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7.quotient Test (Ratio Test)

1. The quotient test can be used to determine if a series with positive terms converges or diverges. If the limit of the quotient of successive terms is less than 1, the series converges. If the limit is greater than 1, the series diverges. If the limit is equal to 1, the test is inconclusive. 2. Using the quotient test, the series Σ(n!/2^n) converges because the limit of the quotient of successive terms is 0, which is less than 1. 3. Using the quotient test, the series Σ(n!/n^n) diverges because the limit of the quotient of successive terms is e, which is greater than

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343 views4 pages

7.quotient Test (Ratio Test)

1. The quotient test can be used to determine if a series with positive terms converges or diverges. If the limit of the quotient of successive terms is less than 1, the series converges. If the limit is greater than 1, the series diverges. If the limit is equal to 1, the test is inconclusive. 2. Using the quotient test, the series Σ(n!/2^n) converges because the limit of the quotient of successive terms is 0, which is less than 1. 3. Using the quotient test, the series Σ(n!/n^n) diverges because the limit of the quotient of successive terms is e, which is greater than

Uploaded by

Atikah J
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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1

Quotient Test

Let a
n
be a series with positive terms
and let L
a
a
n
n
n
=
+

1
lim . If
1. L < 1, then a
n
converges.
2. L > 1, then a
n
diverges.
3. L = 1, then the test is inconclusive.
(a
n
may converges or diverges).
Other tests are needed.

Eg1
Use the ratio test to determine whether
the series

=1
!
2
n
n
n
converges or diverges.

Sol
L =
n
n
n
a
a
1
lim
+

=
!
2
)! 1 (
2
lim
1
n
n
n
n
n
+
+


=
n
n
n
n
n n 2
!
! ) 1 (
2 2
lim
+



2
=
) 1 (
2
lim
+

n
n

= 0 < 1

so

=1
!
2
n
n
n
converges by quotient test.

Eg2
Use the ratio test to determine whether
the series

=1
!
n
n
n
n
converges or diverges.

Sol
L =
n
n
n
a
a
1
lim
+

=
!
)! 1 (
) 1 (
lim
1
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
+
+
+


=
n
n
n
n
n
n n
n n !
! ) 1 (
) 1 ( ) 1 (
lim
+
+ +


=
n
n
n
n
n ) 1 (
lim
+


=
n
n
n
n
|
.
|

\
|
+

1
lim
3
=
n
n
n
|
.
|

\
|
+

1
1 lim [1

]

let y =
n
n
|
.
|

\
|
+
1
1
ln y = n ln (1 +
n
1
)
)
1
1 ln( lim ln lim
n
n y
n n
+ =

[0]
=
n
n
n
1
)
1
1 ln(
lim
+

[0/0]
=
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
lim
n
n
n
n


+


=
n
n
1
1
1
lim
+


= 1
y
n
lim =
n
n
n
|
.
|

\
|
+

1
1 lim = e
1
> 1
4
so

=1
!
n
n
n
n
diverges by quotient test.

Eg3
Use the ratio test to determine whether
the series

=

2
3 2
1
n
n
converges or diverges.

Sol
L =
n
n
n
a
a
1
lim
+

=
3 2
1
3 ) 1 ( 2
1
lim

+

n
n
n

=
1 2
3 2
lim


n
n
n
= 1
the ratio test is failed.
By comparison test, series

=

2
3 2
1
n
n

similar with

=2
2
1
n
n
which diverges and

=

2
3 2
1
n
n
>

=2
2
1
n
n
so

=

2
3 2
1
n
n
diverges.

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