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Asaase

Ɛfi Wikipedia

Asaase, asaase woiɛ anaasɛ ɛfam yɛ wiase a ɛyɛ den a ɛnni nsuo ase afebɔɔ.[1] Nsaase pii na ɛnnyɛ ne nyinaa na ɛpo so(da nso firi mmerɛ ho) na ɛwɔ esu a ɛho wɔ mfasoɔ pii a ɛbi ne botan, anwea, Dɔteɛ na ɛtɔ da a nsuo a akyene. Nnoɔma pii a nnipa yɛ no wɔ abakɔsɛm mu no, wɔyɛ no wɔ asaase so a ɛboa nsaase nnwuma, ɛma nnipa baabi tena, ne nnoɔma pii. Nnoɔma bi te sɛ dua a yɛfrɛ no terrestrial ne aboa a yɛfrɛ no terrestrial anyini afiri wɔn adikanfoɔ a na wɔfiri nsuo mu. Beaeɛ a asaase ne nsuo hyia no wɔfrɛ no 'coastal zones'. Nkyekyɛmu a ɛda asaase ne nsuo ntam no yɛ adeɛ a ɛhohia paa ma nnipa. Ahoma a yɛde kyɛ asaase ne nsuo mu no bɛtumi agyina nnoɔma bi so anaasɛ nkuraseɛ tumi so.'Maritime' hyeɛ yɛ nhwɛsoɔ ma amanyɔsɛm nkyekyɛmu. Esu ahodoɔ pii a yɛde kyɛ ɛhyeɛ mu no boa ma yɛkyerɛ baabi a nsuo no ne asaase hyia. Mmotan a ayɛ sɛ asaase no boa wɔ ne nkyekyɛmu nom kyɛn ɛhyeɛ a ɛda so, a yɛnhunu baabi a asaase no si ne baabi a nsuo no hyɛ aseɛ. Nea yɛde kyekyɛ nsaase mu no bɛtumi asesa ɛnam wiem no ne asoɔkye. Sɛ yɛde nnwuma ahodoɔ a ɛkasa fa din ahodoɔ ho reyɛ nkaeɛ a asaase sane ne nnoɔma bi a ɛbɛtumi ama yɛn adwadeɛ, saa ara nso na asaase yɛ adeɛ baako a ɛma yɛ adwadeɛ na akatua no ne mfasoɔ a wɔnya no ɛnam asaase so no na wɔde tua ɛdan ka.

N'abɔseɛ ne edin ahodoɔ

[sesa]

Edin asaase firi Old English "fam, anwea', sane nso yɛ ' asaase no fa baabi, obi fie, ɔman a amanyɔkuo akyɛm'. Ɛsesa firi Proto-Germanic*manfa ne proto-Indo-European*lend-'land, Apomuden '. Edin no wɔ nkyerɛaseɛ pii wɔ kasa ahodoɔ bi te sɛ Old Norse:asaase,Old Frisian:asaase, Gothic:asaase, German:asaase,Old Irish: asaase, Middle Welsu:IIan'baabi a ɛhɔ abue', Welsh: IIan 'nea ate ne ho, asɔre ', Newton: Iann 'apomuden', Church Slavonic: ledina'asaase a ayɛkwa, apomuden ', ne Czech: lada'asaase a yɛagyae ato hɔ'. Gothic abɔseɛ no adanseɛ a ɛfa asaase ho kyerɛ sɛ, na asaase nkyerɛaseɛ paa ara ne 'asaase no fa baabi a ɛyɛ ankorankorɛ bi anaa ɔman bi deɛ'. Ne nkyerɛaseɛ paa no seisei ɛne ɔman na ɛbɔ so.[2] Asaase a ɛbɛn ɛpo no yɛfrɛ no 'landmass'. Ɛwɔm sɛ wɔbɛtumi atwerɛ abom de akyerɛ nsonsonoeɛ a 'landmass' ɛda dwuma a ɛdi no mu sɛ ɛyɛ nsusudeɛ a yɛde susu asaase- wɔde gyina hɔ ma edin mmienu nso. 'Landmasses' no bi ne supercontinents, Continents ne supɔ. Yɛwɔ 'Landmass' ahodoɔ pii wɔ asaase so:Afro-Eurasia, the Americas, Antarctica, ne Australia. Asaase a yɛbɛtumi de adua mfudeɛ no yɛfrɛ no 'arable land'.[3] Wɔbɛtumi afrɛ ɔman anaasɛ mantam motherland, farherland anaasɛ homeland ma nnipa no. Aman ahodoɔ pii ne nkuro pii wɔ edin a asaase ka ho(nhwɛsoɔ. Iceland, Greenland ne New Zealand).

Asaase Abakɔsɛm

[sesa]
Artist's conception of Hadean Eon Earth.

Nnoɔma a wɔhunuu no wɔ Solar system no firi 4.5672±0.0006 bya (mfeɛ pepepe akyire);[4] ne saa nti no asaase baa saa aberɛ no. 'Primordial asaase' no wɔnyaa no4.54±0.04 bya,[5]. Sɛ yɛreyɛ Solar system ne ne nsesaeɛ no hyɛɛ aseɛ wɔde awia yɛɛ wɔ tandem. Solar nebula nyaa ne dede firii ɔhyɛ a na aseɛ a ɛfiri molecular cloud, a ɛhyɛ aseɛ twan ne ho kɔ circumstellar disc, a ewiase no ne nsoromma no nyini wɔ tandem mu. Nebula wɔ gyamframa, ice grains ne mfuturo (a primordial nuclides ka ho). Wɔ nebular mu no, planetesimal hyɛɛ aseɛ a ɛnyaa cohesive clumping ne nea ano yɛ den. Nea ɛboa primordial asaase no ano kɔɔ 10-20 myr.[6] Asaase ne ɛpo no nnoɔma a ɛma egya pii firi asaase mu ne nnoɔma a ɛma ntutuo firi nsuo mu pii na ɛka bom yɛɛ. Nea ɛde ewiase ɛpo baeɛ yɛ 'condensation' ne nsuo a asteroids, proto-planets, ne comets de ba.[7] Wɔ ne nyinaa mu no,'greenhouse gases' na ɔkora ɛpo na mma no nkyene berɛ a na awia a ɛreba foforɔ no wɔ luminosity ɔhamu nkyekyɛmu aduoson.[8] Nnoɔma a ɛkye asaase no wɔnyaa no 3.5bya, a ɛboa bɔɔ ewiem nsakraeɛ no ho ban sɛ awia no mframa no mmɔ no.[9] Ewiem no ne ɛpo a ɛwɔ asaase no so no tena asaase no a ɛboa ma wɔde nnoɔma fa so.[10] 'Crust' a ɛkaa asaase no bom no, wɔtee berɛ a asaase no 'molten layer' dwodwoo de yɛɛ 'solid masa' sɛdeɛ ntutuo a ɛfiri nsuo mu hyɛ aseɛ yɛ adwuma wɔ wiem. 'Biodiversity' sesaa bɛyɛ mfeɛ mpempem, berɛ a asaase no tumi kora nnipa no, na ɛmu terɛ gyesɛ nnipa no ma no ka.[11] Saa ɔkwan mmienu yi[12] a ɛkyerɛ 'landmass'mu no kyerɛɛ sɛ sɛ ɛyɛ ɛnyini brɛɛ kɔ nnɛ deɛ mu[13] anaasɛ sɛ ɛnyini ntɛntɛm[14] wɔ asaase abakɔsɛm [15]mu a baeɛ bi a akyɛ nso ka ho.[16] Asasetam a wɔde plate tectonics yɛɛ, adeɛ a ɛhyew a ɛnni mu ama ɛso ate afiri asaase no. Wɔ mmerɛ nhyehyɛeɛ a ɛkyɛ bɛyɛ ɔpepem ɔha akyire no, Asasetam kɛseɛ no aka abom a ɛmu abubu mprɛnsa. Bɛyɛ 750 mua(mfeɛ ɔpepepem akyire), Rodinia yɛ ɛmu baa a ɛdikan baaeɛ, a ɛmu kyɛɛ. Ɛno akyire no Asasetam no sane ne Pannotia, 600-540mya bom, na akyire no Pangaea a ɛno nso mu pae 180 mya bɛkaa ho.[17]

Beaeɛ

[sesa]

Asaase beaɛ a(wɔsane wɔfrɛ no asaase kɛseɛ) yɛ asaase no kɛseɛ ma ɔman bi anaasɛ mantam bi(a ɛbɛtumi ayɛ asaase a nsuo atwa ho ahyia fa bi a ɛnka ho). Asaase no nyinaa yɛ 148,939,063.133 km2 (57,505,693.767 sq mi) a ne nyinaa ɛyɛ ɔhamu nkyekyɛmu aduonu nkron akyiripɔ mmienu, a nsuo no nso ka ho. Nsuo fa planimetri. Asaase no bɛyɛ ɔhamu nkyekyɛmu aduoson akyiripɔ nnwɔtwe, wɔ ɛpo tebea mu ne nsuo mu; nanso saa Ɔfa no asaase no ama ɛso ate.[18]

Cover

[sesa]
Land Cover in millions of hectares[19][20] (million ha = 10,000 km2)
FAO Code Type[21] 1992 2001 2015 Share in 2015 Change from 1992 Note
[6970] Artificial surfaces (including urban and associated areas) 26.04 34.33 55.40 0.37% 29.35
[6971] Herbaceous crops 1,716.22 1,749.58 1,712.15 11.50% −4.06 Arable land
[6972] Woody crops 162.86 181.32 199.90 1.34% 37.04 Arable land
[6973] Multiple or layered crops Arable land
[6974] Tree-covered areas 4,434.92 4,393.70 4,335.00 29.11% −99.93 Large decrease
[6975] Mangroves 18.06 18.39 18.74 0.13% 0.67
[6976] Shrub-covered areas 1,685.00 1,669.65 1,627.34 10.93% −57.66 Large decrease
[6977] Shrubs and/or herbaceous vegetation, aquatic or regularly flooded 202.61 194.77 185.39 1.24% −17.23
[6978] Sparsely natural vegetated areas 891.78 878.69 868.07 5.83% −23.71
[6979] Terrestrial barren land 2,001.25 2,000.87 1,884.00 12.65% −117.25 Large decrease
[6980] Permanent snow and glaciers 78.59 84.32 84.29 0.57% 5.70
[6981] Inland water bodies 432.60 435.00 444.57 2.98% 11.97
[6982] Coastal water bodies and intertidal areas
[6983] Grassland 1,793.65 1,806.50 1,801.14 12.09% 7.50
Total Land Area 14,893.91* 100%
  • Terrain ne topsoil ma 'land cover" no kɔ soro bɛyɛ ɔpepem aduosia nan (64 Gha) nanso ne dodoɔ no yɛ pɛ.[22]

eaeɛ a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ

[sesa]
  1. ↑ Allaby, Michael; Park, Chris (2013). A Dictionary of Environment and Conservation. p. 239. ISBN 978-0-19-964166-6.
  2. ↑ https://www.etymonline.com/?term=land
  3. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary
  4. ↑ Bowring, S.; Housh, T. (1995). "The Earth's early evolution". Science. 269 (5230): 1535–1540. Bibcode:1995Sci...269.1535B. doi:10.1126/science.7667634. PMID 7667634.
  5. ↑ http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/geotime/age.html
  6. ↑ Yin, Qingzhu; Jacobsen, S. B.; Yamashita, K.; Blichert-Toft, J.; Télouk, P.; Albarède, F. (2002). "A short timescale for terrestrial planet formation from Hf-W chronometry of meteorites". Nature. 418 (6901): 949–952. Bibcode:2002Natur.418..949Y. doi:10.1038/nature00995. PMID 12198540. S2CID 4391342.
  7. ↑ https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1945-5100.2000.tb01518.x
  8. ↑ Guinan, E.F.; Ribas, I. (2002). "Our Changing Sun: The Role of Solar Nuclear Evolution and Magnetic Activity on Earth's Atmosphere and Climate". In Benjamin Montesinos, Alvaro Gimenez and Edward F. Guinan (ed.). ASP Conference Proceedings: The Evolving Sun and its Influence on Planetary Environments. San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific. Bibcode:2002ASPC..269...85G. ISBN 1-58381-109-5.
  9. ↑ http://www.physorg.com/news186922627.html
  10. ↑ http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/literacy/ocean_literacy.pdf
  11. ↑ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2936204
  12. ↑ Rogers, John James William; Santosh, M. (2004). Continents and Supercontinents. Oxford University Press US. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-19-516589-0.
  13. ↑ Hurley, P.M.; Rand, J.R. (Jun 1969). "Pre-drift continental nuclei". Science. 164 (3885): 1229–1242. Bibcode:1969Sci...164.1229H. doi:10.1126/science.164.3885.1229. PMID 17772560.
  14. ↑ https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/1874/1653/1/desmet_etal_00.pdf
  15. ↑ Armstrong, R.L. (1968). "A model for the evolution of strontium and lead isotopes in a dynamic earth". Reviews of Geophysics. 6 (2): 175–199. Bibcode:1968RvGSP...6..175A. doi:10.1029/RG006i002p00175.
  16. ↑ https://semanticscholar.org/paper/2fbe0a8a70b7c3a6603c288d95707ef454841f6c
  17. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20070713194319/http://scienceweek.com/2004/sa040730-5.htm
  18. ↑ Archive copy, archived from the original on 2019-01-03, retrieved 2022-08-07{{citation}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  19. ↑ FAO Agri-Environmental Indicators / Land cover Nhwɛsoɔ:Webarchive
  20. ↑ values are from CCI_LC（Climate Change Initiative Land Cover） Nhwɛsoɔ:Webarchive by European Space Agency
  21. ↑ FAO Dataset Information: Land Cover Title Abstract Supplemental Nhwɛsoɔ:Webarchive see Table 1. SEEA CF/AFF land cover classes and corresponding LCC classifiers, page 2,3,4
  22. ↑ https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsoilsystems2040064
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