Study Guide FAULT CALCULATIONS OF INDUSTRIAL/ COMMERCIAL POWER SYSTEMS by Dr. Frank Mercede Sevtencean tae M AnIEEE/EAB Self-Study Course Prepared for the Educational Activities Board of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. arna4© 1994 by Thé Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, inc. ‘The author and publisher of this package have used their best efforts in preparing and collecting the materials. These efforts include the development, research, and test of the theories to determine their effectiveness. The author and publisher make no warranty of any kind, expressed or implied with regard to the documentation contained in these books. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means without permission in writing from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America Ezitor - Barbara Coburn ‘Typesetter - Dr. Frank Mercede Layout - Jill R. Cals Published by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, nc. 445 Hoes Lane, PO Box 1331, Piscataway, NJ 08855-1331.FAULT CALCULATIONS FOR INDUSTRIAL & COMMERICAL POWER SYSTEMS Dr. Frank J. Mercede, P.E. Villanova University Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085 office: (610) 519 - 4982 e-mail: mercede@ece.vill.edu Sponsored by Educational Activities Board Limitation of Liability: While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this Product, the publisher and author assume no responsibility for errors or omissions, Under no circumstance, including negligence, shall the publisher and author be liable for any incidental, special or consequential damages that result from the use or inability to use this Product, even if the publisher and author have been advised of the possibility of such damages. Some states do not allow the limitation or exclusion of liability for incidental or consequential damages, so the above limitation may not apply to you. In any event, the publisher's and author's total liability to you for all damages, losses, and causes of action [whether in contract, tort (including negligence) or otherwise] shall not exceed the amount paid for this Product. ABOUT THE AUTHOR Frank J. Mercede was born in 1958 in Philadelphia, PA. In 1976 he graduated from Mastbaum Vocational - Technical High School with a specialty in Industrial Electrical Construction. He received his BSE (first honors, magna cum laude), MSEE and Ph.D. in Power Engineering from 'y (Phila., PA) in 1981, 1983 and 1989, respectively. From 1981 to 1983 he was an Electrical Project Engineer in the Corporate Engineering Division of Scott Paper Company (Phila., PA). There he participated in the design of industrial control and power systems and developed the first draft of these course notes. From 1988 to 1994, Dr. Mercede was a full-time faculty member in the Electrical Engineering Department of Widener University (Chester, PA). During that time, he taught a university course on industrial and commercial power system protection from which the ial self-study course notes were developed. Since 1995, he has served as a full-time faculty ‘member in the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department of Villanova University (Villanova, PA). Dr. Mercede has written papers, presented seminars, and consulted in the areas of power system protection and power quality. He and his wife, Anne, are the proud parents of three children: Michael, Maryanne, and Christine.ii PREFACE During my many years as a student, I had the opportunity to take several undergraduate and graduate power engineering courses. For the most part, these courses were concerned with power system analysis and design at the transmission and subtransmission levels. Unfortunately, this wealth of theoretical knowledge was inadequate (o handle the practical considerations of power system analysis at the distribution level. For example, upon graduation I worked as a project engineer for Scott Paper Company. One of my first assignments was to add a low-voltage feeder breaker to an existing substation to supply finishing equipment of a new product line. ‘The assignment involved the calculation of first-cycle short-circuit duty for the selection of the interrupting rating of the low-voltage circuit breaker and the selection of pick-up and time delay settings for its solid-state trip unit. Needless to say, I was at a total loss on how to proceed. ‘After much research, I realized that there are very few textbooks on overcurrent protection at the distribution level. I finally came across the IEEE Color Book Series and the ANSI / IEEE standards and guides. (Reader's note: The acronyms are deciphered in the table which follows this preface.) These publications cover the practical application of overcurrent protection; however, they are not written at an introductory level. In addition, I discovered that certain trade publications in the literature and technical training seminars, sponsored by equipment manufacturers and universities, are designed to meet this education void. However, the seminars can be quite intensive, since they usually cover the information over a four or five day period. Finally, the most important resource is the senior engineer who has acquired the knowledge over many years of experience. Unfortunately, he or she is too busy with other responsibilities to serve as a tutor to a junior engineer. In the end, by utilizing the above-mentioned resources, I was able to plod through this engineering assignment. However, this experience and others like it convinced me that a self-study course on power system protection would be beneficial to power engineering students and practicing engineers who are employed as plant engineers by heavy industrial / commercial customers and as utility engineers who work at the distribution level. ‘The purpose of this self-study course is to review the fundamental theory and practical requirements to perform short-circuit calculations on industrial and commercial power systems according to the the IEEE Red Book (i.e., ANSI / IEEE Standard 141). This course consists of the following element comprehensive self-study course notes, 10 relevant IEEE / ANSI C37 standards, IEEE Red Book, workbook of end-of-unit exercises, and final examination. The self-study course notes are based on an undergraduate course I developed and taught on power system protection at Widener University. It is important to note that the self-study course notes satisfy both Chapter 6 of the 1986 edition and Chapter 4 of the 1993 edition of ANSI / IEEE Standard 141 (i.e, IEEE Red Book). The course notes make references to figures and data tables in the 1986 edition of the IEEE Red Book; although, the same figures and data tables are found in the 1993 edition. For the convenience of the reader, all of the relevant figures and data tables are included in Appendix 7A of the course notes. The ANSI / IEEE C37 standards included in the course notes were the latest versions as of the original date of publication of the course (ie. Jan. 1994). The reader is cautioned that the ANSI / IEEE standards may be revised or withdrawn at any time. Purchasers of standards may receive current information on all standards by contacting ANSI and IEEE. Now I would like to present an overview of the 12 units of the course notes. The first four units are a review of single-phase and balanced, three-phase sinusoidal steady-state circuit analysis. For these units, only the figures are used to summarize and highlight the essential background. The remainder of the units present both text and figures. The workbook provides additional exercises beyond theiii examples in the text for self-evaluation. Unit 5 presents the per-phase equivalent circuit models of power system components under balanced steady-state and short-circuit (i.e., three-phase short-circuit) conditions. An important feature of this unit is the development of the per-phase equivalent circuit models of the various three-phase transformer connections. Furthermore, the reader is shown the disadvantages of performing per-phase analysis of three-phase systems in units. Unit 6 presents the per-unit method to perform per-phase analysis (i.c., per-unit analysis) to overcome these disadvantages. In addition, the reader is introduced to the procedure to perform short-circuit calculations according to the IEEE Red Book. Unit 7 presents additional practical examples of the procedure to perform medium and low voltage short-circuit calculations for industrial and commercial power systems. Units 8 through 11 then present how to use the results of the short-circuit study to select the short-circuit capabilities of medium and low voltage circuit breakers and fuses from manufacturers’ tables, in accordance with latest ANSI / IEEE. standards. Finally, Unit 12 discusses the use of symmetrical components to perform unbalanced short-circuit calculations on industrial and commercial power systems. Unfortunately, time, space and inexperience (not necessarily in that order) did not permit discussion of the IEC standards to perform short-circuit calculations and rate / test power circuit breakers. At this time, the IEC standards are gaining widespread international acceptance. The reader is directed (o the references below as a starting point in understanding the differences between the ANSI and TEC standards. ally, an important note about professional ethics. The reader must understand that successful completion of this course does not certify or qualify him or her to perform these calculations in practice. To employ or promote yourself on this basis alone is a serious breach of professional ethics. I wish to take this opportunity to thank the following individuals who supported this project. First and foremost, I have been fortunate to have two of the leading industry experts on this subject and authors of Chap. 6 of the 1986 edition and Chapter 4 of the 1993 edition of the IEEE Red Book as reviewers of the self-study course notes: Walter C. Huening and M. Shan Griffith. Their contributions to Units 7 through 12 of this course are considerable and it has been a rewarding professional experience to work with them. Keith Cooper and Tom Natali of CMB Engineering in Murrysville, PA reviewed an earlier draft of the self-study course notes and offered valuable suggestions for improvement. A special note of thanks is in order to Joe Howes, my mentor from Scott Paper Company, for inspiring the developement of these course notes and for checking the calculations of the examples and end-of-unit exercises. | also wish to thank Richard (Bamey) Adler, Chairman of the Self-Study Subcommittee of the IEEE Educational Activities Board, and Barbara Cobum, Editor of the IEEE Educational Activities Department, for their assistance throughout this project. Finally, 1 wish to thank my wife, Anne, and our children, Michael, Maryanne and Christine, for their love and support. [1] Baldwin Bridger, Jr., "Comparing ANSI and IEC power circuit breaker current-rating standards," Plant Engineering, pp. 81-84, March 5, 1992 [2] Gene Knight and Harry Sieling, "Comparison of ANSI and IEC 909 short-circuit current calculation procedures,” IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 625-630, May / June 1993, [3] Anthony J. Rodolakis, "A comparison of North American (ANSI) and European (IEC) fault calculation guidelines,” IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 515-521, May / June 1993iv Reader Information, Abbreviations, and Organizations AID: Agency for Isermavonal Development Wathngion, OC 20828 Alancro Save Energy: 1725 K Sues, NW, Suite 914, Washing. DC She 130 American Counc fr as Energy-Miet cova: 10 Cooma | S"Krenie NW. 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Counc for Energy Awarense: 1776 1 Some W, 3h Fhe, "Watngon DC 2006 78 SEA: Unie Stes Energy Associaton ‘ae Data tment 170 K See NW, Sate AOD, Washing, DC aboFault Calculations for Industrial / Commercial Power Systems RRERRNENENN RD PART I - REVIEW OF ESSENTIAL BACKGROUND Introduction References Definition of Current Definition of Voltage Definition of Instantaneous Power Conservation of Instantaneous Power Kirchhotf’s Current |_aw Kirchhoff's Voltage Law Ideal Passive Circuit Elements Active Circuit Elements ‘Complete Response of an R-L Circuit to Sinusoidal Excitation usoidal Steady-State Circuit Analysis Study Guide Representation of Sinusoidal Waveform Concept of Phasor Ideal Passive Circuit Elements in the Frequency Domain Kirchhoff’s Laws in the Frequency Domain Complex Impedance and Ohm's Law Equivalents for Series and Parallel Combinations of Impedances Wye-Delta Transformations of Impedances Current and Voltage Divider Formulas Circuit Analysis Via Network Reduction Thevenin's Equivalent Circuit Representation Application of Thevenin's Theorem DRURDE ER Oe Sinusoidal Steady-State Power 3.0. Study Guide 3.1 RMS Value of a Periodic Waveform 3.2. Definitions of Real and Reactive Power 3.3 Definition of Complex Power 3.4. Example of Power Calculations Balanced Three-Phase Circuit Analysis 4.0 Study Guide 4.1. Balanced Three-Phase Voltage Sources 4.2. Balanced Delta-Wye Transformation 43 Example of Three-Phase Circuit Analysis ic Modeling of Power System Components Study Guide Introduction References ve Components 1 Ideal Single-Phase Transformer 2 Ideal Three-Phase Transformer Connections 3 Per Phase Equivalent Cireuits for Single-Phase Transformer vf Per Phase Equivalent Cieuits for for Three-Phase Transformers 6 Per-Phase Equivalent Circuits for Three-Winding, Three-Phase Transformers Per-Phase Equivalent Circuit for Distribution Feedervi IEEE Educational Activities Depautment Dr, rank J. Mereede. PLE, a 5.1.7 An Example of Transformer Modeling and Per-Phase Analysis, 5.2. Synchronous Machine 5.2.1 Per-Phase Equivalent Circuits for Steady-State Operation 5.2.2 _ Per-Phase Equivalent Circuits Under a Balanced, Three-Phase Fau Induction Motor 5.3.1 Per-Phase Equivalent Circuit for Steady-State Operation 5.3.2. Per-Phase Equivalent Circuit Under Balanced, Three-Phase Fault w Per-Unit Analysis 6.0 Study Guide 6.1 Introduction References Per-Unit Normali Guidelines for a Per-Uinit Normalization Procedure Interrelationships of Base and Per-Unit Quantities Effect of Changing Base Values on Per-Unit Impedance Selection Rules for Base Quantities Per-Phase Transformer Model for Per-Unit Analysis Per-Unit Analysis of a Simple Power System Overview of Procedure to Calculate Symmetrical RMS Short-Circuit Current 6.10.1 Purpose of Short-Circuit Calculations 10.2 Symmetrical RMS Current Versus Short-Circuit Duty 10.3. Types of Networks to Calculate Symmetrical RMS Current 10.4 Method to Calculate Equivalent Shor-Circuit Ratio at Faulted Bus 10.5. Data Required for a Short-Circuit Study 10.6 Data of a Simple Industrial Power System 10.7 10.8 10.9 2 agraanaga Coun ee Ss ‘Simplified Reactance and Resistance Networks & Location of Fault Connection Reductions of Simplified Reactance and Resistance Networks Calculations of Symmetrical RMS Current and Short-Circuit X / R Ratio gasnagag Appenilix 6A: Advantages of Per-Unit Normalization Il. BALANCED, THREE-PHASE FAULT CALCULATIONS First-Cycle (Momentary) and Contact-Parting (Interrupting) Symmetrical AC Short-Circuit Current Calculations 0 7.0 Study Guide 7.1 Introduction 7.2 References 7.3 Example 1: Medium Voltage Bus - IEEE Buff Book 7.4 Example 2: Medium Voltage Bus - IEEE Red Book 7.5 Example 3: Low Voltage Bus - IEEE Gray Book Appendix 7A: Data Tables and Figures Appendix 7B: Reprints of Pertinent References, Walter C. Huening, Jr. "Interpretation of new american national standards for power circuit breaker applications.” IEEE Transactions on Industry and General Applications, vol. IGA-5. no. 5, Sept. / Oct. 1969 Walter C. Huening, Jr.. "Why the fault point X /R ratio should not be obtained from the equivalent R + j X =Z impedance of a complex network reduction.” Supplement to GER-2660 for Power System Seminar, General Electric Company. Addenda no. 1, Feb. 17, 1981IEEE Educational Activities Department Dr. Frank J. Mercede, P-E. Walter H. Huening. Jr.. "Notes on updated ANSI standard ac high voltage circuit breaker application guides changes since publication of IEEE paper 69 TP 146 - IGA. GER - 2660." Supplement to GER-2660 for Power System Seminar. General Electric Company. Addenda no. 2. Feb. 17, 1981 Appendix 7C: Data Required for a Short-Circuit Study Ill, PROCEDURES TO SELECT SHORT-CIRCUIT RATINGS OF 8: Selection of Medium Voltage Power Cire OVERCURRENT PROTECTIVE DEVICES Breakers Based on First-Cycle (Momentary) & Contact-Parting (Interrupting) Duties 8.0 Stidy Guide 8.1 Introduction 8.2 References 8.3 General Nomenclature 8.3.1 Introduction 8.3.2. Continuous Current 8.3.3 Rated Interrupting Time 8.3.4 Contact Parting Time 8.3.5. Short-Cireuit X /R Ratio 8.3.6 Local Versus Remote Sources of Short-Circuit Current 8.4 Standard Ratings for Symmetrical Current-Rated Circuit Breakers 8.4.1 Introduction 8.4.2. Standard Rated Interrupting Time 8.4.3 Required Symmetrical Interrupting Capability 8.4.4 Maximum Symmetrical Interrupting Capability 8.4.5. Closing & Latching Capability 8.4.6 Required Asymmetrical Interrupting Capability 8.5 Standard Ratings for Total Current-Rated Circuit Breakers 1 Introduetion 8.5.2 Standard Rated Interrupting Time 853 Phase Rated MVA, B54 uum Interrupting Capability (Total RMS Current) 8.5.5 Momentary Capability 8.6 Procedure to CalclateFis-Cycle (Momentary) Duty for Symmetrical & Total Current-Rated Circuit Breakers 8.7 Procedures to Calculate Contact-Parting (Interrupting) Duty of Symmetrical Current-Rated Circuit Breakers 8.7.1 Introduction 8.7.2 Simplified Method 8.7.3 Remote Sources - Adjustment for Only DC Decrement 8.7.4 Weighted Interpolation Method - Adjustments for AC & DC Decrements 8.8 Procedures to Check Interrupting Rating of an Existing Total Current-Rated Circuit Breaker 88.1 Introduction 8.8.2 Remote Sources - Adjustment for Only DC Decrement 8.8.3 Weighted Interpolation Method - Adjustments for AC & DC Decrements 8.9 Example I: Medium Voltage Bus - IEEE Buff Book 8.9.1 Introduction 8.9.2 First-Cycle (Momentary) Duty to Select Symmetrical & Total Current-Rated Circuit Breakers 8.9.3 Contact-Parting (Interrupting) Duty to Select Symmetrical Current-Rated Circuit Breaker 8.9.4 Interup ng Duty to Select Total Current-Rated Circuit Breakers,