"! 
 i

"Por favor, poderia me dizer que caminho devo seguir agora?

Isso depende bastante de até onde você quer chegar."
Lewis Carrol - Alice no País das Maravilhas

Através dos séculos a Matemática tem sido a mais poderosa e efetiva ferra-
menta para a compreensão das leis que regem a Natureza e o Universo.
Os tópicos introdutórios que apresentamos neste livro originaram-se, inicial-
mente, dos problemas práticos que surgiram no dia a dia e que continuaram
impulsionados pela curiosidade humana de entender e explicar os fenônemos
que regem a natureza.
Historicamente, o Cálculo Diferencial e Integral de uma variável estuda dois ti-
pos de problemas: os associados à noção de derivada, antigamente chamados
de tangências e os problemas de integração, antigamente chamados de qua-
draturas. Os relativos à derivação envolvem variações ou mudanças, como
por exemplo, a extensão de uma epidemia, os comportamentos econômicos
ou a propagação de poluentes na atmosfera, dentre outros. Como exemplos
de problemas relacionados à integração destacam-se o cálculo da áreas de re-
giões delimitadas por curvas, do volume de sólidos e do trabalho realizado
por uma partícula.
Grande parte do Cálculo Diferencial e Integral foi desenvolvida no século XVI-
II por Isaac Newton para estudar problemas de Física e Astronomia. Aproxi-
madamente na mesma época, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, independentemente
de Newton, também desenvolveu considerável parte do assunto. Devemos a
Newton e Leibniz o estabelecimento da estreita relação entre derivada e inte-
gral por meio de um teorema fundamental. As notações sugeridas por Leibniz
são as universalmente usadas.
O principal objetivo do livro foi apresentar os primeiros passos do Cálculo Di-
ferencial e Integral de uma variável com simplicidade, através de exemplos,
mas sem descuidar do aspecto formal da disciplina, dando ênfase à interpre-
tação geométrica e intuitiva dos conteúdos.
O livro inclui a maioria da teoria básica, assim como exemplos aplicados e
problemas. As provas muito técnicas ou os teoremas mais sofisticados que
não foram provados no apêndice, foram ilustrados através de exemplos, apli-
cações e indicações bibliográficas adequadas e estão incluidos como referência
ou leitura adicional para os leitores interessados.
Os conceitos centrais do Cálculo Diferencial e Integral de uma variável são re-
lativamente profundos e não se espera que possam ser assimilados de uma só
ii

vez. Neste nível, o importante é que o leitor desenvolva a habilidade de calcu-

lar e adquira a compreensão intuitiva dos problemas. As expressões do tipo "é
facil ver"ou semelhantes, que aparecem no texto, não devem ser encaradas de
forma literal e tem o propósito de dar um aviso ao leitor de que naquele lugar
a apresentação é resumida e os detalhes, perfeitamente acessíveis, deverão ser
preenchidos.
Esperamos que o livro permita ao leitor um acesso rápido e agradável ao Cál-
culo Diferencial e Integral de uma variável.
Não podemos deixar de recomendar aos alunos a utilização, criteriosa, dos
softwares de Cálculo existente no mercado, pois eles são um complemento útil
ao aprendizado da disciplina.
Desejamos agradecer aos nossos colegas do Departamento de Análise e do
IME-UERJ que, de algum modo, nos motivaram e deram condições para es-
crever estas notas e à Sra. Sonia M. Alves pela digitação. O texto foi digitado
utlizando Amstex e a maioria dos desenhos foram feitos utilizando o software
Mathematica. Certamente, todos os erros são exclusivamente de responsabili-
dade dos autores.

Mauricio A. Vilches- Maria Luiza Correa

Rio de Janeiro
 iii

Copyright by Mauricio A. Vilches

Todos os direitos reservados
Proibida a reprodução parcial ou total
iv
Conteúdo

1 Introdução 1
1.1 Desiguldades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Intervalos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.3 Valor Absoluto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.4 Distância . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.5 Plano Coordenado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.6 Equação da Reta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.6.1 Equação Geral da Reta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.6.2 Equação Reduzida da Reta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.6.3 Paralelismo e Perpendicularismo de Retas . . . . . . . . 10
1.7 Equação das Cônicas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.8 Trigonometria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.9 Exercícios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

2 Funções de uma Variável Real 25

2.1 Definições e Exemplos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.2 Gráficos de Funções . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.3 Exemplos de Funções . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
2.3.1 Função Modular ou Valor Absoluto . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
2.3.2 Funções Polinomiais . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
2.3.3 Funções Pares e Ímpares . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
2.4 Interseção de Gráficos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
2.5 Ágebra de Funções . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2.5.1 Funções Racionais . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
2.6 Composta de Funções . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
2.7 Inversa de uma Função . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
2.7.1 Método para Determinar a Inversa . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
2.8 Função Exponencial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
2.8.1 Crescimento e Decaimento Exponencial . . . . . . . . . . 65
2.8.2 Função Logística . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
2.9 Função Logarítmica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

v
vi CONTEÚDO

2.9.1 Desintegração Radioativa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

2.10 Funções Trigonométricas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
2.10.1 Função Seno e Co-seno . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
2.10.2 Função Tangente e Secante . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
2.10.3 Função Co-tangente e Co-secante . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
2.11 Funções Trigonométricas Inversas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
2.11.1 Função Arco seno . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
2.11.2 Função Arco co-seno . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
2.11.3 Função Arco tangente . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
2.11.4 Função Arco secante, co-tangente e co-secante . . . . . . 83
2.12 Funções Hiperbólicas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
2.13 Exercícios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

3 Limite e Continuidade de uma Função 95

3.1 Limites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
3.1.1 Definições e Exemplos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
3.1.2 Limites Laterais . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
3.1.3 Limites no Infinito . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
3.1.4 Limites Infinitos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
3.1.5 Símbolos de Inderminação . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
3.1.6 Limites Fundamentais . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
3.1.7 Assíntotas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
3.2 Continuidade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
3.2.1 Teorema do Valor Intermediário . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
3.3 Exercícios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

4 Derivada 139
4.1 Reta Tangente . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
4.2 Funções Deriváveis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
4.3 Regras de Derivação . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
4.4 Derivada da Função Composta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
4.4.1 Derivada da Função Exponencial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
4.4.2 Derivada da Função Logarítmica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
4.4.3 Derivada das Funções Trigonométricas . . . . . . . . . . 159
4.4.4 Derivada das Funções Trigonométricas Inversas . . . . . 161
4.4.5 Derivada das Funções Hiperbólicas . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
4.5 Derivação Implícita . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
4.5.1 Cálculo da Derivada de uma Função Implícita . . . . . . 165
4.6 Famílias de Curvas Ortogonais . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
4.7 Derivadas de Ordem Superior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
4.8 Aproximação Linear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
CONTEÚDO vii

4.9 Velocidade e Aceleração . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178

4.10 A Derivada como Taxa de Variação . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
4.11 Exercícios I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
4.12 Variação de Funções . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
4.13 Funções Monótonas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
4.14 Determinação de Máximos e Mínimos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
4.15 Concavidade e Pontos de Inflexão . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
4.16 Esboco do Gráfico de Funções . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
4.17 Problemas de Otimização . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
4.18 Teorema de L’Hôpital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
4.19 Exercícios II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239

5 Integração Indefinida 246

5.1 Definições . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
5.2 Métodos de Integração . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
5.2.1 Método de Substituição . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
5.2.2 Integrais que Envolvem Produtos e Potências de Funções
Trigonométricas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
5.2.3 Integração Por Partes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
5.2.4 Substituição Trigonométrica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
5.2.5 Integração de Funções Racionais . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
5.2.6 Tangente do Ângulo Médio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
5.3 Aplicações da Integral Indefinida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
5.3.1 Obtenção de Famílias de Curvas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
5.3.2 Outras Aplicações . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
5.4 Exercícios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276

6 Integração Definida 282

6.1 Introdução . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
6.2 Definição e Cálculo da Integral Definida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
6.2.1 Teorema Fundamental do Cálculo . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
6.3 Contrução de Primitivas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
6.4 Aplicações da Integral Definida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
6.4.1 Aceleração, velocidade e posição . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
6.5 Cálculo de Áreas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
6.6 Volume de Sólidos de Revolução . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
6.6.1 Cálculo do Volume do Sólidos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
6.6.2 Outros Eixos de Revolução . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
6.6.3 Métodos das Arruelas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
6.7 Comprimento de Arco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
6.8 Logaritmo Natural . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
viii CONTEÚDO

6.8.1 Logaritmo Natural como Área . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338

6.9 Trabalho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
6.10 Integrais Impróprias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
6.10.1 Integrais Definidas em Intervalos Ilimitados . . . . . . . 341
6.10.2 Integrais de Funções Descontínuas . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
6.11 Exercícios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353

7 Exercícios Resolvidos 365

8 Apéndice 401

9 Respostas 411

10 Bibliografia 429

    


     

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Î qj we`baeabh{ ryuvhôh{l ˜znvhhgnqxyh”jqworz€‚nq|quq…Šuvh{uq`0uq` Üåëzë â ` l  Ñ ÂŽÒ Üåëzë Ô Ñ ë  Ü 1RÜåëzë - Ü Ñ ÜzÜ ' â
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Û ékÝ · hkޞ`›øad`Y™šnq` Üåëzë è‰Òòè Ñ ˜{w„h{x’h{aoÔuq`‡aerk¹dh^fbrz|ƒco`bx é í è uq`tjqwer{co`zml |vh{ag` Üåëzë è uq`tps`b|ƒco…spŠ¨vh{a
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 Ò ë Ô Ñ Üåë xyrzaefbh{a 
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2
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