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2012 Canadian Intermediate Mathematics Contest

Wednesday, November 21, 2012

Solutions

2012 University of Waterloo

2012 Canadian Intermediate Mathematics Contest Solutions Part A

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1. The line consists of Jeanne herself, the four people in front of Jeanne, and the seven people behind her. Therefore, there are 4 + 1 + 7 = 12 people in the line. Answer: 12 2. Since 120 = 1 and each of the other numbers is larger than 1, then 120 is not the largest of the numbers. We convert the last three numbers to powers of 2, using the rule that (2a )b = 2ab : 48 = (22 )8 = 216 85 = (23 )5 = 215 163 = (24 )3 = 212

Therefore, the numbers in the list are 1, 214 , 216 , 215 , 212 . Since the bases of the last four numbers are equal and this base is larger than 1, then the largest number is the one with the largest exponent. Therefore, 48 = 216 is the largest number in the list. (We could have used a calculator to calculate the ve numbers to be 1, 16 384, 65 536, 32 764, 4096.) Answer: 48 = 216 = 65 536 3. Let the length of the original rectangle be l and the width of the original rectangle be w. Since the length is three times the width, then l = 3w. We are also told that if the length is decreased by 5 and the width is increased by 5, then the rectangle becomes square. This means that l 5 = w + 5. Substituting the rst equation into the second, we obtain 3w 5 = w + 5 or 2w = 10, from which w = 5. Since l = 3w, then l = 3(5) = 15; that is, the length of the original rectangle is 15. Answer: 15 4. The area of quadrilateral AF CE equals the sum of the areas of AF C and ACE. Since AF C is right-angled at F , then its area equals 1 1 (AF )(CF ) = 2 (20)(21) = 210. 2 Since AF C is right-angled at F , then we can use the Pythagorean Theorem to obtain AC = AF 2 + CF 2 = 202 + 212 = 841 = 29 since AC > 0. Since ED is perpendicular to AC, then ACE can be viewed as having base AC and height ED. 1 Therefore, the area of ACE is 1 (AC)(DE) or 2 (29)(6) 2 or 87. Thus, the area of quadrilateral AF CE is 210 + 87 = 297.
C A

E 6 D F 20

21

Answer: 297

2012 Canadian Intermediate Mathematics Contest Solutions 5. Solution 1 Since O is the centre of the circle, then OA = OC and OB = OD. This means that each of OAC and OBD is isosceles. Therefore, OAC = OCA and OBD = ODB. Since BOQ = 60 , then AOC = 180 BOQ = 180 60 = 120 . Since the angles in OAC add to 180 and OAC = OCA, then
1 OAC = 2 (180 AOC) = 1 (180 120 ) = 30 2

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D P A

C R Q B

Next, consider AP O. We have P AO = OAC = 30 and AP O = 100 . Therefore, AOP = 180 100 30 = 50 . Then BOD = 180 AOP = 180 50 = 130 . Since the angles in OBD add to 180 and OBD = ODB, then
1 1 OBD = 2 (180 BOD) = 2 (180 130 ) = 25

Finally, we consider BQO. We have QBO = OBD = 25 and BOQ = 60 . Therefore, BQO = 180 25 60 = 95 . Solution 2 Since O is the centre of the circle, then OA = OC and OB = OD. This means that each of OAC and OBD is isosceles. Therefore, OAC = OCA = x and OBD = ODB = y for some numbers x and y. Since BOQ is an exterior angle to OAC, then OAC + OCA = BOQ, from which we obtain x + x = 60 or 2x = 60 or x = 30. Next, consider AP O. We have P AO = OAC = 30 and AP O = 100 . Therefore, AOP = 180 100 30 = 50 . Since AOP is an exterior angle to ODB, then ODB + OBD = AOP , from which we obtain y + y = 50 or 2y = 50 or y = 25. Finally, we consider BQO. We have QBO = OBD = 25 and BOQ = 60 . Therefore, BQO = 180 25 60 = 95 . Solution 3 Since O is the centre of the circle, then BOC = 2BAC. (This uses the property of circles that the angle formed by a chord at the centre of the circle is twice the angle formed on the major arc.) Since BOC = BOQ = 60 , then BAC = 30 . Since O is the centre of the circle, then OA = OC and OB = OD. This means that each of OAC and OBD is isosceles. Next, consider AP O. We have P AO = BAC = 30 and AP O = 100 . Therefore, AOP = 180 100 30 = 50 . 1 Using the same circle property as above, ABD = 2 AOD = 1 AOP = 25 . 2 Finally, we consider BQO. We have QBO = ABD = 25 and BOQ = 60 . Therefore, BQO = 180 25 60 = 95 . Answer: 95

2012 Canadian Intermediate Mathematics Contest Solutions

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6. Since we are told that (xyz)b = xb2 + yb + z, then (xyz)10 = 102 x + 10y + z = 100x + 10y + z and (xyz)7 = 72 x + 7y + z = 49x + 7y + z. From the given information, (xyz)10 100x + 10y + z 100x + 10y + z 2x = = = = 2(xyz)7 2(49x + 7y + z) 98x + 14y + 2z 4y + z

Since the left side of this equation is an even integer (2x), then the right side must also be an even integer. Since 4y is an even integer, then for 4y + z to be an even integer, it must be the case that z is an even integer. This gives us three possibilities: z = 2, z = 4 and z = 6. Case 1: z = 2 Here, 2x = 4y + 2 or x = 2y + 1. We try the possible values for y: y = 1 gives x = 2(1) + 1 = 3; this gives the triple (x, y, z) = (3, 1, 2) y = 2 gives x = 2(2) + 1 = 5; this gives the triple (x, y, z) = (5, 2, 2) If y is at least 3, then x = 2y + 1 is at least 7, which is impossible. Therefore, there are two triples that work when z = 2. Case 2: z = 4 Here, 2x = 4y + 4 or x = 2y + 2. We try the possible values for y: y = 1 gives x = 2(1) + 2 = 4; this gives the triple (x, y, z) = (4, 1, 4) y = 2 gives x = 2(2) + 2 = 6; this gives the triple (x, y, z) = (6, 2, 4) If y is at least 3, then x = 2y + 2 is at least 8, which is impossible. Therefore, there are two triples that work when z = 4. Case 3: z = 6 Here, 2x = 4y + 6 or x = 2y + 3. We try the possible values for y: y = 1 gives x = 2(1) + 3 = 5; this gives the triple (x, y, z) = (5, 1, 6) If y is at least 2, then x = 2y + 3 is at least 7, which is impossible. Therefore, there is one triple that works when z = 6. Finally, the triples that satisfy the equation are (x, y, z) = (3, 1, 2), (5, 2, 2), (4, 1, 4), (6, 2, 4), (5, 1, 6). Answer: (x, y, z) = (3, 1, 2), (5, 2, 2), (4, 1, 4), (6, 2, 4), (5, 1, 6)

2012 Canadian Intermediate Mathematics Contest Solutions Part B

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1. (a) A 7 by 7 square has seven columns, and the fourth column is the middle column since it has three columns to the left and three columns to the right. Rowan shades 2 squares in each of the rst, second and third columns, he shades 1 square in the fourth (middle) column, and he shades 2 squares in each of the the fth, sixth and seventh columns. In total, he shades 2 + 2 + 2 + 1 + 2 + 2 + 2 = 13 squares. (b) In a 101 by 101 square, each diagonal contains 101 squares. The two diagonals overlap in one square (the middle square), which Rowan does not shade twice. When Rowan shades the rst diagonal, he shades 101 squares. Therefore, when Rowan shades the second diagonal, he shades 101 1 = 100 squares. In total, he shades 101 + 100 = 201 squares. (c) Suppose that the grid that Rowan is given in this part is n by n, with n odd. We can use the analysis from (b) to conclude that Rowan shades n + (n 1) = 2n 1 squares. We are told that Rowan shades 41 squares, so 2n 1 = 41 or 2n = 42, which gives n = 21. Now the square contains n2 = 212 = 441 squares in total, and Rowan shades 41 of them, so there are 441 41 = 400 unshaded squares. (d) Suppose that Rowan is given an m by m square with m odd. The grid contains m2 squares in total, of which he shades 2m 1. This means that there are m2 (2m 1) = m2 2m + 1 unshaded squares in total. Since we are told that there are 196 unshaded squares in total, then m2 2m + 1 = 196. Now (m 1)2 = m2 2m + 1, so (m 1)2 = 196. Since m is positive, then m 1 = 196 = 14 and so m = 15. Therefore, the grid that Rowan is given is 15 by 15, and so contains 152 = 225 squares in total. 2. (a) To nd the coordinates of P , the point where line L2 crosses the x-axis, we set y = 0 and solve for x. Thus, we solve 0 = 1 x + 5 or 1 x = 5 to get x = 10. 2 2 Therefore, the coordinates of P are (10, 0).

y
Q

P O

To nd the coordinates of Q, the point of intersection of lines L1 and L2 , we equate values of y and solve for x. 4 Thus, we solve 4 x = 1 x+5. We multiply both sides by 6 to obtain 6( 3 x) = 6( 1 x+5) 3 2 2 or 8x = 3x + 30, which gives 5x = 30 or x = 6. To nd the y-coordinate of Q, we substitute x = 6 into the equation of line L1 to obtain 4 y = 3 (6) = 8. Therefore, the coordinates of Q are (6, 8).

2012 Canadian Intermediate Mathematics Contest Solutions (b) The coordinates of the vertices of OP Q are O(0, 0), P (10, 0), and Q(6, 8). We can view this triangle as having base OP along the x-axis. OP has length 10. The height of this triangle is then the distance from Q to the x-axis, or 8. 1 Therefore, the area OP Q is 2 (10)(8) = 40.

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(c) Since the area of OP Q is 40 and the area of OQR is three times the area of OP Q, then the area of OQR is 3 40 = 120. Since R is to be on the positive x-axis, then we can view OQR as having base OR along the x-axis. Suppose that the length of the base is b.

y
Q

P O R

The height of this triangle is again the distance from Q to the x-axis, or 8. Thus, we want 1 b(8) = 120 or 4b = 120, and so b = 30. 2 Since O has coordinates (0, 0) and R is on the positive x-axis, then R must have coordinates (30, 0). (We could also have noted that OQR and OP Q can be viewed as having the same height, so for the areas to be in the ratio 3 : 1, then the ratio of the lengths of the bases must also be 3 : 1.) (d) Since the area of OQS is to be three times the area of OP Q, then its area is to be 120, which is equal to the area of OQR from (c). Here are two methods to nd the value of t. Method 1: Constant heights Consider OQS and OQR. These triangles are to have the same area, and can be viewed as having a common base, OQ. Therefore, the two triangles must have the same height. This height will be the perpendicular distance from R(30, 0) to the line y = 4 x, along 3 which OQ lies. We nd the coordinates of S (knowing that it must have an x-coordinate of 18) by sliding 4 a point from R along a line parallel to the base OQ (so along a line with slope 3 ). This process will maintain the height.

2012 Canadian Intermediate Mathematics Contest Solutions

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To get from R to S, we slide 30 18 = 12 units to the left. Since the slope of the line is 4 4 , then we must go up by 3 (12) = 16 units. 3 Therefore, S has coordinates (18, 16); that is, t = 16. Method 2: Using a trapezoid Join points O, Q and S to each other, and draw perpendiculars from Q to A(6, 0) and from S to B(18, 0) on the x-axis.

Q 8 6 A O 18 B

Then the area of trapezoid AQSB will equal the sum of the areas of AQO, OQS and OSB. AQO has base 6 and height 8 (since the coordinates of Q are (6, 8)) and so AQO has area 1 (6)(8) = 24. 2 OQS is to have area 120. OSB has base 18 and height t (since the coordinates of S are (18, t)) and so OSB has area 1 (18)t = 9t. 2 Thus, trapezoid AQSB has area 24 + 120 + 9t. Viewed another way, trapezoid AQSB has parallel sides AQ and BS of lengths 8 and t, and height AB of length 6 + 18 = 24, and so has area 1 (8 + t)(24) = 96 + 12t. 2 Equating these areas, we obtain 96 + 12t = 24 + 120 + 9t and so 3t = 48 or t = 16.
2 2 1 3. (a) Since the fourth number in the chain is 11 and 11 is less than 2 , then the fth number is 4 2 2( 11 ) = 11 . 4 4 1 Since the fth number in the chain is 11 and 11 is less than 2 , then the sixth number is 4 8 2( 11 ) = 11 . 8 8 Since the sixth number in the chain is 11 and 11 is larger than 1 , then the seventh number 2 8 3 6 is 2(1 11 ) = 2( 11 ) = 11 . 6 6 Since the seventh number in the chain is 11 and 11 is larger than 1 , then the eighth number 2 6 5 10 is 2(1 11 ) = 2( 11 ) = 11 . 4 8 6 Therefore, the next four numbers in the chain are 11 , 11 , 11 , 10 . 11 1 (b) There are two possibilities: x 2 and x > 1 . 2 1 If x 2 and x is entered into the machine, then the machine outputs 2x. Since the input is to be the same as the output, then x = 2x or x = 0. This is impossible since x > 0. If x > 1 and x is entered into the machine, then the machine outputs 2(1 x). 2 Since the input is to be the same as the output, then x = 2(1 x) or x = 2 2x. Thus, 3x = 2 and so x = 2 , which satises the restrictions. 3 Therefore, if x is entered into the machine and x is produced, then x = 2 . 3

2012 Canadian Intermediate Mathematics Contest Solutions

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(c) Suppose that the chain is a, b, c, 1. In this part, we have to produce the chain backwards (that is, we have to determine c, b and a). We make the following general observation: Suppose that x is entered into the machine and y is produced. If x 1 , then y = 2x. Solving for x in terms of y, we obtain x = 1 y. (This gives 2 2 us the input in terms of the output.) If x > 1 , then y = 2(1 x). Solving for x in terms of y, we obtain y = 2 2x or 2 2x = 2 y or x = 1 (2 y). 2
1 Since the third number in the chain is c and the fourth is 1, then from above, c = 2 (1) = 1 or c = 1 (2 1) = 2 . 2 In either case, the chain is a, b, 1 , 1. 2 Since the second number in the chain is b and the third is 1 , then from above, b = 1 ( 1 ) = 2 2 2 1 or b = 1 (2 2 ) = 1 ( 3 ) = 3 . 2 2 2 4 3 Therefore, the chain is either a, 1 , 1 , 1 or a, 4 , 1 , 1. 4 2 2 1 1 1 If the chain is a, 4 , 2 , 1, then the rst number is a and the second number is 4 . 1 1 7 Thus, either a = 2 ( 1 ) = 1 or a = 1 (2 1 ) = 2 ( 7 ) = 8 . 4 8 2 4 4 1 3 If the chain is a, 3 , 2 , 1, then the rst number is a and the second number is 4 . 4 1 1 5 Thus, either a = 2 ( 3 ) = 3 or a = 1 (2 3 ) = 2 ( 5 ) = 8 . 4 8 2 4 4 1 2

1 4

Therefore, the possible rst numbers in the chain are 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 . 8 8 8 8 We can double check that each of these gives a fourth number of 1:
1 8

1 4

1 2

3 8

3 4

1 2

5 8

3 4

1 2

7 8

1 4

1 2

2 (d) Suppose that the rst number in the chain is x = for some positive integer m. m We want the eighth number in the chain also to equal x. We call the step y 2y A and the step y 2(1 y) B. It takes seven steps to get from the rst number to the eighth number. We try to nd three integers m that satisfy the requirements by actually building three dierent chains. We start with the idea that m might be large and so each of the rst several steps applied is the doubling step (A). Note that if the chain were produced by applying steps AAAAAAA in this order, then the chain would be x 2x 4x 8x 16x 32x 64x 128x and so for the eighth number to equal the rst, we would have x = 128x or 127x = 0, and so x = 0, which is not possible. Suppose that the chain is produced by applying steps AAAAAAB in this order. Then the chain is x 2x 4x 8x 16x 32x 64x 2(1 64x) Since the eighth number equals the rst, then x = 2(1 64x) or x = 2 128x, and so 2 . 129x = 2 or x = 129

2012 Canadian Intermediate Mathematics Contest Solutions Thus, m = 129 is a possible value of m. We double check this possible value by writing out the resulting chain: 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 2 129 129 129 129 129 129 129 129

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(Note that the rst six numbers are less than 1 so step A is applied to double the number; 2 1 the seventh number is greater than 2 so step B is applied.) Suppose next that the chain is produced by applying steps AAAAABB in this order. Then the chain is x 2x 4x 8x 16x 32x 2(1 32x) = 2 64x 2(1 (2 64x)) Since the eighth number equals the rst, then x = 2(1 (2 64x)) or x = 2(64x 1) or 2 x = 128x 2, and so 127x = 2 or x = . 127 Thus, m = 127 is a possible value of m. We double check this possible value by writing out the resulting chain: 2 4 8 16 32 64 126 2 127 127 127 127 127 127 127 127
1 (Note that the rst ve numbers are less than 2 so step A is applied to double the number; the sixth and seventh numbers are greater than 1 so step B is applied.) 2

Suppose next that the chain is produced by applying steps AAAABBB in this order. Then the chain is x 2x 4x 8x 16x 2(1 16x) = 2 32x 2(1 (2 32x)) = 64x 2 2(1 (64x 2)) = 6 128x Since the eighth number equals the rst, then x = 6 128x, and so 129x = 6 from which 6 2 x= = . 129 43 Thus, m = 43 is a possible value of m. We double check this possible value by writing out the resulting chain: 2 4 8 16 32 22 42 2 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 (Note that the rst four numbers are less than 1 so step A is applied to double the number; 2 the fth, sixth and seventh numbers are greater than 1 so step B is applied.) 2 Therefore, three possible values of m are 43, 127 and 129. (It turns out that these are the only three possible values of m with m > 3. This is a result of the fact that the eighth number in the chain will always equal n + 128x or n 128x for some integer n. Can you see why the eighth number has to have this form, and how we can use this to prove that there are no other values of m?)