INTERMEDIATE CODE GENERATION

USING
SYNTAX DIRECTED TRANSLATION SCHEMES
(SDTS)

PROF. V. BONGIRWAR
 NOTE

SDTS studied till now will also be used

SDTS for IF, IF-Else
Production Semantic Rule
S→if E then M S1 backpatch(E.true,M.quad);
S.next= merge(E.false,S1.next);
S→if E then M1 S1 N else M2 S2 backpatch(E.true,M1.quad);
backpatch(E.false,M2.quad);
S.next=merge(S1.next, merge(N.next,
S2.next);
S→while M1 E do M2 S1 backpatch(S1.next, M1.quad);
backpatch(E.true,M2.quad);
S.next= E.false;
gen(‘goto’ M1.quad)
S→do M1 S1 while M2 E backpatch(S1.next,M2.Quad);
backpatch(E.true , M1.Quad);
S.next = E.false;
M→Є M.quad = nextquad;
N→Є N.next= makelist(nextquad),
gen(goto __)
 Extra Statements
Production Semantic Rule

S→begin L end S.next = L.next;

S→A S.next = nil;

L→L1; M S backpatch(L1.next , M.quad);

L.next = S.next;

L→S L.next = S.next;

L →e L . next = S.next;
SDTS for If-then Construct

Grammar: if E then S1
Production Semantic Rule
S→if E then M S1 backpatch(E.true, M.quad);
S.next= merge(E.false,S1.next);

M→ M.quad = nextquad;

SDTS for If-then Construct Example
Q1. if (a>10) then p=q+r
 Production Semantic Rule
if (a>10) then S→if E then M S1 backpatch(E.true,M.quad);
p=q+r S.next= merge(E.false,S1.next);
M→ M.quad = nextquad;

if E then M S1
 Production Semantic Rule
if (a>10) then S→if E then M S1 backpatch(E.true,M.quad);
p=q+r S.next= merge(E.false,S1.next);
M→ M.quad = nextquad;

if E then M S1

( E )

E→E1relop E2 E.true = makelist(nextquad);

E.false= makelist(nextquad+1);
gen (if E1.place relop.val E2.place
goto____);
gen(goto ____);
 Production Semantic Rule
if (a>10) then S→if E then M S1 backpatch(E.true,M.quad);
p=q+r S.next= merge(E.false,S1.next);
M→ M.quad = nextquad;

if E then M S1

( )
E
E relop E

E→E1relop E2 E.true = makelist(nextquad);

E.false= makelist(nextquad+1);
gen (if E1.place relop.val E2.place
goto____);
gen(goto ____);
if (a>10) then
p=q+r

if E then M S1

( E )

E relop E
>
id id
if (a>10) then
p=q+r

if E then M S1

( E )

E relop E
>
id id
Production Semantic Rule
A →id : = E gen( id.place ‘ =’ E . place)

S→A S.next = nil;

if (a>10) then
p=q+r

if E then M S1

( E ) A

E relop E id = E
>
id id
Production Semantic Rule
A →id : = E A .code = E. code || gen( id.place ‘ =’ E . place)

S→A S.next = nil;

if (a>10) then
p=q+r

if E then M S1

( E ) A

E relop E id = E
>
E + E
id id
if (a>10) then
p=q+r

if E then M S1

( E ) A

E relop E id = E
>
E + E
id id

id id
if (a>10) then p=q+r
S

if E then M S1

( E ) A

E relop E id = E
>
E + E
id id
id.place = a id.place = 10
id id
if (a>10) then p=q+r
S

if E then M S1

( E ) A
E.place = a E.place = 10 
E relop E id = E
>
E + E
id id
id.place = a id.place = 10
id id
 E.true = makelist(nextquad);
if (a>10) then p=q+r E→E1 relop E2
E.false= makelist(nextquad+1);
gen (if E1.place relop.val E2.place goto____);
gen(goto ____);
S
TAC:
if E then M S1 100)

E.T = { }
E.F= { }( E ) A
E.place = 10 
E relop E id = E
E.place = a
>
E + E
id id
id.place = a id.place = 10
id id
 E.true = makelist(nextquad);
if (a>10) then p=q+r E→E1 relop E2
E.false= makelist(nextquad+1);
gen (if E1.place relop.val E2.place goto____);
gen(goto ____);
S
TAC:
if E then M S1 100) If a>10 goto ______
101) goto ________
E.T = {100} 102)
E.F= {101} ( E ) A
E.place = 10 
E relop E id = E
E.place = a
>
E + E
id id
id.place = a id.place = 10
id id
if (a>10) then p=q+r
S
E.T = {100}
E.F= {101} M.quad = 102 TAC:
if E then M S1 100) If a>10 goto ______
101) goto ________
E.T = {100} 102)
E.F= {101} ( E ) A
E.place = 10 
E relop E id = E
E.place = a
>
E + E
id id
id.place = a id.place = 10
id id
 TAC:
if (a>10) then p=q+r 100) If a>10 goto ______
101) goto ________
S 102)
E.T = {100}
E.F= {101} M.quad = 102

if E then M S1
E.T = {100}
E.F= {101} ( E ) A
E.place = 10 
E relop E id = E
E.place = a
id.place = p
>
E + E
id id
id.place = a id.place = 10
id id
id.place = q id.place = r
 TAC:
if (a>10) then p=q+r 100) If a>10 goto ______
101) goto ________
S 102)
E.T = {100}
E.F= {101} M.quad = 102

if E then M S1
E.T = {100}
E.F= {101} ( E ) A
E.place = 10 
E relop E id = E
E.place = a
id.place = p
>
E + E E.place = r
id id E.place = q
id.place = a id.place = 10
id id
id.place = q id.place = r
E→ E1+E2 T= newTemp( );
E.place : = T;
E.code : = E1.code || E2.code || gen(E.place ‘ =’ E1.place ‘+’ E2.place)
 TAC:
if (a>10) then p=q+r 100) If a>10 goto ______
101) goto ________
S 102) T1=q+r
E.T = {100}
M.quad = 102 103)
E.F= {101}

if E then M S1
E.T = {100}
E.F= {101} ( E ) A T=T1
E.place = 10  E.place=T1
gen
E relop E id = E
E.place = a
id.place = p
>
E + E E.place = r
id id E.place = q
id.place = a id.place = 10
id id
id.place = q id.place = r
E→ E1+E2 T= newTemp( );
E.place : = T;
E.code : gen(E.place ‘ =’ E1.place ‘+’ E2.place)
 TAC:
if (a>10) then p=q+r 100) If a>10 goto ______
101) goto ________
S 102) T1=q+r
E.T = {100}
E.F= {101} M.quad = 102 103) p=T1

if E then M S1
E.T = {100}
E.F= {101} ( E ) A
E.place = 10  T=T1
E relop E id = E E.place=T1
E.place = a
id.place = p
>
E + E E.place = r
id id E.place = q
id.place = a id.place = 10
id id
id.place = q id.place = r

Production Semantic Rule

A →id : = E gen( id.place ‘ =’ E . place)
(THIS IS GENERATE)
 TAC:
if (a>10) then p=q+r 100) If a>10 goto ______
101) goto ________
S 102) T1=q+r
E.T = {100}
E.F= {101} M.quad = 102 103) p=T1

if E then M S1 S1.next=null
E.T = {100}
E.F= {101} ( E ) A
E.place = 10  T=T1
E relop E id = E E.place=T1
E.place = a
id.place = p
>
E + E E.place = r
id id E.place = q
id.place = a id.place = 10
id id
id.place = q id.place = r

S→A S.next = nil;

if (a>10) then p=q+r TAC:
Production Semantic Rule 100) If a>10 goto _102_
S→if E then M S1 backpatch(E.true,M.quad); 101) goto ________
S.next= merge(E.false,S1.next); 102) T1=q+r
103) p=T1
Backpatch (100,102)
S.next= {101}
S
E.T = {100}
E.F= {101} M.quad = 102

if E then M S1 S1.next=null
E.T = {100}
E.F= {101} ( E ) A
E.place = 10  T=T1
E relop E id = E E.place=T1
E.place = a
id.place = p
>
E + E E.place = r
id id E.place = q
id.place = a id.place = 10
id id
id.place = q id.place = r
Example 2

if(c>2 and
d<5) then Production Semantic Rule
begin S→begin L S.next = L.next;
a=b+c; end
q=p+r; S→A S.next = nil;
end L→L1; M S backpatch(L1.next , M.quad);
L.next = S.next;

L→S L.next = S.next;

L →Є L . next = S.next;
 S

if E then M S1

E relop E begin L end


>
L ; M S
id id

if(c>2) then S  A
begin
a=b+c; A id = E
q=p+r;
end E
id = E + E

E + E id id

id id
Answer for Q2.
 SDTS for IF-THEN-ELSE
Grammar: S→ if E then M1 S1 N else M2 S2
Production Semantic Rule

S→if E then M1 backpatch(E.true,M1.qua

S1 N else M2 S2 d);
backpatch(E.false,M2.qu
ad);
Code of E S.next=merge(S1.next,
False
merge(N.next, S2.next);
True
M→ M.quad = nextquad;
Code of S1
Next of S1 N→ N.next=
Goto__ Next of if-else makelist(nextquad),
gen(goto __)
Code of S2 Next of S2
Example : If a<b then x=y +z else p= q +r
Example : If a<b then x=y +z else p= q +r

if E N S2
then M1 S1 M2
Example : If a<b then x=y +z else p= q +r

if E N S2
then M1 S1 M2

E relop E

id id
Example :If a<b then x=y +z else p= q +r

if E N S2
then M1 S1 M2

E relop Є A
E

id id id = E

E + E

id id
Example : If a<b then x=y +z else p= q +r

if E N S2
then M1 S1 M2

E Є Є
relop E Є A

id id id = E

E + E

id id
Example : If a<b then x=y +z else p= q +r

if E N S2
then M1 S1 M2

E Є Є A
relop E Є A

id id id = E id = E

E + E E + E

id id id id
Example : If a<b then x=y +z else p= q +r

if E N S2
then M1 S1 M2

E Є Є A
relop E Є A

Id. Place=p
id id id = E id = E
Id. Place=a Id. Place=b Id. Place=x
E + E E + E
Id. Place=r
Id. Place id id
Id. Place=y id id Id. Place=q
=z
 E→E1 relop E.true = makelist(nextquad);
E2 E.false= makelist(nextquad+1);
Example : gen (if E1.place relop.val
If a<b then x=y +z else p= q +r E2.place goto____);
gen(goto ____);

S
if

E.T={100} E then N M2 S2
M1 S1
E.f={101}
gen

E Є Є A
relop E Є A
E. Place=a
E. Place=b
Id. Place=p
id id id = E id = E
Id. Place=b Id. Place=x
Id. Place=a
E + E E + E
100) If a < b goto__ Id. Place=r
Id. Place id id
101) goto____ Id. Place=y id id Id. Place=q
=z
 E→ T= newTemp( );
E1+E2 E.place : = T;
Example : E.code : gen(E.place ‘ =’ E1.place ‘+’
E2.place)
If a<b then x=y +z else p= q +r

S
if

E.T={100} E then N M2 S2
M1 S1
E.f={101}
M. Q=102
gen Є

E Є Є A
relop E A
E. Place=a
E. Place=b
Id. Place=p
id id id = E id = E
Id. Place=b Id. Place=x
Id. Place=a
T= T1 E + E E + E
100) If a < b goto__
101) goto____ E. place=T1
Id. Place=r
gen Id. Place id id
102) T1= y + z Id. Place=y id id
=z Id. Place=q
 Producti Semantic Rule
on
A →id : gen( id.place ‘ =’ E . place)
=E

S
if

E.T={100} E then N M2 S2
M1 S1
E.f={101} S1.next=null
M. Q=102
gen Є

E Є Є A
relop E gen A
E. Place=a
E. Place=b
Id. Place=p
id id id = E id = E
Id. Place=b Id. Place=x
Id. Place=a
100) If a < b got0__ T= T1 E + E E + E
101) goto____ E. place=T1
Id. Place=r
102) T1= y + z gen Id. Place id id
Id. Place=y id id Id. Place=q
103) x=T1 =z
100) If a < b got0__ 104) goto____
N→ N.next=
101) goto____ 105) makelist(nextquad),
102) T1= y + z
gen(goto __)
103) x=T1

S N.next=104
if

E.T={100} E then N M2 S2
M1 S1
E.f={101} S1.next=null
M. Q=102 M.Q=105
gen Є

E Є Є A
relop E gen A
E. Place=a
E. Place=b
Id. Place=p
id id id = E id = E
Id. Place=b Id. Place=x
Id. Place=a
T= T1 E + E E + E
E. place=T1
Id. Place=r
gen Id. Place id id
Id. Place=y id id Id. Place=q
=z
 E→ E1+E2 T= newTemp( );
100) If a < b got0__ 104) goto____ E.place : = T;
101) goto____ 105) T2= q+r E.code : gen(E.place ‘ =’ E1.place ‘+’
102) T1= y + z 106) p=T2 E2.place)
103) x=T1 A →id : gen( id.place ‘ =’ E . place)
=E
S
if N,next=104

S2.next=null
E.T={100} E then N M2 S2
M1 S1
E.f={101} S1.next=null
M. Q=102 M.Q=105
gen Є
gen
E Є Є A
relop E gen A
E. Place=a
E. Place=b
Id. Place=p
id id id = E id = E
Id. Place=b Id. Place=x
Id. Place=a
T= T1 E + E E + E
T= T2 E. place=T1
E. place=T2 Id. Place=r
gen Id. Place id id
gen Id. Place=y id id Id. Place=q
=z
 S→if E then M1 S1 backpatch(E.true,M1.quad);
100) If a < b goto 102 104) goto____ N else M2 S2 backpatch(E.false,M2.quad);
101) Goto 105 105) T2= q+r S.next=merge(S1.next,
102) T1= y + z 106) p=T2 merge(N.next, S2.next);
103) x=T1
Backpatch(100, 102)
Backpatch(101, 105)
S
S.next= (104)
if N,next=104

S2.next=null
E.T={100} E then N M2 S2
M1 S1
E.f={101} S1.next=null
M. Q=102 M.Q=105
gen Є
gen
E Є Є A
relop E gen A
E. Place=a
E. Place=b
Id. Place=p
id id id = E id = E
Id. Place=b Id. Place=x
Id. Place=a
T= T1 E + E E + E
T= T2 E. place=T1
E. place=T2 Id. Place=r
gen Id. Place id id
gen Id. Place=y id id Id. Place=q
=z
SDTS for While

Code of E
False Grammar: S→ while E do S1
Production Semantic Rule
True

S.next
S→ while backpatch(S1.next,
Code of S1
M1 E do M1.quad);
Goto__ M2 S1 backpatch(E.true,M2.quad);
S.next= E.false;
gen(‘goto’ M1.quad)
M1→ M1.quad = nextquad;
M1→ M2.quad = nextquad;
Example while a<b do x=y+z
 Example while a<b do x=y+z

M1. Q=100 S1
while M1 E do M2

ε ε A
E relop
E. Place=a E
E. Place=b id = E
Id. Place=x
id id E. Place=z
Id. Place=a Id. Place=b E. Place=y E + E

id id
Id. Place=y Id. Place=z
Example E→E1
E2
relop E.true = makelist(nextquad);
E.false= makelist(nextquad+1);

while a<b do x=y+z gen (if E1.place relop.val

E2.place goto____);
gen(goto ____);

E.T={100} S
E.F={101}
gen
M1. Q=100 S1
while M1 E do M2 M2. Q=102

ε ε A
E relop
E. Place=a E
E. Place=b id = E
Id. Place=x
id id E. Place=z
Id. Place=b E. Place=y E + E
Id. Place=a
100 ) if a<b goto____
101) goto_____ id
id
Id. Place=y Id. Place=z
Example E→
E1+E2
T= newTemp( );
E.place : = T;
E.code : gen(E.place ‘ =’ E1.place ‘+’
while a<b do x=y+z E2.place)
A →id : gen( id.place ‘ =’ E . place)
=E
E.T={100} S
E.F={101}
gen
M1. Q=100 S1 S1.next=nil
while M1 E do M2 M2. Q=102

ε ε A gen
E relop T=T1
E. Place=a E
E. Place=b id = E E.place=T1
Id. Place=x gen
id id E. Place=z
Id. Place=a Id. Place=b E. Place=y E + E

100 ) if a<b goto____

101) goto_____ id
id
102) T1= y + z
Id. Place=y Id. Place=z
103)x=T1
Example S→while M1 E backpatch(S1.next, M1.quad);
do M2 S1 backpatch(E.true,M2.quad);

while a<b do x=y+z S.next= E.false;

gen(‘goto’ M1.quad)

Backpatch(100,102)
E.T={100} S s.next= 101
E.F={101} gen
gen
M1. Q=100 S1 S1.next=null
while M1 E do M2
M2. Q=102

ε ε A gen
E relop T=T1
E. Place=a E
E. Place=b id = E E.place=T1
Id. Place=x gen
id id E. Place=z
Id. Place=a Id. Place=b E. Place=y E + E
100 ) if a<b goto ___
101) goto_____
102) T1= y + z id id
103)x=T1 Id. Place=y Id. Place=z
104) goto 100
 Example 2
while (a < b and b>d) do
If a==1
then
c=c+1
else
d= d+1
while (a < b and b>d) do
If a==1
then
c=c+1
else
d= d+1
 SDTS for do While

Code of S1
False Grammar: S→ do S1 while E
S1.next
Productio Semantic Rule
True
n
S.next S→do M1 backpatch(S1.next,M2.Quad);
Code of E S1 while backpatch(E.true , M1.Quad);
M2 E S.next = E.false;

M1→ M1.quad = nextquad;

M1→ M2.quad = nextquad;
Example
do
a=1
b=x * y
While(b >=a)
 Thank You

Happy Learning !