xi Yang Lou
- Koridor Panjang
- Kuil Putuo Zongcheng
- Dinasti Qianlong
Nota
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ Nama era Qianlong bagaimanapun mula digunakan pada 12 Februari 1736, hari pertama mengikut kalendar lunar. 8 February 1796 pula merupakan hari terakhir dalam kalendar lunar yang dikenali di China sebagai tahun ke-60 pemerintahan Qianlong.
- ^ Jacobs, Andrew. "Dusting Off a Serene Jewel Box," New York Times. 31 December 2008.
Rujukan
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Æneas Anderson, A Narrative of the British Embassy to China, in the Years 1792, 1793, and 1794; Containing the Various Circumstances of the Embassy, with Accounts of Customs and Manners of the Chinese (London: J. Debrett, 1795)
- van Braam Houckgeest, Andreas Everardus. (1797). Voyage de l'ambassade de la Compagnie des Indes Orientales hollandaises vers l'empereur de la Chine, dans les années 1794 et 1795. Philadelphia: M.L.E. Moreau de Saint-Méry.
- Van Braam Houckgeest, Andreas Everardus. (1798). An authentic account of the embassy of the Dutch East-India company, to the court of the emperor of China, in the years 1974 and 1795, Vol. I. Diarkibkan 2009-02-15 di Wayback Machine London : R. Phillips. [digitized by University of Hong Kong Libraries, Digital Initiatives, "China Through Western Eyes." Diarkibkan 2007-06-13 di Wayback Machine ]
- Chang, Michael (2007). A court on horseback: imperial touring & the construction of Qing rule, 1680–1785. Cambridge: Harvard University Asia Center.
- Clarke, Michael Edmund (2004). Missing or empty
|title=(bantuan) "In the Eye of Power Diarkibkan 2011-07-06 di Wayback Machine: China and Xinjiang from the Qing Conquest to the 'New Great Game' for Central Asia, 1759–2004." Doctoral thesis, Dept. of International Business & Asian Studies, Griffith University, Brisbane. - Crossley, Pamela."A Translucent Mirror: History and Identity in Qing Imperial Ideology." 10-ISBN 0-520-23424-3; 13-ISBN 978-0-520-23424-6
- de Guignes, Chrétien-Louis-Joseph (1808). Voyage a Pékin, Manille et l'Ile de France. Paris.
- Dai, Yingcong (2004). "A Disguised Defeat: The Myanmar Campaign of the Qing Dynasty". Modern Asian Studies (Cambridge University Press).
- Guy, R. Kent (Oktober 1987). The Emperor's Four Treasures. Harvard University Press. m/s. 167. ISBN 978-0-674-25115-1.
- Hall, D.G.E. (1960). Burma (3rd edition ed.). Hutchinson University Library. ISBN 978-1406735031.
- Henss, Michael: The Qianlong Emperor as a Grand Lama Diarkibkan 2013-08-01 di Wayback Machine. In: Asian Art Gallery Diarkibkan 2013-08-01 di Wayback Machine, Nov. 1998.
- Perdue, Peter C. (2005). Missing or empty
|title=(bantuan) China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia. Cambridge, Mass.; London, England: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. - Robbins, Helen Henrietta Macartney (1908). Our First Ambassador to China: An Account of the Life of George, Earl of Macartney with Extracts from His Letters, and the Narrative of His Experiences in China, as Told by Himself, 1737–1806, from Hitherto Unpublished Correspondence and Documents. Diarkibkan 2018-10-06 di Wayback Machine London : John Murray. [digitized by University of Hong Kong Libraries, Digital Initiatives, "China Through Western Eyes." Diarkibkan 2007-06-13 di Wayback Machine ]
- Rockhill, William Woodville. "Diplomatic Missions to the Court of China: The Kotow Question I," The American Historical Review, Vol. 2, No. 3 (Apr., 1897), pp. 427–442.
- Rockhill, William Woodville. "Diplomatic Missions to the Court of China: The Kotow Question II," The American Historical Review, Vol. 2, No. 4 (Jul., 1897), pp. 627–643.
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Maharaja Qianlong Tarikh keputeraan: 25 September 1711 Tarikh kemangkatan: 7 Februari 1799
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| Gelaran pemerintah | ||
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| Didahului oleh Maharaja Yongzheng |
Maharaja China 1735–1796 |
Diikuti oleh: Maharaja Jiaqing |