KWn-X-n\v Hcp Pyman-Xob ]cn-t{]yw

Math Made Visual

A

Geometrical Vision of Mathematics

A dull proof can be supplimented by a Geometric analogue so simple and

beautiful that the trueth of a theorm or concept is almost seen at glance
- Martin Gardner
16 3 2 13
5 10

11

15 14

8
12
1

Hcp Imk-dt- KmUv Ubv {]kn-o-Ic

- Ww
hnjz amXvkv

Hcp Imk-dt- KmUv Ubv {]kn-o-Ic

- Ww
No^v FUn- : kn. Fw. _me-Ir-jvW
{]nkn-m Ubv Imk-d-tKmUv
Bibw tIm HmUn-t\-j FUn-nMv
: Sn. kptcjv
eIvN-d, Ubv Imk-d-tKmUv
inev]-im-e-bn ]s-Sp--h

{]Im-i. hn. sI
ko\n-b eIvN-d, Ubv tImgn-tmSv

sI. Fw. N{
eIvN-d, Ubv Iq

]n. sI. hnP-b-Ip-am

lbsk-dn So, Kh: Fv. Fkv. Fkv.
sNf

\n-tI-i. F
Sn. C, Ubv Imk-d-tKmUv

cta-i. F. sI
Fv . Fkv . F, cmPohv Kmn sslkv q
samtKcn

chn-Ip-am. Sn. Fkv

So, Pn. bp. ]n. Fkv A-m-hSn ae-pdw
hc : cPn-X. B, sNdq, [t\-i. Fw. hn
Un. n. ]n. : Ac {Km^nIvkv ]mw

hnjz amXvkv

Ip-_vZp-. Fw
So, apbn-tmv bp. ]n. Fkv

A\nIp-am. sI. Fw
So, F. bp. ]n. Fkv. s]mXm-hq

kptc-i. kn
So, F. bp. ]n. Fkv DZn- \ q
sk{S

kptc-i. kn. ]n
So, Kh. Fv. Fkv. Fkv. DZpa

kPo-h. kn. hn
So, F. F. ]n. Fkv. Imcn-bn

atljv Ipam. Fw
s{Sbn-\, _n. B. kn sNdp-h-q

sI. hn. AtimIv Ip-am

KWnXv Am-Zan Imen--Shv

Dn-r-jvW. F. hn
eIvN-d, {Ik v tImtfPv ]g-b-mSn
2

KWn-X-t_m-[-ns Pyman-Xob ]cn-t{]yw ............

KWn-X- kw_-n-bmb Nn-Iv am\h kwkvIr-Xn-tbmfw Xs ]g--ap-v. GXv
hf-bp-sSbpw \nZm\w a\p-jys I
WpIqepIfm-sWpw ]cm-P-b-m-[mcw Iq-ense
]ng-hp-I-fm-sWpw kqvam-n Ah ]cn-tim-[n--dn-n-cp-p. `mjm-]-chpw Nn{X-]-c-hpsam-s-bmbn B[p-\nI t_m[\ hy-h-lm-c- hym]-cn-p aWvU-e--fn-eqsS ISp hcp-Xn\p apv IWv Hcp IW-n\pw Dn- Ib-dm--h-bm-bn-cp-p Gsd. ]T\ {]{In-bbvv IpnI-fpsS a\-n Zriy-_nw-_
- ]Xn-n-m Ign-bm-X
- mWv Cu ]nmw t]mns bYm
Imc-W-sav A\p-`-h--fn-eqsS Xncn--dn--Xns shfn--n Hcp ]pXnb ]cn-t{]yw ChnsS
km[yam-p-I-bm-Wv. {]ta-b-nse ]pXpa sImpw A\p-`hthZy-am-Ip Adn-hns IrXyX
sImp-amWv CXv AS-bm-f-s-Sp-p--Xv.
Aaqm-i-b-pw Pyman-Xob Zriy-]-cX \In aq-am-p-Ibpw KWnX ]T\-ns CS-\m-gn-Ifnse hgnap-S-n-Isf kulr-Z-]-c-am-p-I-bp-amWv Cu CS-s]-S-ens k.
temI-sa-m-Sp-\-ap KWnX Nn-I-fpsS ASn-m\ `mhw Hp Xs-bm-sWpw AXv A\p-`-hnm-\p Ffp--hgn Ahbvv Pyman-Xo-bm-h-X-c-W-km-[yX \Ip-I-bp-am-sWv CXv icn shpp. hmsamgnsfnhn\-pdw (Proof with words) ImgvN-s-fn-hp-Iv (Proof with out words or
proof with vision) {]mapJyw In-p Hcp ]T\ ]Xn F \nebvv CXv XpS N-Iv
hgn-sbm-cp-p-sa Imcyw \n-b-am-Wv. Adn-n-S-tmfw KWn-X-t_m-[\w kulr-Zm--I-am-m\p b-nse {]Ya Nph-Sp-I-fn-sem-m-Wn-Xv, tIc-f-n BZy-tXpw. AXv Xs-bm-bncnpw CXns khn-ti-j-X-bpw.

kn. Fw. _me-Ir-jvW

{]nknm, Ubv Imk-d-tKmUv

hnjz amXvkv

apJ-samgn

hnjz amXvkv

hnjz amXvkv

D-Sw

hnjz amXvkv

icm-icn
icm-icn F KWn-Xm-ibw ]mTy-]--Xn-bn-eqsS Ipn-Iv ]cn-N-b-s-Sp-p-Xv Bdmw
Xc-n-em-Wv. \nXy-Po-hnX k`-n BPnX KWn-Xm-i-b- {]iv\-]-cn-l-c-W-n\v {]tbm-P\-s-Sp-p-tm-gmWv KWnX ]T\w A-h-m-hp--Xv Fv \ap--dn-bmw. icm-icn Isn
]cn-l-cn-t kzm`m-hnI KWnX k`- Ipn-Isf kw_-n-n-S-tmfw Ipd-hm-Wv. \nehn icm-icn FXv kwJy-I-fpsS {Inb F \ne-bn am{Xw ]cn-an-X-sp t]mIp Ah--bmWp--Xv. AXn-\-p-d-tv icm-icn F Bi-bs A-X-e-n Dsm-m\pw B
ImgvN-bpsS {]iv\-]-cn-l-c-W-n\v {]tbm-P-\-s-Sp-m\pw Ipn-Iv km[n--Ww.
icm-icn FXv Xpey-am--W-sapw icm-i-cn-tb- IqSp-Xepw Ipdhpw Af-hp-I-fp-mIpw
F Bibhpw Ipn-I-fn cq]-s-S-Ww. Hn \nv \jvS-am-Ip-Xv asm-n\v e`npw AYhm
A[n-I-ap-Xv ap--h hoXn-s-Sppw F Bibw IqSn Dsm-p Ipnv {]iv\w hniI-e\w sNbvXv {]iv\-]-cn-lm-c-n-tev s]sv Xs IS-p-hm km[n-pw.
icm-icn Isn ]cn-l-cn-t-p Hcp KWnX {]iv\w Ipn-Iv apn Ah-X-cn-nm {]iv\ \n[m-c-W-n-\m-bp BZy Nn Fs tI{o-I-cnv am{Xw t]mIpp FXv
\ne-\np ]cn-an-Xn-bmWv. ChnsS icm-i-cn-bpsS Bi-b-Xew Dsmp sImv Nnn-pXpw {]iv\ k`s NXp-c-ambn Zriy-h-cn-p-Xpw {]iv\ \n[m-c-W-n\v Gsd klmb-I-amIpw F-XmWv aptmp shp ImgvN-m-Sv. icm-i-cn-bp-ambn _-sv KWn-X-{]-iv\sf Zriy-h-cnv ]T-\m-\p-`hw \Ip--Xn\v henb ]cn-K-W\ Cu bqWn-n \In-bn-p-v.
BZy-L--n Cu A\p-`-h--fn-eqsS ISp t]mIp Ipn-Iv ]noSv icm-icnbnse KWnXs Aaq-ambns Dsm-m\pw {]iv\-\n[m-cWw \S-p-hm\pw Ignbpw F ]cnI-ev]-\-bmWv aptmv shp--Xv.
icm-icn FXv bYm Af-hp-I-fp-ambn _-an-m--Xm-sWpw Nne-tm icm-icn
Afhv a\-n kqnp sImv \nXy-Po-hn-X-nse bYm {]iv\- ]cn-l-cn-m {ian-pXv bpn kl-a Fv Xncn--dn-bepw Cu KWn-Xmib kzoIcW-ns Db Xe-am-Wv.

hnjz amXvkv

mkv 6
Bdmw mn icm-icn F Bibw ^e-{]-Z-ambn Ipn-I-fn-se-n-p-hm
A\n-hm-cy-amb {]h-\--fmWv ChnsS \Ip--Xv. {]h-\- \tI--Xns kqN-\I sImSp-n-p-v. icm-icn F ]Zw D]-tbmKnmsX Xs Afhp Xpey-ammw F
{]h\w Ah-X-cn-n-mw.
Bibw : icm-icn F Bibs hyXykvX Xe--fn ImtW--Xp-v.
kma-{Kn-I :
1. Htc hen--ap \mev mkv Pmdp-I (100 an. en. hsc amp-Xv)
2. s]mmkyw s]amw-K-t\v emb\n
3. ^n
icm-icn F bqWnv Cu {]h-\--fn-eqsS XpSmw

.....
.....
.....

40 ml

.....

60 ml

......
.....
.....
.....

30 ml

70 ml

Afhp Xpey-ammw
mkv Pmdp-I-fn apIqn hyXykvX Afhp-I-fn emb\n \ndv {]Zin-n-p-p.
(40 ml, 30 ml, 60 ml, 70 ml,)

.....
.....

BZy-L--n Af-hp-I adv shv Hmtcm Pmdn-sebpw Af-hp-I Dulnv FgpXp-hm-\p Ah-kcw \Ip-p. XpSv Af-hp-I {]Zin-n-p-p.
(Dulw kzbw hne-bn-cp--en\v Ah-k-cw.)

hnjz amXvkv

\mev Pmdp-I-fn-sebpw emb-\n-bpsS Afhv Xpey-am-n-bm Hmtcm-n-sebpw Afhv F{X-bmbn-cn-pw. (Dulw tcJ-sSp- Ah-X-c-Ww. hyn-K-Xw.)
Xpey-am-m-\p hgn Is- hyn-K-Xw, Rands\ Ah-X-cWw
- Xpey-amn ]cn-tim-[n- (50 ml)
Ghpw Ipdhp XhW emb\n amn Xpey-am-p-sXs\?
70 ml \nv 20 ml FSpv 30 ml tepw
- 60 ml \nv 10 ml FSpv 40 ml tepw

Xpey-am-m hyXykvX hgn-I-fp-v.

Hn \nv \jvS-s-Xv asm-n\v e`n-pw.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

icm-icn FXv Xpey-am--em-Wv.

Xpey-am-m hyXykvX hgn-I-fpv
icm-i-cn-tb-m IqSp-Xepw Ipdhpw Af-hpIfp-m-bn-cn-pw.
Hn \nv \jvS-s-Xv asm-n\v e`n-pw.
Cu {]h\w Af-hp-ambn _-s--Xm-Wv.

icm-i-cnsb F-hp-ambn _-s-Sp-nb asmcp {]h\w t\mq. CXpw icm-icn

F ]Zw D]-tbm-Kn-msX Xs Ah-X-cn-n-mw.

hnjz amXvkv

10

kma-{Kn-I : Htc hen--ap 40 tSm-Wp-I

An--Wv
Htc hen--ap 40 tSm-Wp-I 5 An-I-fn-embn {Iao-I-cn-p-p.
(10, 8, 11, 7, 4)
Hmtcm An-bn-sebpw \mW-b- Xpey-am-n-bm Hc-n-bnse F-sa{X?
(Du-ln-m-\-h-kcw tcJ-s-Sp- Ah-X-c-Ww)
]cn-tim-[-\bvv Ah-kcw \Ip-p.
Xpey-am-n-b-Xn\p tijw Hc-n-bnse F-sa{X?
]-n-I-bmn tcJ-s-Sp-
ap ]n-I-bp-ambn Xmc-Xayw sN

\mW-b- shv t\mmsX Xs

Xpey-am-nb An-bnse \mW-b-
F{X Fv Is-m h am-hpaptm?
N
BsI \mW-b--fpsS Fw
Isn An-bpsS Fw
sImv lcn-m Xpey-am-nb
Hc-n-bnse Fw Inpw.

hnjz amXvkv

An

1
2
3
4
5

An

Fw

1
2
3
4
5

10
8
11
7
4

]nI 1

Fw

8
8
8
8
8

]nI 2

10

1) Xpey-am-m-\p hyXykvX hgnI N sN-s-S-Ww.

2) CXv F-hp-ambn _-s {]h-\-am-Wv
3) XpIsb Fw sImv lcn-pI F Bi-b-n-se-Ww.
4) T B bnse ]m-Wv F {]h-\-n-eqsS icm-icn F- ]Zw
]cn-N-b-s-Sp--Ww. (K-WnX \nL-p)
5) {]h\w Hpw cpw icm-i-cn-bp-ambn ChnsS _-s-Sp--Ww
A-s\bpw Nne icm-icn F
{]h\w ]qn-bm-n-b-Xn\p tijw
NXp-c-am- {]h\w sNmw.
NXp-c-am-
kma-{Kn-I : ka-N-Xp-c---I
So Nn{X-nse t]mse 35 ka-N-Xp-c--I {Iao-I-cnv {]Zin-n-p-p.
Nn{X-n F{X An-I-fpv (7)
An-I-fpsS F-n amw hcp-msX NXpc
cq]-n {Iao-I-cn-mtam?
N Dulw
]-cn-tim-[\
NXp-c-ns \ofw F{X-bmWv ?(tc-J-s-Sp-p-p.)
Fn hoXn F{X-bmWv? (tcJ-s-Sp-)
NXp-c-ns hoXn icm-i-cn-bp-ambn _-aptm?
Fp sImv?
(Nbvhkcw \I-Ww)
BsI II-fpsS Fw Is-m Ffp hgn ]d-bmtam? (Random Presentation)

hnjz amXvkv

11

So-tdmSv :
NXp-c-ns \ofw x hoXn =hnkvXow
AXn-\m An-I-fpsS Fw x icm-icn = BsI F \nK-a-\-n-se--Ww.
Fw x icm-icn = BsI
BsI .. icm-icn= Fw
NXp-c-am- XpS
kma-{Kn-I : bqWnv I-I
]pXpXmbn Hcn tNptmgpw icm-icn 5 \ne\nm F{X I-I thWw?
icm-icn Fw F Bibw tcJ-s-Sp-
? ]pXp-Xmbn 2 An-I tN-tmgpw icm-icn 5 \ne-\nn B 2 An-I-fnse I-I-fpsS
Fw GsXmsbmhmw?
1-9
Dulw
2-8
]cn-tim-[\
3-7
tcJ-s-Sp-
4-6
5-5

Hcp An IqSntcp-tm Hcp icm-i-cn-bmWv IqSp-Xv ( 1 x 5 =5)

2 An-I IqSn-t-cp-tm 2 x icm-icn = 10 F coXn-bn
ap An-I-fn (7) Hcn IqSn tN-tm icm-icn 1 hn-p-sh-n ]pXpXmbn tN An-bnse I-I-fpsS Fw F{X-bm-bncnpw

hnjz amXvkv

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- Dulw
]cn-tim-[\
tcJ-s-Sp-.
]cn-tim-[-\-bnepw apw hyXykvX hgn-IfpsS N th.
Chn-sSbpw ap{]-h-\--fn sNbvX-Xp-t]mse I-I D]tbm-Knv \nK-a\ cq]o-I-cWw \S--Ww.
I-I {Iao-I-cn-p hn[w
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------------------------------------------------1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
--------5
5
5
5
5
5
5 5
---------

Fm-as An-bnse II-fpsS Fw 7+ 6 = 13

kwJym-]-c-amb coXn-bn-tev am-s-Sp--sX-s\?

7 x 1 + 6 = 13
XpSv
hSwhen a-cw, amdp icm-icn Fo
{]h-\- \Im-hp--Xm-Wv. Hcp kvIqfnse \memw mkv F {]h\w HgnsI
-----

hnjz amXvkv

13

Bibw :
cv {Kqp-I-fpsS icm-i-cn-bn \nv samw {Kqns icm-icn Is-.
kma-{Kn-I :
]pcp-j-m-cpsS Nn{X-ap 12 I-I, kv{XoI-fpsS Nn{X-ap 48 I-I.
mkv ]n. Sn. F
Hcp mkv ]n. Sn, F bn Fnb cn-Xm--fn 48 A-am 8 _p-I-fn
epw , 12 A-m 4 _pI-fnepw Ccn-p--Xns Nn{Xo-I-cWw cv hyXykvX \nd-n-ep
I-I-fp-]-tbm-Knv {Iao-I-cnv hbvp-I.
kv{XoI

]pcp-j-m

hnjz amXvkv

14

Hcp _n-en-cn-p A-am-cpsS icm-icn F-sa{X?

Dulw
{Iao-I-cn-
tcJ-s-Sp-
NXpcw Hns cq]o-I-c-Ww.
Hcp _n-en-cn-p A-m-cpsS icm-icn Fsa{X?
I-I {Iao-I-cn-p-p.
tcJ-s-Sp-p-p.
NXpcw cns cq]o-I-cWw

NXpcw 1

NXpcw 2
samw cn-Xm-sf ]cn-K-Wn-m Hcp _n-en-cn-p cn-Xm--fpsS icm-icn
F-sa-{X-bmWv?
Dulw tcJ-s-Sp- ]cn-tim-[n- hyXykvX coXn-I Ah-X-cWw N
BsI s_p-I F{X?
BsI Bm-cpsS Fsa{X
2 NXp-c-fpw tNv BsI _p-I-fpsS Fw
\of-ambn hcp hn[-n]pXnb NXpcw \nn-s

hnjz amXvkv

15

]pXnb icm-icn Is-Ww

Cu {]{In-b-bpsS {Inbm-h-XvI-cWw Ipn-I kzbw
Isn tcJ-s-Spm Ah-kcw \I-Ww.
DZm: A-am-cpsS icm-icn = 48/8 = 6
A-m-cpsS icm-icn = 12/4 = 3
BsI cn-Xm--fpsS icm-icn = (48+ 12) .. 8 + 4 = 5

samw icm-icn ImWm icm-i-cn-I-fpsS icm-icn

Im t]mc, XpIsb Fw sImv lcn-pI
Xs thWw.
CXns\ XpSv kvqfnse \memw mkv F {]h\w am- hne Fnh Ah-X-cnn-mw.

\nL-p-hn-tev icm-i-cn-bp-ambn _-s Fsms

KWnX \nL-phn tNmw?

hnjz amXvkv

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`n-kwJy
Hcp k`-stbm hkvXp-X-sbtbm hnh-cn-p-tm Zimwiw D]-tbm-Kn-p-Xv IpnI {in-n-p-v. Zimwi kwJy-bpsS {]mY-anI Bibw cq]-s-Sp-SXv `n-kwJy F Bib-ns apI-fn-em-Wv.
Av, Bdv mkp-I-fn `n-kwJy Ds-Sp bqWn-p-I-fp-v. apgp-h\pw `mK-hp-amWv `nkw-Jy-bpsS Bm-hv. `n-kw-Jy-bp-ambn _-sv Ah-X-cn-n-p {]iv\- ]e-tmgpw IpnIsf Bi-b-p-g--n-em-m-dp-v. Htc kabw Hcp hkvXp-hns\ cp-t]pw 3 t]pw Xpeyambn hoXnp \tI-p {]iv\ k`-n B hkvXp-hns\ 6 Xpey `mK-am-tn hcpw
F Nn-bn-tev Ipn-v Fm km[n-m-dn-. Hns `mK-ambpw lc-W-ns `mK-ambpw
Ahv `n-kw-Jysb ImWm km[n-p-n F-XmWv hkvXp-X. Nne-tm-sg-nepw `n-kwJy-bp-ambn _-s k-e\, KpW-\-{In-b-I {]tbm-P-\-s-Sp-p-tm {Inbm-coXn Adn-bp
Ipn-I t]mepw sXmb coXn-bn {]iv\-\nm-cWw sNp-Xpw \n {in-n-p-m-Ipw.
`n-kw-Jysb {KnUn-tev amn-smv `n-kw-Jy-bpsS hen-s tIm F PymanXob Bi-b-hp-ambn _-s-Spn Nn{Xo-I-cn-p-Xpw Xpey-`n-s tcJ-bmbn Nn{Xo-I-cn-pXpw {]iv\k
-
- `-n `n-kw-Jysb Zriy-h-cn-m klm-bI
- c
- a
- m-Wv. `n-kw-Jy-If
- psSp {Inb-Isf Zriy-h-cnv \Ip {]h-\--sfmw Xs Ipn-Iv Bibw
DsmpsImv {]iv\-\nm-cWw Ffp--n-em-m klm-b-I-c-amWv F ]cn-I]-\-bnemWv ChnsS {]h-\- Nn-s-Sp-n-bn-cn-p--Xv.
Zimw-iw, \nc-v, iX-am-\w, Awi-_w XpS-nb KWn-Xm-i-bv B[m-c-ambn \ne
sImp `n-kwJy F Bi-b-n\v AXn-t-Xmb {]m[m\yw \In ]T-\m-\p-`-h--sfm-cpm \apv {in-mw.

hnjz amXvkv

17

bqWnv: `mK- tNcp-tm

Bibw :
Hcp `nkw-Jybvv Xpey-amb ]e `n--fpv.
GsXmcp `n-kw-Jybvpw Hcp eLp cq]-apv.
hnI-kn-t Ign-hp-I :
Hcp `n-kw-Jybvv Xpey-amb `n- Is-p--Xn\v.
Hcp- `n--kwJybpsS eLp-cq]w Xncn--dn-bp--Xn-\v.
kma-{Kn-I
Hcp ImUvt_mUn Htc hen--ap 4 hr- hcv Hmtcm-n-t\bpw Xpey `mK-fmbn `mK--Xv. (Hcp {Kqn\v Hp hoXw)
AtX hen--ap hrcq]-n \nv shn-sb-Sp {^m kv{Snp-I
( 1/2, 1/3, 2/3, 1/4, 2/4, 3/4, 1/6,..... 5/6, 1/12.............. 11/12 22 Fw) `n-kwJy
Fgp-Xm--Xv. (Hcp {Kqn\v Hcp skv)
1/2, 1/3, 2/3, 1/4, 2/4, 3/4, 1/6,........,5/6,........., 1/12,..........,11/12 tSm-Wp-I 22 Fw
(Hmtcm {Kqn\pw Hcp skv)
hrw \ndbvmw
4 t]v Ifn-m-hp Hcp Ifn-bmbn CXv Ah-X-cn-n-mw.
Nn{X-n ImWp coXn-bn Hcp t_mUv Xm-dm--Ww.
t_mUn 4 hr- Dm-bn-cn--Ww.
B 4 hr--sfbpw 12 ka-`m-K--fmbn
Nn{Xo-I-cn--Ww. Ifn XpSp--Xn\v apmbn
1/2, 1/3, 1/4, 1/6, 1/12 ......... 11/12
hsc Fgp-Xnb tSm-Wp-I Icp-X-Ww.
t_mUnse hr-ns AtX hen--n-ep
{^m kv{Snp-I Dm--Ww.

hnjz amXvkv

18

 tSm \mbn Iin Hn\p apI-fn asm-mbn FSpv ImWm coXn-bn An

hbv-Ww.
Hcm apI-fnse tSm FSp--Ww.
tSm-Wn sImSp `n-kw-Jy-bv-\p-k-cnv {^m kv{Sns-Spv hr-n\p apIfn hbvp-p.
C\n cm-as BfpsS Dugw.
Cs\ Ifn Bhn-p-p.
hr-nse Fm If-fpw kv{Snp sImv BZyw \nd-bvp--Xm-cmtWm Abm-fm-Wv Ifn-bnse hnP-bn. hnP-bnsb A\p-tam-Zn-p-p. XpSv Ifnsb Ipdn-p s]mXp N.
6/12 tSm Inn-b-tm GXp kv{SnmWv \n D]-tbm-Kn-Xv?
CtX kv{Snv thsd GXv tSm e`n--tm-gmWv D]-tbm-Kn--Xv?
CXn \nv FmWv a\-kn-em-m Ign-Xv? 6/12 = 1/2
Cu coXn-bn Xpey-ambn h thsd tSm-Wp-I GsXm-s?
Ahsbmpw ]n-I-s-Spn t\mq.
]-n-I-bn \nv Fp \nK-a-\-n-se-m Ignbpw?
N
Hcp `n-n\v Xpey-amb ]e `n-kw-Jy-I-fp-v.

e`n `nw

Xpey-`nw

Xpey-`nw \nL-p-hn-tev

hnjz amXvkv

19

ChnsS 5mw mknse `mK--fpsS kwJy bqWn-nse {]h\w Av

HmWp \

2 s 1/3 = 2 x 1/3 =

2/3

1 s 2/3 = 1 x 2/3 =

2 s 1/3 Dw 1 s 2/3 Dw Xpey-amtWm?

t] kv{Snp-]t- bm-Knv Fs\ sXfnbnmw?
Cu {]h\w do-dns \ofw F {]h-\-ti-jhpw Bdmw mknse 4mw bqWn-nse
hopw hopw Iqmw F {]h-\-n\pw appw sNmw
cq]o-I-cn-t Bibw
1 s \nnX `mK-sbpw Iq-ns \nnX `mK-sbpw `n-kwJy D]-tbm-Knv kqNn-nmw. Iq-nsc \nnX `mK-sf 1 s \nn-X-`m-K-hp-ambn _-s-Spn ]d-bm Ign-bpw.
kv{Snp-I D]-tbm-Knv Cu {]h\w \Im-hp--Xm-Wv.
2 x 1/3 FXv 1/3 + 1/3 BsWpw 2 s 1/3 BsWpw ImWmw.

hnjz amXvkv

20

1/3 x 2 Fs\ Ip ]nSnpw?

6/7
3 x (2/7) = 6/7

4mw bqWn- nse hopw

hopw Iqmw F
{]h-\-n\p aptm-Snbmbn Cu {]h-\-
{]tbm-P-\-s-Spmw

3 x 2/7
C-c-n {]h-\- \In KpW\ Nn-ns Aw a\-n-em-nb tijw {Inb
t\cnv sNm-hp--Xm-Wv.
1/3 x 2 FXv 2 x 1/3 Xs-bm-sWv \n-Nn-m ap{]-h\w aXn-bm-Ipw.
1/2 s 1/3 F{X-bm-bn-cnpw

1/2

2/3

........

........

2/3 s 3/4 F{X?

2/3 s 3/4
3/4

6/12

hnjz amXvkv

21

2/3 s 3/4 Xs-bmWv 1 s 6/12

CXns\ 2/3 x 3/4 = 6/12 Fs-gpXmw.
kv{Snp-Itfm t] t^mUnwKv sNbvtXm Cu {]h\w sNm-hp--XmWv. {Smkv]-c v
jov hp t\mnbpw Cu {]h\w sNmw.
1234567890123456789012345
123456789012345678901234
123456789012345678901234
1234567890123456789012345
123456789012345678901234
DZm : 2/3 s 1/5 1234567890123456789012345
1234567890123456789012345
123456789012345678901234
1234567890123456789012345
123456789012345678901234

sheet
- 1 Dw sheet - 2 Dw tNv hm
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121

1234567890123456789
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12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121
12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121
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1/5

sheet - 1 Cu {]h\w
Xpey hen-a
- p transparency sheet I D]-tbm-Knv
sNmw

12345678901234567890123456789012
12345678901234567890123456789012
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345
12345678901234567890123456789012
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345
12345678901234567890123456789012
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345
12345678901234567890123456789012
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345
sheet - 2
12345678901234567890123456789012
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345
12345678901234567890123456789012
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345
12345678901234567890123456789012
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345
12345678901234567890123456789012
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345
12345678901234567890123456789012
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345
12345678901234567890123456789012
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123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345

2/3

1234567890123456789012345
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1234567890123456789012345
123456789012345678901234
1234567890123456789012345
123456789012345678901234
1234567890123456789012345
123456789012345678901234
1234567890123456789012345
123456789012345678901234
1234567890123456789012345
123456789012345678901234
1234567890123456789012345
123456789012345678901234
1234567890123456789012345
123456789012345678901234
1234567890123456789012345
123456789012345678901234
1234567890123456789012345
123456789012345678901234
1234567890123456789012345
123456789012345678901234
1234567890123456789012345
123456789012345678901234
1234567890123456789012345
123456789012345678901234
1234567890123456789012345
123456789012345678901234
1234567890123456789012345
123456789012345678901234
1234567890123456789012345
123456789012345678901234
1234567890123456789012345
123456789012345678901234
1234567890123456789012345
123456789012345678901234
1234567890123456789012345
123456789012345678901234
1234567890123456789012345
123456789012345678901234
1234567890123456789012345
123456789012345678901234

hnjz amXvkv

cv tjUpw Hcp-anp hcp

`mK- BsI-bp--Xns
F{X-bm-bn-cnpw

22

2/3 x 1/5 = 2/15 Fm-Ipw.

asmcp {]h\w
2/3 s `mKw tSm-Wp-I D]-tbm-Knv Nn{Xo-I-cn-mtam? 4/5
Bh-iy-amb kma-{Kn-I : Htc hen--n-ep 33 tSm-Wp-I (15 Np-I-v, 10 \oe, 8 a)
Hcp hcn-bn 3 hoXw Htc \nd-n-ep (Np-I-v) tSm-Wp-I 5 hcn-bmbn hcp hn[w {IaoI-cn-p-I.
]qo-I-cn 5 {]h-\--fn-eqsS Bh-iy-amb tcJ-s-Sp--ep-I \Sn `n-ns
KpW-\-hp-ambn _-s Bi-b-cq-]o-I-cWw Ipn-I-fn-se-n-Ww.
XpSv apX-ep KpW-\-hp-ambn {]h-\- ]qn-bm-m \nt-in-p-atm?

Nn{Xw 1

hnjz amXvkv

23

2/3

XpSv 2/3 `mKw hcp tSm-Wp-I FSpv amn

]Icw \oe-\n-d-n-ep tSm-Wp-I {Iao-I-cn-p-I.
Nn{Xw 2

1/3

]noSv \oe-\n-d-n-ep tSm-Wns (2/3 `mKw ) 4/5 `mKw

FSp-p-amn ]Icw a-\n-d-n-ep tSm-Wp-I {Iao-Icn-p-I.
? a \nd-n-ep tSm-Wp-I F{X `mK-amWv?

2/3 x 4/5 = 8/15

hnjz amXvkv

24

lcWw
1/2 F{X 1/4 I Dv ? 2 BsWv Adn-bmw.
Cu {]h\w t\mq
4 tSm-Wp-I ]cn-K-Wn-m
(Fp sImv 4?)
4 s 1/2 =
4 s 1/4 =
2 F{X 1 I Dv ?
2
.
AXn-\m 1/2 . 1/4 = 2
{]h\w (2)
3/4 .. 1/4 F{X?
3 BWtm
4 tSm-Wp-I FSp-m

4 s 3/4 =
4 s 1/4 =
3 3 Hp-I Dv.
Bb-Xn-\m 3/4 .. 1/4 = 3
{]h\w (3) 1/4 .. 3/4 Bbmtem?
1/4 F{X 3/4 Dv Fv ]d-bp-hm km[n-p-I-bn-tm?

hnjz amXvkv

25

Chn-sSbpw 4 tSm-Wp-I FSp-m

4 s 1/4 =
4 s 3/4 =
1 3 F{X Xh-W-sbv ImWm ]n-tm? 1 s 3 aS-s-Sp-m 1 XhW IrXy-ambn t]mIpw.
.
AXn-\m 1/4 . 3/4 = 1/3
{]h\w (4)
3/5 .. 2/3 F{X?
]Xn-\p tSm-Wp-I FSp-m
15 s 3/5

15 s 2/3
=
9 10 tSm-Wp-I F{X Xh-W-sb-Spmw? 9 ]n-tm?
18 tem? (9 s 2 aS-n)
27 tem? (9 s 3 aS-n)
90 IrXy-ambn (9 s 10 aS-n) 9 XhW t]mIp-atm?
9 s 10 aS-n 9 XhW t]mIpw. AXn-\m 9 9/10 XhW 10 t]mIpw
3/5 .. 2/3 = 9/10
hyp{Iaw sImp KpW-\-n-eq-sSbpw CXv Ip ]nSn-mw.
XpSv bnse lc-W-hp-ambn _-sv \Inb {]h-\- ]qn-bm-m \nt-inmw

hnjz amXvkv

26

iX-am\w
temIv Fhn-sSbpw D]-tbm-Kn-p Hcp s]mXp-\n-c
- mWv iX-am-\w. 100 iX-am\w Fm
apgp-h F Bi-bhpw Hcp kwJy-bpsS \nnX iX-am\ h-\hv, Ipdhv Fnh Is-p
amKhpw Ipn-I-fn-se-t--Xp-v.
GsXmcp Af-hns `mK-sbpw aS-ns\bpw `n-ambn ]d-bp--Xn\v ]Icw iX-am-\-ambn
]d-bm Ign-bpw F Xncn--dnhv Ipn-Ipm-I-Ww. \qdn-s\{X F \nc-nepw \qdns\ B[mc-am-nbpw hyXy-kvX k`--fn hkvXp-X-Isf hni-Zo-I-cn-p-Xv Ffp--am-Wv Fv a\-n-emp--tXmsS kzm`m-hnI k`--fn- iX-am\w D]-tbm-Kn-m Ipnbpw {ian-pw.
iX-am-\s NXp-c-hp-ambn _-s-Spn Nn{Xo-I-cn-p-tm Hcp kwJy GXns F{X iX-am\-sav a\-n-em-m Ipn-Iv km[n-p-p.
iX-am-\-ns hyXykvX Xe- Xncn--dn-bm-\p Ah-kcw (\o-fw, `mcw, Db-cw)etc. IpnIv e`n--Ww.

hnjz amXvkv

27

10 x 20 s {KnUn-tev Sodns \nt-i--\p-k-cnv

{Itbm-Wp-I, kvsIv t]\-I D]-tbm-Knv hyXykvX \nd-tjmbvUnwKv \nt-i- hmbn-q. at\m-l-c-amb Hcp
]q-f-ns Nn{Xw e`n-p Xc-n \nt-i-
hmbnv \ndw \Imtam?
tjb-UnwKv
1 {KnUns
2 {KnUns
3 {KnUns
4 {KnUns
5 {KnUns

\nt-i-
6% Nph ]q
2% hb-ev ]q
1% a ]q
3% \oe ]q
24% Hmdv ]q

hnjz amXvkv

iX-am\w F Bi-b-h-X-c-W-n\v TB bnse {]h-\ sNbvX-Xn\v tijw Cu {]h-\w \Ip-I.

bqWnv : iX-am\w (\q-dn-se-{X)

Bibw :
iX-am\w hnhn[ Xe--fn ]cn-N-b-s-Sp--Xn\v
kma-{Kn-I :
20 x 20 s {KnUp-I, {Itbm-Wp-I, kvsIv s]
]q-f-sam-cpmw :

28

Ipn-I Ahn-jvS-s coXn-bn

Nn{Xwhc-bv-s.
Hmtcm Ah-b-h-fp-sSbpw tjbvUv
sNt If--fpsS Fw {Inbm coXn-bntem / atm Isn tcJs-Sp-n-b-Xn\v tijta \ndw \Im ]mSp-q.
BcpsS ]q-f-amWv Ghpw at\m-lcw? Fp-sImv?
\nn ]mt hne-bn-cp-m-\p kqN-I- Isn ]c-kv]c
hne-bn-cp--en\v hnt[-b-am--Ww.
Assksa v : apI-fn \Inb tjUnwKv \nt-i-
]menp sImv Unssk amn at\m-l-c-amb asmcp ]qfw
\nn-mtam?
mkn-semcp acw
mknse Ipn-I 2 {Kqp-I-fmbn Xncn-bp-p. So apIqn \Inb km[-\-
{]Zin-nv Hmtcm-n-sbpw \nnX iX-am\w F{X-bm-sWv Isn ]c-kv]cw ]d-bm
Bh-iy-s-Sp-p. ]cn-tim-[nv t_m[y-s-Sp-p.
hyXykvX km[-\- ao kvsIbn, \q, t] kv{Snp-I, s_ns apI`mKw, sNdnb kvsIbn, hrw, tai-bpsS apI`mKw ........
AS-bm-f-s-Sp-t iX-am-\-
25%, 50%, 75%, 20%, 10%, ................................................................

hnjz amXvkv

29

So-tdmSv
{]mtbm-KnI Pohn-X-hp-ambn _-s-p-m-Ip av kml-N-cy- ]cn-N-b-s-Sp-m\m-h-iy-amb {]h-\- \Ip-atm?
DZm:- Hcp ao-dns 10% F{X? (10 C. M)
Hcp aWn-q-dns 50% F{X?
(1/2 aWn-q = 30 an\p-v)
Hcp In. {Kmans 25% F{X?
(1/4 In. {Kmw = 250 {Kmw)
Hcp cq]-bpsS 20% F{X?
(20 ss]k)
adp iX-am\w
Bibw : 100 Xmsg-bp \nnX iX-am\w ]dp Ign-m 100 _mn-bp-XmWv adp iX-am\w
kma-{Kn-I :
Htc `nw tjbvUv sNbvX 2 hoXw ImUp-I-fpsS 5 skp-I
(2 ImUp-Ipw Htc hen-w, cnepw Htc `nw)
DZm : 7/10, 16/20, 12/25, 25/50, 2/5 XpS-nb `n-
{]h\ {Iaw.
So Hcp tPmUn ImUp-I-fn Hmtcmv Hmtcm {Kqp-I-fn-embn \Ip-p.
Hcp {Kqv tjUv sNbvX `mKw F{X iX-am-\-sav Is-p-p.(10 {KqpIv) (]-n-I-bn-tev tcJ-s-Sp-p-p.)
DSs\ CXns adp-i-X-am\w e`n {Kqp-Im ]d-bp-p, ]n-I-bn-se-gp-Xp-p,
{]h\w XpS-cp-p.

hnjz amXvkv

30

]nI hni-I-e\w \Sn Hmtcm-n-sbpw iX-am-\hpw adpi-X-am-\hpw t_m[y-s-Sp-p.

ta{]-h-\-p tijw ImUp-I-fpsS klmb-an-msX adp-i-X-am\w ]d-bm Ipn-Iv Ign-bp
hn[-n {]h-\--sfm-cp--Ww.

`nw

{Kqv 1 iX-am\w {Kqv 2 iX-am\w

7/10
............

70%
..........

..........

............

............

............

30%

hnjz amXvkv

31

bqWnv :- iX-am\w
Bibw :-
Hcp kwJy-bpsS \nn-X-i-X-am\w ImWp--Xn\v
\nn-X-i-X-am-\-n \npw kwJy Is-p-Xn\v
kma-{Kn-I :
10 x 10 {KnUv (k]mn \nn--Xv)
]n, NcSv
iX-am\w NXp-c-n
t^mw t_mUn 10 x 10 {KnUv Xmdmn Hcp
hiv 10/20, 30, ......... XpS kw-Jy-Ifpw at
hiv 10, 20, 30, .......... 100 {Ia-n
iX-am-\hpw FgpXn {Iao-I-cn-p-p.
40 s 50% F{X-bmWv?
Ipn-I Dcw Isn ]d-bp-p.
Is-nb hgn hni-Zo-I-cn-p-p.
XpSv
40 s 30% F{X-bm-Wv ?
Duln-m-\-h-kcw
Ah-X-c-Ww.

80
70
60
50
40
30
20

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

10
Ism-\p hgn So N-bn-eqsS Is-p-p.
40 s 50% Is-m {KnUnse 40 Hcp Nc-Sp-d-n- 10 20
30 40 50 60
p-I. {KnUnse 50% asmcp Nc-Sp-d-n-p-I. cp
NcSpw tNp-m-p NXpcw ]cn-N-b-s-Sp-p-p. NXp-c-nse If--fpsS Fw
Is-p-p. apv Is-nb D-chpw If--fpsS Fhpw Xn-ep _w

hnjz amXvkv

32

n
n
n
n

N
asmcp DZm-l-c-W-n-eqsS Dulw ZrV-s-Sp-p-p.
XpSv
40 s 30% {KnUv D]-tbm-Knv NXp-c-fpsS Fw Xn-s-Spn 12
BsWv Duln-p-p.
n
IqSp-X DZm-l-c-W- Isn ]cn-tim-[\
kwJy iX-am\w Dcw
n
{Kqn
40
30%
40x30/100=12
n
]n-I-s-Sp-
-------------DZm-l-c-W--fpsS {Inbm-coXn N sNp-p.
----- ----------40 s 50% = 40 x 50/100 = 20
? 40s 50% hpw 50s 40% hpw Is-q.
? Fsnepw {]tXy-I-X-bp-tm?
(Iq-Sp-X DZm-l-c-W--fn-eqsS \nK-a-\-n-se-m So {in--Ww)
? 12 GsXmw kwJy-bpsS GsXms iX-am-\-am-Wv ?
Isn tcJ-s-Spn ]n-I-s-Sp-pI.
12 hnkvXoW-ap hnhn[ NXp-c- ]cn-K-Wn-m
AXns \ofhpw hoXnbpw Xn-ep _w.

NXpcw
iX-am\w
4 x 3 = 12 40 x 30% = 12
3 x 4 = 12 30 x 40 = -----

CXv t]mep IqSpX {]h-\ t^mwt_mUv D]-tbm-Knv

sNp-atm?

hnjz amXvkv

33

kwJym-temIw
KWn-X-sa-Xv km-tZ-iob `mj-bm-Wv. ]qPyw apX HXp hsc-bp ]---fmWv
Cu `mj-bnse en]n-I. Npp-]m-Sns\ KWnX Nn-tbmsS hymJym-\n-m Ignhv t\Snb IpnIv am{Xta mkv apdn-bnepw ]pdpw B-hn-izm-k-tmsS apt-dm km[n-q.
kwJym-t_m-[hpw kwJy-I-fps-Sp {Inb-Ifpw aphjfn {Ia-ambn Ipn-I ]cnN-b-s-n-p-v. henb kwJy-I Ds-Sp {Inb-I ]e-tmgpw Ipn-I sXmbn sNp-Xv
\n {in-n-p-m-Ipw. kwJy-Isf {]Xn-\n-[m\w sNp {]iv\-k-`- a\-kn Zriyh-cn-msX tIhew kwJy-Is
- fbpw {Inb-Is
- fbpw Ipdnp am{Xw Nn ]cn-an-Xs
- -Sp-pXmWv
Cu sXp-Im-[mcw Fv {]iv\-hn-i-I-e\w \S-n-bm t_m[y-s-Spw.
bYm-n kwJy-I-fnse NXp-c-Zi-\-amWv Ipn-Ip-m-tI--Xv. cp kwJy-IfpsS KpW-\-sa-Xv Hcp NXp-c-ns hnkvXo-ambn kev]n-m Ipn-Iv Ign-bWw .
hnkvXo-nse bqWnp I-I-fpsS {Iao-I-cWw {Inbm-co-Xnv A\p-tbm-Py-am-sWv Xncn--dnbp Ipn {ItaW hnkvXo-n \nv hi--fpsS \of- Is-p-Xv Xs-bmWv lcW-sapw a\-n-em-p-p.
KpW-\-n\pw lc-W-n\pw BZy-L--n- C-c-n-ep Pyman-Xob hoWw \Ip-Xn-eqsS KpW-\-n-sbpw lc-W-n-sbpw AtKm-cnXw kzmb--am-m-\p Ignhpw Hw
Db Xe-n-ep {]iv\-\n[m-cW tijnbpw Ipn-Iv kz-am-Ip-p. kwJy-Iv NXp-cZi\w \In KWn-X-]-T\ ]mX-bn B-hn-izm-k-taIn \apv Ipn-Isf aptmv \S-mw.

hnjz amXvkv

34

bqWnv : kwJymtemIw
cq]o-I-cn-t Bi-b-
Hcp kwJysb AXns m\-hne A\p-k-cnv ]ncn-s-gp-Xm Ignbpw.
.hnI-kn-t Ign-hp-I
Hcp kwJysb m\-hne A\p-k-cnv hoXn-s-gp-Xp--Xn\v .
kma-{Kn-I : 6 \nd--fn-ep tSm-Wp-I.
tSm kwJym-Ifn
m\-hn-e-bp-ambn _-s Hcp Ifn-bm-Wn-Xv. 6 hyXykvX \nd-fnep tSm thWw.

5 {Kqp-I Hmtcm {Kqn\pw 15 tSm hoXw

FSp-mw. Fm-hcpw FSpp Ign tijw
Hmtcm \nd-nsbpw m\-hne So ]d-bpp. Innb tSm GXv kwJyv Xpey-amsWv Ipn-I t\mp-_p-n Fgp-Xp-p. Hmtcm
{Kqpw Ah-Xc
- n-n-p-p. m\ hne ]n-Ib
- n
So t{ImUnI-cn-pp. CtX kabw apgp-h
Ipn-Ifpw hyn-KX
- a
- mbn X-fp-sSbpw ap {KqpI-fp-sSbpw kwJy-I Ah-c-h-cpsS m\hne
]n-I-bn-tev t{ImUo-I-cn-p-p.
tSm FSp-pXn\p \ntiw
Fm-bn-cn-pw.
Fm If-dp-Ifpw Hs-nepw FSp--Ww.
Hcp If ]c-am-h[n 5 IqSp-X FSp--cp-Xv.

hnjz amXvkv

5mw mknse kwJymtemIw A[ym-b-nse ]ncns-gpXmw {]h-\-n\v

tijw tSm kwJym
Ifn \S-m-hp--Xm-Wv.

?GsX-nepw m\v
]qPyw hc-Ws
- a-n \nti-n Fp amw
hcpWw?

35

Ghpw henb kwJy Innb {Kqn\v 10 t]mbnpw cm-as

henb kwJybvv 9 t]mbnpw \Ip-p. AXn Ipd-bp-tm
Hmtcm m\n\v Hmtcm t]mbn v Ipdhv Fn-s\ t]mbn v
\Ip-p.
t^mamv
{Kqv

m\-hne
ew ]Xn-\m-bncw Bbncw

\qdv

]v

Hv

kwJy

t]mbn v

Ghpw Ipd t]mbn v Innb Bv Ghpw IqSp-X t]mbn v

Inm m\-hne Fn-s\ amdWw?
IqSp-X Innb Bv Ghpw Ipd-Xv Inmt\m?

hnjz amXvkv

36

Bibw :
Hcp kwJysb c kwJy sImv KpWn-p--Xn\v
kma-{Kn-I : m\-hn-e-nv
KpW-\-ns NXpcw
Amw mknse kwJym-temIw A[ym-b-nse
KpW-\-{]-h-\- Ah-X-cn-n-p--Xn\v aptm-Snbmbn Cu {]h\w sNm-hp--Xm-Wv.
4 coXn-bn-ep I-I Dv. Ch Fn-s\-bmWv kqNnn-p-Xv?
Ch D]-tbm-Knv F-s\-bmWv Hcp kwJysb
kqNnnpI?

1
10

100

1000

= 1232

hnjz amXvkv

37

Hcp {]iv\ ]cn-l-c-W-ns `mK-ambn hcp KpW-\-{Inb

hni-I-e-\-n-\mWv CXp-]-tbm-Kn-p--Xv.
FmWv c--kw-Jy-bpsS KpW-\s Ipdnv Ipnv
Dm-bn-cn-t {]mY-anI [mc-W.
10 s\ 10 sImv KpWn-m 100 BWv.
10 s\ 1 sImv KpWn-m 10 BWv.
1 s\ 1 sImv KpWn-m 1 BWv.
10, 1I tNv Hcp 10 s I-bmIpw
10, 10I tNv Hcp 100 s I-bm-Ipw.
10, 100 I tNv Hcp 1000 s I-bm-Ipw.

Nn{Xo-I-cWw Fs\?
x

10

10

100

10
10

15x 10

Innse I-I D]-tbm-Knmw

15

1x 10 = 10

1
1

1x 1= 1

tcJ-s-Sp-
Fs\? 15 x 10 =
15x 10 = 150

10

10x 10= 100

10x 10+ 5x 10= 150

hnjz amXvkv

10x 10 = 100
5x 10 = 50
150
10 x
15
50
100
150
38

Cu coXn-bn Bib
cq]o-I-cWw \S-m
XpSv kwJy-I D]tbm-Knv kzbw Nn{Xo-Icn-m Ign-tb--Xp-v.

13x 12 Bbmtem? 13
1 1

10

1
13 x
12
13x 10 = 130 26
13
156

10
12
1

13x 2 = 26

1
I-I CmsX CXns\ Fs\ Nn{Xo-I-cn-m Ignbpw?
]v
Hv
13 x 12 = 100+ 30+ 20+ 6
= 130 + 26 = 156
3
1
]v
Hv

100

30

20

13x
12
26
13
156

CXn \nv {Inb-bpsS Fgpv

coXn-bn-tev hcp-tm
Fsmw CS-s]-S-ep-I-fmWv
thXv?
Fp sImv aqv 10 s m\v FgpXn
Fv Ipnv ]d-bm Ign-bp-ptm?

10 s m\p \nv XpSn KpW-\-^ew ImWp coXn

]cn-N-b-s-Sp-p-atm?
DZm: 13 x12 = 13 x10 + 13 x12 = 130 + 26 = 156

hnjz amXvkv

39

Bibw : lcWw
(l-cW {Inbm coXn ]cn-N-b-s-Sp--Xn-\v)
kma-{Kn-I : sbvkv hmeyq Inv
100, 10, 1 cq]m Ifn-t\m-p-I
hoXw hbvmw Amw mknse kwJym-temIw A[ym-n lc-W-{]-h-\- Ah-X-cnn-p--Xn\v aptm-Sn-bmbn Cu {]h\w \Imw.
8
2
So 8 cq]m t\mp-I 2 t]v Xpey-ambn hoXnv \Ip-p. Hmtcm-cp-pw e`n-p
t\mp-I ]cn-tim-[n-p-p.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
8
1
Hmtcmv hoXw 2 t]v \I
Hcmv F{X XhW e`np? ( 4 Xh-W)
4
So : KWn-X-{Inb ]cn-N-b-s-Sp-p-p.
2
8
XpSv
8
96
4
0
So 96 Hcp cq]m t\mp-I Hmtcmv hoXw 4 t]v Xpey-ambn hoXn-p--Xns {]mtbmKnI _pn-apv N sNp-p. XpSv Hcp cq]bvv ]Icw 10 cq]m t\mp-I D]-tbm-Knv
hoXw hbv

.
.

.
.

10
10
10

10
10
10

10 1 1
10 1 1
10 1 1

} BsI

hnjz amXvkv

40

Hcmv Inp-Xv
(F-Spp am)

1
10
10

2
10
10

3
10
10

4
10
10

8 x 10 = 80

_mn hcp-Xv
10 1 1 1 1 1
16
16 cq] 4 t]v hoXw hbvm Hcp ]ns\ Hp-I-fmn ampI
Hcmv Inp--Xv 4 Hcp cq]-I
So ap{]-h-\-hp-ambn _-s-Spn lcW {Inbm coXn
]cn-N-b-s-Sp-p-p.
24
96 .. 4
4
96
96 .. 4
= 24
8
16
16
0
XpSv CtX {]h\w sbvkv hmeyq Inv D]-tbm-Knv lc-W-{]-{Inb ]cn-N-b-s-Sp-p-p.

BsI 96

4 t]v F{X ]p-I Inpw?

2

(2 x 10 = 20)

hnjz amXvkv

41

_mn hcp-Xv

16

Hcp ]ns\ 10 -HpI-fmn amn hoXw hm Hcmv e`n-p-Xv

(4 x 1 = 4)
96 s\ 4 t]v Xpey-ambn hoXw shm Hcmv e`n-p-Xv

(24)

96 bqWnv hnkvXo-ap NXp-c-ns hoXn 4 bqWnmn-bm \ofw F{X-bmWv?

96 bqWnv hnkvXo-ap NXp-c-n\v 12 bqWnv \of-ap-s-n B NXp-c-ns hoXn
F{X-bmWv?
So-tdmSv :
So Ifn-t\m-p-]t- bm-Knv {]h\w \S-n-bX
- n\p tijw sbvkv hmeyqInv
D]-tbm-Knv AtX {]h\w Bcw-`n-t--Xm-Wv.
Sov Bh-iy-sa-n IqSp-X DZm-l-c-W- ]cn-tim-[n-mw.
Ah-km\w \In-bn-cp-Xp t]mep tNmZy--fn-eqsS FSpp am-ens
AtKmcnXw Ipn-Isf t_m[y-s-Sp-t--Xm-Wv.

hnjz amXvkv

42

mkv 5

bqWnv : `mK--fpsS kwJy

Rm\mcv?
kma-{Kn-I : {^m Inv
NXp-cw, hrw, {XntIm-Ww, ka-N-Xpcw Fo cq]- (k]m-Iv, FIvkjo-v,
ImUvt_mUn n t] Hn--Xv). Ch-bn Xm-dm-nb `n-sf kqNn-n-p-h
Ah-bpsS]q-cq-]--fp-w.
`mKw `mKw
Awiw 1 hcp `n--sfbpw `n--fmbn Fgp-Xm Ign-bm Nn{X--sfbpw ]cn-N-b-sSp-p--Xn\v 4mw mkns XpS-bmbn ]mT-`m-K-ns XpS--n Cu {]h\w
\Im-hp--Xm-Wv.
Hmtcm- c p- pw e`n- p
hn[w {Kqn cq]- \Ipp. (Awiw 1 hcp-h Hcp
IjWw \nd-hy-Xym-k-ap-m-IWw)
apgp- h hkv X p- h ns F{X
`mKs kqNn-n-pp Fv
{Kqnse apgp-h AwK-fpw
Ah- X - c n- n- p- p. CXns
Nn{Xw hc-p-p. In--S-emkn Hmtcm-cp-cpw CXv apdns-Spv t^mv t^mfn-tbm-hntev tiJ-cn-p-p.

hnjz amXvkv

43

bqWnv : `mK--fpsS kwJy

cq]o-I-cn-t Bi-b-
1 s \nn-X-`m-K-sbpw Iq-ns \nnX `mK-sbpw `n-kwJy D]-tbm-Knv kqNn-nmw. Iq-ns \nnX `mK-sf 1 s \nnX `mK-hp-ambn _-s-Spn ]d-bm Ignbpw
(Hns 2/3 `mKhpw 2s 1/3 `mKhpw Xpey-am-bn-cn-pw)
Hcp `n-kw-Jysb Hns `mK-ambpw Iq-ns `mK-ambpw ]d-bpXn\v
kma-{Kn-I :
2/3 ao \of-ap Hcp do , do-dns 2 aS-v, Hcp ao 2 ao \of-ap Nc-Sp-I Htc
hen--ap hr--fn Hmtcm-n-s\bpw 3 Bbn `mKn Ij-W-.
do-dns \ofw
TB: t]Pv \w. 45 ]e ]e Nc-Sp-I F {]h-\h
- p-ambn _-sSpn Cu
{]h\w \Smw
{Kqn do sImSp-p-p. do-dns Cc-n-bp
NcSv sImSp-p-p. Cu Ib sImv do-dns \ofw
Af--Ww.

Nc-Sns ]Ip-Xn-bmWv do-dns

\ofw Fv Xncn--dn-bm
mkn Fsmw {]{In-b-I
\S-Ww?

Nc-Sns 1/2 `mK-amWv dn-dns \ofw

hnjz amXvkv

44

CXv Hcp ao \of-ap Nc-Sm-Wv. Cu NcSv

sImv do-dns \of-a-f-pI
Nc-Sns \of-ns F{X `mK-amWv do-dns
\ofw

do-dns \ofw Nc-Snsb{X-bn-. ]IpXn-tb-m IqSp-X-em-Wv. 3/4 `mKw C.

2/3 `mK-amWv F-Xn-tev N \bn-Ww.

do-dns \ofw Nc-Sns \of-ns 2/3 `mK-am-Wv.

AXm-bXv 2/3 ao-dm-Wv.

hnjz amXvkv

45

bqWnv : `mK--fpsS kwJy

cq]n--cn-t Bi-b- :

Hns \nnX `mKs kqNn-np-XmWv `n-kwJy

BsI `mK--fpsS Fs tOZ-ambpw ]cn-K-Wn `mK--fpsS Fs

Awi-ambpw ]d-bp-p.
kma-{Kn-I tNv hbvmw
hrs 1/3, 1/4, 2/3, 1/5 Fn-s\ `mKn Ij-W- Hcp hrs Xpey-am-m 6
`mK--fmbn apdn-s-Sp Ij-W- (Hcp {Kpn\v Hcp skv hoXw )
Hmtcm {Kqn\pw Hcp skv hr-`m-K- \Ip-p. Ch
Hmtcm hr-fpw t\mp
tNv hv 4 hr- Dm-p-I.
-_p-n hc-bv-Ww.
~ Hcp IjWw sXsc-s-Spv
Acw 6 IjW tNv
hr-am-mtam? CXv hcv t\mnbmtem?
Bdp Ij-W- tNv Dmn Innb Hcp IjWw
1/6 A Fv Fs\ t_m[y-s-Spp?
? Dmn-b-h-bn Htc hep--ap Ij-W- shv
Dmn-bXv GsXmw?
? Hmtcm-nepw F{X Ij-W- hmWv hr-ap-m-nbXv?
? Hmtcm Ij-Whpw hr-ns F{X `mK-amWv?

hnjz amXvkv

46

Hmtcm `n-kw-Jysbbpw AXv kqNn-n-p Nn{X-n Fgp-Xp-a-tm.

NXpc {KnUnepw Cu {]h\w sNmw.
NXp-cs 3/4, 1/2, 2/3, 5/6, 3/8, 7/10 Bbn `mKnv Hcp `mKw sjbvUv sNbvX ImUp-I
{Kqn \Ip-p. Hmtcmpw kqNn-n-p `n-kwJy Fgp-Xp-p.
t\mp-_p-n hcv ImWn-p-p.

5/8, 9/10, 7/12 XpS-n-bh NXpcw hcv sjbvUv sNbvXp ImWn-p-p.

Htc `n-kwJy hyXykvX coXn-bn hcv ImWn-p-p.

`mK- tNv shv ]cn-tim-[nmw

1/2
{^mIvj UnkvIv \nmWw

Aym-]n-Ibpw Ipn-Ifpw tNv mnIv dnPnUv jov hnhn[ \nd-f

- n, sktm-tSv
Ch D]-tbm-Knv `n-cq-]
- \nn-p-p. Hcp apgp-h cq]-tm-sSmw aSn `nkwJy
kqNn-n-m Ign-bp-p.
`ntm-ao-
ImUv t_mUntem XSn-bntem {Km^v t] Hnv `ntm-ao- \nn-p-p.
(Nn{Xw IqSn ]cn-tim-[n--Ww)
`ntm-ao--dn F-s\-bmWv `n-kwJy tcJ-s-Sp-pI?

N
XpSv So Htm ctm `n-kw-Jy-I AXn {]Zin-n-p-p.
Hmtcm Ipnpw {KnUv t] \Ip-p.
So 1/2 \p Xpey-am-bXpw Am--Xp-amb ]v `n-kw-Jy-I \Ip-p. (1/2,
1/3, 1/4, 2/3, 3/4, 3/6, 4/8, 5/8, 2/6, 3/7)
\Inb `n-kw-Jy-I-fn 1/2t\m sNdpXpw hep-Xp-amb `n-kw-Jy-I Gh?

hnjz amXvkv

47

Ipn-I {KnUn sNbvX Imcyw Sov `ntm-ao--dn \qev shv

t_m[y-s-Sp-mw.
hncn-hn hcp hyXymkw Fp sImsv Ipn-I Ctm
Xncn--dn-tb--Xn-.
GXp `n-`n--kw-Jy-I-sfbpw CXp-t]mse Xmc-Xayw sNm-\p
Ah-k-c-sam-cp--Ww.

Xpey-`n-- Htc tcJ-bn-em-bn-cn-pw.

1/2 Xpey-amb `n- tN hcbvv apI-fn-ep AXn-t\m hepXpw Xmsg-bp-h AXn-t\- sNdp-Xp-am-bn-cn-pw.
hncnhv IqSp-w tXmdpw kwJy-bpsS henw IqSpw.
`n-kw-Jy-I tcJ-s-Sp-nb tijw 1/2 Xpey-am-bXpw sNdpXpw
hep-Xp-am-bXpw Is-p-p.
1/2 \v Xpey-am-b `n- tcJ-s-Spn ]qPy-n \nv B
`n- hcp _np--fn-eqsS Hcp hc hc-bvp-I..
?{KnUv ]cn-tim-[nv Fv \nK-a-\-n-semw?
{KnUnse `n-kw-Jybpw ]n-I-bnse `n-kw-Jy-bpsS hen-hpw
`ntm-ao--dn Xmc-Xayw sNm Ign-bp-ptm?

hnjz amXvkv

48

---------------------------------

---------------------------------

---------------------------------

---------------------------------

---------------------------------

---------------------------------

6 ------------------------------------5 ------------------------------------4 ------------------------------------Awiw

(]-cn-KW
- n
`mK-fpsS
Fw)

3 ------------------------------------2 ------------------------------------1/2

1/3

1/4

1 ------------------------------------0

3 4 5 6
2
tOZw (BsI `mK--fpsS Fw)
Hmtcm Ipn-Ipw {Km^v t] \In Ah ]Tn Af-hp-I-fnse `n-kw-Jy-Isf XmcXayw sNp-Xv Fs\? N-bn-eqsS Xpey-`n-- Is-p-p. `n-kw-Jy-Isf Xmc-Xayw
sNp-tm 1/2 s hncnhpw 1/3 s hncnhpw hyXymkw hcpXv Is-p-p. (]q-Py-n
BWn-bn NcSv Dd-nv CXv t_m[y-s-Sp-p.)
Af-hnse _w
2/3 ao UkvIn AS-bm-f-s-Sp-n-bn-cn-p-p. Hcp hkvXp mkn {]Zin-n-p-p.
CXns \ofw 1 ao Nc-Sv, 2 ao NcSv D]-tbm-Knv Af-p-tm 1 ao-dns 2/3 `mK-am-sWpw
2 ao D]-tbm-Knv Af-p-tm CtX \ofw 2 ao-dns 1/3 BsWpw Xncn--dn-bp-p.
3/4 ao \of-ap hkvXp 1 ao NcSpw 3 ao NcSpw D]-tbm-Knv Afv _w Is-p-I.
(Cu {]h-\-n\p tijw t]Pv 46 se ]pXnb coXn-I F {]h\w sNmw)

hnjz amXvkv

49

bqWnv : `n--fpsS m\w

Bi-b-
1. Zimw-i-coXn a\-kn-em-p--Xn\v
2. \ofw, D-f-hv, `mcw, hnkvXow Fo Af-hp-I-fn Zimw-i-kwJy D]-tbm-Kn-p--Xn\v
3. Af-hp-I D]-tbm-Knv Zimw-i-kw-Jy-I Ds-Sp eLp-{]-iv\- \n[m-cWw sNp-Xn-\v.
{]h-\- 1. Zimwi Inv \nm-Ww.
]mT-]p-kvX-I-nse Bib cq]o-I-cW {]h-\-n\p tijw sNm-hp Hcp {]h-\-amWn-Xv. NXp-cm-Ir-Xn-bn-ep Hcp ImUvt_mUv FSpv AXns\ ]v ka-`m-K--fmbn tcJs-Sp-p-p. XpSv sNdnb `mK--\p-k-cnv t] n-dp-I Dm-p-p. t]
n ImUvt_mUn-sem-nv 1/10 s\ Xncn--dn-bm-hp--Xm-Wv. Hmtcm Ipnpw CXp t]mse
ImUvt_mUpw t] ndpw Dmn Zimw-i- Inv \nn-m-hp--Xm-Wv. `n cq]-n
\nv Zimw-i-cq-]-n Fgp-Xp {]h-\-n\v CXv klm-b-I-am-Ipw.

1/10

1/100

hnjz amXvkv

50

2. {K^v _pn Zimwiw

10 x 10 s {Km^v {KnUv Fm Ipn-Ipw \Ip-p. So ]d-bp Zimwi kwJy-I
Ipn-I sjbvUv sNp-p. XpSv B Zimw-i-kw-Jy-I Ipn-I sjbvUv sNp-p.
XpSv B Zimwi kwJy-Isf Btcm-lW{Iaw / Ah-tcm-l-W-{Iaw {Iao-I-cn-p-p.
3. k-e-\w, hyh-I-e\w {Inb-I

Place value kit {Kqn \Ip-p.

Place value kit se cq]- D]-tbm-Knv k-e\w, hyh-Ie\w Ch sNp-p. Ch-bpsS \ndw sImSp Nn{Xw
{Km^vt]--dn hc-p-p.

1/10 1/100
1
4. I-I sImv {Inb sNmw
A]-{K-Y\ tNmZy--fpsS {Inbm k`-n Cu {]h\w Ah-X-cn-n-m-hp--Xm-Wv.
hyh-I-e-\-n BIp-tm Hns\ s]mfnv 10 ]n-sem-p-I
Bn amm\pw {Inbm cq]w kzmb--am-m\pw Ign-bp-p. CXpt]mse 10 \qdn-sem-p-I tNv 1/10 tepw t]mIp-p.
1.75 aodpw 1.25 aodpw tNcp-tm 3 ao F Bi-b-n\v
Iptd IqSn sa-amb Hcp Zriym-\p-`hw Cu k`-n Dm-Ip-p.

hnjz amXvkv

51

bqWnv : `n--fpsS m\w

Bi-b- :

Zimw-i-coXn a\-kn-em-p--Xn\v

\ofw, D-f-hv, `mcw, hnkvXow Fo Af-hp-I-fn Zimw-i-kwJy D]tbm-Kn-p--Xn-\v.

Af-hp-I D]-tbm-Knv Zimw-i-kw-Jy-I Ds-Sp eLp{]iv\-

\nl-cWw sNp--Xn-\v.
kma-{Kn-I :-

{Km^v _pv, t^mwt_mUn, 1, 1/10, 1/100 Dm-nb skv.

{]h\w : Zimw-i-kw-Jy-I {Km^v_p-n
Z-imw-i-coXn a\-kn-em-p--Xn\v Af-hp-I-fp-ambn _-sv ]mT-]p-kvX-I--fnse {]h-\-fpsS XpS-bmbn Zimw-i-kw-Jy-I-fpsS Xmc-X-ayw. F {]h-\-n\p apv \IWw.
4/5 AwK-{Kq-n 10 x 10 {Km^v t]-dn 30, 25, 40, 50, 5 Fn-s\ If \ndw \In
\Ip-p.
30/100 s\ 3/10 Fpw ImWm Ign-bp
hn[-n-em-bn-cn-Ww \ndw \tI--Xv.
40/100 = 4/10 = 0.4, 0.40 Fpw N-bn
cq]-sp hcWw
30/100 = 3/10 = 0.3, 0.30 Fv N sN-Ww.
XpSv DZm: 40/100 N sNmw.
40/100 = 4/10 = 0.4 = 0.40

hnjz amXvkv

52

Hmtcm Ipnpw 10 x 10 s {KnUv \In CjvSw t]mse \ndw sImSp-m \nt-in-p-p.

XpSv 4/5 AwK {Kqmbn Hmtcm {Kqn\pw e`n Nn{X- ]cn-tim-[nv Zimw-i-cq-]-n-emn
Btcm-l-W-{I-a-n-em-p-p.

( 10 Xmsg Fw If- Dm-hm {in--Ww.) 40/100 FXv 0.40 Fpw 4/100

FXv 0.04 Fpw Fgp-Xp--Xns s]mcpfpw Zimw-i-kw-Jy-I-fpsS Xmc-X-ayhpw Cu {]h\-n-eqsS km[y-am-Ip-p.
Zimw-i-kw-Jy-I-fpsS k-e\w/ hyh-I-e\w
\of-hp-ambn _-s-Spn {]mtbm-Kn-I-{]-iv\- ]qn-bmn ]p\:{Iao-I-cWw hcp
k`-n Ipn-I \nn sbvkv hmeyq Inv D]-tbm-Kn-pw Cu {]h\w sNm-hp-Xm-Wv.

1/100
1/10
1
2.7 + 1.5 XpI ImtWn hcp-tm 2 + 1 = 3 Dw 7 ]n-sem-p-Ifpw 5 ]n-sem-p-Ifpw
tNv 10 ]n-sem-p-I-fm-Ip-tm CXn \nv 10 Fw tNv 1 BIp-p. Ans\ 4
Dw 2/10 AXm-bXv 4.2 Fv Is-p-p.

hnjz amXvkv

53

Zimwiw
`n-kw-Jy-bpsS asmcp Fgpp cq]-amWv Zimw-i-kw-Jy. Fkw-Jy-Isf IqSp-X
km-am-p-Xv Zimw-ic
- o-Xn-bn KWn-Xk
-
- `-sf Nn{Xo-Ic
- n-p-tm-gm-Wv. CS-tm-p-am{Xw10
s KpWn-X
- f
- mbn hyh-lc
- n-n-cp m\-hnen-Ib
- psS he-tm-p hnImkw Ipn-I BZyam-bn-t_m-[y-s-Sp-I-bmWv Cu bqWn-n-eq-sS.
{Inb sNpI FXv tIhew hnZy-I-fmbn am{Xw ]cn-an-X-s-p-t]m-Ip kYn-Xn-hn-tijw
Nne-bn-S-fn-se-nepw Cv \ne-\np-p-v. k`w Dsmv {]iv\w hni-I-e\w sNbvXv
\n[m-c-W-ns hgnv Nnn-p-tm Xs \S-t--Xm-Wv {]iv\s Zriy-h-cn-pI
F-Xv. ]Icw tIhew kwJy-Isf Ipdnpw, {Inb-Isf Ipdnpw, X\n-d- n-bm-hp hnZysbpdnpw
Nn ]cn-an-X-s-pt]m-Ip--XmWv sXmb \n[m-c-W-n-tev \bn-pXv. `n-kw-Jysb Zimwi-kw-Jy-bn-tev amp-tm-gp Bi-b-p-gw Zimw-i-kw-Jy-I-fnse hep-Xv, sNdpXv Fnh Xncn-dn-bm-Xn-cn-p-I, {Inb-I-fn m\-hne sXmbn Fgp-XpI Fn-h-sbms Bi-b-cq-]o-I-c-Wn-ep CS-sb-bmWv kqNn-n-p--Xv.
NXp-c-ns ]c--f-hp--ambn _-s-Spn Zimw-i-kw-Jy- Ah-X-cn-n-m {ian-p-I-bmWn-hn-sS. NXpchpambn _-s-Spn Zimw-i-kw-Jy-I-fpsS KpW-\hpw lc-Whpw Ah-X-cn-n-ptm Bi-b-{K-l-W-tm-sSmw Ch-bpsS AtKm-cn-Xhpw Xncn--dn-bm Ipn-Iv km[n-pp. k-e-\, KpW-\, lc-W-{In-b-I Htc kabw Xs Nn{Xo-I-cnpw {Inb sNbvXpw t_m[y-sSm-\p Ah-k-c- e`n-p-tm Bi-b-Xew Dsmp Xs {]iv\-\n[m-cWw \S-m\p Ign-hmWv Ipn-Ip-m-hp-I. Cu ImgvN-m-tSm-sS-bmWv Cu bqWn-nse {]h-\-
Nn-s-Sp-n-bn-cn-p--Xv. Cu {]h-\- ]qo-I-cn-p-tm `n-kw-Jy-sb-m efnXhpw, kuI-cy-{]-Zhpw Zimw-i-kw-Jy-I-fm-b-Xn-\m-e-mWv h-am\ KWnX k`--fn Zimwiw
IqSp-X-embn D]-tbm-K-s-Sp-p--Xv Fv Ipn-I Xs Is-pw.

hnjz amXvkv

54

mkv 6
bqWnv : Zimw-i-coXn
Bibw : Zimw-i-kw-Jy-I Xn KpWn-p--Xn\v
hnkvXow ImWmw
Cu {]h\w Zimw-i-kw-Jy-I-fpsS KpW-\-{Inbm coXn Xncn--dn-bp--Xn\p thn-bp--Xm-Wv.
BZy-L--n {Inbm-coXn Xncn--dn-bp--Xn\p thn-bp--Xm-Wv. BZy-L--n {Inbm-co-Xnsb
Pyman-Xob ImgvN-m-Sn-eqsS Is-m-\p Ah-k-c-sam-cp-p-I-bm-Wzn-sS. XpSv Ahsb {InbbpsS AtKm-cn-X-ambn _-s-Sp-m Ign-bpw. hyXykvX hgn-I-fn-eqsS k-cn-m-\p Ahk-chpw CXv hgn Dm-Ip-p.
kma-{Kn-I :
{Km^v {KnUn hc NXp-c-
Hmtcm {Kqn\pw apIqn hc NXp-c- \Ip-p. ({Km^v t]-dn)
2.1
NXp-c-ns hnkvXow Nn{Xw t\mn IspI.
NXp-c-ns hnkvXow {Kqp-I Is-p1.4
p.
1 + 1 + .4 + .4 + .1 + .04 = 2.94

CXn\p tijw 2.3 1.4 KpW-\-^ew {Km^v t]-dn

Nn{Xo-I-cnv {Inbm-co-Xnbpw hni-Zo-I-cn-p-I. CXp
t]mep {]h-\- \Im-hp--Xm-Wv.

hnjz amXvkv

55

Cu Bi-bs {Inbm-co-Xn-bp-ambn Fs\ _-s-Sp-pw?

2.1 x
1.4
84
21
2.94

.1 x .4 = .04 Fv 4/100
2 x .4 = .8 Fv .4 + .4 = .8
1 x .1 = .1 Fv 1/10 .1
1x2 = 2

4
2 110 x 1 10
21
10

14
10

21 x 14 = 294
100
100
= 2.94

Hmtcm {Kqpw CXv Ah-X-cn-n-p-p.

Sov apI-fn sImSp aqv {Inbm-co-Xn-Ifpw Htc kabw BB/
Nmn ImWm-\p Ah-k-c-sam-cp--Ww. Nn{Xhpw {Inbm-co-Xn-Ifpw ]ckv]cw _-s-Spn N \bn-Ww

hnjz amXvkv

56

bqWnv : Zimw-i-coXn
TB bnse Zimw-k-kw-Jy-I-fpsS lcW {]hBibw : Zimw-i-kw-Jy-I-fpsS lcWw
\-p tijw Cu {]h\w Ah-X-cn-nNXpcw \nnmw
m-hp--Xm-Wv.
1
1
( 1 x 1), 10 , 100 Ch t^mw t_mUn \nn-Xv / ImUvt_mUn n t] Hn-Xv. Hmtcm {Kqn\pw NXpcw \nn-m Ign-bp hn[w Fw \Ip-p. Ch Fmw D]-tbmKnv NXpcw \nn-p-p. Hmtcm NXp-c-nsbpw hnkvXow, \ofw, hoXn, _w Is-pp.]nI ]qn-bm-p-p, {Inb-bp-ambn _n-n-p-p.
NXpcw \ofw hoXn hnkvXo
N
w
t{ImUo-I-cWw
1
1.5
3.30
NXp-c-ns \ofw ImWmw
2

1.4

2.94

2.94 NXp-c{i bqWnv hnkvXo-ap

NXpcw. CXns hoXn 1.4 bqWnv . \ofw
F{X?
BsI 294 bqWnv hnkvXo-ap NXpc-ns hoXn 14 bqWn-v Bbm \ofw
F{X bqWnv Bbn-cnpw?
N

3.3

2.4

1.4

1.8

3.96

]nI 1

(294 . 14 = 21)
Fn 2.94 .. 1.4 = F{X Bbn-cnpw ?

hnjz amXvkv

57

Sov
ChnsS Zimw-i-kw-Jy-I-fpsS lc-W-n\p thn Ahsb ]q-kw-Jy-I-fn-tev
amp-I-bp-m-bn. Fp sImmWv Cs\ ]q-kw-Jy-bn-tev amn-b-sX Nn
Ipn-I-fn Dm--Ww. CXn-\p-thn hnkvXow ImWmw F {]h-\-nse
{Inbm-co-Xn-bp-ambn _-s-Sp-p-a-tm.

Zimw-ik
- w-Jy-If
- psS lcWw
]q-kw-Jy-If
- p-ambn _-s-Spmw.

hnjz amXvkv

58

mkv 5
bqWnv : kwJy-Ip-n
cq]o-I-cnt Bi-b- :

Hcp kwJy sImv lcn-p-tm injvSw Ftmgpw B kwJy-tb-m Ipd-hm-bn-cnpw.

kma-{Kn-I :

app-I Bh-iy-n\v {Iao-I-cn-m ]nb aWn-w

{]h\w : app-I ammw

Bi-b-cq-]o-I-c-W-n\v Innse aWn-w Fs\ D]-tbm-K-s-Spmw?

\nnX Fw app-I-f-S-nb aWn-w {Kqn sImSp-p-p.

app-I 1mw hcn-bn 5
2mw hcn-bn 6 ..................
......................... 10mw hcn-bn 14
Fn-s\ {Iao-I-cn--Ww.
1mw {Kqv Hmtcm hcn-bn-tebpw
app-Isf 5 sImv lcn-p-p.
lcn-m FmWv amKw? 5 s Iq-fmn amn-bm aXn Fv N-bpsS t{ImUoI-c-Ww.

KpWnXw F Bi-bm-h-X-c-Wn\p tijw Cu {]h\w

\Imw.

hnjz amXvkv

59

injvSw aWn---ns Hcp `mKv ImWn-s

injvShpw lcn-p kwJybpw Xn-ep _-sas\ Ismw

IqSnb injvS-taXv?
Ipd--tXm?

]nI cq]o-I-c-W-n-tev N
\bn--Ww. AXn-\mbn Fsmw
tNmZy--fmImw

injvS-ambn h
kwJy-I -GsXms?

F{X-sbv ]n-I-bn Fgp-Xs -> ]n-I-bpsS t^mamv Fv?

kwJy lcn-p
kwJy

hnjz amXvkv

injvSw

60

CXp t]mse Fm {Kqpw sNp-p. (ap {Kqp-I 3, 4, 6, 7 Fo kwJy-I sImv

lcn-p-p.)
Hmtcm-cp--cp-sSbpw ]nI Ah-X-cWw
mkn s]mXp-hmb Hcp ]nI Xm-dmp-p.
{Kqv
lcn
kwJy

]n-I-bn \npw Fp \nK-a-\-n-emWv

Fm Ign-Xv?

Fm-bn-cn-Ww ]n-I-bnse
tImf-
injvS-ambn
h kwJy

\nK-a-\-n-tev \bn-m
Fsms tNmZy- thn hcpw?

? injvS--fpsS Fw lcn kwJy-tb-m IqSp-Xtem Ipdthm?

? injvS-ambn h kwJy-I-fpsS hepw lcn kwJy-tb-m IqSp-Xtem Ipdthm?
? lcn kwJybpw Ghpw henb injvShpw Xn FmWv _w?
Hcp kwJy sImv lcn-p-tm injvSw
lcn kwJy-tb-m Ipd-hm-bn-cn-pw. Ghpw
IqSnb injvSw lcn kwJy-tb-m 1 Ipdhpw Ghpw Ipd injvSw ]qPy-hp-am-bn-cnpw.
Cu \nK-a\w Ipnv kzbw ]d-bm\pw Fgp-Xm\pw Ign-bp-ptm?

hnjz amXvkv

61

cq]o-I-cn-t Bi-b- :

Hcp kwJysb 2 kwJy-I-fpsS KpW-\-^-e-ambn

hyXykvX coXn-bn Fgp-Xm Ign-bpw.

GsXmw kwJy-I-fpsS KpW-\-^-e-am-bmtWm Fgp-Xn-b-Xv, B

kwJy-I BZy kwJy-bpsS LS-I--fm-Wv. (20 = 5x 4 5 Dw 4 Dw 20
s LS-I--fm-Wv)
( Hcp kwJysb _mn hcm coXn-bn lcn-m
Ign-bp kwJy-I B kwJy-bpsS LS-I--fm-Wv.)
kma-{Kn-I

bq\nv Iyq_p-I / _kv, {KnUv t]

{]h\-
Hcp kwJysb 2 kwJy-bpsS KpW-\-^-e-ambn hyXykvX coXn-bn Fgp-Xm Ign-bpw F
Bi-b-am-Wtm BZyw Ipn-bn Ft--Xv. CXn\v KWn-X-n-nse bqWnv ka-N-Xp-c-
Fs\ D]-tbm-K-s-Sp-mw.
Hmtcm {Kqn\pw \nnX Fw Iyq_p-I \I-Ww.
Hmtcm {Kqpw Ahv Innb Iyq_p-I hcn-bmbpw \nc-bmbpw NXp-cm-Ir-Xn-bn hyXykvX
coXn-bn {Iao-I-cn--Ww.

BZyw hcnbpw ]noSv \nc-bmbpw Fgp-XWw.

4x 2

{Iao-Ic
- n-h Ipn-If
- psS t\mv_p-n
Fs\ hcppw
\nn-h Nn{Xo-I-cn-p-I.
Ah-bpsS \ofw x hoXn Nn{X-n-\S- n-bnse-gp-XpI.

hnjz amXvkv

62

tcJ-s-Sp-nb hnh-c--fn \nv apI-fn sImSp Bi-b-n-tev Fn-t-cm

C\n Fsmw sN-Ww.?
\ofw, hoXn, XpI Ch ]n-I-s-Sp--Ww.
NXp-c-ns Fm km[y-X-Ifpw Is-n-bn-p-sv Ddp hcpCXn-tev
-Ww.
Ipnsb \bn\ofw, hoXn Fo If--fn GsXmw kwJy-I hn-p-sv
m
Xncn--dn-b-Ww.
Fsmw
Hcp kwJysb 2 kwJy-I-fpsS KpW-\-^-e-ambn hyXykvX coXn-bn
tNmZy--fm-bnFgp-Xm-sav t{ImUo-I-cn--s-S-Ww.
cnpw tNmZnBsI F-n\v Cu kwJy-I-fn Hmtcm-p-ambn FmWv _w
t--Xv.
Fv Is--Ww.

BsI Fs Hmtcm kwJy sImpw _mn hcm coXn-bn `mKnm Ign-bpw.

Hcp F kwJysb _mn hcm coXn-bn

lcn-m Ign-bp kwJy-I-sfmw B kwJybpsS LS-I--fm-Wv.

LSIw
F ]Zw

hnjz amXvkv

63

Cu Hcp {]h\w sImv am{Xw Fm Ipn-I-fnepw Bi-b

-cq-]o-I-cWw \S-ptam?
C\n Fsms {]h-\--fmImw?
CtX {]h\w kwJy-I amn hopw sNmw

? Innse {KnUv t] CXn-\mbn Fs\ D]-tbm-Knmw?

A`m-Py-kw-Jy-I
IqSn Ds-Sp-Ww. Fn\v?

\nnX Fw If- NXp-cm-Ir-Xn-bn hyXykvX coXn-bn If sNpI

\ofhpw hoXnbpw F{X If--sfv tcJ-s-Sp-p-I.
LS-I- env sNp-I.
? hkvXp D]-tbm-Kn-msX Xs LS-I- Is-m Ipnv Ign-bp-ptm?
?Fp {]iv\-amWv sImSp-pI?
? Nn{Xw hc-bvmsX Xs Ipnv sNm Ign-bp-ptm?
A`mPyw NXp-c-am-Iptam?
11 app-I hcnbpw \nc-bp-ambn {Iao-I-cnv NXp30 s LS-I--sfmw Fgp-XnbXp sImv am{Xw Bi-b-cq-]o- c-am-mtam?
I-cWw \Sp Fv ]d-bm
Ign-bptam?
1 Iqn-bmtem?
C\nbpw Fsmw thWw?
? Fp-sImv 8, 30 s LSI--fpsS enn C Fp
Cs\ hcnbpw \nc-bp-ambn {Iao-I-cn]d-bm Ign-bp-ptm.
m Ign-bm ap kwJy-I GsXms? 50
? LS-I- Fm-sWv
kzw `mj-bn hni-Zo-I-cn-m Xmsg-bp-h FSpv ]cn-tim-[nq.
Ah-X-cWw
Ign-bp-ptm?
t{ImUo-I-cWw

hnjz amXvkv

64

]eni
h-am-\-Im-ev Hmtcm IpSpw-_-nepw ]e-tmgpw N sNm-\n-S-bp Hcp hnj-bamWv ]en-i. ]en-i-bnse KWnXw \nXy PohnX k`-n {]tbm-Knp t\mm kml-N-cy ]e-tmgpw \tmSv Bh-iy-s-Sm-dpv. Nne-tm-sg-nepw Ccw {]iv\- \n[m-cWw
sNp--Xn-\mbn ]q-amtbm `mKn-I-amtbm Nnn--h-cmWv \psS Ipn-I-fpw.
]en-i-bpsS \ -Xn--I t_m[y-s-Sm\pw ]en-i-bp-ambn _-s {]iv\- \n[m-cWw
sNm\pap Ignhv hfm-\mWv Cu bqWn-nse {]h-\- Nn-s-Sp-n-bn-cn-p--Xv.
]en-ibpw Iqp-]-en-i-bp-ambn _-s {]mtbm-KnI {]iv\-, `n-kw-Jy-I Ds {Inb-I
Fn-h-sbms Ipn-Isf kw_-nv {]bm-k-I-c-am-Wv. apX, ]en-i-\n-c-v, hjw Fn-hbvv
]en-i-bp-am-bp _w IrXy-ambn Xncn--dnv {]iv\s kao-]n-m mkvap-dn-bn IpnIv km[n-p-n F-XmWv ]cn-an-Xn.
]en-isb `b-c-ln-X-am-bn t\mn-m-Wm ]en-isb hym]vX-ambn Nn{Xo-I-cn-n-cn-p-I-bmWn-hn-sS. hym]vXs ]en-ib
- mbn {Xnam-\c
- q-]
- n Ipn-Iv apn Ah-Xc
- n-n-p-tm apX,
\nc-v, hjw Fn-h-bnse amw ]en-i-bn-ep-m-p kzm[o\w hfsc IrXy-ambn Ipn-Iv
t_m[y-sSpw F-XmWv aptmp shp ]cn-I-ev]\. ]en-isb Zriy-h-cn AtX k`n \ofw, hoXn, I\w (ap-X, \nc-v, hjw) Fnh amn IqSp-X tNmZy- \nn-m
Ipn-Iv Ah-k-c-sam-cp-p-Xv Bi-b-{K-l-W-tm-sSmw B-hn-izm-k-tmsS ]en-i-bp-ambn
_-s {]iv\-sf kao-]n-m Ipn-Iv klm-b-I-c-am-Ipw.

hnjz amXvkv

65

]eni
Bibw

: apX, ]en-i \nc-v, hjw Chbvv ]en-i-bp-am-bp _w Xncn-

-dn-bp--Xn\v ]en-isb {Xnam\ cq]-n ImWm Ipn-Iv Ign-b-Ww.

kma-{Kn-I : ka-N-Xp-c---I
1 bqWnv hi-amb ka-N-Xp-c---sb Hcp cq] ]en-i-bmbn IW-m-nbm ]eni F Bi-bmh-X-c-W-n\p tijw {Inbm-{]-h-\-p apmbn Cu {]h\w \Imw.
CXns \ofw Hcp \qdp cq]

Nn{X- nse 2 I- I sf F{X

hyXykvX coXn-bn {Iao-Ic
- nv Hcp
henb I-bmn ammw?

hoXn Hcp hjw

Dbcw 1 iX-am-\w

2x1x1
1x2x1
1x1x2

hym]vX-w 1 cq] ]en-i.

Nn{X-nse I kqNn-n-p ]eni F{X?
apX F{X?

]en-i-\n-c-s{X?

hjw F{X?

2 \qdv
x
Hcp iX-am\w
x
Hcp hjw
4 ka-N-Xp-c--sb F-s\-sbms {Iao-I-cnv henb I-I-fm-mw. Hmtcm
henb I-bnepw apX, Imew, ]en-i, ]en-i-\n-cv ]n-I-s-Sp-p-I.

hnjz amXvkv

66

I-I-fpsS

]eni \ncv

Imew

]eni

100 cq]-bn
4

(i-X-am-\w)
1

hjw
1

(cq-])
4

4
4

1
1

4
1

1
4

........

.........

........

Fw
4

apX

4
4
........

tNmZy- Dmmw F {]{In-bm-ti-jnv Du sImSpp sImp {]h\w

XpS-cmw.
12 cq] ]eni Inm Fs\-sbms tNmZy- Dm-mw. DZm:
cq]bvv 2 hj-tv 2y \nc-n ]en-i-sb{X?

hnjz amXvkv

300

67

Awi_w
Cu temIv a\p-jy D]-tbm-K-n-\mbn sXsc-s-Sp-p Hp-an hkvXp-fpw
Nne {]tXyI Af-hn tNpm-n-bX
- m-Wv. P\\w apX acWw hsc D]-tbm-Kn-p `Ww
apX acpp hsc \nb-X-amb Awi-_w ]menp sImv Xm-dm-p--h-bm-Wv.
`n-kw-Jy-I Ipn-Iv ]cn-Nn-X-am-Wv. cv Af-hp-I-fn Hns C{X `mK-amWv cma-tXv
Fv `n-kw-Jy-I-fpsS klm-b-m ]d-bm Ignbpw. Cu _s ]q-kw-Jy-I am{Xw
D]-tbm-Knv ]dbmw F-XmWv Awi-_w D]-tbmKnp-Xns kuI-cyw.
Hcp hkvXp-hnse tNcp-hI
- f
- nse Awi-_w Is-m\pw Hcp kwJysb \nn-X Awi_-n `mKn-m\pw Ipn-Iv Ign-tb--Xp-v. Awi-_-s `n-kw-Jy-bpsS `mK-am-bn
ImWphm Ipn-Iv {]bmkw t\cn-Spp F-XmWv mkv apdn-bn A\p-`-h-s-Sp {][m\
{]iv\w. Awi-_-s apgp-h `mKw F coXn-bn ImWp-hm Ipn-Iv Ign-tb--Xp-v.
Awi-_w {]tbm-P\
- s
- -Spn am{Xw ]qo-Ic
- n-m-hp Htsd {]h-\
- k`w
{]tbm-P-\-s-Sp-n-smp Xs Ipn-Iv apn Ah-X-cn-n-pI F coXn-bmWv Cu
bqWn-n A\p-hn-n-cn-p--Xv. NXp-c-ns hnkvXo-hp-ambn _-s-Spn Awi-_s Ah-X-cn-n-p-I-bm-Wn-hn-sS. Cs\ Awi-_--n\v Hcp Pyman-Xob ImgvN-mSv e`np--tXmsS Ipn-Iv Iptd IqSn efn-X-ambn Bibw Dsmv {]h-\-n-tes-Sm
km[n-pw.
Imcw-t_mUv t]mep sKbn-ap-I-fn Awi-_--ns Bibw Dsmv Ifn-bntes-Sp-Xp hgn hnPbw t\Smw F Xncn--dn-hp-m-Ip--tXmsS Awi-_--ns Bibw
Ds-Sm taJ-e-I \s Ipd-hmWv F Xncn--dn-hn-tev Ipn-I t]mIpw. CXn-\p-X-Ip
{]h-\-fpw Cu bqWn-n Nn-s-Sp-n-bn-p-v.

hnjz amXvkv

68

mkv 7
bqWnv : `mK- _-
Bib :

kwJybpw

Awi-_w F Bibw
Xpey-amb Awi-_w
Hcp kwJysb \nnX Awi-_--n `mKn-p--Xn\v
cv kwJy-I Xn-ep Awi-_-hpw Ah-bn Hcp
Xm cm-as kwJy Is-p--Xn\v.

{]h-\-
1. aSpw `mKhpw
{Km^v t]-dn ]-dn tXm-ns Nn{Xw hcv (Htc Nn{Xw) Fm {Kqn\pw \Ipp.

Noc
sh

apfIv

]b

Noc-rjn sNbvXn-cn-p--Xns F{X aSv emWv ]b Irjn sNbvXn-cn-p--Xv.

shrjn sNbvXn-cn-p--Xns F{X `mKw emWv apfIv Irjn sNbvXn-cn-p--Xv?

Ccw tNmZy- Xncnpw tNmZn-t--Xt?

sh-rjn sNbvXn-cn-p--Xns F{X-`mKw ev ]b Irjn sNbvXn-cn-p-Xv?
]brjn sNbvXn-cn-p--Xns F{X aSv ev shrjn sNbvXn-cn-p-Xv?

hnjz amXvkv

69

Irjnv 3 In.{Kmw ssPh-hfw D]-tbm-Kn-p-tm 2 In.{Kmw cmk-hfw F tXmXn-emWv

Fn 1 Intem cmk-h-f-n\v F{X In. {Kmw ssPh-hfw? 3/2
cmk-h-f-ns 3/2 aS-mWv ssPh-hfw.
ssPh-h-f-ns 2/3 `mKw cmk-h-fw.
ssPh-h-fhpw cmk-h-f-hw 3:2 F Awi-_--n-emWv.
]b Irjn sNbvX-Xns 2 aSv ev shrjn sNbvXp. Xncnv sh-rjn sNbvXXns 1/2 `mKw ev ]b Irjn sNbvXp.
shbpw ]bdpw Irjn sNbvX e-ns ]c--fhv 2 : 1 F Awi-_--n-em-Wv.
Awi-_---fnse XpeyX
Xpey-X-bn-tev
So Awi-_---fpsS Nmv Ah-X-cn-n-p-p.
9:3
12 : 4
6:2
3:1
XpSv 4/5 AwK {Kqmn Hmtcm {Kqpw hyXykvX Awi-_w ImWn-p Nmv Xmdm-p-p.
Nmv Xm- d m- m Ipn- I v Fsms XS- - A\p- ` - h - s - p. Ah adn- I SpsXs\?

hnjz amXvkv

70

{KqmImw
3 x 2, 4 x 3, 6 x 4, 8 x 6, 1 x 5, 3 x 3, 2 x 10 Fn-s\ {Km^v t]-dn apdn NXp-c- Hmtcm
Ipnpw \Ipp. GsX-nepw Hcp aqe-bn \nv hc-m Bcw-`n--Ww. 450 bn Hcp hiv
Xn-bnv {]Xn-^-en-p-p. GsX-nepw aqe-bn Fn-bm Ah-km-\n-pw.

E
S
Hmtcmcpcpw Nn{Xw hc-p-p. Htc t]mep Nn{Xw e`n--h {Kqm-Ip-p.
Htc t]mep Nn{Xw Inn-bXv Fp sImv?
Htc hen--ap NXp-c-amtWm?
Hmtcm NXp-c-nsbpw \ofhpw hoXn-bp-ambn Fsnepw _-aptm?
N
Htc Awi-_w hcp NXp-c-fnse Nn{X--sfms Htc t]mep--hbm-bn-cnpw

`mKw hbvmw (2 t] Xn-ep Ifn) sKbnw

4 x 3s {KnUv CXns\ 2 : 1 F Awi-_--n `mKn--Ww.

hnjz amXvkv

71

Hm-a 2 If-n\pw cm-a Hcp If-n\pw hyXykvX If D]-tbm-Knv \ndw sImSp-pp. Hmtcmpw BsI-bpXns F{X-`mKw? Fv Is-p-p.
\oe
2/3 Fv 12 s 2/3 = 12 x 2/3 = 8
]
1/3 Fv 12 s 1/3 = 12 x 1/3 = 4
{KnUv amn Ipn-Iv Ifn XpScmw
tcJ-s-Sp--ep-I ]n-I-bn-tev
]nI A]-{K-Yn-p-p.
\nK-a\w t{ImUo-I-cn-p-p.

Hc-f-hns\ a : b F Awi-_--n `mKn-p-b

Xn\v Hmw `mKw
Dw cmw `mKw a Bbna+b
a+b
cn-p-sa \nK-a-\-n-se-n-t-cp-p.

hnjz amXvkv

70

hoXw hbvmw
Hmtcm {Kqn\pw 12 sk.ao. \of-ap dn \In 1 : 3 F Awi-_nepw 1 : 2 F
Awi-_--nepw `mKn-s. (dn-Wns \ofw Ipn-I-tfmSv ]d-tb--Xn-).
\ofw Adn-bmsX \nnX Awi-_--n `mKn-p--sX-s\?
Ccw {]h-\--fn-eqsS Hcp kwJysb \nnX Awi-_-n `mKn-pXn\v Ignhv t\Sp-p.
NXp-c-ns hiw
{Kqn Htc Awi-_w hcp hyXykvX hen--ap NXpcw {Km^v t]-dn hcv \Ipp. If- Fn t\mn \ofhpw hoXnbpw Xn-ep Awi-_w Ipn-I Is--s.
hoXn-bpsS F{X aS-mWv \ofw. \o-f-ns F{X `mK-amWv hoXn Is-p-p.
(CtX Awi-_--n \ofhpw hoXnbpw hcp asmcp NXpcw hc-bvp-p.). \ofhpw
hoXnbpw GsX-nepw Hv \In cm-a-tXv Is-p-p.
Fsms XpS km-[y-X-I.....

hnjz amXvkv

73

_oP-K-WnXw
A\p-Zn\w ]pXnb Adn-hp-Ifpw Nn-I-fp-ambn apt-dp-I-bmWv Ipn-I. Xs Npp-]mSns\ kwJy-If
- n-eq-sSbpw Pyman-Xn-bn-eq-sSbpw hymJym-\n-m ioen Ipn-I kwJy-Iv ]Icw
A-c- D]-tbm-Knv KWn-X-hn-h\w \S-m XpS-p-I-bm-Wv.
A\p-Zn\w amdn-sm-n-cn-p Xs Npp-]m-Sns\ kwJy-I D]-tbm-Knv hymJym-\npI FXv {ia-I-c-amb tPmen-bm-sWv Ipn-I-dn-bmw. am-v hnt[-b-am-bn-sm-n-cnp Hcp Npp-]m-Sns\ kwJy-Iv ]Icw kwJy-Isf {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-p A-c--fp-]-tbmKnv tcJ-s-Sp-m-\p Ign-hmWv Ipn-Ip-m-tI--Xv. AX-s-n A-c-n tcJ-s-Spnb Hcp k`s kwJym-]-c-ambn hnh-cn-m-\p Ign-hmWv Ah-fn cq]-s-tS--Xv.
KWnX _-sf A-c
- sImv kqNn-n k`-sf hymJym-\n-pI FXv
XpS--msc kw_-nv {]bm-k-I-c-am-Wv. AXp-sImp Xs Hcp {KnUn-\-Is NXp-c-ns
]c--f-hp-ambn _-s-Sp-n-bmWv Cu A-c-K-WnX k{-Zm-bs Ipn-Iv apn Ah-Xcn-n-p--Xv. \of-tam,-ho-Xntbm Xpey-amb cp NXp-c- tNp shp am{Xta henb NXp-cap-m-m km[nq F Bibw C-c-n Pyman-XnbpsS klm-b-m Ah-X-cn-n-pXv Bi-b-{K-l-W-n\v henb Af-hn klm-b-I-am-Ipw.
Cu {]h-\--fn-eqsS A-K-Wn-X-nse XXz-sf kmam-\y-h-cn-t--Xns
Bh-iy-I-Xbpw AXns coXnbpw Ipn-Iv Ffp--n lrZn--amIpw FmWv hnh-n-p-Xv.

hnjz amXvkv

74

bqWnv : IW-ns `mj

cq]o-I-cn-t Bi-b-

Hcp kwJy-bpsS a aSpw B kwJy-bpsS b aSpw Iqn-bm B kwJybpsS a + b aSmWv.

kma-{Kn-I

k]mv jon \nv shn-sb-Sp hyXykvX hen--ap NXp-c- {KnUp-I

DXpw Cm--Xpw. (Htc \of-ap--hbpw Htc hoXn-bp--hbpw Hcp skn Dm-bn-cn-Ww.)
Hp ]dbmw
hnhn[ hen--n-ep NXp-c- {Kqp-I-fn \Ip-p. ({KnUv D-Xv)
Cu NXp-c
- f
- n GsXmw csw tNv
Hcp henb NXp-c-ap-mmw?
Dmnbnp henb NXp-c
- ns ]c-f
- hv
F{X-bmWv?
CXn\v sNdnb NXp-c--fpsS ]c--fhpambn
FmWv _w?

NXp-c- sImSp-p-tm Fsmw

{in-Ww?
2 NXp-c- tNv Hcp henb NXpcw
Dm-m Ign-bp--hbpw Ign-bm--hbpw
thWw.
Hmtcm NXp-c-n-sbpw \ofhpw hoXnbpw
Fn-sb-Sp-m-hp coXn-bn {KnUv thWw.

hnjz amXvkv

75

henb NXp-c-ap-m-m D]-tbm-Kn sNdnb NXp-c--fpsS {]tXy-IX IpnI Is-m Bh-iy-amb CS-s]-S-ep-I thWw.
\oftam hoXntbm Xpey-amb NXp-c- tNv shv am{Xta henb NXpcw
Dm-m Ign-bp-I-bp-q. \oftam hoXntbm Xpey-a-m cv NXp-c-
tNv shv Hcp henb NXp-c-ap-m-m Ign-bn-.
henb NXp-c-ns ]c--fhv Is-nb
hyXykvX hgn-I Ah-X-cn-n-p-p.
Ah-X-cn-n--s-h mkn ]n-I-s-Sp-pp.

Hm-as NXpcw
5x3 = 15
4x5 = 20
3x2 =6

cm-as NXpcw
4x3 = 12
3x5 = 15
6x2 =12

henb NXpcw
9x3 = 27
7x5 = 35
9x2 =18

Hm-as hcn-bnse {Inbsb Fs\ hni-Zo-Icnmw.

5x3 = 3 s 5 aSv
4x3 = 3 s 4 aSv
9x3 = 3 s 9 aSv
3 s 5 aSpw 3 s 4 aSpw Iqp-tm 3 s 9
aSv Inp-p.
XpSp hcn-Ifpw Cs\ hni-Zo-I-cn-p-p.

Sov :
D]-tbm-Kn NXp-c--fpsS
GsX-nepw Hcp hiw Xpey-ambXp sImv 2 NXp-c-nepw
Htc kwJy Dm-Ip-sav
Ipnv t_m[y-sS-Ww.

hnjz amXvkv

76

XpSp hcn-Ifpw Cs\ hni-Zo-I-cn-p-p.

{KnUn-m NXp-c- \Ip-p.
4

8
2

Cu NXp-c- tNv shm Inp NXp-c-ns ]c-kmam-\y-hX

- vIc- n-m-\mbn
fhv F{X?
Fsmw tNmZy--fmImw?
(8 x 4 ) + (8 x 2) = 8 x 6 = 48
Hcp kwJy-bpsS 6 aSpw B kwJy-bpsS 4 aSpw Iqnbm B kwJy-bpsS F{X aS-m-bn-cnpw?
(6 x kwJy) + ( 4 x kwJy) = 10 x kwJy
6 x + 4 x = (6 + 4 ) x = 10 x
NXp-c-\nnXn
8 bqWnv \ofhpw 1 bqWnv hoXn-bp-ap 10 kv{Snp-I \Ip-p.
Ch-bn CjvS-ap F- tNv 2 NXp-c- Dm-p-p.
Hmtcm NXp-c-ns ]c--f-sh{X? Ah tNp shm Inp NXp-c-ns ]c--fhv
F{X?
{Kqn Is-pp
Ah-X-cn-n-p-p.
8x6
8x4

hnjz amXvkv

77

DZm: (8 x 6) + (8 x 4) = 8 x 10 = 80
Hcp kwJy-bpsS 6 aSpw B kwJy-bpsS 4 aSpw Iqn-bm kwJy-bpsS F{X
aS-m-bn-cnpw.
_oP-K-Wn-X-n-eqsS CXv Fs\ Npcpn FgpXmw?
Hcp hiw Xpey-amb cv NXp-c- tNv shv Dm-p henb NXp-cns ]c--fhv F{X?
ax + bx = (a + b) x

hnjz amXvkv

78

hnjz amXvkv

79

bqWnv : IrXo-I-cWw
Bibw : kwJy-I-fpsS IrXn-Isf Xncn--dn-bp--Xn\pw Ah-bpsS ]c-kv]c _w a\-kn-emp--Xn\pw.
NXp-c-ns hf
kma-{Kn-I : bqWnv NXp-c--fpsS kv{Snp-I
=2
= 22 (cns Ccn

= 23 (22 s Cc-n)
....................................... = 24 (23 s Cc-n)

........................................................................
.......................................................................
Nn{X-nse _mn-bp-Xv ]qn-bm-nb tijw Hmtcm k`-nepw F{X bqWnv ka-NXp-c- D]-tbm-Knp Fv ]n-I-s-Sp-pI?
3 bqWnv ka-N-Xp-c--fp-]-tbm-Knv 3 s IrXn-I-fp-m-m-\p Ah-kcw Ipn-Iv
\Ip-I.
hhpw ka-N-Xp-chpw
(1.5)2 Fs\ {Km^n tcJ-s-Sp-mw?
1+1/2+1/2+1/4 = 2 1/4
= 2. 25

hnjz amXvkv

80

{Km^n {Iao-I-cn ka-N-Xp-c-ns \of-sa{X?

hoXntbm?
CXns hnkvXqw-{In-bm-co-Xn-bn IW-m-p-I.
{Inb-bnse L-fpw Nn{Xhpw Xn _-sSpn ]d-bmtam?

1/2

1/2

1/4 1/4 = .25

1.5 x
1.5
1 x .5 = 0.5
1 x 1 = 1.0
.5 x 1 = 0.5
.5 x -5 = 0.25

hs kaNXp-cm-Ir-Xn-bn Nn{Xo-Icnmw

2.25
ka-N-Xp-c-ap-mmw
Xpey hen--n-ep 6 ka-N-Xpc {KnUpw AXn Hns
\men-semcp `mKhpw Ipn-Iv \Ip-p. Ch apgp-h
D]-tbm-Knv ka-N-Xp-c-ap-m-mtam? CXns hi-sa{X?

hnjz amXvkv

81

bqWnv : IrXo-I-cWw
Bibw : (xn)2 = x 2n
kma-{Kn-I
hnhn[ hen--n-ep ka-N-Xpc {KnUp-I
]mt \nmWw
So ka-N-Xpc {KnUns Nn{X ]mt \Ip-p. ka-N-Xp-c-nse bqWnv kvIzb-dp-IfpsS Fw (]-c--f-hv) 2 s IrXn-I-fn-eqsS hni-Zo-I-cn-p-p.
Nn{Xw 1
hiw 21
]-c--f-hv = (21)2 = 4 =
22
BsI
bqWnv kvIzb-dp-I-fpsS
Nn{Xw 1
Fw (]-c--f-hv) = (21)2 = 4 = 22

Nn{Xw 2
hiw = 22
]c--fhv = (22)2 = 16 = 24

Nn{Xw 2

Nn{Xw 3
hiw = 23
]c--fhv = (23)2 = 64 = 26

Nn{Xw 3

hnjz amXvkv

82

Fn 16 sk. ao. hi-ap ka-NX

- p-c
- n-ep bqWnv ka-NX
- p-c
- f
- psS Fw apI-fn sImSp
\nK-a-\-sf ]n-I-s-Spn Is-mtam? \nv Hcp ]mt Inn-b-tm. CXns kmam-\yh-Xv-cWw Fm-bn-cnpw?

(2x)2 = 22x

CXp-t]mse (3x)2 = 3 2x F kmam-\y-h-XvI-c-W-n Fm-\p {]h-\hpw Hcp-patm? Ccw ]mt-Wp-I-fn \npw (xn)2 = x 2n F \nK-a-\-n-se--Ww.
ka-N-Xp-c-kw-Jy-I-fpsS N-bn Cu {]h\w Hman-n-m-hp--Xm-Wv.

hnjz amXvkv

83

bqWnv : ka-N-Xpc kwJy-I

Bibw

Hcp kwJysb AtX kwJy sImv KpWn-m

Inp--XmWv B kwJy-bpsS hw
- hkwJy ka-N-Xp-c-kw-Jy-bm-Wv.
kma-{Kn-I

_kv.

Cu {]h\w ka-N-Xpc kwJy-IfpsS Bi-bm-h-X-cW ka-bp

\Im-hp-X
- m-Wv.

hcnbpw \ncbpw
hcn, \nc Fn-h-bp-ambn _-s-Spn hw F Bibw cq]o-I-cn-m Innse _kv
D]-tbm-Kn-mw.
sNdnb {Kqp-I-fn hyXykvX Fw _-\p-I \Ip-p..
18, 16, 24, 25, 32, 36, 9, 30, 40, 49 Fn-s\ hyXykvX F-am-bn-cn-Ww sImSp-t--Xv.
Ch-bn ]q h--fm-b-hbpw Dm-bn-cn-pw.
Hmtcm {Kqpw Ahv Innb _kv
hcn-bnepw \nc-bnepw hbvp-p.

- h-cnbpw \ncbpw Fs\ tcJ-

hcnbpw \ncbpw Xpey-amnshm ]d-bp-p.

shm Ign {Kqp-I GsXms?
Fm {Kqp-Ipw Ign-bptam?

hnjz amXvkv

s-Sppw?

kwJy, hcn, \nc Fnh ]n-Ibn Fgp-Xmw.

84

C\nbpw F{X tSm IqSn Inn-bm \n hcnbpw \ncbpw Xpey-amn shpw?

Bh-iy-s-Sp-h \In Xpey-amn shp-p.
? hcnbpw \ncbpw Xpey-amb kwJy-I-fpsS {]tXy-I-Xsb Ipdnv Fv \nK-a-\-amWv Ipn
cq]o-I-cn-t-Xv?
Cu kwJy-I-sfmw Hcp kwJysb AXp sImv Xs KpWnv Innb D-c-am-Wv. As\-b-m-h hcnbpw \ncbpw Xpey-amn shm Ign-bn-.
? Cu \nK-a\w Ipnv kzbw Fgp-Xm Ign-n-ptm?
? Ccw kwJy-I 100 hsc-bp-Xv GsXmw?
? 100 \pw 200 \pw CS-bntem?
hw F ]Zw ]cn-N-b-s-Sp-p-p.
Ctm Fgp-Xn-b-sXmw h-kw-Jy-I-fm-Wv.
? 24 s hw Fs\ ImWpw?
? Fp sImmWv 24 Hcp F kwJy-bpsS
h-a-m-Xv?

Cu tNmZy--fpsS Dcw ]d-bm

Ipnv Ign-bp-ptm?

F kwJy-bpsS h-am-sW-n ]q-hw F Bibw Ah-X-cnn-m-atm?

hw, ]q-hw Fnh \nL-p-hn-te-s-gp-Xm Ipnv Igntm?

hnjz amXvkv

85

bqWnv : ka-N-Xpc kwJy-I

cq]o-I-cn-t Bi-b-

1 apX XpS-bmb H-kw-Jy-I Iqn-bm Inp kwJy ]q hKam-bn-cn-pw.

kma-{Kn-I

koIzkv Hn kv{Snp-I
kv{Snp-I tbmPn-nmw

*
*
*
*
*
* * *
* * * * * * *

Bibw Dd--Xn\p tijw ka-NXpc kwJy-I-fpsS {]tXy-I-X-I

a\-n-em-m Cu {]h-\-fn-eqsS ISp t]mImw

Hcp {Kqn Ccw 10 kv{Snp-I \Ip-p.

kv{Snp-I-fpsS khn-ti-jX Fm-Wv ?
Hmtcm kv{Snn-tebpw koIzkp-I-fpsS Fw XpS-bmb H kwJy-I-fm-Wv.
GsXmw kv{Snp-I tNp shm-emWv ka-N-Xp-c BIp-Xv?
Hmtcm kv{Snn-sebpw Ah tNp-m-Ip ka-N-Xp-cn-sebpw koIzkp-I-fpsS Fhpw ]n-I-s-Sp--Ww.

hnjz amXvkv

]nI mkn
cq]-s-Sp-m
Fsmw
CS-s]-S-ep-I
thWw?
86

mkn s]mXp-hmbn Hcp ]nI cq]-s-Sp-p.

kv{Snp-I-fpsS Fw
1
2
3
.....

kv{Snp-I-fnse koIzkp-IfpsS Fw

ka-N-Xp-c-nse
koIzkp-I

1
1 +3
1+3+ 5
........

1
4
9
.....

\nK-a\ cq]o-I-c-W-n-tev \bn-m Fsmw tNmZn-Ww?

Hmtcm kv{Snn-tebpw koIzkp-I-fpsS F-ns {]tXy-IX Fv?
NXp-c-nse koIzkp-I-fpsS F-ambn h kwJy-I-fpsS {]tXy-IX Fv?
kv{Snp-I-fpsS Fw 1 Bb-tm NXp-c-nse koIzkp-I F{X?
? 2 Bb-tmtgm?
? 3 Bb-tmtgm?
?kv{Snp-I-fpsS Fw 10 Bbm koIzkp-I-fpsS Fw F{X-bm-bn-cnpw?
kv{Snp-I-fpsS Fhpw koIzkp-I-fpsS Fhpw Fs\ _-s-n-cn-p-p.
1 apX H-kw-Jy-I-fpsS XpI ImWm-\p Ffp--hgn Ipn-I Fgp-Xp-p.
hw, h-aqew Fo ]Z- Cu Ah-k-c-n ]cn-N-b-s-Spmw
? Bibw IrXy-ambn FgpXn {]I-Sn-n-m Ign-npm?
? 1 apX XpS-bmb H-kw-Jy-I-fpsS Fw n
Bbm Ah-bpsS XpI F{X-bm-bn-cn-p-sav Ipnv
]d-bm Ign-bp-ptm?

hnjz amXvkv

\nK-a\w hmNn-I-ambpw KWn-X- `mj-bnepw {]I-Sn-n-m Ah-k-cw.

87

asmcp Nn{Xo-I-cWw
? Hcp ]q-hKs HkwJyIfpsS XpI-bmbn
Fs\ Nn{Xo-I-cnpw

0 0 0 0
0 0
0 0

0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0

4= 1+ 3

9= 1+ 3+ 5
? at-sX-nepw coXn-bn ]q-hKs Nn{Xo-I-cnv Iq--fm-mtam?
Ipn-I {ian-s.
0 0
0
0 0
0 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 0
0
0 0
0
0
0 0
0
0
0
4= 1+ 2+ 1

9= 1+ 2+ 3+ 2+ 1

? C\nbpw GsXmw coXn-bn Nn{Xo-I-cnmw?

bqWnv Iyq_p-I tNp-shv ka-N-Xpcw Dm-m-atm?

0 0

0 0
0 0

0 0
0 0

16= 1+ 3+ 5+ 7

0
0
0
0

16= 1+ 2+ 3+ 4+ 3+ 2+ 1
1
3

Ccw ]nc-an-Up-I-fn \nv

ka-N-Xpcw cq]-s-Spn t\ms

hnjz amXvkv

88

sNkv t_mUnepw CXn\v km[y-X-bp-v.

1

sNkvt_mUnse hw
]q-hhpw 8 Dw
10 x 10 {KnUnse a[y-n-ep Hcp Ifw tjUv
sNbvXp sImSp-p-p. XpSv Npp-ap 1 hcn
If- tjUv sNm Bh-iy-s-Sp-p. Ctm
BsI F{X If- tjUp sNbvXp.
CXv GXns hK-amWv? Npp-ap Hcp hcn
If IqSn tjUv sNpp. Ctm BsI
tjUv sNbvXXv GXv kwJy-bpsS hK-amWv?
Ch ]n-I-s-Spn t\mq.

7
2

6
3

5
4

4
5

3
6

2
7

1
8

1+ 2+ 3+ 4+ 5+ 6+ 7+ 8+ 7+ 6+ 5+ 4+ 3+ 2+ 1 = 64 = 82
1+8=9
1 + 8 + 16 = 25
1 + 8 + 16 + 24 = 49
................................
................................

1+8x1=9
1 + 8 x 1+ 8 x 2 = 25
1 + 8 x 1+ 8 x 2 + 8 x 3 = 49
8 s XpS-bmb KpWn-X--fpsS XpI-tbmSv Hv
Iqn-bXv ]q-hK-am-bn-cn-pw.

hnjz amXvkv

89

10 x10 {KnUnse a[y-`m-K-p 4 ka-N-Xp-c- tjUv sNbvXXv \In {]h\w

XpScp-I. Fv \nK-a-\-n-se-n-t-cpw.
{XntIm-W-kw-Jy-I tNm

So-tdmSv
4 + 12 = 16
4 + 12 + 20 = 36
.............................

{KnUn tSm shv {XntImW kwJy-I {Iao-I-cn-m Ipn-Iv Ah-kcw \Ip-p.

Chsb thsd Fsms coXn-bn {Iao-I-cn-mw.
DZm :

1+3

hnjz amXvkv

....
....
....
....
....
....

...
...
...
...
...

Cu {XntImW kwJy-I-fn GsXms kwJy-I tNv ka-N-Xpc kwJy-I D-m-mw.

Ipn-Iv Ah-kcw \Ip-p.

3+6
90

hnjz amXvkv

91

bqWnv : \yq\ kwJy-I

Bibw:

henb kwJy-bn \nv sNdnb kwJy Ipd-m A[n kwJy-bm-bn-cn-pw.

sNdnb kwJy-bn \npw henb kwJy Ipd-m \yq\ kwJy-bm-bn-cnpw.

cv A[n-kw-Jy-I Iqn-bm Dcw A[n-kw-Jy-bm-bn-cn-pw.

Hcp A[n-kw-Jybpw Hcp \yq\-kw-Jybpw Iqn-bm Dcw A[n-I-kw-Jy-tbm,

\yq\ kwJy-tbm, ]qPytam Bbn-cn-pw.

cv \yq\ kwJy-I-fpsS XpI Ftmgpw \yq\-kw-Jy-bm-bn-cn-pw.

kma-{Kn-I:
Hcp hiw ], adp hiw Nphv \ndfn-ep tSm-Wp-I.
hnI-kn-t Ign-hp-I:
\yq\ kwJy-Ifpw A[n-kw-Jy-Ifpw Ds k-e\ {Inb-I sNp--Xn-\v.

tSm Ifn

\yq\-kwJy F Bi-b-{K-l-W-n\p tijw Cu

{]h-\-n-eqsS ISp t]mImw

2 {Kqp-I Xn-ep a-c-ambn Cu {]h\w Ah-X-cn-nmw

BZyw Nph-p-hiw s\K-ohv BsW-pw, ]-hiw t]mk-ohv BsWpw
kqNn-n-t--Xpv.
XpSv Ipn-Isf cv {Kqp-I-fm-p-p.
BZyw Hcp {Kqv 10 tSm-Wp-I FSp--s. Ah Hnv apI-fn-te-s-dn-bp-p. apI
`mKv h ] \nd-ap tSm-Wp-Ifpw Nphp \nd-ap tSm-Wp-Ifpw Fn-t\m-p-p.
BsI t]mbn v IW-m-p-p.

hnjz amXvkv

92

CXv Fs\ Ipn-I-fpsS tcJ-s-Sp--en-tev \opw?

CXn-\mbn Fp sNWw?
Ipn-I ], Nphv \nd-ap tSm-Wp-I-fpsS Fhpw
t]mbnpw ]n-I-bn tcJ-s-Sp-s.
XpSv cm-as {Kqv Ifn-p-p. t]mbn v Is-p-p. ]n-I-s-Sp-p-p.
GXp {Kqn-\mWv IqSp-X t]mbn v e`n-Xv B {Kqv B dunse hnP-bn.
Cs\ Av duv acw \S-p-p. Ghpw IqSp-X XhW hnP-bn-bmb {KqmWv a-cnse hnP-bn.
{Inbm-co-Xn-bn-te-s-m F-s\-bmWv t]mbn v Is-n-bXv? So N \S-p-atm?
Cs\ ]nI ]qcn-n {Inbm-coXn a\-n-emtbm? Cs-n Sov ]nI Fs\ t{ImUo-Icnmw?
]nI So mkn t{ImUo-I-cn-p-p. {Inbm-coXn Fp Hcp tImfhpw IqSn Ds-Sp-nbmtem? ]nI C-s\-bm-bmtem?

tSm-Wp-I-fpsS Fw

{Inb

t]mbnv

Nphv

-4

5 + -4

1 + 4 + -4

-6

3 + -6

3 + -3 + -3

-7

7+ 7

10

10 + 0

10

10

0 + 10

10

hnjz amXvkv

93

{Inbm-tImfw Fs\ ]qcn-nmw.

N \S-p-p.
]qcn-n-p-p.
tSm \ImsX ], Nphv Fw am{Xw \In-bm Ipn-Iv {Inb sNbvXp t]mbn v
Is-m Ign-bptam?
4+ -9 Fp-Xv
4+ -4 =0
_mn 5 F coXn-bn 4+ -9 =-- -5 Fv Ipn-Iv hni-Zo-I-cn-m Ign-b-Ww. XpSv
CXp t]mse hyXykvX F- \In ]nI ]qcn-nv {Inb sNm-\p Ah-kcsamcp-Ww.
Ipn-Iv kzX-{-ambn Fw Isn sNp-I-bp-am-Imw.
\yq\-kw-Jy-I-fpsS k-e-\hpw CtX-t]m-ep Ifn-bn-eqsS ]cn-b-N-s-Sp-m Ign-bnt?
Ifn-bnepw tSm-Wnepw Fp am-amWv thn-h-cnI?
H \nd-ap tSm-Wp-I D]-tbm-Kn--Ww. t]mbn v \I-Ww.
{]h\w
3 {Inb-I Ah-X-cn-n-p-p.
1.

5- 2

2.

3.

5-6

5 - -3

hnjz amXvkv

94

Cu aqv {Inb-Ifpw tSm D]-tbm-Knv Ipn-Iv hni-Zo-I-cn-m Ignbnt? Fp sNWw?

{Kqn tSm-Wp-I \Ip-p.

Hmtcm {Inbbpw hni-Zo-cnpp.
So B. B bn t{ImUo-I-cn-p-p.
1. 5 - 2 = 35

]-bn \nv 2 ] FSpp amp-p. _mn3

2. -5 - -3 =-2

5 Nphv tSm- FSp-p-p. 3 Fw FSp-p -am-p-p. _mn 2

3. 5 - 6

ChnsS So CS-s]-tSn hcnt? Fm-bn-cnpw So-dpsS CS-s]-S

tNmZy-

? Cu {Inb sNm GXp If tSm FSp-Ww?

? F{X Fw FSp-tn hcpw?
? An \nv Bdv Fw FSp-m amm Ign-bptam?
? GXp If tSm Ds-n FSpp ammw?
? ] Hp IqSn hm
hne-bn amw hcnt?
? C\n-sbp sNpw?
? Hcp ]bpw H
~ cp Nphpw tNp shm F{X-bmWv InpI?
As\ sNp-p.
? Ctm \n-fpsS ssIn F{X ]? F{X Nphv?
C\n Ipn-I sNbvXp t\ms
{Inbm-coXn Fs\ tcJ-s-Sppw?
5-6 = -1

hnjz amXvkv

95

hyXykvX hyh-I-e\ {Inbm Ah-k-c- \Ip-p.

]n-I-s-Sp-p-p.
{Inb sNp-p. {Inbm-coXn kzw `mj-bn hni-Zo-I-cn-p-p.
A-s\-bm-sW-n

x- - yFm-bn-cnpw?
x- y Fm-bn-cnpw?

x- y Fm-bn-cnpw?
kmam-\y-h-cWw \S-p-p.
hni-Zo-I-cn-p-p.

x-y = -(X+y)

x-y =

X+y

x-y = -X+y = y-x

hnjz amXvkv

96