ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS AND WAVES

MAGDY F. ISKANDER
Professor of Electrical Engineering University of Utah

Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey 07632

CONTENTS

PREFACE

CHAPTER

VECTOR ANALYSIS AND MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS IN INTEGRAL FORM

1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 Introduction 1 Vector Algebra 2 Coordinate Systems 8 Vector Representation in Various Coordinate Systems 16 Vector Coordinate Transformation 19 Electric and Magnetic Fields 26 Vector Integration 45 Maxwell's Equations in Integral Form 58 Displacement Current 70 General Characteristics of Maxwell's Equations 75 Summary 83 Problems 86

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Contents

CHAPTER L.

MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS IN DIFFERENTIAL FORM

2.1 Introduction 99 2.2 Vector Differentiation 100 2.3 Gradient of Scalar Function 103 2.4 Divergence of Vector Field 110 2.5 Divergence Theorem 119 2.6 Differential Expressions of Maxwell's Divergence Relations 122 2.7 Curl of Vector Field 126 2.8 Stokes's Theorem 135 2.9 Ampere's and Faraday's Laws in Point (Differential) Form 139 2.10 Summary of Maxwell's Equations in Differential Forms 141 2.11 Continuity Equation and Maxwell's Displacement Current Term 147 2.12 Wave Equation in Source Free Region 150 2.13 Time Harmonie Fields and Their Phasor Representation 151 2.14 Uniform Plane Wave Propagation in Free Space 154 2.15 Polarization of Plane Waves 166 Summary 168 Problems 171

99

CHAPTER 3 MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS AND PLANE WAVE PROPAGATION IN MATERIALS

3.1 Introduction 179 3.2 Characterization of Materials 180 3.3 Conductors and Conduction Currents 181 3.4 Dielectric Materials and Their Polarization 183 3.5 Gauss's Law for Electric Field in Materials 193 3.6 Magnetic Materials and Their Magnetization 195 3.7 Ampere's Law and Magnetization Current 203 3.8 Maxwell's Equations in Material Regions 208

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3.9 Boundary Conditions 211 3.10 Summary of Boundary Condition for Electric and Magnetic Fields 231 3.11 Uniform Plane Wave Propagation in Conductive Medium 238 3.12 Electromagnetic Power and Poynting Theorem 248 Summary 261 Problems 263

CHAPTER

STATIC ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS

4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 Introduction 273 Maxwell's Equations for Static Fields 274 Electrostatic Fields 275 Evaluation of Electric Field E from Electrostatic Potential < 279 Capacitance 284 Electrostatic Energy Density 291 Laplace's and Poisson's Equations 296 Numerical Solution of Poisson's and Laplace's EquationsFinite Difference Method 300 Numerical Solution of Electrostatic ProblemsMethod of Moments 313 Magnetostatic Fields and Magnetic Vector Potential 323 Magnetic Circuits 332 Self-Inductance and Mutual Inductance 344 Magnetic Energy 350 Summary 356 Problems 358

273

CHAPTER

NORMAL-INCIDENCE PLANE WAVE REFLECTION AND TRANSMISSION AT PLANE BOUNDARIES

5.1 5.2 Introduction 371 Normal-incidence Plane Wave Reflection and Transmission at Plane Boundary between Two Conductive Media 372

371

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Contents

5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7

Normal-incidence Plane Wave Reflection at Perfectly Conducting Plane 378 Reflection and Transmission at Multiple Interfaces 385 Reflection Coefficient and Total Field Impedance Solution Procedure 390 Graphical Solution Procedure Using the Smith Chart 400 Quarter- and Half-wavelength Transformers 416 Summary 425 Problems 427

CHAPTER U

OBLIQUE INCIDENCE PLANE WAVE REFLECTION AND TRANSMISSION

6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 Plane Wave Propagation at Arbitrary Angle 436 Reflection by Perfect ConductorArbitrary Angle of Incidence 440 Reflection and Refraction at Plane Interface between Two Media: Oblique Incidence 450 Comparison Between Reflection Coefficients T and T for Parallel and Perpendicular Polarizations 458 Total Reflection at Critical Angle of Incidence 462 Electromagnetic Spectrum 466 Application to Optics 467 Summary 471 Problems 473

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CHAPTER 7 TRANSMISSION LINES

7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 Characteristics of Wave Propagation in Transmission Lines 480 Distributed Circuit Representation of Transmission Lines 482 Lossless Line 484 Voltage Reflection Coefficient 487 Transients on Transmission Line 492

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7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9 7.10 7.11 7.12 7.13 7.14 7.15 7.16

Reflection Diagram 494 Tandem Connection of Transmission Lines 499 Pulse Propagation on Transmission Lines 507 Time-Domain Reflectometer 509 Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis of Transmission Lines 516 Reflections on Transmission Lines with Sinusoidal Excitation 523 Use of Smith Chart 533 Analytical Expression of Transmission-Line Impedance 539 Impedance Matching of Lossless Lines 545 Voltage Standing-Wave Ratio (VSWR) along Transmission Lines 555 Use of VSWR Measurement to Determine Unknown Impedances 562 Summary 573 Problems 575

CHAPTER

8
591

WAVE GUIDES
8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 Introduction 591 Guided Modes in Wave Guides 592 TM Modes in Rectangular Wave Guides 596 TE Modes in Rectangular Wave Guides 603 Field Configurations in Wave Guides 610 Excitation of Various Modes in Wave Guides 613 Energy Flow and Attenuation in Rectangular Wave Guides 616 Summary 630 Problems 632

CHAPTER

ANTENNAS
9.1 9.2 Introduction 637 Physical Aspects of Radiation 639

637

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Contents

9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6

Radiation from Short Alternating Current Element 641 Basic Antenna Parameters 650 Linear Wire Antennas 658 Antenna Arrays 667 Summary 711 Problems 712

APPENDIXES
A B C D E F Vector Identities and Operations 716 Units, Multiples, and Submultiples 720 Trigonometrie, Hyperbolic, and Logarithmic Relations 725 Free-Space, Atomic, and Material Constants 727 Cosine C,(x) and Sine S^Ct) Integrals 732 Answers to Selected Problems 736

INDEX

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