KWnXw

`mKw ˛2
Ãm≥tU¿Uv V

tIc-f-k¿°m¿
hnZym-`ym-k-h-Ip∏v
KT 613-1/Maths-5(M) (Vol-II)

kwÿm\ hnZym-`ymk Kth-jW ]cn-io-e\ kanXn (SCERT), tIcfw

2016
 tZio-b-Km\w
P\-K-W-a-\- -A-[n-\m-bI Pbtl
`mc-X -`m-Ky-hn-[mXm,
]©m-_k - n‘p KpP-dmØ admTm
{ZmhnU DXv°e - - _w-Km,
hn‘y-ln-am-N-e -b-ap\mKwKm,
D—e Pe-[nX-cwKm,
Xh-ip-`\ - mta PmtK,
Xh-ip` Bin-j -am-tK,
Kmtl Xh- P-b- KmYm
P\-KW- a- w-Ke- Z- m-bI Pbtl
`mc-X- `m-Ky-hn-[mXm.
Pb-tl, Pb-tl, Pb-tl,
Pb Pb Pb Pbtl!

{]Xn⁄
C¥y Fs‚ cmPy-am-Wv. F√m C¥y-°mcpw Fs‚
ktlm-Z-co- ktlmZc-∑m-cm-Wv.
Rm≥ Fs‚ cmPysØ kvt\ln- ° p∂p;
kºq¿Whpw sshhn-[y-]q¿W-hp-amb AXns‚
]mcº-cy-Øn¬ Rm≥ A`n-am\w sIm≈p∂p.
Rm≥ Fs‚ amXm-]n-Xm-°-sfbpw Kpcp-°-∑m-scbpw
apXn¿∂-hscbpw _lp-am-\n-°pw.
Rm≥ Fs‚ cmPy-Øn-s‚bpw Fs‚ \m´p-Im-cp-sSbpw
t£a-Øn\pw sFiz-cy-Øn-\pw- th≠n {]bXv\n°pw.
Prepared by :
State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT)
Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram 695 012, Kerala
Website : www.scertkerala.gov.in
E-mail : scertkerala@gmail.com
Phone : 0471-2341883, Fax : 0471-2341869
Typesetting and Layout : SCERT
First Edition : 2014, Reprint : 2016
Printed at : KBPS, Kakkanad, Kochi-30
© Department of Education, Government of Kerala
{]nb-s∏´ Ip´n-Itf,

kwJy-Ifpw cq]-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´v

Iptd-tb-sd- Im-cy-߃ \mw a\- n-em°n.

Iptd-°qSn henb kwJy-Iƒ, `n∂kwJy-Iƒ,

Ah-bpsS {Inb-Iƒ, D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp∂
{]iv\ß- ƒ, kwJym-{]-tXy-IX- I
- ƒ
XpS-ßn-bh \ap°v N¿®-sN-ømw.
Pyman-Xn-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ]pXnb Bi-b-߃,
\n¿an-Xn-Iƒ
XpS-ßn-bh ]cn-N-b-s∏-Smw.

bp‡n-]-c-ambn Nn¥n®pw IrXy-X-tbmsS hc®pw

_‘-߃ Is≠-Øn-bpw.......
\ap°v Bfl-hn-izm-k-tØmsS apt∂-dmw.
Biw-kI
- t- fmsS,

tUm. sP. {]-kmZv

Ub-d-IvS¿
Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.Sn.
 ]mT-]p-kvXI cN\
inev]-im-e-bn¬ ]s¶-Sp-Ø-h¿
cta-i≥ F≥.sI. kpio-e≥ -sI.-
F-®v.-F-kv.-F.- _n.B¿.kn. s{Sbn-\¿, Xncq¿
B¿.-Pn.-Fw.-F-®v.-F-kv.-F-kv, ]m\q¿, ae-∏pdw
IÆq¿ hmkp-tZ-h≥ -sI.-]n.
Ip™-l-Ω-Zv -Sn.-]n. amÿ s{Sbn-\¿, sF.Sn. @ kvIqƒ
]n.Un. So®¿, Pn.Fw.-bp.-]n. kvIqƒ t{]mP-IvSv, Xr»q¿
Xncp-h-≈q¿ hocm≥Ip-´n -sI.
Sn.]n. {]Im-i≥ bp.]n.-F-kv.-F, kn.F-®v.-Fw.-sI.-Fw.-
F®v.-F-kv.-F, Pn.F-®v.-F-kv.-F-kv. bp.-]n.-F-kv, ap≠-°p-fw, ae-∏pdw
hmg-°m-Sv, ae-∏pdw dhmb-Øv -Fw.-sI.
chn-Ip-am¿ -Sn.-Fkv. So®¿, Pn.F-®v.-F-kv. t_Ω-Æq¿.
]n.Un.-So-®¿, Pn.bp.-]n.-F-kv. ]me-°mSv
A©-®-h-Sn, ae-∏pdw IrjvW-Zmkv ]tecn
A\n-X- hn.-Fkv. So®¿, Pn.bp.-]n.-F-kv, sImSn-b-Ω.
eIvN-d¿, Ub-‰v, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw Im-k¿tKmUv
hnZ-Kv[¿
tUm. cta-jvIp-am¿ ]n.
Akn. s{]m^k¿, tIcf k¿h-I-em-ime
tUm. apwXmkv F≥.-Fkv.
Atkm. s{]m^-k¿, ^mdqJv s{Sbn-\nMv tImtf-Pv, tImgn-t°mSv
Nn{X-Imc-∑m¿
[t\-i≥ Fw.hn. lcn-Ip-am¿ sI._n.
F.hn.-F-kv.-Pn.--F-®v.-F-kv.-F-kv, Ig-°q´w, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw
Icn-h-≈q¿, IÆq¿
lcn Nmcp-X
Ip™n-cm-a≥ ]n.-kn.
t\aw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw
Ub-‰v, Fd-Wm-Ipfw

A°m-Z-anIv tImUnt\‰¿am¿
kpPnXv Ipam¿ Pn.
dnk¿®v Hm^o-k¿, Fkv.-kn.C.-B¿.Sn.
Acp¨ tPymXn Fkv.
dnk¿®v Hm^o-k¿, Fkv.-kn.C.-B¿.Sn.
tUm. enUvk¨cmPv sP.
dnk¿®v Hm^o-k¿, Fkv.-kn.C.-B¿.Sn.
6. ]c-∏ns‚ Afhv ..................... 91

7. kwJy-Iƒ°p-≈n¬ ............... 103

8. `mK-߃ tNcptºmƒ ............ 121

9. Nn{X-߃ hmbn°mw ............. 142
Cu ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ kuI-cy-Øn-\mbn Nne Nn”-߃
D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.

ICT km[yX

sNbvXp-t\m°mw

t{]mPIvSv

Xncn-™p-t\m-°p-tºmƒ
 6
]c-∏ns‚ Afhv
hep-tXXv?
sdbn¬th tÃj-\n¬ c≠p Xoh-≠n-Iƒ \n¿-Øn-bn-´n-cn-°p∂ Nn{Xw I≠-t√m. CXn¬
GXn-\mWv \ofw IqSp-X¬?

cay Xs‚ ssIbnse dn_-Wp-I-fn¬ GXn-\mWv \ofw

IqSp-X¬ F∂p t\m°p-I-bm-Wv.
F¥mWv hgn?
c≠pw tN¿Øp-h®v t\m°n-bm¬ aXn-b-t√m.

chn-bpsS t\m´p]pkvX-I-Øn¬ hc® c≠p hc-IfmWv

Nn{X-Øn-ep-≈-Xv.

Ch-bn¬ \ofw IqSp-X-ep≈ hc Fßs\ Is≠-Øpw?

ChnsS hc-Iƒ tN¿Øp h®v \ofw IqSn-btXXv F∂p Is≠-Øm≥ ]‰n-√t√m?
BZy Nn{X-Øn¬ \ofw IqSnb Xoh≠n Is≠-Øn-b-Xp-t]mse H‰t\m´-Øn¬ ]d-
bm\pw ]‰p-∂n-√. ]ns∂ F¥mWv hgn?
Af∂p t\m°n ]d-bmw, At√.

92
Xos∏´n°ºpsIm≠v NXpcw
tPmkn-s‚bpw dlo-an-s‚bpw ssIbn¬ 16 Xos∏´n°ºp-Iƒ hoXw D≠v. Ch-
bvs°√mw Htc \of-am-Wv.
Cu Iºp-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v c≠p t]cpw D≠m-°nb NXp-cß
- f
- psS Nn{X-ßf
- mWv NphsS
sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂Xv.

tPmkv D≠m°nb NXpcw

dlow D≠m-°nb NXpcw

Ch-bn¬ GXp NXp-c-Øn-\mWv \ofw IqSp-X¬?
hoXntbm?
Fß-s\-bmWv Is≠-Øn-bXv?
16 Xos∏´n°ºp-Iƒ sIm≠v C\n Fß-s\-sb√mw NXp-c-߃ D≠m-°mw?

CsXm∂pw A√msX at‰-sX-¶nepw NXpcw D≠m°mtam?

ChnsS \mev NXp-cß
- f
- m-Wt√m D≠m-°m≥ km[n-®X
- v. Cu NXp-cß
- sf ]‰n Cßs\
]d-bmw:
BsI 16 Xos∏´n°ºp-Iƒ.
H∂masØ NXp-c-Øn¬ \of-Øn¬ 7 Iºp-Ifpw hoXn-bn¬ 1 Dw.
c≠masØ NXp-c-Øn¬ \of-Øn¬ 6 FÆw, hoXn-bn¬ 2 FÆw.

93
aq∂masØ NXp-c-Øn¬ \of-Øn¬ 5 Dw hoXn-bn¬ 3 Dw.
\memasØ NXpc-Øn¬ \of-Ønepw hoXn-bnepw 4 hoXw.
Cu NXp-c-ß-fn-se√mw \of-Ønepw hoXn-bnepw h® Iºp-I-fpsS FÆhpw BsI
Iºp-I-fpsS FÆhpw XΩn¬ _‘w Dt≠m?

Is≠-Øn Fgp-Xq.
20 Xos∏´n°ºp-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v GsX√mw
Cu¿°n¬ NXpcw
coXn-bn¬ NXp-c-߃ D≠m°mw?
\nß- f psS t\m´v - ] p- k v X - I - Ø n¬ hc®p c≠v Cu¿°nepIƒ aS°n NXpcw
t\m°q. D≠m-°nb Nn{Xw t\m°q.
Iºp-Iƒ 24 Bbmtem?
15 Xos∏´n°ºp- I ƒ D]- t bm- K n®v CXp-
t]mse NXp- c - ß ƒ D≠m- ° m≥ km[y-
amtWm? F¥psIm≠v?

GXp NXp-cØ- n-\mWv IqSp-X¬ \of-

ap≈ Cu¿°n¬ D]- t bm- K n- ® Xv
F∂v Fßs\ Is≠Ømw?
NXp-c-Øn-\p-≈nse ka-N-Xpcw Cu¿°n¬ \nh¿Øn tN¿Øp
Xos∏-´n°-ºp-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v tPmkpw h®m¬ aXn-bt- √m. henb Cu¿°n¬
dloapw D≠m-°nb NXp-c-߃ Hm¿abp-≠- D]-tbm-Kn®v D≠m-°nb NXp-c-Øn-
t√m. tPmkv Xs‚ NXp-csØ Xos∏´n°ºp- \mWt√m Np‰-fhv IqSp-X¬.
Iƒ h®v ka-N-Xp-c-ß-fm-°nb Nn{XamWv
NphsS.

CXn¬ F{X ka-N-Xp-c-߃ D≠v?

dlow D≠m-°nb NXp-csØ CtX hep-∏-ap≈ ka-N-Xp-c-ß-fm-°n-bm-tem?

94
\of-¯n 5 Xos¸«n¡¼p-I-fpw hoXn-bn 3 Xos¸«n¡¼p-Ifpw h¨v D­m-¡nb
NXp-c-¯n-\p-Ån CXp-t]mse F{X kaNXp-c-§Ä D­m-¡m³ ]äpw?

]e]e ka-NX - p-c§

- Ä
\ofw Xpey-amb 40 I¼p-IÄ D]-
tbm-Kn¨v D­m-¡nb NXpc§Ä¡p-
Ån hyXykvX hep-¸-¯n-epÅ
ChnsS F{X hcn-I-fn-embn ka-N-Xp-c-§Ä ka- N - X pc§Ä D­m- ¡ n- b Xv
D­m-¡mw? t\m¡q. Hcp I¼v Hcp hiamI
¯¡ coXnbnemWv NphsS ka
Hmtcm hcn-bnepw F{X ka-N-Xp-c-§Ä? NXpc§Ä hc¨ncn¡p¶Xv. CXnÂ
BsI ka-N-Xp-c-§-fpsS F®w F{X? F{X ka-N-Xp-c-§Ä D­v.
16 Xos¸«n¡¼p-IÄ D]-tbm-Kn¨v D­m-¡nb
aäp NXp-c-§-fnepw CXp-t]mse ka-N-Xp-c-
§Ä D­m¡m-a-tÃm.
Hmtcm-¶nepw F{X ka-N-Xp-c-§Ä D­m-Ip-
sa¶v Is­¯nt\m¡q.
GXn-emWv IqSp-XÂ ka-NX - p-c§
- Ä DÅ-Xv?
$ 14 Xos¸- « n¡¼p- I Ä \of- ¯ nepw c­v I¼p-IÄ Hcp hi-am-I-¯¡
6 I¼p-IÄ hoXn-bnepw h¨v D­m-¡nb
NXp-c-¯n-\p-Ån CXp-t]mse F{X coXn-bn-emWv NphsS ka-N-Xp-c-§Ä
ka-N-Xp-c-§Ä D­m-¡m³ ]äpw? hc-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. CXn F{X ka-N-
Xp-c-§Ä D­v.
IS-em-knse ka-N-Xpcw
dmWn-bp-sSbpw hoW-bp-sSbpw ssIbnÂ
NXp-cm-Ir-Xn-bn-epÅ Hmtcm ImÀUvt_mÀUv
IjW-w D­v. dmWn-bpsS ImÀUv t_mÀUn\v
7 skân- a o- ä À \ofhpw 3 skân- a o- ä À
hoXnbpw D­v . hoW- b psS ImÀUv
t_mÀUnsâ \ofw 6 skân-ao-ädpw hoXn 4
skân-ao-ädpw BWv.
Cu NXp-c-¯n-\p-Ån atä-sX-¦nepw
BcpsS ssIbn-epÅ ImÀUvt_mÀUn hep-¸-¯n ka-N-Xpc§Ä D­m-
\n¶mWv Hcp skân-ao-äÀ hi-apÅ ka-N- ¡m³ km[y-amtWm?
Xp-c-§Ä IqSp-X F®w apdn-s¨-Sp-¡m³
km[n-¡p-I?
apdn-¡p-¶-Xn\p ap¼mbn ka-N-Xp-c-§Ä hc¨p
t\m¡mw.
95
BZyw 7 sk‚n-ao-‰¿ \ofhpw 3 sk‚n-ao-‰¿ hoXn-bp-ap≈ Im¿Uvt_m¿Uv FSp-°mw.

\ndw sImSp°mw
NphsS hc-®n-´p≈ c≠p
Nn{X-߃ t\m°q.

Hcp hcn-bn¬ 1 sk‚n-ao-‰¿ hi-ap≈ 7 ka-N-Xp-c-

߃ D≠m-Ip-at√m.
CXp-t]mse F{X hcn-Iƒ D≠m-°mw?
BsI ka-N-Xp-c-ß-fpsS FÆw = .....................
C\n hoWbv°v F{X ka-NX- pc-߃ apdn-s®-Sp-°m≥
]‰pw F∂p ImWm-a-t√m. Is≠Ønt\m°q.

c≠p Nn{X-߃°pw Htc \ndw

sImSp-°-Ww.
F¥mWv In´n-bXv? GXp Nn{X-Øn-\mWv IqSp-X¬
Nmbw th≠nhcp-I?
dmWn- apdn-s®-Sp-Ø-Xn-t\-°mƒ aq∂p ka-N-Xp-c-߃
hoWbv°v IqSp-X¬ apdn-s®-Sp-°m≥ km[n-®p.
Cßs\ km[y-am-bXv F¥p-sIm-≠m-bn-cn-°pw?
hoW-bpsS ssIbnse Im¿Uvt_m¿Uns‚ ]c∏v IqSp-X-em-b-Xp-sIm-≠-t√.
]c-∏ns‚ Afhv
Nph∏pw \oebpw \nd-Øn-ep≈ c≠p NXp-c-
߃ I≠-t√m.
GXp NXp-c-Øn-\m-bn-cn°pw ]c∏v IqSp-X¬?
NXp-cß
- ƒ ImWp-tºmsg Adnbmw, Nph∏v NXp-
c-Øn-\mWv ]c∏v IqSp-Xse∂v.
10 cq]-bpsS c≠p t\m´p-I-fpsS ]c-∏p-Isf
Ipdn®v F¥p ]d-bmw?
HscÆw 10 cq]m t\m´pw c≠matØXv 100
cq]m t\m´pw BsW-¶n-tem?
GXn-\mWv ]c∏v IqSp-X¬?

96
]c∏fhns\mcp kwJy
chn Xs‚ ssIbn-ep≈ c≠p Im¿Uv
t_m¿Uv Ij-W-ß-fn¬ GXn-\mWv ]c∏v
IqSp-X¬ F∂p t\m°p-I-bm-Wv.
Ah≥ Im¿Uv t _m¿Up- I ƒ c≠pw
tN¿Øph®v t\m°n.
GXn-\mWv ]c∏v IqSp-X¬ F∂v chn°v
]d-bm≥ ]‰ptam? F¥p-sIm≠v?
Ahs\ Fßs\ klm-bn-°mw?
Hmtcm Im¿Uvt_m¿Un¬\n∂pw Htc hep-
∏-Øn-ep≈ F{X ka-N-Xp-c-߃ apdn-s®-
Sp- ° m≥ ]‰pw F∂p t\m°n- b m¬
aXnbt√m.

AXn-\mbn c≠p Im¿Uvt_m¿Up-I-fp-sSbpw \of-hpw hoXnbpw Af∂v Fgp-Xmw.

6 sk.ao.
7 sk.ao.
4 sk.ao.
5 sk.ao.

C\n Hmtcm NXp-c-Øn-\p-≈nepw Hcp sk‚n-ao-‰¿ hi-ap≈ F{X ka-N-Xp-c-߃

hcbv°mw F∂p t\m°mw.
ChnsS Hcp hc-nbn¬ Bdv ka-N-Xp-c-߃ D≠v.
Aßs\ 5 hcn-I-fn-embn BsI 5 × 6 = 30 sNdp-
k-a-N-Xp-c-߃.
F¶n¬ Nph∏p\nd-Øn-ep≈ NXp-c-Øntem?
4 × 7 = 28 sNdp-k-a-N-Xp-c-߃ At√?
C\n GXn-\mWv IqSp-X¬ ]c∏v F∂p ]d-bm-a-
t√m.

97
ChnsS Nph∏pNXp-c-Øns‚ ]c∏v 28 sNdp -k-a-N-Xp-c-ß-fpsS ]c-∏n\v Xpey-am-Wv
F∂p ]d-bmw.
hiw 1 sk‚nao-‰¿ Bb ka-N-Xp-c-Øns‚ ]c-∏-fhns\ 1 NXp-c-{i-
sk‚n-ao-‰¿ (1 Square centimetre) F∂mWv ]d-bp-I. ]c-∏-f-hns\
hnkvXo¿Ww (Area) F∂pw ]d-bm-dp-≠v.
F¶n¬ Nph∏pNXp-c-Øns‚ ]c-∏-fhv 28 NXp-c{i sk‚n-ao-‰¿ F∂p ]d-bmw.
]® NXp-c-Øns‚ ]c-∏-fthm?
NXpc∏c-∏-f-hn-s\mcp kq{XhmIyw
NphsS hc-®n-´p≈ NXpcw t\m°q.
s]mXp-hmb coXn
8 sk‚nao-‰¿ \ofhpw 6 sk‚nao-‰¿
9 sk.ao.
hoXn-bp-ap≈ -N-Xp-c-Øns‚ ]c-∏-fhv
F{X F∂ tNmZy- Ø n\v AΩp
5 sk.ao.

\¬Inb hni-Zo-Ic - Ww Cß-s\-bmWv.

sNdp ka-NX- p-cß

- ƒ hc-b°
v msX NXp-cØ
- ns‚
]c-∏-fhv Fßs\ ImWmw? NXp-c-Øns‚ ]c-∏-fhv 12 sNdp ka-
N-Xp-c-߃°p Xpeyw.
NXp-c-Øn-\p-≈n¬ s\Sp-sIbpw Ipdp-sIbpw
A\p-hns‚ hni-Zo-Ic
- Ww NphsS Fgp-
Hmtcm sk‚ nao- ‰ ¿ AI- e - Ø n¬ hc- I ƒ
Xn-bXp t]mse-bm-Wv.
Ds≠∂v k¶-ev]n®pt\m°q.
Hmtcm hcn-bnepw F{X ka-N-Xp-c-߃ D≠m-
hpw?

Cßs\ F{X hcn-Iƒ D≠m-hpw?

C\n NXp- c - Ø ns‚ ]c- ∏ - fhv ]d- b m- a- t √m.
NXp-cØ- ns‚ ]c∏fhv 48 sNdp ka-N-
Xp-cß
- ƒ°p Xpeyw.
CXns\ Cßs\bpw Fgp-Xmw: c≠p t]cpw ]d- ™ Xp icn- b - t √?
]t£, ]c- ∏ - f - h ns\ ImWn- ° p∂
NXp-c-Øns‚ ]c-∏-fhv = \ofw × hoXn
kwJy-Iƒ hyXy-kX v a
- m-W.v CsXm-gn-hm-
- ns‚ \ofw 20 sk‚nao-‰dpw hoXn °m≥ s]mXpth ]c-∏f
Hcp NXp-cØ - hv ]dbp-∂Xv 1
10 sk‚nao-‰dpw BsW-¶n¬ ]c-∏-fhv C\n sk‚nao-‰¿ hi-ap≈ ka-NXp-cß - fpsS
Ffp-∏-Øn¬ ]d-bm-a-t√m. FÆsØ ASn-ÿm-\a - m-°n-bm-W.v

98
 Np‰-fhpw ]c-∏-fhpw
NphsS X∂n-´p≈ NXp-c-ß-fpsS Np‰-
$ 15 sk‚n-ao-‰¿ \ofhpw 8 sk‚nao-‰¿ fhpw ]c-∏-fhpw F{X-bm-sW∂v Is≠-
hoXn-bp-ap≈ NXp-c-Øns‚ ]c-∏-fhv Øq.
F{X NXp-c-{i-sk‚n-ao-‰-dm-Wv?
1 sk.ao. 9 sk.ao.
$ Hcp NXp-c-Øns‚ hi-߃ F√mw
8 sk‚nao-‰¿ hoX-am-Wv. F¶n¬ ]c-
8 sk.ao.
∏-fhv F{X-bm-Wv?
2 sk.ao.
$ Hcp NXp-cØ
- ns‚ ]c-∏f - hv 96 NXp-c{i
sk‚nao-‰-dm-Wv. \ofw 12 sk‚n-ao-‰¿
7 sk.ao.
Bbm¬ hoXn F{X?
$ Hcp ka-NX - p-cØ
- ns‚ ]c-∏f- hv 81 NXp- 3 sk.ao.
c- { i- s k‚ nao- ‰ ¿ BWv . ka- N - X p- c -
Øns‚ Hcp hiØns‚ \ofw F{X?
$ NphsSbp≈ cq]- ß fpsS ]c- ∏ - f hv 5 sk.ao.
I≠p-]n-Sn-°p-I.
5 sk.ao.

3 sk.ao.
8 sk.ao.
ChnsS NXp-c-ß-fpsS Np‰-fhv amdn-bn-
2 sk.ao.
10 sk.ao.

´pt≠m? ]c-∏-fthm?
3 sk.ao. 3 sk.ao. GXp NXp-c-Øn-\mWv IqSp-X¬ ]c-∏-
fhv?
4 sk.ao.

4 sk.ao.
2 sk.ao.

Hcp NXp-c-Øns‚ hep∏w AXns‚ ]c-

∏-f-hn-s\ ASn-ÿm-\-am°nbmWv ]d-bp-
6 sk.ao. ∂-Xv.
hnhn[ {]mtbm-KnI kμ¿`-ßf - n¬ NXp-
c- Ø ns‚ Np‰- f - h n- \ pw ]c- ∏ - f - h n\pw
4 sk.ao. hyXykvX {]m[m-\y-amWv D≈-Xv.
2 sk.ao.
2 sk.ao.

DZm-l-c-W-ambn, NXp-cm-Ir-Xn-bn-ep≈
6 sk.ao. 6 sk.ao. Irjn- ÿ - e - ß ƒ° p Np‰pw then
3 sk.ao.

3 sk.ao.

sI´m\msW-¶n¬ NXp-c-Øns‚ Np‰-f-

hmWv ]cnKW-n-°p-∂-Xv. adn®v, AhnsS
IrjnsNøm≥ ]‰p∂ ÿesØ Ipdn-
2 sk.ao.

2 sk.ao.

6 sk.ao. 6 sk.ao. ®mWv Nn¥n-°p-∂s - X-¶n¬ ÿe-Øns‚

4 sk.ao.
]c-∏-f-hmWv ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂-Xv.

99
 t{]mPIvSv henb ]c∏v
Hcp NXp-c-Øns‚ hoXn-bn¬ hyXymkw 1 Intemao‰¿ hi-ap≈ ka-N-Xpcw
k¶¬∏n-°mtam? CXns‚ ]c-∏-f-hn-s\-
hcmsX \ofw c≠p aS-ßm-Ip-tºmƒ ]c-∏-
bmWv 1 NXp-c{i Intemao‰¿ F∂p hnfn-
f-hn\v F¥p am‰w D≠mIpw? CXp-t]mse °p-∂-Xv. henb `q{]-tZ-i-ß-fp-sS-sbms°
\ofw amdmsX hoXn c≠p- a-S-ßm-bmtem? ]c-∏-fhv N.-In.-ao. emWv
\ofhpw hoXnbpw c≠p aS-ßmbn amdn- ]d-bp-I. C¥y-bpsS ]c-∏-fhv 32, 87, 263 N.-
bmtem? NXp-cØ
- ns‚ \ofhpw hoXnbpw Hcp In.-ao. BWv. tIc-f-Øn-t‚Xv
\n›nX aSßmbm¬ ]c-∏-f-hn-ep-≠m-Ip∂ 38, 863 N.In.ao. tIc-f-Ønse G‰hpw
am‰w Fß-s\-bm-bn-cn-°pw? henb Pn√-bmb ]me-°m-Sns‚ ]c-∏-fhv
4480 N.-In.ao‰dpw sNdnb Pn√-bmb Be-∏p-
g-bp-tSXv 1414 N.-In.ao‰dpamWv. \nß-fpsS
]©m-b-Øns‚ ]c-∏-fhv
F{X-bm-sW∂v At\z-jn®v
$ Hcp NXp-cØ
- ns‚ \ofw 6 sk‚nao-‰dpw Is≠-Øq.
hoXn 5 sk‚nao-‰dpw Bbm¬ NXp-c-
Øns‚ ]c-∏-fhv F{X? hoXn am‰msX
\ofw 12 sk‚nao-‰¿ Bbn h¿[n-∏n-®m¬ e`n-°p∂ NXp-c-Øns‚ ]c-∏-fhpw
BZy NXp-c-Øns‚ ]c-∏-fhpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w F¥v?
$ \ofw 10 sk‚nao-‰dpw hoXn 8 sk‚nao-‰dpw D≈ NXp-cØ
- n¬ \ofhpw hoXnbpw
c≠p aSßm°nbm¬ e`n-°p∂ NXp-c-Øns‚ ]c-∏-fhv F{X? CXv BZy NXp-c-
Øns‚ ]c-∏-fhns‚ F{X aS-ßmWv?
$ Hcp NXp-c-Øns‚ Np‰-fhv 48 -sk‚n-ao-‰dpw hoXn 9 sk‚n-ao-‰dpw BWv. NXp-c-
Øns‚ ]c∏-fhv F{X?
$ Hcp NXp-c-Øns‚ ]c-∏-fhv 40 NXp-c-{i-sk‚nao-‰-dm-Wv. NXp-c-Øns‚ \ofhpw
hoXnbpw BIm-hp∂ FƬkwJym hne-Iƒ GsXms°?
henb NXp-c-߃
Hcp ka-NXpc-Øns‚ hi-߃ Hmtcm-∂n\pw
1 ao‰¿ \of-ap-s≠¶n¬ AXns‚ ]c-∏f - h- ns\ henb Af-hp-Iƒ
1 NXp-c-{i-ao-‰¿ F∂mWp ]d-bp-∂-Xv. ]pc-bn-S-ßfpw a‰pw Af-°m≥ NXp-
Hcp NXp-c-{i-ao-‰¿ F{X NXp-c-{i-sk‚n-ao-‰- c-{i-ao-‰-dn-t\-°mƒ henb Af-hp-
dmWv? Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°m-dp-≠v. 10 ao‰¿
hoXw hi-ap≈ ka-N-Xp-c-Øns‚
Hcp ao‰¿ F{X sk‚n-ao-‰-dm-sW∂v Adn-bm-
]c-∏f - h
- n\v Hcp B¿ (Are) F∂mWv
at√m.
]d-bp-∂-Xv.
Aßs\bmsW¶n¬ Cu ka-NX - p-cØ
- ns‚ 100 B¿ tN¿∂-Xns\ 1 slIvS¿
hi-ßf
- psS \ofw 100 sk‚n-ao-‰¿ hoX-am-W.v (Hectare) F∂mWp ]d-bp-∂-Xv.
AXns‚ ]c-∏-fhv F{X NXp-c-{i-sk‚n-ao-‰- At∏mƒ Hcp slIvS¿ F{X NXp-
dm-Wv? c-{i-ao-‰-dmWv?

100
 1 NXp-c-{i-ao-‰¿ = 100 × 100 = 10000 NXp-c-{i- sk‚n-ao-‰¿
AXm-bX,v hi-ßf - psS \ofw 1 sk‚n-ao-‰d
- mb
10000 sNdp ka-NX- p-cß
- ƒ tN¿∂ ]c-∏ns‚
Af-hmWv 1 NXp-c-{i-ao-‰¿.
P\-km-{µX
`qan-bn¬ ]e {]tZ-iß - f - n-embmWv
a\p-jy¿ Pohn-°p-∂X - v. Nne ÿe-
ß-fn¬ a\p-jy¿ Xnßn Xma-kn-°p-
∂p. P\-߃ Xma-kn-°mØ hnP-
$ 5 ao‰¿ \ofhpw 1 ao‰¿ hoXnbpap≈ NXp- \-amb {]tZ-i-ßfpw D≠v.
c- Ø ns‚ ]c- ∏ - f hv F{X NXp- c - { i- a o- Hcp NXp-c-{i-In-tem-ao-‰¿ ]c-∏nse
‰dmWv ? CXv F{X NXp- c - { i- s k‚ n- P\-kw-Jy-sb-bmWv P\-km-{μX
ao‰dmWv? F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv. tIc-f-Ønse
P\-km-{μX NXp-c-{i-In-tem-ao-‰-
$ NXp-cm-Ir-Xn-bn-ep≈ Hcp ]pc-bn-S-Øn\v dn\v 859 BWv. C¥y-bpsS P\-
40 ao‰¿ \ofhpw 25 ao‰¿ hoXnbpw D≠v. km-{μX NXp-c-{i-In-tem-ao-‰dn\v
CXns‚ ]c-∏-fhv F{X NXp-c-{i-ao-‰- 382. C¥y-bn¬ P\-km-{μX IqSp-
dmWv? Xep≈ kwÿm\w _olm-dm-Wv˛
NXp-c{i In.-ao‰dn\v 1102. G‰hpw
$ 6 ao‰¿ \ofhpw 50 sk‚n-ao-‰¿ hoXn-bp-
Ipdhv Acp-Wm-N¬ {]tZ-in¬˛
ap≈ Hcp NXp-c-Øns‚ ]c-∏-fhv F{X
N.-In.-ao‰dn\v 17.
NXp-c{- i-sk‚n-ao-‰d
- mWv? CXv F{X NXp-
c-{i-ao-‰d
- mWv?
$ Nn{X-Øn¬ ImWp∂ BIr-Xn-bn-ep≈ Im¿Uvt_m¿Un¬\n∂v hiØns‚ \ofw
1 sk‚n-ao-‰¿ Bb F{X ka-N-Xp-c-߃ apdn-s®-Sp-°mw?
10 sk.ao.
3 sk.ao.

1 sk.ao.
1 sk.ao.

$ NXp-cm-Ir-Xn-bn-ep≈ Hcp Im¿Uvt_m¿Un¬\n∂v 1 sk‚n-ao-‰¿ hi-ap≈ 36 ka-

N-Xp-cß
- ƒ apdn-s®-Sp-°mw. F¶n¬ NXp-cØ
- ns‚ hi-ßf
- psS Af-hp-Iƒ BIm-hp-
∂ FƬ-kw-Jy-Iƒ GsXms°?
$ 10 sk‚n-ao-‰¿ hi-ap≈ Hcp ka-N-Xp-c-Øns‚ F√m hi-ßfpw 5 sk‚n-ao-‰¿
hoXw h¿[n-∏n-®m¬ e`n-°p∂ ka-N-Xp-c-Øns‚ ]c-∏-fhv F{Xbm-bn-cn-°pw?
$ 14 sk‚n-ao-‰¿ hi-ap≈ ka-N-Xp-cm-Ir-Xn-bn-ep≈ Hcp Im¿Uvt_m¿Uns‚ \mep
KT 613-2/Maths-5(M) (Vol-II)

aqe-I-fn¬ \n∂pw Hcp sk‚n-ao-‰¿ hi-ap≈

Hmtcm ka-NX- p-cw apdn®p am‰p-∂p. _m°n `mK-
6 sk.ao.

Øns‚ ]c- ∏ - f hv F{XbmWv? Np‰- f hv 4 sk.ao.

F{XbmWv? 1 sk.ao.

$ Nn{X-Øn¬ \ndw \¬In-bn-´p≈ `mK-Øns‚

12 sk.ao.
]c-∏-fhv F{X?

101
 Xncn™p--t\m-°p-tºmƒ

F\n°v So®-dpsS C\nbpw

]T-\-t\-´-߃ Ignbpw klm-
b-tØmsS sa®-s∏-tS
Ignbpw -≠-Xp≠v

$ NXp-c-Øn\p≈n¬ bqWn‰v ka-N-Xp-c-߃

hc®v ]c-∏-fhv Is≠-Øp∂p.
$ NXp-c-Øns‚ ]c-∏-fhv ImWp-∂-Xn-\p≈
am¿Kw hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
$ kq{XhmIyØns‚ klmbtØmsS
NXpcØns‚ ]c∏fhv IW°m°m≥
Ignbp∂p.
$ ]c∏fhpambn _‘s∏´ Bib߃
D]tbmKn®v {]mtbmKnI{]iv \ ߃
]cnlcn°p∂p.
$ {]iv \ ]cnlcW thfbn¬ hnhn[
bqWn‰pIƒ XΩn¬ ]ckv ] cw am‰m≥
Ignbp∂p.

102
 7
kwJy-Iƒ°p-≈n¬
 \ndw \¬Imw
KWnX ¢∫ns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ \n¿an°p∂ KWn-X-am-kn-I-bpsS ]pdwN´ Xbm-dm-
°pI-bmWv AcpWpw Iq´p-Im-cpw.
hcn-Ifpw \nc-I-fp-ambn If-߃ hc®v \ndw \¬Imsa∂p \oXp ]d-™p.
H∂m-asØ hcn-bn¬ F√m If-ß-fnepw \ndw \¬Imw.
c≠masØ hcn-bn¬ Hmtcm c≠m-asØ If-Øn\pw \ndw sImSp-Øm¬ aXn˛ cay
CS-s]-´p.
F¶n¬ aq∂m-asØ hcn-bn¬ Hmtcm aq∂m-asØ If-Øn\pw \ndw \¬Imsa∂mbn
k¬a.
\mem-asØ hcn-bntem? A©m-as
- Ø-tbm?
BZysØ \mep-h-cn-I-fn¬ \ndw \¬InbXp I≠n-t√?
\ndw \¬Im-\p≈ _m°n If-߃ Is≠Øn \ndw \¬Iq.

104
If-ß-fn¬ \ndw \¬In-b-t√m. NphsS \¬Inb ]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-°q.
c≠mw hcn-bn¬ \ndw sImSp-Øn-´p-≈Xv GsX√mw
If-ßf
- n-emWv? 2, 4, ...
aq∂mw hcn-bn¬ \ndw \¬In-bn-´p-≈Xv GsX√mw
If-ßf- n-emWv? 3, 6, ...
aq∂m-asØ \nc-bn¬ \ndw sImSp-Øn-´p-≈Xv
GsX√mw If-ßf - n-emWv?
Bdmw \nc-bn¬ \ndw \¬Inb
If-߃ GsX√mw?
F´m-asØ \nc-bn¬ \ndw sImSp-Øn-´p≈
If-߃ GsX√mw?
c≠p If-ß-fn¬ am{Xw \ndw \¬In-bn-´p-≈Xv
GsX√mw \nc-If
- n-emWv?

ChnsS hcn-If
- p-sSbpw \nc-If
- p-sSbpw FÆw C\nbpw Iq´n- \ndw \¬Inbm¬ c≠m-
asØ hcn-bn¬ \ndw sImSpØ If-߃ GsXm-s°-bm-bn-cn-°pw?

2, 4, 6, 8, ...
2, 4, 6, 8 ... Cu kwJym-{I-a-Øn\v
F¥v {]tXy-IX
- b
- m-Wp-≈Xv?
Ch-sb√mw 2 t\mSv 2 hoXw XpS¿®-bmbn
Iq´n-°n-´p∂ kwJy-I-fmWv.
as‰mcp hn[-Øn¬ ]d-™m¬ 1, 2, 3, ...
XpS-ßnb kwJy-Isf 2 sIm≠v KpWn-
®m¬ In´p-∂ kwJy-IfmWv.
AXm-bXv 2, 4, 6, 8, ... XpS-ßnb kwJy-
I-sf√mw 2 s‚ KpWn-X-ß-fm-Wv.

aq∂m-asØ hcn t\m°q. \ndw sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂Xv 3, 6, 9, 12, ... F∂o If-ß-fn-em-

W-t√m. Ch-sb√mw 1, 2, 3, ... XpS-ßnb kwJy-Isf 3 sIm≠v KpWn-®m¬ In´p-∂h- b
- m-
Wv. AXm-bXv Ch-sb√mw 3 s‚ KpWn-X-ß-fm-Wv.

105
 1 apX¬ 10 hsc-bp≈ kwJy-I-fpsS KpWn-X-ß-fpsS ]´nI FgpXnt\m°q...
kwJy KpWn-X-߃

1 1 2 3 4 5 6 - - - -
2 2 4 - - -
3 15
4
5
6
7 21
8
9 72
10 40

NphsS sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ tNmZy-߃°v ]´n-I-bn¬\n∂v DØcw Is≠-Øq.

1 s‚ KpWn-X-ambn hcp∂ kwJy-Iƒ GsX-√m-amWv?
10 GsX√mw kwJy-I-fpsS KpWn-X-am-Wv?
2 s‚bpw 3 s‚bpw KpWn-X-ambn hcp∂ kwJy-Iƒ GsX-√m-am-Wv?
56 Ggns‚ KpWn-X-amtWm?
5 \pw 10 \pw s]mXp-hmbn hcp∂ KpWn-X-߃ GsXm-s°-bmWv?
8 s‚ G‰hpw sNdnb KpWnXw GXmWv?
GXp kwJy-bp-sSbpw G‰hpw sNdnb KpWnXw AtX- kw-Jy-X-s∂-bmtWm?

$ 12, 20, 36, 45 F∂o kwJy-I-fpsS \mep hoXw KpWn-X-߃ Fgp-Xq.

$ kvIqƒ Imbn-I-ta-f-bpsS `mK-ambn {Sm°n¬
l¿Un-ep-Iƒ ÿm]n-°p-I-bmWv B≥knbpw
A∂-bpw. a’-c-Øns‚ Ãm¿´nwKv t]mbn‚ v
apX¬ 11 ao‰¿ CS-hn-´mWv l¿Un-ep-Iƒ ÿm]n-
°p-∂-Xv. a’cw Bcw-`n-°p∂ ÿe-Øp-\n∂v
Hmtcm l¿Unente°p-ap≈ Zqcw {Ia-ambn FgpXq.

106
$ Hcp sI´n-S-Øns‚ tKmh-Wn-∏Sn Ib-dp-I-bmWv dkn-b. Hmtcm ]Sn-bp-sSbpw
Dbcw 25 sk‚nao‰dmWv. F¶n¬ Xd-\n-c∏ - n¬\n∂v Hmtcm ]Sn-bn-te-°p-ap≈
Db-cw F{X sk‚n-ao-‰¿ hoX-am-Wv?
Af-s∂-Sp°mw
\Poapw at\mPpw ]m¬ Af-s∂-Sp-°p-Ib- m-W.v \Po-
ans‚ ssIbn¬ 2 en‰¿ sIm≈p∂ Afhp]m{Xhpw
at\m-Pns‚ ssIbn¬ 5 en‰¿ sIm≈p∂ Af-hp-
]m-{X-hp-amWv D≈-Xv. F¶n¬ \Po-an\v GsX√mw
Af-hn¬ ]m¬ Af∂p \¬Im≥ Ign-bpw?
\Po-an\v Af-s∂-Sp-°m≥ Ign-bp∂ Af-hp-Iƒ
2 en‰¿, 4 en‰¿, 6 en‰¿, 8 en‰¿, 10 en‰¿, ... XpS-
ßn-bh- b
- m-Wt√m.
CXp-t]mse at\m-Pn\v Af-s∂-Sp-°m≥ Ign-bp∂
Af-hp-Iƒ 5 en‰¿, 10 en‰¿, 15 en‰¿, 20 en‰¿, ...
XpS-ßn-bh
- b
- p-am-Wv-.
\Po-an\pw at\m-Pn\pw 2 en‰¿ ]m¬ Af-s∂-Sp-
°m≥ Ign-bptam? 5 en‰tdm? c≠p-t]¿°pw Af-
s∂-Sp-°m≥ Ign-bp∂ Afhv GXmWv?
\Po-an\v Af-s∂-Sp-°m≥ Ign-bp∂
Af-hp-Iƒ 4 sIm≠p≈ lcWw
2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, ... F∂n- 535 s\ 4 sIm≠v \nt»jw lcn-°mtam?
h-bm-Wt√m. lcn-°m≥ Ign-bn-√. ImcWw 535 H‰-kw-
Jy-bm-Wv.
AXp-t]mse at\m-Pn\v 5, 10, 15, 20,
F∂m¬ 536 s\tbm?
25 ... F∂o Af-hp-Ifpw Afs∂-Sp-
lcn-®pt\m-°msX ]d-bm≥ F¥mWv hgn?
°m≥ Ign-bpw. CXn¬ \n∂v 10 en‰¿
536 = 500 + 36.
]m¬ c≠p t]¿°pw Af-s∂-Sp-°m≥
100, 4 s‚ KpWn-X-am-bXpsIm≠v 500 Dw 4
Ign-bp-sa∂p ImWmw. c≠p t]¿°pw s‚ KpWn-X-am-Wv. 36 Dw 4 s‚ KpWn-X-am-
Af-°m≥ Ign-bp∂ a‰v Af-hp-Iƒ Wv.
GsX-√m-amWv? At∏mƒ 536 Dw 4 s‚ KpWn-X-am-Ipw.
20 en‰¿, 30 en‰¿, 40 en‰¿, ... 100, 1000, 10000, ... XpS- ß n- b h 4 s‚
KpWnX-ß-fm-b-XpsIm-≠v, Hcp kwJy 4
s‚ KpWn-X-amtWm F∂p t\m°m≥ Ah-
km-\sØ c≠-°-߃ tN¿∂ kwJy 4
s‚ KpWn-X-amtWm F∂p t\m°nbm¬
aXn.

107
 s]mXpKpWnXw
\Poans‚bpw at\m-Pn-s‚bpw ssIbn-ep≈ ]mef-°p∂ ]m{X-߃ 3 en‰-dn-s‚bpw 4
en‰-dn-s‚bpw Bbmtem?
3 en‰-dns‚ ]m{Xw D]-tbm-Kn®v Af-°m≥ Ign-bp∂ Af-hp-Iƒ 3 en., 6 en., 9 en.,
12 en... XpS-ßn-b-h-bm-W-t√m. 3, 6, 9 ... Ch-sb√mw 3 s‚ KpWn-X-ß-fm-W-t√m. CXp-
t]mse 4 en‰¿ ]m{Xw D]-tbm-Kn®v Af-°m≥ Ign-bp∂ Af-hp-I-sf√mw 4 s‚ KpWn-
X-ß-fp-am-Wv. Cu c≠p]m{X-ßfpw D]-tbm-Kn®v s]mXp-hmbn Af-°m≥ Ign-bp∂
Af-hp-Iƒ aq∂n-s‚bpw \men-s‚bpw KpWn-X-ß-fn¬ s]mXp-hmbn hcp-∂h BhW-
at√m.
12, 24, 36, ... F∂o kwJy-Isf 3 s‚bpw 4 s‚bpw s]mXpKpWn-X-߃ (Common
multiples) F∂mWp ]d-bp-∂-Xv.

Ch-bnse G‰hpw sNdnb kwJy 12 BWv.

AXp-sIm≠v 12 s\ 3 s‚bpw 4 s‚bpw sNdps]mXp-Kp-WnXw (Least Common Multi-
ple) F∂mWv ]d-bp-∂-Xv.

CXp-t]mse 6 s‚bpw 8 s‚bpw sNdps]mXp-Kp-WnXw Fßs\ Is≠-Øpw?

6 s‚ KpWn-X-߃ 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48, ...
8 s‚ KpWn-X-߃ 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, ...
CXn¬ \n∂v 6 s‚bpw 8 s‚bpw s]mXpKpWn-Xß
- f
- mWv 24, 48, 72, ... F∂p ImWmw.
Ch- b nse G‰hpw sNdnb kwJy 24 Bb- X p- s Im≠v 6 s‚bpw 8 s‚bpw
sNdps]mXpKpWnXw 24 BWv.

$ NphsS sImSpØ kwJym tPmSn-I-fpsS s]mXpKpWn-X-߃ Is≠-Øq. Ch-

bn¬\n∂v Ah-bpsS sNdp-s]m-Xp-Kp-WnXw Fgp-Xp-I.
$ 2, 5 $ 4, 6 $ 3, 7 $ 5, 10
$ 8, 6 $ 9, 12 $ 12, 14 $ 9, 18
$ hm¿jn-Im-tLm-jØ - ns‚ `mK-ambn kvIqƒ Ihm-SØ
- n¬ ]®bpw \oebpw _ƒ_p-
Iƒ LSn-∏n-®n-´p-≠v. ]® _ƒ_p-Iƒ 4 sk°‚ v CS-hn´pw \oe _ƒ_p-Iƒ 6
sk°‚ v CS-hn-´p-amWv {]Im-in-°p-∂-Xv.
c≠p _ƒ_p-Ifpw Hcp-an®v {]Im-in-®v XpSßnbXv cmhnse F´p aWn°mWv.
Ah Ft∏mƒ ho≠pw Hcpan®v {]Imin°pw?

108
$ ssS¬ ]Xn® Xd-bn¬ Ifn-°p-Ib- mWv ao\phpw Bi-bpw. Xd-bpsS Hc-‰Ø
- p-
\n∂v Hmtcm c≠m-asØ ssSenepw ao\p Hmtcm a©m-Sn-°p-cp h- ®
- p. Bi
Hmtcm aq∂m-asØ ssSenepw Hmtcm hfbpw. F¶n¬ a©m-Snbpw hfbpw Hcp-
an®ph®n-´p≈ BZysØ ssS¬ GXm-bn-cn°pw? XpS¿∂p≈ ssSepItfm?

$ 4 sk‚n-ao-‰¿ hi-ß-fp≈ ka-N-Xp-c-°-´-Ifpw 9 sk‚n-

ao-‰¿ hi-ß-fp≈ ka-N-Xp-c-°-´-Ifpw c≠v thsd thsd
A´n-I-fn-embn {Iao-I-cn-°p-I-bmWv ARvPp. c≠v A´n-I-
fp- s Sbpw s]m°w Hcpt]mse- b m- I p- t ºmƒ Xd- \ n- c -
∏n¬\n∂p≈ G‰hpw Ipd™ Dbcw F{X-bm-bn-cn-°pw?
KpWn-X-ß-fpsS KpWnXw
1 apX¬ XpS¿®-bmb FƬkwJy-Iƒ FgpXn 2 s‚ KpWn-X-߃°p Np‰pw
h´w hc-bv°q.
1, 2 3, 4 5, 6 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, ...
CXn¬ 4 s‚ KpWn-X-߃ NXp-c-Øn-\-I-Øm-°q.
1, 2 3, 4 5, 6 7, 8 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, ...
ChnsS NXp-c-Øn-\-I-Øp≈ kwJy-I-sf√mw h´-Øn-\-IØpamWv.
AXm-bXv 4 s‚ KpWn-X-ß-sf√mw 2 s‚bpw KpWn-X-ß-fm-Wv. Xncn®v 2 s‚
KpWn-Xßsf√mw 4 s‚ KpWn-XßfmtWm?
C\n 3 s‚ KpWn-X-ß-sf√mw 2 s‚ KpWn-X-amtWm F∂p t\m°mw.
apºv sNbvXX - p-t]mse 2 s‚ KpWn-Xß
- sf h´-Ønepw 3 s‚ KpWn-Xß
- sf NXp-
c-Øn-ep-am-°n hc-bv°q.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13, ...
CXn¬ \n∂pw 3 s‚ F√m KpWn-X-ßfpw 2 s‚ KpWn-X-߃ A√ F∂p
ImWmw. Xncn®v 2 s‚ F√m KpWn-Xß
- fpw 3 s‚ KpWn-Xß
- f
- √ F∂pw ImWmw.
C\n NphsS X∂n-cn-°p-∂h ]cn-tim-[n®v t\m°q.
$ 3 s‚ F√m KpWn-X-ß-fpw 6 s‚ KpWn-X-ß-fmtWm?
$ 6 s‚ F√m KpWn-X-ß-fpw 3 s‚ KpWn-X-ß-fmtWm?
$ 4 s‚ F√m KpWn-X-ßfpw 8 s‚ KpWn-X-ß-fmtWm?

109
 $ 8 s‚ F√mKpWn-X-ßfpw 4 s‚ F´ns‚ KpWnXw
KpWn-X-ß-fmtWm? 100 s\ 4 sIm≠v \nt»jw lcn- ° m-
hp∂XpsIm≠v Hcp kwJy 4 s‚ KpWn-X-
$ 4 s‚ F√mKpWn-X-ß-fpw 6 s‚ amtWm F∂p t\m°m≥ B kwJy-bpsS
KpWn-X-ß-fmtWm? Ah-km-\sØ c≠-°-߃ tN¿∂p-≠m-
Ip∂ kwJy 4 s‚ KpWn-X-amtWm F∂p
$ 6 s‚ F√mKpWn-X-ß-fpw 4 s‚ t\m°n-bm¬ aXn.
KpWn-X-ß-fmtWm? F∂m¬ Hcp kwJy 8 s‚ KpWn-X-amtWm
F∂p t\m°m≥ F¥mWv sNtø-≠X - v? DZm-
LS-I-߃ l-c-W-ambn, 6424 F∂ kwJy 8 s‚ KpWn-
2 s‚ KpWn-X-amWv 6. CXns\ as‰mcp X-amtWm?
coXn-bn¬ 100 F∂ kwJy 8 s‚ KpWn-Xa - √. F∂m¬
1000, 10000, 100000, ... XpS-ßnb kwJy-Iƒ
6 s‚ LS-I-amWv 2 F∂pw ]d-bmw. 8 s‚ KpWn-X-am-Wv.
AXp-t]mse AXn-\m¬ 6000 Dw 8 s‚ KpWn-X-am-Wv.
6424 = 6000 + 424
3 s‚ KpWn-X-amWv 6.
C\n 424, 8 s‚ KpWn-X-amtWm F∂v ]cn-
6 s‚ LS-I-amWv 3. tim-[n-®m¬ aXn.
AXm-bXv 2 Dw 3 Dw 6 s‚ LS-I-ß-fm- 424 = 53 × 8 Bb-Xn-\m¬ 6424 F∂ kwJy
8 s‚ KpWn-X-am-Wv.
Wv.
8 s‚ KpWn-X-amtWm F∂v ]cn-tim-[n-
3 s‚ KpWn-X-amtWm 45 F∂v t\m°- °m\p≈ kq{Xw In´nbnt√?
Ww.
3 s\ F{X sIm≠v KpWn-®m¬ 45 In´pw?
45 s\ 3 sIm≠v lcn®v t\m°n-bm¬ aXn-b-t√m.
45 ÷ 3 = 15
AXm-bXv 15 × 3 = 45
At∏mƒ 3 s‚ KpWn-X-amWv 45.
CXn¬\n∂v 45 s‚ Hcp LS-I-amWv 3 F∂p ImWmw.
$ NphsS \¬Inb kwJym tPmSn-I-fn¬ c≠m-asØ kwJy BZy kwJy-bpsS
LS-I-ambn hcp-∂h Is≠-Øq.
 12, 6  50, 5  45, 7
 35, 9  62, 8  42, 6

NXpcw \n¿an°mw
2 s‚bpw 6 s‚bpw KpWn-X-amWv 12.
12 s‚ LS-I-ß-fmWv 6 Dw 2 Dw.

110
12 \v thsdbpw LS-I-ß-fpt≠m? Fßs\ Is≠Øpw?
Nn{X-Øn¬ ImWp-∂-Xp-t]mse Htc hep-∏-ap≈ 12 kaNXp-c-߃ sh´n-sb-Sp-°q.
Ch tN¿Øp-h®v GsX√mw Xc-Øn¬ NXp-c-߃ \n¿an°mw?
12 ka-N-Xp-c-ßfpw Hcp hcn-bn¬ tN¿Øph®m¬ e`n°p∂ Nn{Xw t\m°q.

c≠p hcnIfnembn {IaoIcn®mtem? 1  12

H≥]-Xns‚ KpWn-Xhpw
A°-Øp-I-bpw
Hcp kwJy 9 s‚ KpWn-Xa - mtWm F∂-dn-bm≥
26 F¥mWv sNøpI? B kw-Jy-bpsS A°-ß-
aq∂p hcnIfnembpw CXv {IaoIcn°mw. fpsS XpI 9 s‚ Kp- W n- X - a mtWm F∂p
t\m°n-bm¬ aXn. As√-¶n¬ B kwJy-
bpsS A°-ØpI 9 BtWm F∂p t\m°n-
bm¬ aXn. F¥mWv Cßs\ hcm≥
ImcWw?
DZm-l-c-W-ambn Hcp kwJy-sb-Sp°mw˛ 342
342 = 3  100 + 4  10 + 2 BWv.
34
(3 99 + 3) + (4 9 + 4) + 2 F∂pw FgpXmw.
C\n at‰-sX-¶nepw hn[-Øn¬ NXp-c-ß-fp- 3  99 Dw 4  9 Dw 9 s‚ KpWn-X-ß-fm-Wv.
≠m-°m-tam? _m°n hcp-∂Xv 3 + 4 + 2 BWv. CXv 9 s‚
KpWn-X-am-sW-¶n¬ 342 HºXns‚ KpWn-X-
Ct∏mƒ hc® NXp-c-ß-fn¬ \n∂v am-Ipw. AXm-bXv
12 s‚ LS-I-ß-fmWv 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12 F∂v 3 + 4 + 2 = 9 Bb-Xn-\m¬ 342 HºXns‚ KpWn-
Is≠Ømw. X-am-Wv.
Hcp \me-°-kw-Jy-bm-sW-¶ntem?
CXp-t]mse 24 s‚ F√m LS-I-ßfpw
DZm-l-c-W-ambn,
Is≠Øn Fgp-Xq.
8631 = 8  1000 + 6 100 + 3 10 + 1
24 = 1  24 = (8 999 + 8) + (6 99 + 6) + (3 9 + 3) + 1
24 = 2  12 8 + 6 + 3 + 1 = 18, HºXns‚ KpWn-X-am-Wv.
AXn-\m¬ 8631 HºXns‚ KpWn-X-amWv.
___ = ___  ___ thsdbpw kwJy-Iƒ FSpØv sNbvXp-t\m-
___ = ___  ___ °q. Hcp kwJy 3s‚ KpWn-X-am-Ip-∂-Xn-\p≈
bp‡nbpw Cu coXn-bn¬ hni-Zo-I-cn-°m-
............................ at√m.
24 s‚ LS-I-߃ 1, ___, ___, ___, ___,
___, ___

111
 $ NphsS sImSpØ kwJy-I-fpsS LS-I-߃ Is≠-Øq.
10 18 25 16 36 13
$ dlo-ans‚ ssIbn¬ 28 t]\-I-fp-≠v. Xpey FÆw hc-Ø° hn[w Chsb ]m°-
‰p-I-fn-em-°-Ww. GsX√mw hn[-Øn¬ ]m°-‰p-I-fn-em°mw?
$ Hcp ¢mkn¬ 30 Ip´n-I-fp-≠v. ImbnI]cn-io-e-\-Øns‚ `mK-ambn Ahsc hcn-I-
fmbn \n¿Øp-I-bm-Wv. F√m hcn-Ifnepw XpeyFÆw Ip´n-Iƒ hc-Ø° hn[w
Fß-s\-sb√mw {Iao-Ic - n°mw?
$ Pn≥kn-bpsS ssIbn¬ Htc hep∏-ap≈ 42 kaNXp-c-°´I-fp-≠v. CXv Htc Db-c-
ap≈ Iq´-ß-fmbn ASp-°n-hbv-°-Ww. Fß-s\-sb√mw ASp-°n-hbv°mw?
$ 48 s‚ G‰hpw sNdnb LSIw GXmWv? G‰hpw henb LS-Itam? a‰p LS-I-
߃ GsX√mw? BsI F{X LS-I-ß-fp≠v?
$ NphsS \¬Inbn´p≈h sXt‰m icntbm F∂p Is≠-Øq.
1 F√m kwJy-I-fp-sSbpw LS-I-am-Wv.

F√m kwJy-I-fp-sSbpw G‰hpw henb LSIw AtX kwJy-bm-Wv.

F√m kwJy-Iƒ°pw 2 ¬ IqSp-X¬ LS-I-ß-fp-≠v.

H∂v Hgn-sI-bp≈ F√m kwJy-I-fp-sSbpw LS-I-ß-fpsS FÆw
Cc´kwJy-bm-Wv.

Hcp LSIw am{X-ap≈ Htc Hcp kwJy 1 BWv.

lcn-®p-t\m-°msX...
NphsS sImSpØ kwJy-I-fn¬ \n∂v 10 LS-I-am-bn-´p-≈h, 5 LS-I-am-bn-´p-≈h, 2
LS-I-am-bn-´p-≈h F∂nh Is≠Øn AXXv h´Øn-\-I-Øv Fgp-Xq.
50 18 45 40 28 14 25 70
12 20 25 6 9 8 10 5

10 LS-Ia
- m-bn-´p≈ 5 LS-Ia
- m-bn-´p≈ 2 LS-Ia
- m-bn-´p≈
kwJy-Iƒ kwJy-Iƒ kwJy-Iƒ

112
Hmtcm h´Ønsebpw kwJy-Iƒ°v s]mXp-hmbn Fs¥-¶nepw {]tXy-I-X-bpt≠m?
10, 5, 2 F∂o kwJy-Iƒ LS-I-ß-fmbn hcp∂ a‰p kwJy-Iƒ°pw Cu {]tXy-
IX-bpt≠m? ]cn-tim-[n-°q.

kwJy-Iƒ H∂ns‚ ÿm\sØ A°w

10 LS-I-am-bn-´p-≈h

5 LS-I-am-bn-´p-≈h

2 LS-I-am-bn-´p-≈h

CXp-t]mse Hcp kwJy-bpsS LS-I-amtWm 3 F∂v Fßs\ Is≠-Øpw?

3 LS-I-ambn hcp∂ kwJy-Iƒ 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, ...
ChbpsS A°ØpI I≠p-]n-Sn®pt\m°q.
3 LS-I-ambn hcp∂ a‰p kwJy-I-fp-sSbpw A°-ØpI I≠pt\m°q.
CXp-t]mse 9 Hcp LS-I-ambn hcp∂ kwJy-I-fpsS A°-ØpI F{X-bm-bn-cn°pw?

NphsS sImSpØ kwJy-I-fn¬ LS-I-ambn hcp-∂-hbv°v t\sc  AS-bm-fhpw

A√m-Ø-hbv°v t\sc AS-bm-fhpw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øq.
LS-I-ambn hcp-∂h
kwJy
2 3 5 9 10
12   x x x
35
30
55
60
215
240
316
`mPyhpw A`m-Pyhpw
13 F∂ kwJysb 1 sIm≠pw 13 sIm≠pw \nt»jw lcn-°p-hm≥ Ign-bpw. CXp
c≠p-a-√mØ at‰-sX-¶nepw kwJy-sIm≠v 13 s\ \nt»jw lcn-°m≥ Ign-bptam?
CXp-t]mse 1 sIm≠pw, AtX kwJy-sIm≠pw am{Xw \nt»jw lcn-°m≥ Ign-
bp∂ kwJy-Iƒ GsXms°bmWv?
1,2, 3, 5, 7, 11, ... XpS-ßnb kwJy-I-sf√mw CtX {]tXy-I-X-bp≈ kwJy-I-fm-Wv.

113
 1 Dw AtX kwJybpw Hgn-®p≈ kwJy- kwJy-If
- psS Acn∏
Iƒ sIm≠v \nt»jw lcn-°m≥ IgnbmØ A`mPy- k w- J y- I ƒ Is≠- Ø m≥
{InkvXp-hn\v apºv Pohn-®n-cp∂ Cdm-
CØcw kwJy-Ifn¬ 1 HgnsIbp≈hsb tØm- k v s X- \ okv Is≠Ønb Hcp
A`m-Py-kw-Jy-Iƒ (Prime numbers) F∂mWv am¿Kw Ct∏mgpw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p-≠v.
hnfn-°p-∂X- v. as‰mcp hn[-Øn¬ ]d-™m¬ $ 1 apX¬ 50 hsc XpS¿®- b mbn
CØcw kwJy- I ƒ°v 1 Dw AtX kwJy-Iƒ Fgp-Xp-I.
kwJybpw am{Xta LS-Iß - ƒ Bbn D≠m- $ 1 s‚ KpWn-X-amWv XpS¿∂p-h-cp∂
hp-Ib- p-≈q. F√m - k w- J yIfpw. AXn- \ m¬
1 ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂n-√.
F∂m¬ 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, ... XpS-ßnb kwJy- $ BZyw ImWp∂ Hmtcm kwJybpw
Isf 1 Dw AtX kwJybpw A√mØ kwJy- \ne-\n¿Øn AXns‚ KpWn-X-߃
Iƒ sIm≠pw \nt»jw lcn-°p-hm≥ Ign- Hgn-hm-°p-∂p.
bpw. CØcw kwJy-Isf `mPy-kw-Jy-Iƒ $ tijn-°p∂ kwJy-Iƒ A`m-Py-
(Composite numbers) F∂mWv ]d-bp-∂X - v. kw-Jy-I-fmWv.
$ 100 ¬ Xmsg-bp≈ A`m-Py-kw-Jy-
1 `mPytam A`m-Pytam Bbn ]cn-K-Wn-°m- Iƒ e`n-°m≥ GXp kwJy-bpsS
dn-√. KpWn-X-߃ hsc Hgn-hm-°-Ww?
NphsS \¬In-bn-´p≈ kwJy-Isf `mPy-kw-Jy-Iƒ, A`m-Py-kw-Jy-Iƒ F∂n-
ßs\ Xcw Xncn-°q.
9, 17, 26, 23, 45, 31,
36, 29, 48, 64, 41, 51
100 ¬ Ipdhmb A`m-Py-kw-Jy-Iƒ Is≠-Øp-I.

A`mPyLS-I-߃
10 s\ hyXykvX kwJy-I-fpsS KpW\-^-e- ambn
Fßs\sb√mw FgpXmw?
1  10
25
CXp-t]mse 30 s\tbm?
1  30
2  15
3  10
65
235
10 s\bpw 30 s\bpw hnhn[ kwJy-I-fpsS KpW-\-^-e-ambn hyXykvX cq]-

114
 A\-L-kw-Jy-Iƒ AXn-`mPykwJy-Iƒ
(Highly Composite Numbers)
6 Hgns-I-bp≈ 6 s‚ LS-I-ß-
fpsS XpI 6 Xs∂-bmW-t√m. kwJy LS-I-߃
6=1+2+3 1 1
Cu {]tXy- I X- b p≈ F√m 2 1, 2
kwJyI-sfbpw A\-Lk - w-JyI- 3 1, 3
ƒ (Perfect Numbers) F∂mWv 4 1, 2, 4
hnfn-°p-∂Xv. 5 1, 5
50 ¬ Ipd-hmb FƬkwJy- 6 1, 2, 3, 6
Ifn¬ A\L-kwJy-bmb Hcp
kwJy IqSn am{Xta D≈q. Ch-bn¬ 2, 4, 6 F∂nhbv°v Hcp {]tXy-IX - b
- p-≠.v
2 ¬ sNdnb kwJy°v c≠ns‚ A{Xbpw
AtX-XmsW∂pIs≠-Ømtam?
LS-Iß - f
- n√. 4 \v AXn-\p-ap-ºp≈ F√m- kw-Jy
AXpI-gn™m¬ ASpØ A\- I
- t- f-°mfpw LS-Iß - ƒ IqSp-X¬ D≠v. 6 t\m?
L-kwJy 496 BWv. CØcw kwJy-I-fmWv AXn-`m-Py
2013 h¿jw hsc 48 A\-L-kw- kw-Jy-Iƒ. GXm-Wv ASpØ
JyI- ƒ am{Xta Is≠Øn- AXn-`m-Py-kwJy? 1- s\bpw
bn´p≈q.- Cu Iq´-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Ømw.

Hmtcm-∂n\pw A`mPykwJy-Iƒ
am{X-ap≈ KpW\cq]w ImWmw.
AXm-bXv
10 = 2  5
30 = 2  3  5
ChnsS 10 s‚ A`m-Py-L-S-I-ß-fmWv 2, 5. AXp-t]mse 30 s‚ A`m-Py-L-S-I-ß-
fmWv 2, 3, 5.
24 s\ A`m-Py-LS
- I
- ß
- f
- psS KpW-\^
- e
- a
- mbn Fßs\ 24
FgpXmw?
24 = 2  12 2 12
12 = 2  6
6 = 2  3 BbXn\m¬ 24 = 2  2  2  3 F∂pw Fgp-Xmw.
2 6
At∏mƒ
24 = 2  2  2  3 2 3

115
 20 hsc-bp≈ kwJy-Isf A`m-Py-kw-Jy-Iƒ am{X-ap≈ KpW-\-cq-]-Øn¬ Fgp-Xq.
CXv D]-tbm-Kn®v Hmtcm-∂n-s‚bpw A`m-Py-L-S-I-ßfpw Fgp-Xq.
$ NphsS \¬Inb kwJy-Isf A`m-Py-kw-Jy-I-fpsS KpW\^e-ambn Fgp-Xq.

32
A`m-Py-kw-Jy-Iƒ
28 Is≠-Øm-s\m-cp- am¿Kw
Bdv \nc-I-fn-embn 1 apX¬ 50
2 14 kwJy-Iƒ Fgp-Xp-I.
1 2 3 4 5 6
7 8 9 10 11 12
13 14 15 16 17 18
19 20 21 22 23 24
25 26 27 28 29 30
31 32 33 34 35 36
37 38 39 40 41 42
43 44 45 46 47 48
45 49 50
30
$ 2 HgnsI 2 s‚ KpWn-X-߃ Hgn-hm-
°p-∂p. 2, 4, 6 \ncIƒ Hgn-hm-°p-∂p.
$ 3 HgnsI 3 s‚ KpWn-X-߃ Hgn-hm-
°p-∂p.
$ CXp-t]mse 5, 7 F∂o kwJyIƒ
HgnsI Ch-bpsS KpWn-X-߃ Hgn-hm-
ASn-ÿm\LS-I-߃ °p-∂p.
$ tijn- ° p∂Xv A`m- P y- k w- J y- I ƒ
252 s\ A`m-Py-kw-Jy-I-fpsS KpW-\-^-e-ambn
Bbn-cn-°pw.
Fßs\ Fgp-Xpw?
ChnsS H∂ns‚ ÿm\sØ A°w Cc´kwJy-
bm-W-t√m. AXp-sIm≠v 2 Hcp LS-I-am-Wv. a‰p LS-I-߃ Is≠-Øm≥ 252 s\ 2
sIm≠v lcn®v t\m°mw.
252 = 2 × 126
126 s‚ H∂ns‚ ÿm\Øv 6 BW-t√m.
AXp-sIm≠v 2 Hcp LS-I-am-Wv.
126 = 2 × 63
63 s‚ A°-ØpI 9 BW-t√m. 9 s‚ LS-I-am-Wv 3.

116
 CXn¬\n∂v 3 Hcp LS- I - a m- s W∂p ]Xn-s\m-∂ns‚ KpWnXw
ImWmw. 462 F∂ kwJy 11 s‚ KpWn-X-amtWm?
63 = 3 × 21 462 s\ 11 sIm≠v lcn-®v t\m°n CXn\v
DØcw ]d-bmw.
21 s\ 7 × 3 Fs∂-gp-Xm-a-t√m. lcn®v t\m°msX DØcw ]dbm≥ F¥mWv
CXv lcWcq]-Øn¬ Cßs\ Fgp-Xmw: hgn?
462 = 4 × 100 + 6 × 10 + 2
2 252
= 4 × (99 + 1) + 6 (11 - 1) + 2
2 126 = 4 × 99 + 4 + 6 × 11 - 6 + 2
3 63 = (4 × 99 + 6 × 11 ) + 4 - 6 + 2
99 Dw 11 Dw 11 s‚ KpWn-Xßfm-Wv. At∏mƒ
3 21
462, 11 s‚ KpWn-Xam-IWsa-¶n¬ 4 - 6 + 2, 11
7 s‚ KpWn-X-am-bm¬ aXn. 4 - 6 + 2 = 0 Bb-Xn-
\m¬ 462 F∂ kwJy 11 s‚ KpWn-X-am-Wv.
AXm-bXv 252 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 7
as‰m-cp-Zm-l-cWw t\m°mw:
NphsS sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ kwJy-Isf 2596 = 2 × 1000 + 5 × 100 + 9 × 10 + 6
A`m-Py-kw-Jy-I-fpsS KpW-\-^-e-ambn = 2 (1001 - 1) + 5 (99 + 1) + 9 (11 - 1) + 6
Fgp-Xq. = 2 × 1001 - 2 + 5 × 99 + 5 + 9 × 11 - 9 + 6
• 145 • 210 • 100 = (2 × 1001 + 5 × 99 + 9 × 11) - 2 + 5 - 9 + 6
1001, 99, 11 F∂nh 11 s‚ KpWn- X - a m- W v .
• 168 • 225 • 288 At∏mƒ 2596 F∂ kwJy 11s‚ KpWn-X-am-
Wv. AXm-bXv kwJy-bnse H∂v, \qdv, ]Xn-\m-
h≥ s]mXpLSIw bn-cw, ... XpS-ßnb ÿm\-ßf
- nse A°-ßf
- psS
16 s‚ LS-I-߃ GsXm-s°-bmWv? XpIbpw ]Øv, Bbn-cw, e£w, ... XpS-ßnb
1, 2, 4, 8, 16 F∂n-h-bm-Wt√m. ÿm\-ß-fnse A°-ß-fpsS XpIbpw XΩn-
ep≈ hyXymkw 11 s‚ KpWn-X-am-sW-¶n¬
12 s‚ LS-I-ßtfm? B kwJy 11 s‚ KpWn-X-amWv.
1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12
12 \pw 16 \pw s]mXp-hmbn hcp∂ LS-I-߃ 1, 2, 4 F∂n-h-bm-Wv.
Cu kwJy-Isf 12 s‚bpw 16 s‚bpw s]mXpLS-Iß
- ƒ (Common factors) F∂mWv
]d-bp-∂X
- v.
Cu s]mXpLS-I-ß-fn¬ G‰hpw henb kwJy 4 Bb-Xp-sIm≠v 4 s\ 12 s‚bpw
16 s‚bpw h≥ s]mXp-L-SIw (Highest Common Factor) F∂pw ]d-bp-∂p.
KT 613-3/Maths-5(M) (Vol-II)

CXv as‰mcp coXn-bnepw ImWmw.

16 s\bpw 12 s\bpw A`m-Py-L-S-I-ß-fpsS KpW-\-^-e-ambn Fgp-Xm≥ Adn-bm-a-
t√m.
16 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2
12 = 2 × 2 × 3

117
 ChnsS 12 s‚bpw 16 s‚bpw A`m-Py-L-S-I-ß-fn¬ s]mXp-hmbn hcp∂ kwJy-Iƒ
GsXm-s°-bm-W?v
16 = 2×2 ×2×2
12 = 2×2 ×3
2, 2 BW-t√m.
AXn-\m¬ 12 s‚bpw 16 s‚bpw h≥ s]mXp-L-SIw 2 × 2 = 4 BWv.
24 s‚bpw 18 s‚bpw h≥ s]mXp LSIw Fßs\ Is≠-Ømw?
24 s\ A`mPykwJy-I-fpsS KpW-\-^-e-ambn Fgp-Xm≥ Adn-bm-a-t√m.
2 24
2 12
2 6
3
24 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3
C\n 18 s\ A`m-Py-L-S-I-ß-fpsS KpW-\-^-e-ambn Fgp-Xmw.
2 18
3 9
3
18 = 2 ×3× 3
24 s‚bpw 18 s‚bpw s]mXpLS-I-߃ Ch-bn¬\n∂v ImWm-a-t√m. s]mXpLS-I-
߃
24 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3
18 = 2 × 3 ×3
2×3=6
h≥ s]mXp-L-SIw 6 F∂p ImWmw.

118
$ NphsS sImSpØ kwJym-tPm-Sn-If
- nse s]mXpLS-Iß
- fpw h≥ s]mXp-LS- I
- hpw
Is≠-Øq.
$ 28, 20 $ 15, 25 $ 28, 36
$ 36, 45 $ 32, 40 $ 18, 24
$ tPmkv shfn-s®Æ Af∂v \¬Ip-Ib
- m-W.v knbm-Zn\v 12 en‰dpw aocbv°v 16 en‰dpw
shfn-s®Æ thWw. tPmkns‚ ssIbn¬ F√m Af-hp-Ifpw Af-°m≥ Ign-bp∂
]m{X-ß-fp-≠v. c≠p t]¿°pw Af∂p \¬Im≥ Ign-bp∂ G‰hpw henb Hcp
]m{Xw GXv?
skan-\m¿: "A`m-Py-kw-Jy-If
- psS Ncn{Xw' F∂ hnj-bsØ Bkv]Z- a
- m°n Hcp skan-
\m¿ t]∏¿ Xbm-dm°n Ah-X-cn-∏n-°q.
$ NphsS \¬Inb kwJy-I-fpsS 5 hoXw KpWn-X-߃ Fgp-Xp-I.
32 23 55 60
$ kwJy-mtPmSn-I-fpsS sNdps]mXp-Kp-WnXw Is≠-Øq.
$ 12, 15 $ 20, 30 $ 7, 8 $ 8, 16
$ LSI-߃ Is≠-Øq.
25 37 48 100
$ A`m-Py-kw-Jy-I-fpsS KpW-\-^-e-ambn Fgp-Xq.
25 60 58 125
160 204 190 92
$ s]mXp-L-S-I-ßfpw h≥ s]mXpLS-Ihpw Is≠-Øq.
$ 36, 48 $ 44, 64 $ 24, 56

t{]mPIvSv

hnhn[ kwJym-tPm-Sn-I-fpsS KpW\^ehpw sNdp s]mXpKpWn-Xhpw, h≥ s]mXp-

L-S-Ihpw XΩnep≈ _‘w Is≠-Øp-I.

119
 Xncn™p--t\m-°p-tºmƒ

F\n°v So®-dpsS C\nbpw

]T-\-t\-´-߃ Ignbpw klm-
b-tØmsS sa®-s∏-tS
Ignbpw -≠-Xp≠v

$ kwJy- I - f psS s]mXp- K p- W n- X - ß ƒ

Xncn®dnbm\pw hniZoIcn°m\pw Ignbp∂p.

$ kwJy-I-fpsS s]mXpLS-I-ß-ƒ Xncn®dn

bm\pw hniZoIcn°m\pw Ignbp∂p.

$ s]mXpKpWnX߃, s]mXpLSI߃
F∂nhbpsS {]tXyIXIƒ D]tbmKn®v
{]iv\]cnlmcw \SØp∂p.

$ kwJyIfpsS LSIßfpsS {]tXyIXsb

ASnÿm\am°n `mPykwJyIƒ, A`mPy
kwJyIƒ F∂nßs\ XcwXncn°p∂p.

$ kwJyIsf AhbpsS A`mPyLS

IßfpsS KpW\^eambn FgpXp∂ coXn
hniZoIcn°p∂p.

$ GsXmcp kwJy-bpw 2,3,4,5,6,8,9,10 F∂o

kwJy-IfpsS KpWnXamtWm F∂v lcn®p
t\m°msX \n›bn°p∂p.
$ c≠p kwJyIƒ°v AhbpsS sNdp
s]mXpKpWnXhpw h≥ s]mXpLSI
hpambp≈ _‘w hniZoIcn°p∂p.

120
 8
`mK-߃ tNcptºmƒ
 h«-¡-j-W-§Ä
Hcp h«-¯ns\ a«-§Ä D]-tbm-Kn¨v ]e ka-`m-K§
- f- m-¡m-sa¶p I­-tÃm.

1 1
C§s\ Htc hep-¸¯
- n-epÅ ]e hr¯-§f- psS Iptd 4
`mK-§fpw, 8
`mK-§-fpw,
1 1
6
`mK-§f- pw, 12 `mK-§f- pw, \mep s]«n-If- n-em-¡n-bmWv eoe So¨À ¢mkn h¶-X.v
Ip«n-Isf \mep kwL-§f- m-¡n, Hmtcm kwL-¯n\pw Hcp s]«n hoXw sImSp-¯p. Hmtcm
kwLhpw AhÀ¡p In«nb h«-¡j - W
- §- Ä D]-tbm-Kn¨v ]IpXn h«w D­m-¡Ww.


 1 2 1 4 1 3 1 6
= = = =
2 4 2 8 2 6 2 12
!. # 1
 )
   '     0  
 (
2 .'. - 3 14 ''4
1
3
54

2 .'. - 23 '4


     
 .
 -     '( 12 6 
 ). 6&.
7..'
   -  8 %9+'. . :0.
.(  -'( - '. .    !;'
1 2
=
2 4
6 7.'
 
    
 .
 -68 % 4
0"
1 2 3
= =
2 4 6
!.6<.) = '.%' >?)      -6<. 8'
6%).  .4
! . 67.'4
1
= ..........
2
50
!. @ . - &'  100  6  'A; -( 9   6
'A;(5 6<.   & 6.  )) .   
'A;(6<. 6%6.    '


 apdn-¡pI F¶-Xn\v tOZn-¡pI F¶pw ]d-bmw. AXn-\m 100 F¶ kwJysb,
50
100
sâ tOZw (denominator) F¶mWv ]d-bp-¶X
- v. `mK-¯n\v Awiw F¶p ]d-bm-dp-
50
Å-Xn-\mÂ, 50 s\ 100 sâ Awiw (numerator) F¶pw ]d-bp-¶p.
At¸mÄ ]IpXn F¶-Xnsâ ]e kwJym-cq-]§ - f- mb
1 2 3 4
, , , , ...
2 4 6 8
F¶n-hb- nse tOZ-§Ä 2, 4, 6, 8, ... F¶n-§s\ amdp-t¼mÄ, Awi-§Ä 1, 2, 3, 4, ...
F¶n-§s\ amä-Ww.
C\n aq¶n-sem-¶nsâ Imcyw t\m¡mw:
Cu Nn{Xw t\m¡q

1 2 1 4
= =
3 6 3 12
1 2 4
Nn{X-¯n \n¶pw 3 = 6 = 12 BsW¶v hyà-am-WtÃm
C\n Cu Nn{Xw t\m¡q

Hcp \mS 9 ka-`m-K§

- f
- mbn apdn-¨n-cn-¡p¶p; Ch-bn F{X-sb-®s
- a-Sp-¯m-em-Wv \mS-
1
bpsS 3 `mKw In«p-¶Xv?

A§s\
1 2 3 4
= = =
3 6 9 12
Fs¶Ãmw ImWmw. CXpw F{X thW-sa-¦nepw XpS-cmw. DZm-lc
- W
- a- m-bn, Hcp \mS 15
1
ka-`m-K§
- f
- m-¡n-bX - a-Sp-¯m-em-Wv. \mS-bpsS 3 In«pI?
- n F{X-sb-®s

124
! . 67.'4
1
= ..........
3

   &  %1
 )
  9+6   ' 23 '4

 %       -6<. 8'6%-( % % 23 ' '4

 .

!. - '.6 I )4

2 4 6 8
= = =
3 6 9 12

!.  '.%'  23  3D  -(B>  'A;2 .

)4
! '2.'A; %) .    )4
0'C 4
 32.) .  'B>  6% 4
B>'5 %-(0'C'6I 6%)'4
 32.) .  '0'C  6% 4
0'C'6 %-(B>'6I)'4

 J 9 %# 9 <. '&K    &' %
0. - .   'A; % @D' % F

1 2
6 3

3
4

J 9 %#<. )

 3 14   &' %)'F

D  9+ ;.;.*.  -!. 9. D !. -

 . 14  32.D )4
J 9 %#9 <. -9 &' %
  
 .
 ( <. )
 36<.
 )4

!G 'A; B> D -67.


2 $'(0.       &  % !31) 
4+  ($ 5 14 , 34 , 16 , 56 6   !3 
'78  % '9: ;'6<.
2 $'(      &  % !31) 4+
( $ 5 13 '=< 
  > 23  > 34  >

Hcp `n¶w, ]e cq]w

 '78  (0'?'9:' @ (; -6<. 
  34  5!';  % 
  . >
* #  %  A

 -( % % 34 C

! -6B'4+

1)  '. 
  
 >

%   D0 -6B'4+.) 34

0..
 (
3 6
=
4 8
1)  '   *. . '( ;  

 *.  >

3
4
 5 @;'   >
3 9
=
4 12
1)  '      
 >
127
 9 <.  
  .59  'F
5 1) ×
3
4
 1) ×
0"
3 12
=
4 16
0..
 (5 1)  36<. % )(0<.' % 6%-
3
4
 .; 'A; '

@*.  '&'F 34  3D  L( 32.) .

 'B>
 %': 30.) .'. 0'C  %)  '
>? )
   (
××
6*) .
   - 
3 75
=
4 100
6 '
!.6  'C      52  'F
 4>? )

! % ') ..M'6I)4
 'A; %B> '0'C ' 'A; ) 
 -(
0. 'A; % @D' '
@;'D%  '  1824
6 'A;  !. 3B>'
0'C'!
 'A; ):0.. (0 '/% )F
××

128
At¸mÄ, apI-fn I­-X-\p-k-cn-¨v,
18 9
hepXpw sNdpXpw
=
24 12
\pw 12 \pw s]mXp-hmbn GsX-¦nepw LS-I-
apt­m?
9 5
5 5
$

12 = 4 × 3, 9 = 3 × 3
4
$ 4
$
F¶p ImWmw; At¸mÄ
4 4 5
3 3
3 3
$ 3
4
$ 5
$
9 3
=
12 4 2
$ 2
$ 2
$ 2
$
A§s\
2 2 3 4 5

1
1
1
$
1
2
$
1
3
$ 1
4
$ 1
5
$
18 3
=
24 4 0
1 2 3 4 5
ChnsS I­-sX-´mWv?
Hcp `n¶-kw-Jy-bpsS tOZ-¯n\pw Awi- Nn{X-¯n 12 F¶o _nµp-¡Ä
¯n\pw s]mXp-hmb Hcp LS-I-ap-s­-¦nÂ, tNÀ¯v h-cb- ¡v q. Cu hc-bn hcp¶
0,

AXp-sIm­v tOZ-¯ns- \bpw Awi-¯ns- \bpw `n¶k- w-Jy-If- psS {]tXy-IX F´v?
lcn¨- m AtX `n¶k- w-Jy-bpsS asämcp cq]w
In«pw. 0, F¶o _nµp-¡Ä tNÀ¯v
2

apIfn I­ DZm-lc- W- ¯- n s\ BZyw hcbv¡q. Cu hc-bpsS apI-fnÂ

18
24
3

9
12
Fs¶-gpXn; ]n¶oSv tOZhpw Awihpw hcp¶ `n¶-§-fpsS {]tXy-IX
F´v? Cu hc-bpsS Xmsg hcp¶
ho­pw sNdp-Xm¡n Fs¶-gp-Xn.
3
4
`n¶§
- f- psS {]tXy-IX- tbm?
tOZhpw Awihpw C\nbpw sNdp-Xm-¡m³ Ignb- nÃ- tÃm (F´p-sIm­v?) AXn\- mÂ
3
s\ sâ eLp-cq]w (in lowest terms) F¶mWv ]d-bp-¶X- v.
18

s]mXpth ]d-ªmÂ, Hcp `n¶k- w-Jy-bp-sS, tOZ-¯ns- âbpw Awi-¯ns- âbpw s]mXp-
4 24

hmb LS-I-§-sfÃmw lcn¨p amän-bm In«p-¶-XmWv AXnsâ eLp-cq-]w.

C\n Nph-sS-bpÅ IW-¡p-IÄ sNbvXp-t\m¡q:
$ ]qcn-¸n-¡pI
$ 3 .....
= $ 5 20
= $45 3
= $ 42 .....
=

$ NphsS sImSp-¯nc- n¡- p¶ `n¶k- w-Jy-Isf 10, 100, 1000 Ch GsX-¦nepw tOZ-
5 30 6 ..... 75 ..... 48 8

amb `n¶-kw-Jy-bmbn Fgp-XpI:

$ 1
2
$ 2
5
$3
4
$ 5
8


 1 2
$ ,
3 3
F¶o `n¶-kw-Jy-Isf 10, 100, 1000 Ch GsX-¦nepw tOZ-amb `n¶-kw-
Jy-bmbn Fgp-Xm³ Ign-bptam? F´p-sIm­v?
$ Nph-sS-bpÅ Hmtcm tPmSn `n¶-kw-Jy-It- fbpw Htc tOZ-apÅ `n¶-kw-Jy-I-
fmbn Fgp-Xp-I.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2
$ 2, 4 $ 2, 3 $ 3, 4 $ 3, 5

tNÀ¯p-hbv¡mw
Hcp h«s¯ \mep ka-`m-K§
- f
- m-¡n-bX
- n cs­®w tNÀ¯p-h¨
- m ]IpXn h«-
ambn:

AXm-bX- v, Im h«-¯n-t\mSv Im h«w tNÀ¯m ]IpXn h«w; AYhm Imepw
Imepw tNÀ¶m Ac. C¡mcyw C§s\ FgpXmw:
1 1 1
+ =
4 4 2
CXp-t]mse h«-¯ns\ Bdp ka-`m-K§
- f
- m-¡nb Ij-W§
- fn cs­®w tNÀ¯p-h-
¨mtem?
Hcp h«w hc-¨v, Bdp ka-`m-K-§Ä AS-bm-f-s¸-Sp-¯p-I. Hcp `mK-¯n\v \ndw sImSp-
¡p-I.

Hcp `mK-¯n-\p-IqSn \ndw sImSp-¡pI:

2 2 1
Ct¸mÄ h«-¯nsâ 6 `mK-¯n\p \nd-am-bn. 6 F¶-Xv, 3 sâ thsdmcp cq]-atÃ?

130
0(  '( 
  6

1 1 2 1
+ = =
6 6 6 3
-+,+ ./
 
 0
 1("2 $3,4
 1: C
. #-0=05;
]Ip-Xnbpw ]Ip-Xn-bpsS
]Ip-Xnbpw
2
 ./122%,1 8C
8
B
1 1
2 1× 2 1 + =1
= = 2 2
8 4×2 4
1 1 1
  = *7?>
+ + =1
2 4 4
1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1
+ = = + + + + =1
8 8 8 4 2 4 8 16 16
$C (4-;  %,  = 6
******************************************************************
******************************************************************
******************************************************************

- $( > @%

-0@*

1 3
+,A .  . $3,4
 1
8 8
C. 

8 ./011+3=4./
 =#: %,(0
 #*
4
7#  7 D $;0B6
8
1 3 4 1
+ = =
8 8 8 2
+,A./>0#-;  %,#E %$C (4-0@*

-&'(-%%,#719 ./
 >7%
 ?%, 6

12./>0#-;  %0 6

-4./>0 @%-;  %0 6

131
   
$C,1'( $(,
?>2+4=62,-#-;* H ./0#
F((1?; 6: -;  %,# "B*<#I# $J,#

2  $(,AC
-%% . 8("#-;  %,#
9 .=#  $C,1 =
4 4(0  > @+
-%%  . 8 :  -;   %,#
9 -0 K,(  "
6 ,
. *
9
#   %  6 1
2 4 6 2
+ =
9 9 9
1
6 1
1 -G(@5,
 1B 8
9 1
4
6 2×3 2 16
= =
9 3×3 3

7
 #

2 4 6 2
+ = =
9 9 9 3
E$C -0@6

$-;  %,(0#$C,AC.,-=#

54-;

: -;  %,(0#C.,-=#

1- +   
 % !=#

1 5 6 3
+ = =
8 8 8 4

132
 5$%&'($C,   
# -;  %,./
: -;  %,(0.     *'($C
,1-  +   
 % G(@5,
 1 6
/Maths-5(M) (Vol-II)
KT 613-

133
        

'(+,- ./
 
 071(" <=/
 >$3,4
 15 
+  + 6

'( <=  @%$3,4

01+*7
 #7(   $31016

1 1 3
+ =
2 4 4
-E$C -0 6

+,-  ./0 71 2 2,-# L -;  1 2,-#

$?-;  %,(0*: -;  %,#1+2. *0(
   
 % 
 /-

2 1 3
+ =
6 6 6
1

2 1 3 1
= , =
6 3 6 2
/-G(@5,
 1
 B*7?>

1 1 1
+ =
3 6 2

$%&$C,1- + 
 !=#

134
 3 1 4
+ =
6 6 6
3 1 4 2
=   = G@ (
 41#/- 6
6 2 6 3
1 1 2
+ =
2 6 3

$C /-:

3 2 5
+ =
6 6 6
3 2
, G(@5,1#/- 
6 6

1 1 5
+ =
2 3 6

1 3
-+,A .  . $3,4
 1C.#$C
4 8
(#0:$4-0 6

<=/B '(5=1?  @+%0 *'( <

1
= .  ./
 
 122 $3 "
4
3
#,( 3./>$3=#*
8
5
7?>8 ./01: 2+3=5. 87# *
8
1 3 2 3 5
+ = + =
4 8 8 8 8
E:D $C (4-0 6

135
 3 2
asämcp IW¡v: 10 aoäÀ \of-apÅ Hcp \mSbpw 5 aoäÀ \of-apÅ Hcp \mSbpw Aä-
t¯m-Säw tNÀ¯p h¨mÂ, BsI F{X aoäÀ BIpw?
3 2
10
aoä-dn-s\, Hcp aoä-dnsâ 10 ka-`m-K§
- f
- n  F®-sa-¶pw, 5 aoä-dn-s\, Hcp aoä-
dnsâ  ka-`m-K§- f- n  F®-sa¶pw FSp-¯mÂ, Cu `mK-§s - fÃmw Hcp t]mse-bÃ.

2
5
aoä-dn-s\, Hcp aoä-dnsâ  ka-`m-K§
- f
- n  F®w F¶pw FSp-¡m-atÃm:

7
At¸mÄ BsI C¯cw    ka-`m-K-§-fm-bn. AXm-bXv 10 aoäÀ
3 2 3 4 7
+ = + =
10 5 10 10 10
1 2
2
aoädpw 5
aoä-dp-amWv tNÀ¯p-hb
- v¡p-¶s
- X-¦ntem?
2 1
5
aoä-dn-s\, Hcp aoä-dnsâ  ka-`m-K§
- f
- n  F®w Fs¶-gpXmw; 2 aoä-dn-s\tbm?
1
Hcp aoä-dnsâ  ka-`m-K§
- f
- n  F®w FSp-¯m 2 aoä-dm-Ip-a-tÃm. At¸mÄ
9
C¯cw `mK-§Ä BsI    F®w; AXm-bXv 10 aoäÀ

1
2


 1 2 5 4 9
+ = + =
2 5 10 10 10
%B -  =5(!=#
("/
 %  =007'((@5,0=
 *
1 2
- (4# 3 +
5
/- =00
: '((@5,0=
 *
1
3
H(@5/B  A.=/
 
 =#

2
5
A(@5/B   A.=/
 
7?>'(0  #A  A .= = *
7-#×  %,1 B*
1 1× 5 5
= =
3 3 × 5 15
2 2×3 6
= =
5 5 × 3 15
-  "5%0 6
1 2 5 6 11
+ = + =
3 5 15 15 15

$%&$C/
 B ("+/ -; 
 %,./>
+%,#$3,4  1'(+,AC.  +# =0
0 6


 2 4 % %  
 .)A
2 14 + 81 2 2 1
+
3 6
2 2 1
+
3 4
2 1 5
+
8 6

     
E. - - @+D0. -0 @+-;%  <   -(
C 6E. @& >
0 @+ < 
 .
 (- @+*.'.)    ). C:8 
- @+ < "  @& F ''G *'- @+ < 
"<>
- @+
!. '78 %. 6<. >
3 1 3 1 1 1 1
+ = + + = 1 + =1
4 2 4 4 4 4 4
  9:'.8  ; 
 .
  !. 4.>
3 1 3 2 5
+ = + =
4 2 4 4 4
5
4
6.(1 14 
5 @;  )      0"6
; 
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 )
- @& 5; % - @+. 4+>
'' D! 4+.0DC   @+
3 3 3 1 1 1 1
+ = + + =1+ =1
4 4 4 4 2 2 2
" 
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' &' %

&' %  &  %4+

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>
!  & 
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138
 <=/
 >$3,4#'(+ O0'(.FB*

A =0#-0 6
1 2 3 4 7 1
+ = + = =1
2 3 6 6 6 6
;( =0#67-@5- 7P- <3+-# =/= *7-@5-# '(
F; 7P-#(" 1F; *'(- =/ 
 =1: C
F3/=
' (" @#7(   018: @01F3 =0
@+ 87
 *#
1 1 ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛1 1⎞ 3 3
1 + 2 = ⎜1 + ⎟ + ⎜ 2 + ⎟ = (1 + 2 ) + ⎜ + ⎟ = 3 + = 3
2 4 ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 4⎠ ⎝ 2 4⎠ 4 4
F((  @+ *
1 3 1 9
1 =  2 =
2 2 4 4
 1
1 1 3 9 6 9 15 (3 × 4) + 3 3 3
1 +2 = + = + = = = 3 + =3
2 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

'(5C,1'(F35 F(5C,1(" 1F35

"#*("5C,  @%: CF35"#
'( F3 -& (" $(% > 7F,%F  $3, 41 :
C-
('( C. 5; 01 C. $- /*:
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2 4 ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 4⎠ ⎝2 4⎠ 4
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 $ Ht¶-ap-¡m aoäÀ \of-apÅ Nc-SnÂ\n¶v Ac aoäÀ apdn-¨p-am-än-bmÂ, an¨-
apÅ Nc-Snsâ \ofw F{X-bmWv?
$ aq¶c Intem{Kmw a¯-§-bn \n¶v Ht¶-ap-¡m Intem{Kmw apdn-s¨-Sp-
¯p. _m¡n-bpÅ IjWw F{X Intem-{Km-amWv?
$ A\p Hcp h«w hc-¨v, AXnsâ 5 `mK-¯n\v \ndw sImSp-¯p. C\n F{X `mKw-IqSn
12
\ndw sImSp-¡m-\p­v?
3
$  enäÀ shÅw sImÅp¶ Hcp sXm«n-bn 3 4 enäÀ shÅ-ap-­v. sXm«n \nd-bm³
C\n-sb{X shÅw Hgn-¡Ww?
3
$ ]©m-b-¯n Ignª hÀjw 14 Intem-ao-äÀ tdmUv ]pXp-Xmbn \nÀan-¨p. Cu
1 4
hÀjw 16 Intem-ao-ä-dpw. Cu hÀjw F{X Intem-ao-äÀ IqSp-X \nÀan¨p?
4
$ hnt\mZv  aoäÀ NcSv hm§n. CXn \n¶v BZyw 5 3 aoä-dpw, ]n¶oSv 6 1 aoädpw
4 2
apdn-s¨-Sp-¯p. C\n-sb{X \ofw _m¡n-bp­v?
$ Hcp Sm¦nsâ aq¶n-sem¶p `mKw shÅ-ap-­v.  enäÀ shÅw-IqSn Hgn-¨-t¸mÄ
AXv ]IpXn \nd-ªp. Sm¦n BsI F{X enäÀ shÅw sImÅpw?
$ Hcp Sm¦n shÅw \nd-bv¡m³ c­p Ipg-ep-I-fp-­v. H¶m-as¯ Ipg am{Xw Xpd-
¶p-h-¨mÂ,  an\näv sIm­v Sm¦v \nd-bpw. c­m-as¯ Ipg am{Xw Xpd¶p h¨mÂ,
Sm¦v \nd-bm³  an\näv thWw.
$ H¶m-as¯ Ipg am{Xw Xpd-¶p-h-¨mÂ, Hcp an\näv sIm­v Sm¦nsâ F{X `mKw
\ndbpw?
$ c­m-as¯ Ipg am{Xw Xpd-¶p-h-¨mÂ, Hcp an\näv sIm­v Sm¦nsâ F{X `mKw
\ndbpw?
$ c­p IpgepIfpw Xpd-¶p-h-¨mÂ, Hcp an\näv sIm­v Sm¦nsâ F{X `mKw \ndbpw?
$ c­p IpgepIfpw Xpd¶ph-¨mÂ, F{X an\näv sIm­v Sm¦v \ndbpw?
1 1
$ ]m hnXcWkwL¯n cmhnse 75 4 enädpw sshIpt¶cw 55 4 enädpw In«n.
1
CXn 15 4 enäÀ hnäp. C\nsb{X enäÀ an¨ap­v?

Xncnªp--t\m-¡p-t¼mÄ
So¨-dpsS
F\n¡v klm- C\nbpw
]T-\-t\-«-§Ä Ignbpw b -t¯msS sa¨-s¸-tS
Ignbpw -­-Xp­v
$ Hcp `n¶-kw-Jy-bpsS ]e ]e cq]-§Ä Is­-
¯m³ Ignbp¶p.
$ Hcp `n¶kwJybpsS ]e ]e cq]§Ä
Is­¯m³ amÀKw cq]oIcn¡pIbpw hniZoIcn
¡pIbpw sN¿p¶p.
$ Hcp `n¶-kwJy-bpsS eLpcq]w Is­¯m³
Ignbp¶p.
$ `n¶kwJyIfpsS XpI Nn{X¯nepw {]mtbmKnI
kµÀ`§fnepw hniZoIcn¡m³ Ignbp¶p.
$ hyXykvX tOZapÅ `n¶kwJyIsf tOZw
Hcpt]msebm¡n XpI ImWp¶Xn\pw {]mtbm
KnI {]iv\§Ä ]cnlcn¡p¶Xn\pw Ignbp¶p.
$ tOZw Hcpt]msebm¡n `n¶kwJyIfpsS
hyXymkw ImWp¶Xn\pw {]mtbmKnI
{]iv\§Ä ]cnlcn¡p¶Xn\pw Ignbp¶p.

142
 9
Nn{X-߃ hmbn°mw

143
 Iznkv a’-cw
KWnX ¢∫v kwL-Sn-∏n® Iznkv a’-cØ- n¬ ]s¶-SpØ Soap-Iƒ°v In´nb t]mbn‚p-
Iƒ Iznkv amÿ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv IeymWn IuXp-I-tØmsS t\m°n-bn-cp-∂p.
""Hmtcm Soan-t\mSpw tNmZn-°p∂ tNmZy-Øn\v Ah¿ icnbpØcw ]d-bp-I-bm-sW-
¶n¬ Ah¿°v \£{XNn”hpw () DØcw Adn-bmØ tNmZyw ASpØ Soan\v
ssIamdn B Sow DØcw ]d-bp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬
{XntIm-WNn”hpw ( ) \¬Ip∂p.''
Smen AS-bmfw
""Cu hnZy sIm≈m-at√m'' ˛ IeymWn Nn¥n-
®p. ]≠v hc-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v FÆw
a’-cØ
- ns‚ Ah-km\ap≈ kvtIm¿ t_m¿Uv tcJs∏SpØn-bn-cp∂p.
t\m°q. | - 1

Sow t]mbn‚ v BsI || - 2

kvtIm¿
||| - 3
A  |||| - 4
B  ||||| - 5
C  kwJy-Iƒ hep-Xm-Ip-tºmƒ Xncn-®-
D  dn-bm\pw Ffp-∏-Øn¬ FÆm\pw
A©ns‚ Iq´-ß-fm°n am‰mw. DZm-
Cu a’-c-Øn¬ BcmWv hnP-bn-®Xv? Ieym- l-c-W-ambn 23 Cßs\ Fgp-Xmw.
Wn°v H∂pw ]nSnIn´nbn-√.
|||| |||| |||| |||| |||
""\v 10 t]mbn‚pw \v 5 t]mbn‚pw In´pw''˛
Iznkv amÿ ]d-™p. Iznkv a’-c-ß-fn¬ Cu coXn-bn¬
t]mbn‚p-Iƒ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv
""k¿, BsI In´nb t]mbn‚ v Rm≥ ]dbmw''˛
\n߃ {i≤n-®n-´p-≠m-Ip-at√m.
IeymWn NmSn-sb-gpt∂‰p.
CXp-t]mse hc-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v
Hmtcm Soan\pw In´nb BsI kvtIm¿ IeymWn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-XmWv Smen AS-
Is≠-Øn-bXv Fß-s\-bmWv? bmfw (Tally Marks).
Sow A bv°v 4 Dw 4 -- Dw BWv e`n-®Xv.
4 \v e`n® kvtIm¿ = 4 ×10 = 40
4 -- \v e`n® kvtIm¿ = 4 ×5 = 20
Sow A bv°v e`n® BsI kvtIm¿ = 40 + 20 = 60
CXpt]mse a‰p SoapIƒ°p e`n® kvtIm¿ Is≠Ønt\m°q. Iznkv a’-c-Øn¬
hnP-bn® Sow GXv?

144
A©mw ¢mkn¬ F{X Ip´n-Iƒ?
Hcp kvIqfnse A©mw ¢mknse Ip´n-I-fpsS Nn{X-hn-h-cWw
hnhn[ h¿jß-fnse temI-P\
- k
- w-
FÆw Unhn-j≥ Xncn®v Nn{Xo-Ic
- n-®n-cn-°p-∂Xp
Jy-bmWv Cu Nn{X-Øn¬ ImWn-®n-
t\m°q.
cn-°p-∂Xv
1850
5A
1930
5B 1980
2000
5C 2011
5D
CXn¬ Hcp a\p- j ys‚ Nn{Xw
sIm≠v \qdp tImSn a\p-jy-cpsS
- 5 B¨Ip-´n-Iƒ FÆw kqNn- ∏ n- ° p- ∂ p. Cßs\
sNøp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v Xmc-X-ayw Iptd-
- 5 s]¨Ip-´n-Iƒ °qSn Ffp-∏-amIp∂p.

GXp- ¢mkn-emWv s]¨Ip-´n-Iƒ IqSp-X-ep≈Xv? B ¢mkn¬ F{X s]¨Ip-´n-Iƒ

D≠v?
5C Unhn-j-\n¬ F{X B¨Ip-´n-I-fp≠v? F{X s]¨Ip-´n-I-fp≠v?
Hmtcm Unhn-j-\nepw F{X Ip´n-Iƒ D≠v?
B¨Ip-´n-If
- psS BsI FÆ-tØ-°mƒ F{X IqSp-Xe
- mWv s]¨Ip-´n-If
- psS BsI
FÆw?
kvIqƒ sse{_-dn-
]©m-bØv bp.]n. kvIqfnse sse{_-dn-]pkvX-I-ß-fpsS FÆw kqNn-∏n-°p∂
t_m¿Uv t\m°q.

t\mh¬
sNdp-IY
IhnX
\mSIw
Poh-N-cn{Xw
a‰n\߃

- 100 ]pkvX-I-߃

145
 GXp hn`m-K-Øn-emWv G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ ]pkvX-
I-߃ D≈Xv? Ibdpw IW°pw
sse{_-dn-bn¬ BsI F{X ]pkvX-I-߃ D≠v? Ib-dn¬ sI´p-I-fn´v FÆw AS-
bm- f - s ∏- S p- Ø p∂ coXn ]≠v
F{X Imdp-Iƒ? ]e \mSp-If - nepw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
Hcp Iº\n 2010 apX¬ 2013 hsc \n¿an® Imdp- DZm-lc - W
- a - mbn, \ΩpsS \m´n¬
I-fpsS FÆw Nn{Xo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xp t\m°q. ]e ÿe- ß - f nepw tXß
FÆn- s b- S p- ° p- t ºmƒ \qdv
tXßbv ° v Hcp sI´v F∂
2010 tXmXn¬ Ib-dn¬ AS-bm-f-s∏-
Sp-ØpI ]Xn-hp-≠v.
2011 kwJym-]-c-amb hf-sc-b-[nIw
hnh-c-߃ ]e ]e Nc-Sp-I-fn-
em°n H∂n®v sI´n kq£n-
2012 °p∂ coXn, 13-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬
sXt° Ata-cn-°-bn¬ Pohn-®n-
cp∂ C≥Im hwi-°m¿ \S-∏n-
2013 em-°n-bn-cp-∂p. Jo]p F∂mWv
CØcw Nc-Sp-I-fpsS t]cv.

-10000 Imdp-Iƒ

G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ Im¿ \n¿an-® h¿jw GXv? B

h¿jw \n¿an® Imdp-I-fpsS FÆw F{X?
2011t\°mƒ F{X IqSp-X-emWv 2013˛¬ \n¿an-
® Imdp-I-fpsS FÆw?
Cu kμ¿`-ß-fn-se√mw kwJym-]-c-amb hnh-c-
ßsf DNnX-amb Nn{X-߃ D]-tbm-Kn-®mWv kqNn-
∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv. CØ-cØ - n¬ kwJym-]c - a- mb hnh-
c-߃ Nn{X-߃ D]-tbm-Kn®v tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂
coXn-bmWv ]nIvtSm-{Km^v (Pictograph) AYhm
]nIvtSm{Kmw (Pictogram). henb kwJy-Iƒ Dƒs∏-
Sp∂ hnh-c-߃ ]nIvtSm-{Km-an¬ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xv
kuI-cy-{]-Za - m-Wv. kwJym-]c
- a
- mb hnh-cß- ƒ Xmc-
Xayw sNøp-∂Xn\pw Cu coXn Ffp-∏-amhpw.

146
 as‰mcp Nn{Xo-I-cWw
Hcp ¢mkn¬ A¿[hm¿jnI ]co-£bv°v KWn-X-Øn¬ hnhn[ t{KUv e`n® Ip´n-I-fpsS
FÆ-amWv Nn{X-Øn¬ sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. IpØ-s\-bp≈ hc-bn¬ \n›nX AI-e-Øn¬
1, 2, 3, 4, ... F∂n-ßs\ ASbmf-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv Ip´n-I-fpsS FÆsØ kqNn-∏n-
°p∂ kwJy-I-fmWv. hne-ß-s\-bp≈ hc-bn¬ \n›nX AI-e-
10 Øn¬ A, B, C, D, E F∂o t{KUp-Ifpw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-
9 ∂p. Hmtcm t{KUn-\p-ap-I-fnepw Htc hoXn-bn-ep≈ NXp-c-߃
hc®n-cn-°p-∂p. NXp-cß
- f
- psS \ofw (Db-cw) Ip´n-If
- psS FÆsØ
8
kqNn-∏n-°p∂p.
Nn{Xw hmbn®v ]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-°q.
7
t{KUv Ip´n-I-fpsS FÆw
6
A ............
5
B ............
4 C 9
3 D ............

2 E ............
CØ-c-Øn¬ kwJym-]-c-amb hnh-c-߃ NXp-
1
c-߃ D]-tbm-Kn®v kqNn-∏n-°p∂ coXn-bmWv
0 A B C D E _m¿{Km^v (Bar Graph) AYhm _m¿ U-b{Kw
(Bar Diagram).
{In°‰v a’cw
$ Hcp {In°‰v a’-c-Øn¬ BZysØ 5 Hmh-dp-I-fn¬ C¥y≥ Sow t\Snb
d¨kv Nn{Xo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xp ImWpI

_m¿ U-b{Kw Iºyq-´-dn¬

hcbv°mw
30
\ap°v e`y-am-btXm \mw tiJ-cn-®tXm
25
Bb hnhc߃ ]e coXn-bnepw Nn{Xo-
d¨kv

20 I-cn°mdp-≠v. hnhcß-fpsS hni-I-e-\-

Øn\v CØcw Nn{X-߃ \sΩ hf-sc-b-
15 [nIw klm-bn-°pw. hfsc efn-X-ambn
10
kv{]Uvjo‰v tkm^v‰vshb¿ D]-tbm-Kn®v
Hcp _m¿ Ub{Kw \n¿an-°mw.
5 CXn- \ mbn Application -> Office ->
0 1 2 3 4 5 OpenOffice.org Speadsheet/LibreOffice
Hmh-¿
Calc F∂ {Ia- Ø n¬ kv { ]Uv j o‰v
G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ d¨kv t\S-nbXv F{Xm- tkm^v‰vsh-b¿ Xpd-°mw. hnh-c-߃ ]´n-
asØ Hmh-dn-emWv? Icq-]-Øn¬ kvs{]Uv jo‰n¬ \¬Ip-I.
BZysØ aq∂v Hm-hdp-I-fn¬ BsI F{X Cu ]´n-I-bnse GsX-¶nepw If-Øn¬
d¨kv e`n-®p? ¢n°v sNbvX-Xn-\p-tijw Insert -> Chart
BZysØ 5 Hmh- d p- I - f n¬ C¥y≥ Soan\v F∂ {Ia-Øn¬ _m¿ Ub{Kw hc-bv°mw.
BsI F{X d¨kv e`n-®p?
147
 kvIqƒ {]th-i\w
$ Hcp kvIqfn¬ XpS¿®-bmb A©p h¿j-ß-fn¬ H∂mw ¢m n¬ tN¿∂ Ip´n-I-
fpsS FÆw kqNn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv ImWp-I.
GXp h¿j-Øn-emWv H∂mw ¢m n¬
100
G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ Ip´n-Iƒ tN¿∂Xv?
90 Ip´n-Iƒ IqSp-X¬ tN¿∂Xv 2012 tem
80 2013 tem? F{X IqSp-X¬?
G‰hpw Ipdhv Ip´n-Iƒ tN¿∂ h¿j-
Ip´n-I-fpsS FÆw

70
taXv? ap≥ h¿j-tØ°mƒ F{X Ipd-
60 hmWv?
50 Sn.hn. ImWp-∂Xv F{X kabw?
40 Sn.hn. ImWp-∂-Xp-ambn _‘-s∏´v tiJ-
30 cn® hnh-c-ß-fmWv NphsS _m¿ Ub-{K-
Øn¬ X∂n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
20

10 20

0 18
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
h¿jw 16
$ 1 aWn- ° q¿ am{Xw Sn.hn. 14
ImWp∂hsc{X?
Sn.hn. ImWp-∂-hcpsS FÆw

12
$ 3 aWn-°q¿ kabw Sn.hn. ImWm≥
sNe-h-gn-°p∂h¿ F{X- t]-cp≠v? 10

8
$ 2 aWn-°q-dn¬ IqSp-X¬ kabw
6
Sn.hn. ImWm≥ sNe-h-gn-°p∂h¿
F{X? 4

$ CXp- a mbn _‘- s ∏´v IqSp- X ¬ 2

tNmZy߃ Xbm-dm-°q.
0
1 2 3 4 5
kabw aWn-°q-dn¬
Xncn™p--t\m-°p-tºmƒ
So®-dpsS C\nbpw
F\n°v klm-bt- ØmsS sa®-s∏-tS
]T-\-t\-´-߃ Ignbpw Ignbpw -≠-Xp≠v
$ ]nIvtSm{Km^n¬ AhXcn∏n®ncn°p∂ hnh-c-
߃ tiJ-cn-°m\pw Xcw-Xn-cn-°m\pw Ign-bp-∂p.
$ _m¿{Km^n¬ AhXcn∏n®ncn°p∂ hnh-cß - ƒ
tiJ-cn-°m\pw Xcw-Xn-cn-°m\pw Ign-bp-∂p.
$ {Km^p- I ƒ hymJym- \ n- ° m\pw Xmc- X ayw
sNøm\pw km[n-°p-∂p.

148