Julian calendar

The Julian calendar, proposed by Julius Caesar in 46 BCE (708 AUC), was a reform of the Roman calendar. It was first used in 1 January 45 BCE. It was the main calendar in most of the world, until Pope Gregory XIII replaced that with the Gregorian calendar in 4 October 1582.

2025 in other calendars

Gregorian calendar	2025 MMXXV
Ab urbe condita	2778
Armenian calendar	1474 ԹՎ ՌՆՀԴ
Assyrian calendar	6775
Bahá'í calendar	181–182
Balinese saka calendar	1946–1947
Bengali calendar	1432
Berber calendar	2975
British Regnal year	3 Cha. 3 – 4 Cha. 3
Buddhist calendar	2569
Burmese calendar	1387
Byzantine calendar	7533–7534
Chinese calendar	甲辰年 (Wood Dragon) 4721 or 4661     — to — 乙巳年 (Wood Snake) 4722 or 4662
Coptic calendar	1741–1742
Discordian calendar	3191
Ethiopian calendar	2017–2018
Hebrew calendar	5785–5786
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	2081–2082
- Shaka Samvat	1946–1947
- Kali Yuga	5125–5126
Holocene calendar	12025
Igbo calendar	1025–1026
Iranian calendar	1403–1404
Islamic calendar	1446–1447
Japanese calendar	Reiwa 7 (令和７年)
Javanese calendar	1958–1959
Juche calendar	114
Julian calendar	Gregorian minus 13 days
Korean calendar	4358
Minguo calendar	ROC 114 民國114年
Nanakshahi calendar	557
Thai solar calendar	2568
Tibetan calendar	阳木龙年 (male Wood-Dragon) 2151 or 1770 or 998     — to — 阴木蛇年 (female Wood-Snake) 2152 or 1771 or 999
Unix time	1735689600 – 1767225599

During the 20th and 21st centuries, the date according to the Julian calendar is 13 days behind the Gregorian date.

Year length; leap years

The Julian calendar has two types of year: common years of 365 days and leap years of 366 days. There is a simple cycle of three common years followed by a leap year and this pattern repeats forever. However, the rule was not followed in the first years after the reform in 45 BCE. Due to a counting error, every 3rd year was a leap year instead of the 4th. The leap years were:

• 45 BCE (709 AUC)
• 42 BCE (712 AUC)
• 39 BCE (715 AUC)
• 36 BCE (718 AUC)
• 33 BCE (721 AUC)
• 30 BCE (724 AUC)
• 27 BCE (727 AUC)
• 24 BCE (730 AUC)
• 21 BCE (733 AUC)
• 18 BCE (736 AUC)
• 15 BCE (739 AUC)
• 12 BCE (742 AUC)
• 9 BCE (745 AUC)

However, in 8 BCE (746 AUC), emperor Augustus Caesar corrected the problem. The next leap year was 7 CE (160 AUC).

Criticism

With the simple cycle, the length of the Julian year is exactly 365.25 days (365 days and 6 hours), but the actual time it takes for the Earth to go around the Sun once is closer to 365.2422 days (about 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes and 46 seconds). This difference is about 365.25 - 365.2422 = 0.0078 days (11 minutes and 14 seconds) each year, although Greek astronomers knew that. This made the seasons get out of track, since the real first day of spring in western Europe (the equinox - day and night the same length) was happening earlier and earlier before the traditional 21 March as the centuries went by. By the 1500s, it was starting around 11 March, ten days 'too early' according to the calendar.

Reform

From Roman calendar

The first step of the reform was to realign the 25 December with the Winter solstice by making 46 BCE (708 AUC) 445 days long. In ordinary Roman calendar, the common year had 355 days and the leap year (one year after the common year) had 378 days. The 46 BCE was a leap year, according to the calendar. Julius Caesar added 67 more days by adding two extra months (those are called Prior and Posterior in letters of Cicero) between November and December.

Sources: [1], [2]

Months	47 BCE (707 AUC)	46 BCE (708 AUC)	45 BCE (709 AUC)	8 BCE (746 AUC)
January	29	29	31	31
February	28	24	30	28
Intercalaris		27
March	31	31	31	31
April	29	29	30	30
May	31	31	31	31
June	29	29	30	30
Quintilis	31	31	31	31
Sextilis	29	29	30	31
September	29	29	30	30
October	31	31	31	31
November	29	29	30	30
Prior		33
Posterior		34
December	29	29	31	31
Total	355	445	366	365