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AI Lab Programs

The document contains code snippets written in LISP to implement various graph algorithms and data structures including: 1. BFS and DFS graph searches using lists and queues to track nodes. 2. Dijkstra's algorithm for shortest path search using hash tables to store distances and predecessors. 3. Best-first search using a priority queue to order nodes by heuristic value. 4. Water jug problem solving using a state-space search approach. 5. Additional examples like Fibonacci series, string replacement, and factorial calculation.

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60 views13 pages

AI Lab Programs

The document contains code snippets written in LISP to implement various graph algorithms and data structures including: 1. BFS and DFS graph searches using lists and queues to track nodes. 2. Dijkstra's algorithm for shortest path search using hash tables to store distances and predecessors. 3. Best-first search using a priority queue to order nodes by heuristic value. 4. Water jug problem solving using a state-space search approach. 5. Additional examples like Fibonacci series, string replacement, and factorial calculation.

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गणेश पराजुली
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Lab Record File Of Artificial Intelligence

(CEST, Lucknow)

Submitted By : Name :

Class : B.Tech IV year Branch : IT Roll No :

;;; WAP to implement BFS using LISP


(let ((adjacency-info (make-hash-table :size 20)) (path-predecessor-info (make-hash-table :size 20)) ) (defun set-adj (x y) (setf (gethash x adjacency-info) y) ) (defun get-adj (x) (gethash x adjacency-info) ) (defun set-predecessor (x y) (setf (gethash x path-predecessor-info) y) ) (defun get-predecessor (x) (gethash x path-predecessor-info) ) )

;;; WAP to implement DFS using LISP.


(defun depth-first-graph-search (start-node goal-node) " erforms a depth-first search from !"#$"-%&'( for )&#*-%&'(+" (let ((open (list start-node)) (closed nil) n l) (loop (if (null open)(return .failure)) (setf n (pop open)) (push n closed) (increment-count) (if (e0l n goal-node) (return (extract-path n)) ) (setf l (successors n)) (setf l (list-difference l closed)) (setf open (append l (list-difference open l))) (dolist (x l)(set-predecessor x n) ) , end of loop -------- this is implicitly step3 ))) ,step2 ,step1 ,step2 ,step/ ,step-

;;; WAP to extract atoms from a given list.


(defun ne45line () (format t "67")) (defun is-element-of-list (element input-list) (cond ((member element input-list) t) (t nil))) (defun select-atoms (input-list output-list) , copy output-list into atom-list (set0 atom-list (copy-list output-list)) ,, -+ process first element of the list , if the first element is an atom (cond ((atom (car input-list)) , if the first element is not in the atom-list (cond ((not (is-element-of-list (car input-list) atom-list)) , add atom-element to the atom-list (set0 atom-list (cons (car input-list) atom-list)) , uncoment to see the results ,(print atom-list)))) , else if the first element is not an atom (t (select-atoms (car input-list) atom-list))) ,, 2+ process rest of list (cond ((not (null (cdr input-list))) (select-atoms (cdr input-list) atom-list ))) ,, at end return atom-list (re8erse atom-list)) (defun extract-atoms (input-list) , call select-atoms 4ith empty output-list (select-atoms input-list .())) ,,, 999 :ain program 999 (set0 input5list .(a b (c d) (e f (c d b)))) (format t "67input-list ; 6#" input5list) (ne45line)

(set0 atom5list (extract-atoms input5list)) (format t "67atom-list ; 6#" atom5list)

;;; WAP of a Fibonacci Series in LISP.


(defun fibonacci (%) "<ompute the %.th =ibonacci number+" (if (or (zerop %) (; % -)) (> (fibonacci (- % -)) (fibonacci (- % 2)))))

;;; WAP to find a factorial of a given num


(defun fibonacci (%) "<ompute the %.th =ibonacci number+" (if (or (zerop %) (; % -)) (let((=- (fibonacci (- % -))) (=2 (fibonacci (- % 2)))) (> =- =2))))

;;;WAP of Best First Searc using LISP


(defun (defun (defun (defun hval-of (node) (car node)) state-of (node) (cadr node)) path-of (node) (cdr node)) depth-of (node) (length (cddr node)))

(defvar *visited* nil) (defvar *heur-mult* 2) (defun best (state limit) (let ((nodes 0) (expanded 0) (branches 0) (limit limit) (open (list (list (heur-value state) state)))) (setf *visited* nil) (loop (cond ((null open) (print (list 'nodes nodes expanded branches)) (return (list 'no 'solution 'found)))) (incf nodes) (cond ((goalp (state-of (car open))) (print (list 'nodes nodes expanded branches)) (print (list 'length 'of 'soln (depth-of (car open)))) (return (path-of (car open))))) (cond ((> nodes limit) (print (list 'nodes nodes expanded branches)) (return (list 'closest 'was (car open))))) (let ((children (new-states (state-of (car open))))) (incf expanded) (setf branches (+ (length children) branches)) (setf open (combine- ueue children (car open) (cdr open)))))))

(defun combine- ueue (new-states node ueue) (push (state-of node) *visited*) (dolist (state new-states) (if (not (member state *visited* !test "'e ual)) (push (cons (- (* *heur-mult* (heur-value state)) (depth-of node)) (cons state (cdr node))) ueue))) (sort ueue "'> !#e$ "'car))

;;; WAP of A! Searc for a s ortest pat using LISP.


(let ((distance-info (make-hash-table :size 20)) (path-predecessor-info (make-hash-table :size 20)) ) (defun set-distances (x y) (setf (gethash x distance-info) y) ) (defun get-distances (x) (gethash x distance-info) ) (defun set-predecessor (x y) (setf (gethash x path-predecessor-info) y) ) (defun get-predecessor (x) (gethash x path-predecessor-info) ) )

;;;WAP for Water "ug Solution using LISP


(in-package "?!($") (def8ar 9start9 .(0 0)) (defun first-jug (state) (car state)) (defun second-jug (state) (cadr state)) (defun mk-state (f s) (list f s)) (defun goalp (state) (e0 (first-jug state) 2)) (defun ne4-states (state) (remo8e-null (list (fill-first state) (fill-second state) (pour-first-second state) (pour-second-first state) (empty-first state) (empty-second state)))) (defun remo8e-null (x)

(cond((null x) nil) ((null (car x)) (remo8e-null (cdr x))) ((cons (car x) (remo8e-null (cdr x)))))) (defun fill-first (state) (cond ((@ (first-jug state) 1) (mk-state 1 (second-jug state)))))) (defun fill-second (state) (cond ((@ (second-jug state) /) (mk-state (first-jug state) /)))) (defun pour-first-second (state) (let ( (f (first-jug state)) (s (second-jug state))) (cond ((zerop f) nil) ((; s /) nil) ((@; (> f s) /) (mk-state 0 (> f s))) (t (mk-state (- (> f s) /) /))))) (defun pour-second-first (state) (let ( (f (first-jug state)) (s (second-jug state))) (cond ((zerop s) nil) ((; f 1) nil) ((@; (> f s) 1) (mk-state (> f s) 0)) (t(mk-state 1 (- (> f s) 1)))))) , =ill first from second , <ant pour nothing , =irst full , (mpty second into first , =ill second from first , <ant pour nothing , !econd full , (mpty first into second

(defun empty-first (state)

(cond((A (first-jug state) 0) (mk-state 0 (second-jug state)))))

(defun empty-second (state) (cond((A (second-jug state) 0) (mk-state (first-jug state) 0))))

;;;WAP to replace a String #it anot er String in LISP.


(defun string-replace (str- sub- sub2) (let ((str- (string str-)) (str2 "") (sub- (string sub-)) (sub2 (string sub2)) (index- 0)) (loop (if (string-e0ual str- sub:start- index:end- (min (length str-) (> index- (length sub-)))) (progn (set0 str2 (concatenate .string str2 sub2)) (incf index- (length sub-))) (progn (set0 str2 (concatenate .string str2 (subse0 str- index- (-> index-)))) (incf index-))) (unless (@ index- (length str-)) (return str2)))))

$$$ WAP to implement DFS using P%&L&'.


go(!tartB )oal) :empty5stack((mpty5been5list)B stack(!tartB (mpty5been5listB Ceen5list)B path(!tartB )oalB Ceen5list)+ 7 path implements a depth first search in $&*&) 7 <urrent state ; goalB print out been list path()oalB )oalB Ceen5list):re8erse5print5stack(Ceen5list)+ path(!tateB )oalB Ceen5list) :mo8(!tateB %ext)B 7 not(unsafe(%ext))B not(member5stack(%extB Ceen5list))B stack(%extB Ceen5listB %e45been5list)B path(%extB )oalB %e45been5list)B D+ re8erse5print5stack(!) :empty5stack(!)+ re8erse5print5stack(!) :stack((B $estB !)B re8erse5print5stack($est)B 4rite(()B nl+

$$$ WAP to implement BFS using P%&L&'.


state5record(!tateB arentB E!tateB arentF)+ go(!tartB )oal) :empty50ueue((mpty5open)B state5record(!tartB nilB !tate)B add5to50ueue(!tateB (mpty5openB &pen)B empty5set(<losed)B path(&penB <losedB )oal)+ path(&penB5B5) :- empty50ueue(&pen)B 4rite(.graph searchedB no solution found.)+ path(&penB <losedB )oal) :remo8e5from50ueue(%ext5recordB &penB 5)B state5record(!tateB 5B %ext5record)B !tate ; )oalB 4rite(.!olution path is: .)B nlB printsolution(%ext5recordB <losed)+ path(&penB <losedB )oal) :remo8e5from50ueue(%ext5recordB &penB $est5of5open)B (bagof(<hildB mo8es(%ext5recordB &penB <losedB <hild)B <hildren),<hildren ; EF)B add5list5to50ueue(<hildrenB $est5of5openB %e45open)B add5to5set(%ext5recordB <losedB %e45closed)B path(%e45openB %e45closedB )oal)BD+ mo8es(!tate5recordB &penB <losedB <hild5record) :state5record(!tateB 5B !tate5record)B mo8(!tateB %ext)B 7 not (unsafe(%ext))B state5record(%extB 5B "est)B

not(member50ueue("estB &pen))B not(member5set("estB <losed))B state5record(%extB !tateB <hild5record)+ printsolution(!tate5recordB 5):state5record(!tateBnilB !tate5record)B 4rite(!tate)B nl+ printsolution(!tate5recordB <losed) :state5record(!tateB arentB !tate5record)B state5record( arentB 5B arent5record)B member( arent5recordB <losed)B printsolution( arent5recordB <losed)B 4rite(!tate)B nl+ add5list5to50ueue(EFB GueueB Gueue)+ add5list5to50ueue(EHI"FB GueueB %e450ueue) :add5to50ueue(HB GueueB "emp50ueue)B add5list5to50ueue("B "emp50ueueB %e450ueue)+

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