NRI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & MANAGEMENT,

GWALIOR
Seminar
On
Diode Family
Submitted to Submitted by
Mr! "i#e$ %ra&a'ati %ra(oon %ara()ar
H.O.D. of EC 3
rd
sem (EC)
Department 0937ec131039
CONTENTS
1) Diode
2) Zener diode
3) Avaanc!e diode
") #aractor diode
$) %c!ott&' diode
() )*nne diode
7) +in diode
,) -ED
9) +!otodiodes
DIODE
A diode is an eectronic component .it! t.o eectrodes
caed t!e anode and t!e cathode. /ost diodes are made .it!
semicond*ctor materias s*c! as siicon0 1ermani*m0 or
seeni*m.
)!e f*ndamenta propert' of a diode is its tendenc' to
cond*ct eectric c*rrent in on' one direction.
Diodes can 2e *sed as rectifiers0 si1na imiters0 vota1e
re1*ators0 s.itc!es0 si1na mod*ators0 si1na mi3ers0 si1na
demod*ators0 and osciators
Ty'e( o* diode
Zener diode
Avaanc!e diode
#aractor diode
%c!ott&' diode
)*nne diode
+in diode
-ED
+!otodiodes
+ener Diode
A +ener diode is a diode .!ic! ao.s c*rrent to fo. in t!e
for.ard direction in t!e same manner as an idea diode0 2*t aso
permits it to fo. in t!e reverse direction .!en t!e vota1e is a2ove
a certain va*e &no.n as t!e 2rea&do.n vota1e.

4!en a reverse c*rrent a2ove t!e Zener vota1e passes t!ro*1! a
Zener diode0 t!ere is a controed breakdown .!ic! does not
dama1e t!e diode. )!e vota1e drop across t!e Zener diode is e5*a
to t!e Zener vota1e of t!at diode no matter !o. !i1! t!e reverse
2ias vota1e is a2ove t!e Zener vota1e.
A#alan,)e Diode
6n eectronics0 an a#alan,)e diode is a diode (made from siicon
or ot!er semicond*ctor) t!at is desi1ned to 1o t!ro*1! avaanc!e
2rea&do.n at a specified reverse 2ias vota1e

)!e 7*nction of an avaanc!e diode is desi1ned to prevent c*rrent
concentration at !ot spots0 so t!at t!e diode is *ndama1ed 2' t!e
2rea&do.n.
)!e avaanc!e 2rea&do.n is *niform across t!e .!oe 7*nction0
t!e 2rea&do.n vota1e is more near' constant .it! c!an1in1
c*rrent compared to a non8avaanc!e diode.9
)!e vota1e after 2rea&do.n varies on' si1!t' .it!
c!an1in1 c*rrent. )!is ma&es t!e avaanc!e diode *sef* as a
t'pe of vota1e reference.
A common appication is protectin1 eectronic circ*its
a1ainst dama1in1 !i1! vota1es.
Avaanc!e diodes 1enerate radio fre5*enc' noise. )!e' are
common' *sed as noise so*rces in radio e5*ipment and
!ard.are random n*m2er 1enerators.

"ara,tor Diode
A varactor diode is specia' man*fact*red +8: 7*nction .it!
s*ita2e imp*rit' concentration profie and operated *nder reversed
2iased conditions so as to 'ied a varia2e 7*nction capacitance.



#aractor diodes or varicap diodes norma' ena2e m*c! !i1!er
ran1es of capacitance c!an1e to 2e 1ained as a res*t of t!e .a' in
.!ic! t!e' are man*fact*red. )!ere are a variet' of t'pes of
varactor diode ran1in1 from reative' standard varieties to t!ose
t!at are descri2ed as a2r*pt or !'pera2r*pt varactor diodes.
Voltage controlled oscillators, VCOs: #ota1e controed
osciators are *sed for a variet' of appications. One ma7or area is
for t!e osciator .it!in a p!ase oc&ed oop 8 t!is are *sed in
amost a radio0 ce*ar and .ireess receivers. A varactor diode is
a &e' component .it!in a #CO.
RF filters: ;sin1 varactor diodes it is possi2e to t*ne fiters.
)rac&in1 fiters ma' 2e needed in receiver front end circ*its .!ere
t!e' ena2e t!e fiters to trac& t!e incomin1 received si1na
fre5*enc'. A1ain t!is can 2e controed *sin1 a contro vota1e.
)'pica' t!is mi1!t 2e provided *nder microprocessor contro via
a di1ita to anao1*e converter.
S,)ott$y Diode
%c!ott&' diode is a ne. e3tension of point contact diode. )!is
diode is aso &no.n as0 !ot carrier diode0 a !ot eectron diode.

6t is a semicond*ctor diode .it! a o. for.ard vota1e drop and a
ver' fast s.itc!in1 action.
4!en c*rrent fo.s t!ro*1! a diode t!ere is a sma vota1e drop
across t!e diode terminas. A norma siicon diode !as a vota1e
drop 2et.een 0.(<0.7 vots0 .!ie a %c!ott&' diode vota1e drop is
2et.een appro3imate' 0.1$<0."$ vots. )!is o.er vota1e drop
can provide !i1!er s.itc!in1 speed and 2etter s'stem efficienc'.
=eca*se of a %c!ott&' diode>s o. for.ard vota1e drop0 ess
ener1' is .asted as !eat ma&in1 t!em t!e most efficient c!oice for
appications sensitive to efficienc'
)*nne Diode
A t*nne diode is a !i1! cond*ctivit' t.o termina +8: 7*nction
diode doped !eavi' a2o*t 1000 times !i1!er t!an a conventiona
7*nction diode.

=eca*se of t!is t'pe of dopin10 t!e depetion a'er is reative'
.ide and t!ere e3ists a potentia 2arrier across 7*nction. D*e to t!is
potentia 2arrier0 !oes from + to : re1ion and eectrons from : to
+ re1ion cannot cross t!e 7*nction
+in Diode
A %IN diode is a diode .it! a .ide0 i1!t' doped >near> intrinsic
semicond*ctor re1ion 2et.een a p8t'pe semicond*ctor and an n8
t'pe semicond*ctor re1ion. )!e p8t'pe and n8t'pe re1ions are
t'pica' !eavi' doped 2eca*se t!e' are *sed for o!mic contacts.
)!e .ide intrinsic re1ion ma&es t!e +6: diode an inferior
rectifier (one t'pica f*nction of a diode)0 2*t it ma&es t!e +6:
diode s*ita2e for atten*ators0 fast s.itc!es0 p!otodetectors0 and
!i1! vota1e po.er eectronics appications.
A +6: diode o2e's t!e standard diode e5*ation for o. fre5*enc'
si1nas. At !i1!er fre5*encies0 t!e diode oo&s i&e an amost
perfect (ver' inear0 even for ar1e si1nas) resistor. )!ere is a ot of
stored c!ar1e in t!e intrinsic re1ion.
At o. fre5*encies0 t!e c!ar1e can 2e removed and t!e diode
t*rns off.
At !i1!er fre5*encies0 t!ere is not eno*1! time to remove t!e
c!ar1e0 so t!e diode never t*rns off. )!e +6: diode !as a poor
reverse recover' time.
LED
A li-)temittin- diode (LED) is a t.o8ead semicond*ctor i1!t
so*rce. 6t is a 2asic pn87*nction diode0 .!ic! emits i1!t .!en
activated.

4!en a fittin1 vota1e is appied to t!e eads0 eectrons are a2e to
recom2ine .it! eectron !oes .it!in t!e device0 reeasin1 ener1'
in t!e form of p!otons. )!is effect is caed eectro*minescence0
and t!e coor of t!e i1!t (correspondin1 to t!e ener1' of t!e
p!oton) is determined 2' t!e ener1' 2and 1ap of t!e
semicond*ctor.
An -ED is often sma in area (ess t!an 1 mm2) and inte1rated
optica components ma' 2e *sed to s!ape its radiation pattern.
-ED *ses fa into fo*r ma7or cate1ories?
#is*a si1nas .!ere i1!t 1oes more or ess direct' from t!e
so*rce to t!e !*man e'e0 to conve' a messa1e or meanin1.
6*mination .!ere i1!t is refected from o27ects to 1ive
vis*a response of t!ese o27ects.
/eas*rin1 and interactin1 .it! processes invovin1 no
!*man vision.
:arro. 2and i1!t sensors .!ere -EDs operate in a reverse8
2ias mode and respond to incident i1!t0 instead of emittin1
i1!t.
%)otodiode
A ')otodiode is a semicond*ctor device t!at converts i1!t into
c*rrent.
)!e c*rrent is 1enerated .!en p!otons are a2sor2ed in t!e
p!otodiode. A sma amo*nt of c*rrent is aso prod*ced .!en no
i1!t is present.

. /an' diodes desi1ned for *se specifica' as a p!otodiode *se a
+6: 7*nction rat!er t!an a p8n 7*nction0 to increase t!e speed of
response. A p!otodiode is desi1ned to operate in reverse 2ias.
+8: p!otodiodes are *sed in simiar appications to ot!er
p!otodetectors0 s*c! as p!otocond*ctors0 c!ar1e8co*ped devices0
and p!otom*tipier t*2es.
+!otodiodes are *sed in cons*mer eectronics devices s*c! as
compact disc pa'ers0 smo&e detectors0 and t!e receivers for
infrared remote contro devices *sed to contro e5*ipment from
teevisions to air conditioners.
+!otodiodes are often *sed for acc*rate meas*rement of i1!t
intensit' in science and ind*str'. )!e' 1enera' !ave a more inear
response t!an p!otocond*ctors.