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Spin Design of Bridges PDF

Bridges connect communities separated by streams, rivers, valleys, or gorges. Beam bridges rarely span more than 75.00 m. Log bridges and culverts are the most common types of bridges.

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208 views27 pages

Spin Design of Bridges PDF

Bridges connect communities separated by streams, rivers, valleys, or gorges. Beam bridges rarely span more than 75.00 m. Log bridges and culverts are the most common types of bridges.

Uploaded by

wearplay
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Design of Bridges

Introduction
3rd to 4th July 2012
Lecture for SPIN Training at the University of Dar es Salaam 1

FUNCTION OF A BRIDGE
To connect two communities which are separated by streams, river, valley, or gorge, etc.

Lecture for SPIN Training at the University of Dar es Salaam

EVOLUTION OF BRIDGES

1. Log Bridge or Culvert

Lecture for SPIN Training at the University of Dar es Salaam

2. Improved Log -Tree trunk Bridge

Lecture for SPIN Training at the University of Dar es Salaam

3. Clapper Bridge - Stones

Arching principle
Lecture for SPIN Training at the University of Dar es Salaam 5

4. Canoes joined with timber

Lecture for SPIN Training at the University of Dar es Salaam

5. Rope bridges

Lecture for SPIN Training at the University of Dar es Salaam

6. Improved Rope Bridge

Suspension bridge principle


Lecture for SPIN Training at the University of Dar es Salaam 8

COMPONENTS OF A BRIDGE
Deck or Slab: supported roadway on abridge Beam or Girder: A rigid, usually horizontal, structural element Abutment: The outermost end supports on a bridge, which carry the load from the deck Pier: A vertical supporting structure, such as a pillar Foundation
Lecture for SPIN Training at the University of Dar es Salaam 9

Truss Bridge

All beams in a truss bridge are straight. Trusses are comprised of many small beams that together can support a large amount of load and span great distances.
Lecture for SPIN Training at the University of Dar es Salaam 10

Types of Bridges
Beam Bridge

Consists of a horizontal beam supported at each end by piers. The weight of the beam pushes straight down on the piers. The farther apart its piers, the weaker the beam becomes. This is why beam bridges rarely span more than 75.00 m.

Lecture for SPIN Training at the University of Dar es Salaam

11

Types of Bridges
Beam Bridge
Forces When something pushes down on the beam, the beam bends. Its top edge is compressed together, and its bottom edge is pulled apart.

Lecture for SPIN Training at the University of Dar es Salaam

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Types of Bridges
Arch Bridges
The arch has great natural strength. Thousands of years ago, Romans built arches out of stone. Today, most arch bridges are made of steel or concrete, and they can span up to 800 feet. Forces

The arch is squeezed together, and this squeezing force is carried outward along the curve to the supports at each end. The supports, called abutments, push back on the arch and prevent the ends of the arch from spreading apart.

Lecture for SPIN Training at the University of Dar es Salaam

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Types of Bridges
Suspension Bridges
This kind of bridges can span 600 m to 2000 m -- way farther than any other type of bridge! Most suspension bridges have a truss system beneath the roadway to resist bending and twisting.

Lecture for SPIN Training at the University of Dar es Salaam

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Types of Bridges
Suspension Bridges
Forces
In all suspension bridges, the roadway hangs from massive steel cables, which are draped over two towers and secured into solid concrete blocks, called anchorages, on both ends of the bridge. The cars push down on the roadway, but because the roadway is suspended, the cables transfer the load into compression in the two towers. The two towers support most of the bridge's weight.

Lecture for SPIN Training at the University of Dar es Salaam

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Cable Stayed Bridge


The cable-stayed bridge, like the suspension bridge, supports the roadway with massive steel cables, but in a different way. The cables run directly from the roadway up to a tower, forming a unique "A" shape. Cable-stayed bridges are becoming the most popular bridges for medium-length spans of between 160m and 1,000m

Lecture for SPIN Training at the University of Dar es Salaam

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Decision On Type Of Bridge


Bridge Survey flood plain cross sections inspection reports existing bridge information (scour, etc) water elevations existing roadway profile photos
Factors affecting choice of superstructure

location, city or rural span length vertical clearance maintainability environmental aspects transportation to site issues cost
Factors affecting choice of substructure

Geotechnical Report soil / geological formations slopes and grading foundation problems soil properties

location and geometry subsoil conditions height of support members (piers and abutments)

Lecture for SPIN Training at the University of Dar es Salaam

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Design Parameters
Bridge Structures are designed depending on the following parameters: Available Hydrological data

Effective Span Conditions of subsoil Loads to be applied Materials Shapes

Lecture for SPIN Training at the University of Dar es Salaam

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SUPERSTRUCTURES
Cross sections of bridge superstructures

known as Shallow Superstructures

(a) Slab bridge

(b) Slab-on-girder bridge with for T-beam type of construction Lecture SPIN Training at the
University of Dar es Salaam

19

(c) Slab-on-girder bridge with steel girders

(d) Voided slab bridge

Lecture for SPIN Training at the University of Dar es Salaam

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Cross sections of Cellular type of bridges

(a) Single-cell bridge

(b) Multicell bridge


Lecture for SPIN Training at the University of Dar es Salaam 21

(c) Multispine bridge with steel boxes

(d) Multispine bridge with concrete boxes

Lecture for SPIN Training at the University of Dar es Salaam

22

Bow string arch

Frame (Portal)
Lecture for SPIN Training at the University of Dar es Salaam 23

Drainage Culverts
Culverts are normally designed to allow water flow beneath an embankment where the traffic passes. The simplest types being steel and concrete pipes. Rectangular frame culverts are more common for large streams.

Embankment

Single cell concrete box culvert

Double cell concrete box culvert


Lecture for SPIN Training at the University of Dar es Salaam 24

Circular Culverts (Concrete)


Embankment Embankment

Circular concrete culvert (precast)

Double vault circular concrete culvert (cast in-situ)

Lecture for SPIN Training at the University of Dar es Salaam

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Embankment

Steel pipe culvert


Lecture for SPIN Training at the University of Dar es Salaam 26

Other Drainage Structures


Ford or Trough
Water on slab

Water in pipes (and on slab during rain season) fill

Lecture for SPIN Training at the University of Dar es Salaam

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