PDH & SDH

PDH
PLESIOCHRONOUS DIGITAL HIERARCHY. A TECHNOLOGY USED IN TELECOMMUNICATIONS NETWORK TO TRANSPORT LARGE QUANTITY OF DATA OVER DIGITAL TRANSPORT EQUIPMENT SUCH AS FIBRE OPTIC AND MICROWAVE RADIO WAVE SYSTEMS. THE TERM PLESIOCHRONOUS IS DERIVED FROM Greek plesio w !" #e$%& %e$r' $%( " r)%)*&' +!#e. IT MEANS THAT PDH NETWORKS RUN IN A STATE WHERE DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE NETWORK ARE ALMOST' BUT NOT QUITE PERFECTLY SYNCHRONISED.

PDH
SENDING A LARGE QUANTITY OF DATA ON FIBRE OPTIC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM. TRANSMISSION AND RECEPTION ARE SYNCHRONIZED BUT TIMING IS NOT. THE CHANNEL CLOCKS ARE DERIVED FROM DIFFERENT MASTER CLOCKS WHOSE RANGE IS SPECIFIED TO LIE WITHIN CERTAIN LIMITS. THE MULTIPLEXED SIGNAL IS CALLED A PLESIOCHRONOUS SIGNAL. PDH SIGNALS ARE NEITHER SYNCHRONOUS NOR ASYNCHRONOUS.

PDH
PDH ALLOWS TRANSMISSION OF DATA STREAMS THAT ARE NOMINALLY RUNNING AT THE SAME RATE, BUT ALLOWING SOME VARIATION ON THE SPEED AROUND A NOMINAL RATE. BY ANALOGY, ANY TWO WATCHES ARE NOMINALLY RUNNING AT THE SAME RATE, CLOCKING UP ! SECONDS EVERY MINUTE. HOWEVER, THERE IS NO LINK BETWEEN WATCHES TO GUARANTEE THEY RUN AT EXACTLY THE SAME RATE. IT IS HIGHLY LIKELY THAT ONE IS RUNNING SLIGHTLY FASTER THAN THE OTHER.

VERSIONS OF PDH
THERE ARE TWO VERSIONS OF PDH NAMELY "# THE EUROPEAN AND $ # THE AMERICAN. THEY DIFER SLIGHTLY IN THE DETAIL OF THEIR WORKING BUT THE PRINCIPLES ARE THE SAME. EUROPEAN PCM % &! CHANNELS NORTH AMERICAN PCM % $' CHANNELS (APANESE PCM % $' CHANNELS IN INDIA WE FOLLOW THE EUROPEAN PCM OF &! CHANNELS SYSTEM WORKING.

EUROPEAN DIGITAL HIERARCHY , , , , , &! C)*++,- PCM % $ M./0 $ M./0 1 ' % 2 M./0 2 M./0 1 ' % &' M./0 &' M./0 1 ' % "'! M./0 "'! M./0 1 ' % 3 3 M./0

EUROPEAN PDH HIERARCHY WITH BIT RATES

MUBIT RATE PARTS PER MILLION CHANNELS

. M/0& 3 M/0& 82 M/0& 921 M/0&

..123 M/0& 3.223 M/0&

456 71 00# 81 456 81 00# 9.1

456 .1 00#

82.8:3 M/0&

231 9;.1

98;..:2 M/0& 456 97 00#

DESCRIPTION OF EUROPEAN E4CARRIER SYSTEM

THE BASIC DATA TRANSFER RATE IS A STREAM OF $!'2 KBPS. FOR SPEECH TRANSMISSION, THIS IS BROKEN DOWN INTO &! X ' KBIT5S CHANNELS PLUS $ X ' KBPS CHANNELS USED FOR SIGNALLING AND SYNCHRONIZATION. ALTERNATIVELY, THE WHOLE $ MB5S MAY BE USED FOR NON SPEECH PURPOSES, FOR EXAMPLE, DATA TRANSMISSION. THE EXACT DATA RATE OF THE $ MBPS DATA STREAM IS CONTROLLED BY A CLOCK IN THE EQUIPMENT GENERATING THE DATA. THE EXACT RATE IS ALLOWED TO VARY SOME PERCENTAGE 6754 3! PPM# EITHER SIDE OF AN EXACT $.!'2 MBPS. DIFERENT $ MBPS DATA STREAMS CAN BE RUNNING AT SLIGHTLY DIFERENT RATES TO ONE ANOTHER.

MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE
IN ORDER TO MOVE MULTIPLE $ MBPS DATA STREAMS FROM ONE PLACE TO ANOTHER, THEY ARE COMBINED TOGETHER OR MULTIPLEXED IN GROUPS OF FOUR. THIS IS DONE BY TAKING " BIT FROM STREAM 8", FOLLOWED BY " BIT FROM STREAM 8$, THEN 8&, THEN 8'. THE TRANSMITTING MULIPLEXER ALSO ADDS ADDITIONAL BITS IN ORDER TO ALLOW THE FAR END RECEIVING MULTIPLEXER TO DECODE WHICH BITS BELONG TO WHICH $ MBPS DATA STREAM, AND SO CORRECTLY RECONSTITUTE THE ORIGINAL DATA STREAMS. THESE ADDITIONAL BITS ARE CALLED (USTIFICATION BITS OR STUFFING BITS

81 C < D!=!+$< H!er$r" >

$.!'2 M./0 P:;<*:= M>1 &! C)-0 2.''2 M./0 &'.& 2 M./0 "&9.$ ' M./0

II )r(er M*?
9.1 C <&

III Or(er M*? 231 C <&

IV Or(er M*?
"9$! C)-0

-2

-2

DIGITAL MU- CONCEPTS

, BIT INTERLEAVING@ , ALTERNATELY EACH CHANNEL CODE CAN BE SCANNED ONE DIGIT AT A TIME. THE MULTIPLEXED SIGNAL IS CALLED A BIT INTERLEAVED SIGNAL. , BIT INTERLEAVING IS USED IN HIGHER ORDER MULTIPLEXING.

A"

A$

A& A'

B"

B$

B&

B'

C"

C$

C&

C'

D"

D$

D&

D'

DIGITAL MU- CONCEPTS

, BYTE INTERLEAVING , WORD 5 BYTE 5 BLOCK INTERLEAVING? , IF THE CHANNEL TIME SLOT IS LONG ENOUGH TO ACCOMMODATE A GROUP OF BITS THEN THE MULTIPLEXED SIGNAL IS CALLED A BYTE INTERLEAVED OR WORD INTERLEAVED SIGNAL.
A" B" C" D" A$ B$ C$ D$ A& B& C& D& A' B' C' D'

SLIP, (USTIFICATION AND (ITTER

SLIP @ THIS OCCURS WHEN THE INCOMING BIT
RATE DOES NOT MATCH WITH THE DIVIDED MUX5DEMUX CLOCK RATE. SAME BIT MAY BE READ TWICE OR LOSS OF BITS WILL OCCUR.

(USTIFICATION?4 IT IS A PROCESS OF ADDING

ADDITIONAL BITS TO SOLVE THE PROBLEM OF SLIP. (ITTER?4 DISPLACE MENT OF A PULSE FROM ITS NORMAL SIGNIFICANT INSTANT IS CALLED (ITTER.

(USTIFICATION 4TYPES

POSITIVE AUSTIFICATION , AUSTIFICATION NEGATIVE AUSTIFIATION POSITIVE4NEGATIVE AUSTIFICATION

AUSTIFICATION
IF MUX CLOCK RATE IS HIGHER THAN TRIBUTARY RATE, IT IS KNOWN AS POSITIVE (USTIFICATION. THIS IS USED UPTO "'! MBPS SYSTEMS. IF MUX CLOCK RATE IS LOWER THAN TRIBUTARY RATE, IT IS KNOWN AS NEGATIVE (USTIFICATION. IF ON AN AVERAGE, MUX CLOCK RATE AND TRIBUTARY BIT RATE ARE EQUAL, IT IS CALLED POSITIVE4NEGATIVE (USTIFICATION.

PROBLEMS INVOLVED IN HIGHER ORDER MULTIPLEXING AND SOLUTIONS FOR THEM

". MUX CLOCK SPEEDS SHOULD BE SAME AT BOTH THE ENDS. @ SOLUTION ?4 THIS PROBLEM IS SOLVED BY USING P L L CIRCUIT AT TERMINAL B TO RECOVER THE CLOCK . SYNCHRONIZATION?4 SOLUTION4 THIS IS SOLVED BY FRAME ALIGNMENT WORD 6FAW#. TRIBUTARY BIT RATE AND MUX CLOCK 6DIVIDED# SHOULD BE THE SAME?4 SOLUTION 4 SOLVED BY PULSE STUFFING OR BIT STUFFING OR (USTIFICATION PROCESS. THISMEANS ADDING ADDITIONAL BITS.

$. &.

FOTS
, , , , FIBRE OPTIC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM. SUB SYSTEMS @ DIGITAL MULTIPLEX SUB SYSTEM. OPTICAL LINE TRANSMISSION SUB SYSTEM. , CENTRAL SUPERVISORY SUB SYSTEM , POWER SUB SYSTEM , ALARM SUB SYSTEM

F!/er O0+!" C$/<e

, F!= :.:

FIBRE OPTIC CABLE

Fiber Optic Cable
CA+0;0B0 AC <*+= ,1B:,<,-= B);+ 0B:*+D0 AC 0A-;D E-*00 A: /-*0B;F .A>+D BAE,B),: ;+ * 0),*B);+E T:*+0<;B0 0;E+*-0 G;B) -;E)B .,*<0 NA :;0H AC 0/*:H0, 0*C, CA: ,1/-A0;I, ,+I;:A+<,+B0 MA:, ,1/,+0;I, B)*+ FA*1;*-, .>B <A:, .*+DG;DB) D;CC,:,+B FA-A:0 AC -;E)B *:, >0,D BA 0;<>-B*+,A>0-= 0,+D M>-B;/-, 0;E+*-0

OPTICAL LINE TRANSMISSION SUB SYSTEM

, OPTICAL LINE TERMINATING EQUIPMENT. , LINE SWITCHING EQUIPMENTS , LINE SUPERVISORY EQUIPMENTS , ORDERWIRE EQUIPMENTS. , SUPERVISORY SERVICE DATA , REMOTE SERVICE DATA

LIMITATIONS
, LOWER CAPACITY. , ADD AND DROP DIFFICULT. , COMPLEX MULTIPLEXING AND DEMULTIPLEXING. , NO UNIVERSAL STANDARD , INTERWORKING BETWEEN HIERARCHIES COMPLEX.

DISADVANTAGES OF PDH SYSTEM

PDH IS NOT IDEALLY SUITED TO THE EFFICIENT DELIVERY AND MANAGEMENT OF HIGH BANDWIDH CONNECTIONS. PDH IS NO LONGER EFFICIENT TO MEET THE DEMANDS PLACED ON IT. TO ACCESS THE LOWER ORDER TRIBUTARY, THE WHOLE SYSTEM SHOULD BE DEMULTIPLEXED. BANDWIDTH LIMITATIONS @ MAX CAPACITY IS 3 MBPS ONLY. NO COMMON STANDARDS AMONG VENDORS. TOLERANCE IS ALLOWED IN BIT RATES. POINT TO POINT CONFIGURATION 6 LINEAR WORKING # ONLY IS POSSIBLE. IT DOES NOT SUPPORT HUB. NO PROVISIONING FOR NMS.

EVOLUTION OF SDH
, , , , FIBER OPTIC BANDWIDTH?B*+DG;DB) AC B), A/B;F*- C;.,: F*+ ., ;+F:,*0,D *+D B),:, ;0 +A -;<;B TECHNICAL SOPHISTICATION?U0;+E VLSI B,F)+;J>,0 G);F) ;0 *-0A FA0B ,CC,FB;I, INTELLIGENCE?AI*;-*.;-;B= AC F),*/,: <,<A:= A/,+0 +,G /A00;.;-;B;,0 CUSTOMER SERVICE NEEDS?R,J>;:,<,+B AC F>0BA<,: 0,:I;F,0 F*+ ., ,*0;-= <,B G5A <>F) *DD;B;A+*- ,J>;/<,+B0

EVOLUTION OF SDH
TOTALLY SYNCHRONOUS SYSTEM. INTERNATIONAL STANDARD5SYSTEM @ MULTIPLEXING STANDARD. IN "922, 6ITU4T# "2TH STUDY GROUP FORMULATED CERTAIN STANDARDS FOR MULTIPLEXING. THE MAIN AIM IS TO ACCOMMODATE THE EXISTING PDH SIGNALS ALSO. ADOPTING THE DIFFERENT VENDORS EQUIPMENTS. DISADVANTAGES OF PDH LED TO THE INVENTION OF SDH.

DIFFERENT SERVICES
, , , , , , LOW5HIGH SPEED DATA VOICE INTERCONNECTION OF LAN COMPUTER LINKS FEATURE SERVICES LIKE HDTV BROAD BAND ISDN TRANSPORT

E-ISTING NETWORK ,
565 Mbps
5 6 5 TH ORDER 5 m 4 RTH ORDER b / s

140 Mbps 34 Mbps

3RD ORDER

8 Mbps
2 ND ORDER

2 Mbps

WHAT IS

SDH ?

SYNCHRONOUS :
ONE MASTER CLOCK & ALL ELEMENTS SYNCHRONISE WITH IT.

DIGITAL:
INFORMATION IN BINARY.

HIERARCHY:
SET OF BIT RATES IN A HIERARCHIAL ORDER.

WHAT IS SDHB
SDH IS A HIERARCHICAL SET OF INFORMATION STRUCTURE 6DIGITAL TRANSPORT STRUCTURE# TO CARRY PAY LOAD. SDH MULTIPLEXING?4 A PROCEDURE BY WHICH MULTIPLE LOWER ORDER PATH LAYER SIGNALS ARE ADAPTED INTO HIGHER ORDER PATH OR MULTIPLE HIGHER PATH LAYER SIGNALS ARE ADAPTED INTO MUX SECTION LAYER. POINTER DEFINES FRAME OFFSET VALUE OF A VIRTUAL CONTAINER. SDH MAPPING?4 THE PROCEDURE BY WHICH THE TRIBUTARY ARE ADAPTED INTO VIRTUAL CONTAINERS AT THE BOUNDARY OF THE SDH NETWORK.

ADVANTAGES OF SDH
". $. &. '. 3. . K. 2. 9. "!. SIMPLIFIED MULTIPLEXING5DEMULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUES. DIRECT ACCESS TO LOWER ORDER TRIBUTARIES. ACCOMMODATES EXISTING PDH SIGNALS. CAPABLE OF TRANSPORTING BROADBAND SIGNALS. MULTI4VENDOR, MULTI OPERATOR ENVIRONMENT. PROTECTION SWITCHING TO TRAFFIC IS OFFERED BY RINGS. ENHANCED BANDWIDTH. NMS FACILITY. UNLIMITED BANDWIDTH GROWTH OF THE EXISTING TO THE HIGHER ORDER SYSTEM IS SIMPLE.

The Conta ne! "C#

Ba$ % &a%'a( n( )n t *o! t! +)ta!, $ (na-$ ".DH# S,n%h!ono)$ to the STM/0 B t!ate a1a&tat on $ 1one 2 a a &o$ t 2e $t)** n( &!o%e1)!e A1a&tat on o* $,n%h!ono)$ t! +)ta! e$ +, * 3e1 $t)** n( + t$ B t +, + t $t)** n(

The 4 !t)a- Conta ne! "4C#

Fo!5at on o* the Conta ne! +, a11 n( o* a .OH ".ath O2e!hea1# T!an$&o!t a$ a )n t th!o)(h the net6o!' "SDH# A 4C %onta n n( $e2e!a- 4C$ ha$ a-$o a &o nte! a!ea

, T e Tr!/*+$r> U%!+ CTUD

E I& F)r#e( G!$ $((!%= $ 0)!%+er +) + e VC

, T e Tr!/*+$r> U%!+ Gr)*0 CTUGD

E C)#/!%e& &eGer$< TU& F)r $ %ew VC

, T e A(#!%!&+r$+!Ge U%!+ CAUD

E I& & $0e( !F $ 0)!%+er !& $<<)"$+e( +) + e VC F)r#e( $+ <$&+

, T e S>%"r)%)*& Tr$%&0)r+ M)(*<e LeGe< 9 CSTM69D

E F)r#e( /> $((!%= $ Se"+!)% OGer e$( CSOHD +) AU& E C<)"k H*&+!F!"$+!)% + r)*= 0)&!+!Ge6Ier)6%e=$+!Ge &+*FF!%= !% + e AU 0)!%+er $re$ E />+e /> />+e &+*FF!%=

STM" F:*<,0

2/0 4o'&mns 5,+tes6

0 0 9 ;<=

transm!t ro7 b+ ro7

RSOH
7 : 8 )8 9o!nter

.a,-oa1
5transport apa !t+6

MSOH
9

RSOH: Regenerator se t!on o"er#ea$ MSOH% M&'t!p'e( se t!on o"er#ea$ .a,-oa1: )rea *or !n*ormat!on transport Transport apa !t+ o* one ,+te% 64 -b!t/s .rame apa !t+% 2/0 ( 0 ( 8 ( 8000 1 1552520 Mb!t/s .rame repet!t!on t!me% 125 3s

FRAME RE.RESENTATION
1:T RO; 9 ;>0 ;>0 < 9 2ND RO; 9 < ;>0 3RD RO; 9 ;>0 ;>0 0TH RO; 9 <

S O H

.AY LOAD
;<= 6MATRIX REPRESENTATION#

<

<

REDUCED MU? STRUCTURE

STM/N AUG AU/: 4C/:
TUG/7

C/: 0:=M+&$ TU/7 4C/7 C/7 TUG/; TU/0 4C/0 C/0 ;M+&$ 7:M+&$

"REDUCED DIAGRAM FOR SDH/MULTI.LE?ING#

CA+B*;+,:0? C4&, C4$, C4"$ *+D C4""

Conta ne! C/00 C/0; C/; C/7 C/: Ca!! e$ $ (na-$ at 0.8:: M+ t@$ ;.=:A M+ t@$ >.70; M+ t@$ 7:.7>A M+ t@$ an1 ::.<7> M+ t@$ 079.;>: M+ t@$

TERMINOLOGY & DEFINITIONS

, SDH@Se+ )F

!er$r" !"$< &+r*"+*re&'&+$%($r(!Ie( F)r + e +r$%&0)r+ )F &*!+$/<> $($0+e( 0$> <)$( )Ger 0 >&!"$< +r$%&#!&&!)% %e+w)rk , STM@S=+F):A+A>0 B:*+0/A:B <AD>-, , I+ !& + e !%F)r#$+!)% &+r*"+*re *&e( +) &*00)r+ &e"+!)% <$>er ")%%e"+!)%& !% SDH
, VIRTUAL CONTAINER ?>0,D BA 0>//A:B /*B) -*=,: FA++,FB;A+0 ;+ B), SDH , LOWER ORDER VC 6 VC",VC$,VC&# , HIGHER ORDER VC 6VC& ,VC'#

SDH BIT RATES

SDH L,I,-0 STM4" STM4' STM4" STM4 ' B;B :*B,0 ;+ K./0 "333$! $$!2! $'22&$! 993&.$2

SOH BYTE ALLOCATION

A"A$ B"B$ D"..D& D'..D"$ E"4E$ F" (! K" K$ S" M" F:*<, *-;E+<,+B E::A: <A+;BA:;+E D*B* FA<< F)*++,- CA: RSOH D*B* FA<< F)*++,- CA: MSOH O:D,: G;:, F)*++,M*;+B,+*+F, STM ID,+B;C;,: A>BA<*B;F /:AB,FB;A+ 0G;BF);+E SYNCHRONISATION STATUS T1<+ E::A: *FH+AG-,DE,<,+B M,D;* D,/,+D,+B .=B,0

. M/0& #$00!%=

STM4"

AUG

AU4'

VC4' 1& TUG4&

1K STM4+ AUG AU4+ VC4+ S=+F):A+A>0 T:*+0/A:B MAD>-, AD<;+;0B:*B;I, U+;B G:A>/? O+, A: <A:, AU60# AD<;+;0B:*B;I, U+;B? VC 7 /A;+B,:0 V;:B>*- CA+B*;+,:? /*=-A*D 7 /*B) AI,:),*D TUG4$ 1& TU4"$ VC4"$ C4"$
E"? $.!'2M.50

T e F)<<)w!%= $re + e (!FFere%+ &+e0& !% + e #$00!%= )F .M/0& &+re$# , F)r#$+!)% )F ")%+$!%er C9. , F)r#$+!)% )F G!r+*$< ")%+$!%er VC"$ , F)r#$+!)% )F +r!/*+$r> *%!+ TU"$ , M*<+!0<e?!%= )F TU9. J& +) F)r# TUG8 , M*<+!0<e?!%= )F TUG8J& +) F)r# VC' , F)r#$+!)% )F $(#!%!&+r$+!Ge *%!+ AU' , F)r#$+!)% )F $(#!%!&+r$+!Ge *%!+ =r)*0 AUG , A((!%= SOH +) F)r# STM"

SDH NETWORK ELEMENTS

, T), D;CC,:,+B +,BGA:H ,-,<,+B0 *:,

SYNCHRONOUS MULTIPLEXER SYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL CROSS CONNECT REGENERATOR NMS

NETWORK ELEMENTS
, SYNCHRONOUS MULTIPLEXER , A0 /,: ITU4T R,F. 0=+F):A+A>0 <>-B;/-,1,: /,:CA:<0 .AB) <>-B;/-,1;+E *+D -;I, -;+, B,:<;+*B;+E C>+FB;A+0. , 0=+F):A+A>0 <>-B;/-,1,: :,/-*F,0 * .*+H AC /-,0;AF):A+A>0 <>-B;/-,1,:0 *+D *00AF;*B,D -;+, B,:<;+*B;+E ,J>;/<,+B.

SYNCHRONOUS MUX
, T=/,0 AC 0=+F):A+A>0 <>-B;/-,1,:0

, TERMINAL MULTIPLEXER6TM# , ADD DROP MULTIPLEXER6ADM#

TM
, TERMINAL MULTIPLEXER6TM#

, TM AFF,/B0 * +A. OC B:;.>B*:= 0;E+*-0 *+D <>-B;/-,1 B),< BA *//:A/:;*B, A/B;F*-5,-,FB:;F**EE:,E*B, 0;E+*- I;L STM",STM',STM" ,BF.

TERMINAL MULTIPLE-ERCTMD

, ADD DROP MULTIPLEXER6TM# , ADM ;0 D,0;E+,D CA: MTHRUN <AD, AC A/,:*B;A+. , W;B);+ ADM ;B0 /A00;.-, BA ADD F)*++,-0 A: DROP F)*++,-0 C:A< MTHROUGH CHANNELSN

, ADD DROP MULTIPLEXER6TM#

, AB *+ ADM 0;B, ,A+-= B)A0, 0;E+*-0 B)*B +,,D BA ., *FF,00,D *:, D:A//,D A: ;+0,:B,D , T), :,<*;+;+E B:*CC;F FA+B;+>,0 B):> B), NE G;B)A>B :,J>;:;+E 0/,F;*- /*00 B):> >+;B0 A: AB),: 0;E+*- /:AF,00;+E

ADM
, ADD DROP MULTIPLEXER6TM#

AGGREGATE SIGNAL SDHCE5OD ADM

AGGREGATE SIGNAL SDHCE5OD

TRIBUTARY

CPDH5SDHD

ADD DROP MULTIPLEXER6ADM#

, ADD DROP MULTIPLEXER6ADM#

CROSS CONNECT EQUIPMENT

, C:A00 FA++,FB ,J>;/<,+B C>+FB;A+0 *0 * 0,<; /,:<*+,+B 0G;BF) CA: I*:=;+E .*+DG;DB) FA+B:A- ;B F*+ /;FH A>B A+, A: <A:, -AG,: A:D,: F)*++,-0 CA: B:*+0<;BB;+E 0;E+*- G;B)A>B B:*+0<;00;A+ F)*++,-0 , C)*++,-0 F*+ ., 'K./0 >/ BA STM" , U+D,: 0ACBG*:, /:AE:*< B), +,,D AC D,<>-B;/-,1;+E

TYPES OF NETWORK TOPOLOGY

, , , , STRING5BUS5LINEAR TA/A-AE= RING TA/A-AE= STAR TA/A-AE= MESH TA/A-AE=

STRING5BUS5LINEAR TOPOLOGY

TM

ADM

REG

ADM

ADM

TM

AEE:,E*B, 0;E+*T:;.>B*:= 0;E+*-

CSTM"5STM'5STM" #

6$5&'5"'!M./05STM"6,#5 STM"6A##

RING TOPOLOGY
, R!%= !& $ <!%e$r %e+w)rk <))0e( /$"k +) !+&e<F , Ne+w)rk e<e#e%+& $re ADMK& )r REGENERATORS , EGer> %)(e )% $ r!%= $& +w) ")##*%!"$+!)% 0$+ & +) e$" )+ er %)(e G!$ + e +w) (!re"+!)%& $r)*%( + e r!%=.

RING TOPOLOGY
ADM

M D A

ADM

RE

ADM

AEE:,E*B, 0;E+*T:;.>B*:= 6$5&'5"'!M./05STM"6,#5 STM"6A## 0;E+*-

CSTM"5STM'5STM" #

RING TOPOLOGY
, R!%= %e+w)rk !& &e<F e$<!%= +>0eC$<<)w!%= rer)*+!%= )F +r$FF!" w e% $ <!%k F$!<&D. , T e &!#0<e +)0)<)=> )F $ r!%= F$"!<!+$+e& + e !#0<e#e%+$+!)% )F 0r)+)")<& + $+ "$% (e+e"+ F$!<*re )F $ F!/er &e=#e%+ )r %)(e $%( r$0!(<> ree&+$/<!& ")##*%!"$+!)%&' +>0!"$<<> !% +!#eFr$#e& )% + e )r(er )F #!<<!&e")%(&. T !& !& reFerre( +) $& 0r)+e"+!)% )r 0r)+e"+!)% &w!+" !%=

RING TOPOLOGY
, R;+E0 E;I,0 E:,*B,: C-,1;.;-;B= ;+ B), *--AF*B;A+ AC .*+D G;DB) BA B), D;CC,:,+B >0,:0. , NA:<*--= >0,D ;+ LAN,WAN, CA:, N,BGA:H,R,E;A+*- N,BGA:H ,BF.

STAR TOPOLOGY
, T:*CC;F /*00,0 B):> * F,+B:*- +AD, F*--,D HUB. , T), HUB ;0 * DXC. , IC HUB C*;-0 ,BAB*- B:*CC;F C*;-0.