SENARAI FORMULA FIZIK STPM

Kinematik
Halaju linear seketika,
dt
ds
v =
Pecutan linear seketika,
t d
s d
dt
dv
a
2
2
= =
Persamaan gerakan linear dengan pecutan
seragam
v = u + at
s = ut +
2
1
at
2

s =
2
1
(u + v)t
v
2
= u
2
+ 2as

Projectile
max height,
g
u
H
2
sin
2 2

=
Time of flight,
g
u
T
sin 2
=
Range of flight,
g
u 2 sin
2

Dinamik
Daya, F = ma =
dt
mv d ) (

Momentum linear, p = mv
Conservation of momentum,
m
1
u
1
+ m
2
u
2
= m
1
v
1
+ m
2
v
2

Impuls bagi satu daya, J = p atau

= Fdt J

Kerja, Tenaga, Kuasa
Kerja, W = Fs kos
Tenaga Kinetik, K =
2
1
mv
2

Tenaga keupayaan gravity, U = mgh
(h jejari Bumi)
Tenaga keupayaan kenyal, U =
2
1
kx
2

Kuasa = Fv
dt
dW
=
Efficiency (of machine) = 100 x
P
P
input
output







Gerakan Membulat
Halaju sudut seketika,
dt
d
=
Pecutan sudut seketika,
t d
d
dt
d
2
2

= =
Halaju linear tangen, v = r
Pecutan memusat,
r
v
2
= atau
2
r =
Tempoh, T =

2

Centripetal force =
r
mv
mr mv
2
2
= =
Tension in string for:
Horizontal circle,
r
mv
T
2
=
Vertical circle, cos
2
mg
r
mv
T + =
Conical pendulum,
2
ml T
horizontal
=

cos
mg
T
vertical
=

Rotation of rigid body
Rotational kinematics
=
o
+ t
=
o
t +
2
1
t
2

=
2
1
(
o
+ )t

2
=
o

2
+ 2

Rotational dynamics
Momen inersia, I = mr
2
terhadap paksi tertentu
Momen inersia bagi beberapa jasad tegar
seragam:
Gelang membulat, I =Mr
2

Rod nipis, I =
12
1
ML
2

Cakera, I =
2
1
Mr
2

Selinder, I =
2
1
Mr
2

Sfera, , I =
5
2
Mr
2

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Tork, T = Fr atau T = I

Momentum sudut, L = I
Tenaga kinetik putaran,
2
2
1
I K =
Kegravitian
Daya graviti,
2
2 1
r
m Gm
F =
2
r
Gm
g =
Kepplers Law,
GM R
T
2
3
2
4
= = constant
Velocity of Satellite ,
r
GM
v =
Laju lepasan,
R
GM
v
2
=
T. Keupayaan graviti,
r
GM
U =
T. kinetic, K=
r
GMm
mv
2 2
1
2
=
Jumlah tenaga satelit,
U
r
GMm
U K E
2
1
2
= = + =

Gerakan Harmonik Mudah
Persamaan G.H.M. tanpa pelembapan:
x +
2
x = 0
Sesaran, x = A sin (wt + )
Pecutan, a = -
2
x
Halaju,
2 2
x A v =
Tenaga keupayaan,
2 2
2
1
x m U =
Tenaga kinetik, ( )
2 2 2
2
1
x A m K =
Tempoh bandul ringkas,
g
l
T 2 =
Tempoh sistem spring-jisim,
k
m
T 2 =
Tempoh Bandul kilas,
k
I
T 2 =





Wave motion
Progressive wave equation, y = a sin (t-kx)
where = 2f and

2
= k
v = f
Stationary wave
equation, t
x
a y

sin
2
cos 2

=
Distance between nodes or antinodes =
2

Sound waves
Displacement, y = y
o
sin (t-kx)
Pressure change, p = p
o
sin (t-kx-
2

)
Stationary waves
scoure f
o
f
1
f
2

Stretched
string
l
v
2

o
f
l
v
2
2
2 =

o
f
l
v
3
2
3 =

Closed
pipe
l
v
4

o
f
l
v
3
4
3 =

o
f
l
v
5
4
5 =

Open
pipe
l
v
2

o
f
l
v
2
2
2 =

o
f
l
v
3
2
3 =

Intensity level =
o
I
I
10
log 10
frequency of beats = f
1
f
2
or f
2
f
1
Doppler effect , f
u v
u v
f

=
0
0
'

State of matter
Resultant force =
attraction repulsion
F F +
=
q p
r
b
r
a

dr
dU
F = or

= Fdr U

Canggan pepejal(Kekenyalan)
Ketegasan =
A
F

Terikan =
L
x

Modulus Young,
Ae
Fl
terikan
ketegasan
E = =
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Tenaga terikan =
2
1
(tegasan X terikan )

Kinetic Theory of Gases
Kalorimetri
Kuantiti haba diserap atau dikeluarkan,
Q = mc
Kuantiti haba pendam, Q=mL
Gas Laws
Hukum Boyle: PV = pemalar; (T malar)
Hukum Charles: pemalar
T
V
= , (P malar)
Hukum Tekanan : pemalar
T
P
= , (V malar)
Persamaan gas unggul: PV = nRT
di mana
A
N
N
M
m
n = =

Teori Kinetik Gas
Tekanan, =
2
2
1
c P
N
c c c
c c
N
rms
2 2
2
2
1 2
....... + + +
= =
Mean kinetic energy of one molecule,
kT c m
2
3
2
1
2
=
Pemalar Boltzmann,
A
N
R
k =
Setiap darjah kebebasan mempunyai tenaga
kT
2
1


Thermodynamics of gases

Kerja, V P W =
Hukum Termodinamik Pertama: dQ = dU + PdV
Cp-Cv =
M
R

Internal energy of one mol,
T nC RT
f
U
m v,
2
= =
dT
dU
R
f
C
m v
= =
2
,

Perubahan isoterma: dU = 0, PV = pemalar,
(T malar)
Kerja, W = nRT ln
0
V
V

Perubahan adiabatik: dQ = 0
pemalar PV =

pemalar TV =
1

Kerja, [ ]
2 1
1
T T
nR
W

where
m v
m p
C
C
f
f
,
,
2
=
+
=

Pemindahan Haba
Kadar kekonduksian haba melalui pepejal,
dx
dT
kA
dt
dQ
=
Joined rod,
( )

=
A k
l dt
dQ
i
i
2 1


Hukum Stefan:
4
T E =
Hukum Sesaran Wien:
m
T = pemalar

Elektrostatik
Hukum Coulomb bagi cas-cas titik:
2
0
4 r
Qq
F

=
Keamatan medan elektrik,
q
F
E =
2
0
4 r
Q

=
Keamatan elektrik untuk pelbagai sistem cas:
Bagi cas titik terpencil,
2
0
4 r
Q
E

=
Bagi konduktor sfera bercas,
2
0
4 r
Q
E

= (di luar sfera)

= (di atas sfera)

2
= (di luar silinder)
Charge per unit length,
l
Q
=
Bagi konduktor satah bercas,

= E
Charge density,
A
Q
=
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Beza keupayaan,
q
W
V

=
Keupayaan elektrik untuk pelbagai sistem cas:
cas titik terpencil,
r
Q
V
0
4
=
Sfera
r
Q
V
0
4
= (di luar sfera)
R
Q
V
0
4
= (di atas sfera)
R
Q
V
0
4
= (di dalam sfera)
Keamatan elektrik,
dr
dV
E =
Hukum Gauss,
0

=
Q

Fluks elektrik, cos EA =
Tenaga keupayaan elektrik, U = qV
r
qQ
U
0
4
=
F = qE
F
2
0
4 r
Qq
F

=
2
0
4 r
Q
E

=
E
=
dr
dU

r
qQ
U
0
4
=
r
Q
V
0
4
= =
dr
dV

U =qV


Kapasitor
Kapasitans,
V
Q
C =
Kapasitans bagi plat-plat selari,
d
A
C

=
Medan elektrik,
d
V
E =

Bagi kapasitor-kapasitor berselari,
3 2 1
C C C C + + =
Bagi kapasitor-kapasitor bersiri,
3 2 1
1 1 1 1
C C C C
+ + =
Tenaga tersimpan dalam kapasitor bercas,
E =
2
1
QV =
2
1
CV
2
=
2
1
C
Q
2


Kapasitor dicaskan,

=

RC
t
e E V 1 ,

t
e I I

=
0
,

=

RC
t
e Q Q 1
0

dimana
R
E
I =
0
, Q
0
=CE .,
R
E
I =
0

Kapasitor dinyahcaskan,
RC
t
e V V

=
0
,

t
e I I

=
0

t
e Q Q

=
0

dimana Q
0
=CV
0
,V
0
=I
0
R
Pemalar masa, RC =

Arus Dan Litar Elektrik Ringkas
Arus,
dt
dQ
I =
Power, P=IV, Energy,E=Pt=VIt
Gabungan perintang:
Bagi perintang-perintang selari,
3 2 1
1 1 1 1
R R R R
+ + =
Bagi perintang-perintang sesiri,
3 2 1
R R R R + + =
Hukum Ohm bagi litar ringkas dan lengkap: E =
I(R+r)
Kirchhoffs current law,

=
=
n
i
i
I
1
0
Kirchhoffs voltage law,

= =
= +
n
i
n
i
i i
E V
1 1
0

Electrical conduction
Halaju hanyut elektron ,
neA
I
v
d
=
Ketumpatan arus, E nev
A
I
J
d
= = =
Kekonduksian elektrik ,
m
t ne
2
2
=
Rintangan,
A
l
R

=

Medan Magnet Oleh Arus Elektrik

Gerakan Cas Dalam Medan Magnet
Daya Magnet, F = Bqv sin
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specific charge,
2 2
2
r B
V
m
q
=
Bainbridge Mass spectrograph
velocity selected, v =
B
E

mass of ion, m =
E
qrB
2

Hall voltage,
nea
BI
V
H
= =Bvd
d width, a thickness

Force on current carrying conductor,
F = BIl sin
Torque on a coil, cos BINA =

Ketumpatan fluks magnet untuk pelbagai litar
yang membawa arus:
Bagi dawai lurus panjang,
r
I
B

2
0
=
Bagi gegelung membulat,
R
NI
B
2
0

= (di pusat gegelung)

2
2 1 0


Aruhan Elektromagnet
Magnetic flux, cos BA =
N LI =
D.g.e teraruh,
dt
dI
L
dt
d
N = =


D.g.e. teraruh dalam konduktor lurus,
sin Blv =
D.g.e. teraruh dalam gegelung berputar,
t BAN sin =
D.g.e. teraruh dalam cakera berputar,

2
2
1
BR =
Self inductance of a solenoid,
l
A N
L
2
0

=
Energy stored in inductor,
2
2
1
LI U
L
=
Mutual inductance, M
dt
dI
M E
2
1
= and
dt
dI
M E
1
2
=
1 2 2
MI N = and
2 1 1
MI N =
D.g.e balik,
dt
dI
L =
Transformer:
s
p
s
p
N
N
V
V
=

Arus Ulang-alik
Bagi arus sinusoidal,
I = I
0
sin t
arus p.m.k.d.
2
0
I
I
pmkd
=
Reaktans kapasitif,
fC
X
c
2
1
=
Reaktans aruhan, fL X
L
2 =
Impedans,
2 2
) (
L c
X X R Z + =

Sudut fasa antara arus dan voltan bekalan,
) ( tan
1
R
X X
L c

=


Frekuensi resonans,
LC
f
2
1
0
=

Geometrical optic
Cermin Melengkung
Panjang fokus, r f
2
1
=
Pembesaran linear,
u
v
h
h
m
i
= =
0

v u f
1 1 1
+ =
1 =
f
v
m

Pembiasan pd permukaan rata
Indeks biasan,
r
i
n
medium vakum
sin
sin
=
m dalammediu lajucahaya
dalamvakum lajucahaya
=
edium cahayadlmm panjanggel
akum cahayadlmv panjanggel
.
.
=
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1 2
2 1
1
n
n =
n sin i = pemalar
c
n
sin
1
=
Pembiasan pd perm. lengkung
r
n n
v
n
u
n
1 2
2 1

= +

Kanta Nipis
Formula pembuat kanta,

=
2 1 1
2
1 1
1
1
r r n
n
f

Kuasa kanta,
f
P
1
=
Panjang focus kanta gabungan,
2 1
1 1 1
f f f
+ =

Physical optic
Interferens
Ujikaji dwicelah Young:
a
D
y

=
Baji udara, fringe separation

tan 2
= y
Filem nipis dalam udara:

+ =
2
1
2 m ntkos bagi interferens membina
Minimum thickness of the film on coated lens,

4
= t

Belauan
Single slit,
a

= sin
Diffraction grating: d sin = m

Pengutuban
2
kA I =
Mulus Law,
2
0
cos I I =

Photon
Tenaga foton, E = hf where

c
f =
Tenaga kinetik maksimum elektron,
s maks maks
eV mv k = =
2
2
1

Persamaan fotoelektrik Einstein:
0
2
2
1
hf mv hf
maks
+ =
Fungsi kerja,
0
hf =

Wave-particle Duality
de-Broglie wavelength,
mv
h
=

Atomic structure
Radius of Bohr orbit,
2
2
2
0
n
Zme
h
r
n

Energy of quantum state n,
2 2 2
0
4 2
8 n h
m e Z
E
n

=
Energy absorbed/emitted,

c
h hf E E E
i f
= = =

X-ray
Minimum wavelength,
eV
hc
=
min

Bragg diffraction, 2dsin = n

Nucleus
Mass defect, ( ) m m N m N m
n n p p
+ =
Binding energy,
2
mc E =

Keradioaktifan
Setengah hayat,

2 ln
2
1
= t
N
dt
dN
=
t
e N N

=
0
atau
t
e A A

=
0


Tindakbalas Nuklear

Perhubungan jisim - tenaga: E = mc
2


Tindakbalas, X + x ----> Y + y

Tenaga dibebaskan
E =[ (m
X
+m
x
)-(m
Y
+ m
y
)] c
2

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