7 SCHA U M's oullines 3000 SOLVED PROBLEMS IN PHYSICS Ee NAN a= li 1 Broad coverage of the fundamental concepts of physics Over 3000 problems and review questionsTata McGraw-Hill Special Indian Edition 2008 Published in India by arrangement with The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., New York Sales Territories: India, Pakistan, Nep: jangladesh, Sri Lanka and Bhutan 3000 Solved Problems in Physics ‘Third reprint 2009 RZZDRRCFRYZBL. Copyright © 1988 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise or stored in a database or retrieval system without the prior written permission of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage of transmission, or broadcast for distance leering. ISBN-13: 978-0-07-063462-6 ISBN:10: 0-07-063462-9 General Manager: Publishing —SEM & Tech Ed: Vibha Mahajan Jr. Editorial Executive: Kalpana Daniet Executive—Editorial Services: Sohini Mukherfee ‘General Manager: Marketing—Higher Education & School: Michael J Cruz Product Manager—SEM & Tech Ed: Biju Ganesan ‘Controtlet—Production: Rajender P Ghansela Asst. General Manager—Production: B L Dogra ‘Senior Production Manager: PL Pandita Information contained in this work has been obtained by Tata McGraw-Hill, from sources believed to be reliable. However, neither Tata McGraw-Hill nor its authors guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein, and neither Tata McGraw-Hill nor its authors shall be responsible for any errors, omissions, or damages arising out of use of this information. This work is published with the understanding that Tata McGraw-Hill and its authors are supplying information but are not attempting to render engineering or other professional services. Ifsuch services are required, the assistance of an appropriate professional should be sought. Published by The Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, 7 West Patel Nagar, New Delhi 110008, typeset at The Composers, 260, C.A. Apt., Paschim Vihar, New Dethi 110 063 and printed at Pashupati Printers (P) Ltd., 629/16, Gali No. 1, Friends Colony, Industrial Arca, GT Road, Shahdara, Dethi 110 095 ‘Cover: SDRContents To the Student ix Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 MATHEMATICAL INTRODUCTION 141-123 L.1 Planar Vectors, Scientific Notation, and Units / 1.2 Three-Dimensional Vectors; Dot and Cross Products EQUILIBRIUM OF CONCURRENT FORCES. 2.1 Ropes, Knots and Frictionless Pulleys / 2.2 Friction and Inclined Planes KINEMATICS IN ONE DIMENSION 3.1-3.19 3.1 Dimensions and Units; Constant-Acceleration Problems / 3.2 Graphical NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION 4.1-4,29 4.1 Force, Mass, and Acceleration / 4,2 Friction; Inclined Planes; Vector Notation / 4.3 Two-object and other Problems MOTION IN A PLANE I 5.1-5.20 5.1 Projectile Motion / 5.2 Relative Motion MOTION IN A PLANE IL 6.1-6.18 6.1 Circular Motion; Centripetal Force / 6.2 Law of Universal Gravitation; Satellite Motion / 6.3 General Motion in A Plane WORK AND ENERGY 7.1-7.30 7.1 Work done by a Force / 7.2 Work, Kinetic energy, and Potential Energy / 7.3 Conservation of Mechanical Energy / 2.4 Additional Problems POWER AND SIMPLE MACHINES 8.1-8.12 8.1 Power / 8.2 Simple Machines IMPULSE AND MOMENTUM. 9.1-9.37, 9.1 Impulse-Momentum / 9.2 _ Elastic Collisions / 9.3 Inclastic Reel 3 Reaseon 96 C f (See also Chap. 10)vi Contents Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18 STATICS OF RIGID BODIES 10.1 Equilibrium of Rigid Bodies / 10.2 Center of Mass (Center of Gravity) 11.1 Angular Motion and Torque / 11.2 Rotational Kinematics / 11.3 Torque and Rotation / 11.4 Moment of Inertia / 11.5 Translational- Rotational Relationships / 11.6 Problems Involving Cords Around Cylinders. Rolling Objects, etc. ROTATIONAL MOTION II: KINETIC ENERGY, ANGULAR IMPULSE, ANGULAR MOMENTUM. 12.1-12.24 12.1 Energy and Power / 12.2 Angular Impulse; The Physical Pendulum / 12.3 Angular Momentum MATTER IN BULK DT 13.1 Density and Specific Gravity / 13.2 Elastic Properties SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION 14.1-14.20 14.1 Oscillations of a Mass on a Spring / 14.2 SHM of Pendulums and Other Systems HYDROSTATIC: 15,1-15.18 15.1 Pressure and Density / 15.2 Pascal's and Archimedes" Principles; Surface Tension HYDRODYNAMICS 16,1-16.16 16.1 Equation of Continuity, Bernoulli's Equation, Torricelli’s Theorem / 16.2 Viscosity, Stokes’ Law, Poiseuille’s Law, Turbulence. Reynolds Number TEMPERATURE AND THERMAL EXPANSION 0 '7.-17.13 17.1 Temperature Scales; Linear Expansion / 17.2 Area and Volume Expansion HEAT AND CALORIMETRY DT 18.1 Heat and Energy; Mechanical Equivalent of Heat / 18.2 Calorimetry, Specific Heats, Heats of Fusion and Vaporization Chapter 19 HEAT TRANSFER 19.1-19.13 Chapter 20 GAS LAWS AND KINETIC THEORY 20,1 Chapter 21 20.1 The Mole Concept; The Ideal Gas Law / 20.2 Kinetic Theory / 20.3 Atmospheric Properties; Specific Heats of Solids THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 211-2115 21.1 Basic Thermodynamic Concepts / 21.2 The First Law of Thermodynamics, Internal Energy, p-V Diagrams, Cyclical SystemsContents vit Chapter 22 THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 22.1-22.11 22.1 Heat Engines, Kelvin-Planck and Clausius Statements of the Second Law / 22.2 Entropy Chapter 23_ WAVE MOTION 23,1-23.15 23.1 Characteristic Properties / 23.2 Standing Waves and Resonance Chapter 24 SOUND 24.1-24.10 Chapter 25 Chapter 26 Chapter 27 Chapter 28 Chapter 29 Chapter 30 Chapter 31 24.1 Sound Velocity; Beats; Doppler Shift / 24.2 Power, Intensity, Reverberation Time, Shock Waves COULOMB'S LAW AND ELECTRIC FIELDS 25.1-25.24 25.1 Coulomb's Law of Electrostatic Force / 25.2 The Electric Field, Continuous Charge Distributions, Motion of Charged Particles in an Electric Field / 25.3 Electric Flux and Gauss’s Law ELECTRIC POTENTIAL AND CAPACITANCE 26.1-26.28 26.1 Potential Due to Point Charges or Charge Distributions / 26-2 The Potential Funct inert Electric Fi 26.3 Energetics; Problems with Moving Charges / 26.4 Capacitance and Ficld Energy / 26.5 Capacitors in Combination SIMPLE ELECTRIC CIRCUITS 27.1-27.40 27.1 Ohm’s Law, Current, Resistance / 27.2 Resistors in Combination / 27.3 emf and Electrochemical Systems / 27.4 Electric Measurement / 27,5 Electric Power / 27.6 More Complex Circuits, Kirchhoff’s Circuit Rules, Circuits with Capacitance THE MAGNETIC FIELD 28,1-28,49 28.1 Force on a Moving Charge / 28.2 Force on an Electric Current / 28.3 Torque and Magnetic Dipole Moment / 28.4 Sources of the Magnetic field, Law of Biot and Savart / 28.5 More Complex Geometries; Ampere's Law MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF MATTER 29.1-29.19 29.1 The H and M Fields; Susceptibility; Relative Permeability / 29.2 Magnets; Pole Strength INDUCED emf; GENERATORS AND MOTORS 30.1-30.32 30.1 Change in Magnetic Flux, Faraday’s Law, Lena's Law / 30.2 Motional emf; Induced Currents and Forces / 30.3 Time-Varying Magnetic and Induced Electric Fields / 30.4 Electric Generators and Motors ALL 3LIR INDUCTANCE 31.1 Self-Inductance / 31.2 Mutual Inductance; The Ideal Transformervit Contents Chapter 32 Chapter 33 Chapter 34 Chapter 35 Chapter 36 Chapter 37 Chapter 38 Chapter 39 ELECTRIC CIRCUITS 32.1-32.28 32.1 R-C, R-L, L«C, and R-L-C Circuits; Time Response / 32.2 AC Circuits in the Steady State / 32.3 Time Behavior of AC Circuits ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES 3393.27 33.1 Displacement Current, Maxwell's Equations, the Speed of Light / 33.2 Mathematical Description of Waves in One and Three Dimensions / 33.3 The Component Fields of an Electromagnetic Wave; Induced emf / 33.4 Energy and Momentum Fluxes LIGHT AND OPTICAL PHENOMENA 341-3431 34.1 Reflection and Refraction / 34.2 Dispersion and Color / 34.3 Photometry and [Illumination MIRRORS, LENSES, AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS. 35.1-35.40 35.1 Mirrors / 35.2 Thin Lenses / 35.3 Lensmaker’s Equation; Composite Lens Systems / 35.4 Optical Instruments: Projectors, Cameras, The Eye / 35.5 Optical Instruments: Microscopes and Telescopes INTERFERENCE, DIFFRACTION, AND POLARIZATION 36.1-36.24 36.1 Interference of Light / 36.2 Diffraction and the Diffraction Grating / 36.3 Polarization of Light SPECIAL RELATIVITY 31.1-37.26 37.1 Lorentz Transformation, Length Contraction, Time Dilation, and Velocity Transformation / 37.2 Mass-Energy Relation; Relativistic Dynamics PARTICLES OF LIGHT AND WAVES OF MATTER ___38.1-38.15 38.1 Photons and the Photoelectric Effect / 38.2 Compton Scattering: X-Rays; Pair Production and Annihilation / 38.3 De Broglic Waves and the Uncertainty Principle MODERN PHYSICS: ATOMS, NUCLEI, SOLID-STATE ELECTRONICS 39.1-39.21 39.1 Atoms and Molecules / 39.2 Nuclei and Radioactivity / 39.3 Solid State ElectronicsTo the Student This book is intended for use by students of general physics, either in calculus- or noncalculus- based courses, Problems requiring real calculus (not merely calculus notation) are marked with a small superscript c. The only way to master general physics is to gain ability and sophistication in problem-solving, This book is meant to make you a master of the art—and should do so if used properly. As a rule, ‘a problem can be solved once you have learned the ideas behind it; sometimes these very ideas are brought into sharper focus by looking at sample problems and their solutions, If you have difficulty with a topic, you can select a few problems in that area, examine the solutions carefully, and then try to solve related problems before looking at the printed solutions. There are numerous ways of posing a problem and, frequently, numerous ways of solving one. ‘You should try to gain understanding of how to approach various classes of problems, rather than memorizing particular solutions. Understanding is better than memory for suceess in physics. The problems in this book cover every important topic in a typical two- or three-semester general physics sequence. Ranging from the simple to the complex, they will provide you with plenty of practice and food for thought.11 1a 12 Chapter One Mathematical Introduction PLANAR VECTORS, SCIENTIFIC NOTATION, AND UNITS What is a scalar quantity ? A scalar quantity has only magnitude; it is a pure number, positive or negative Scalars, being simple numbers, are added, subtracted, etc., in the usual way. It may have a unit after it, e.g. mass = 3 kg. What is a vector quantity ? A vector quantity has both magnitude and direction. For example, a car moving south at 40 km/h has a vector velocity of 40 km/h southward A vector quantity can be represented by an arrow drawn to scale. The length of the arrow is proportional to the magnitude of the vector quantity (40 km/ fh in the above example). The direction 13 14 of the arrow represents the direction of the vector quantity. ‘What is the ‘resultant’ vector ? The resultant of a number of similar vectors, force vectors, for example, is that single vector which would have the same effect as all the original vectors taken together, Describe the graphical addition of vectors, The method for finding the resultant of several vectors consists in beginning al any convenient point and drawing (to. scale) each vector arrow in turn. They may be taken in any order of succession. The tail end of each arrow is attached to the tip end of the preceding one. The resultant is represented by an arrow with its tail end at the starting point and its tip end at the tip of the last vector added.[22 | 1.5. Describe the parallelogram method of ad- dition of two vectors. ‘The resultant of two vectors acting at any angle may be represented by the diagonal of a parallelogram. The two vectors are drawn as the sides of the parallelogram and the resultant is its diagonal, as shown in Fig. 1.1. The direction of the resultant is away from the origin of the two vectors. Fig. 1.1 1,6 How do you subtract vectors ? To subtract a vector B from a vector A, reverse the direction of B and add it vectorially to vector A, that is A - B= A+ (-B). 1.7 Describe the trigonometric functions. For the right triangle shown in Fig, 1.2, by definition ‘a= adjacent side Fig. 1.2 1.8 Express each of the following in scien- tific notation: (a) 627.4, (b) 0.000365, (c) 20.001, (d) 1.0067, (e) 0.0067. (a) 6.274 x 10%, (b) 3.65 x 10%, (¢) 2.001 x 10%. (d) 1.0067 x 10°. (e) 6.7 x 10°, 3000 Solved Problems in Physics 1.9 Express each of the following as simple numbers x 10°: (a) 31.65 x 10° (b) 0.415 x 10° (e) 142.05 x 10°) (d) 1443 x 10%, (a) 0.03165. (b) 415,000. (@) 488. (@) 0.000233. 1.10 The diameter of the earth is about 1.27 x 107m. Find its diameter in (a) millime- ters, (b) megameters, (c) miles. (a) (1.27 x 107 m)(1000 mrm/Im) = 1.27 x 10" mm (b) Multiply meters by 1 Mm/10° m to obtain 12.7 Mm. (c) Then use (1 km/1000 m)(1_ mif1.61 km); the diameter is 7.89 x 10° mi. 1.11 A 100 m race is run on a 200 m circum- ference circular track, The runners run eastward at the start and bend south. ‘What is the displacement of the endpoint of the race from the starting point ? The runners move as shown in Fig, 1.3 The race is halfway around the rack so the displacement is one diameter = 200/ = 63.7 m due south. Fig. 1.3. 1,12 What is a component of a vector ? A component of a vector is its “shadow” (perpendicular drop) on an axis, in a given direction. For example, the p component of a displacement is the distance along the p axis corresponding to the given displacement. It is a scalar ‘quantity, being positive or negative as it is positively or negatively directed along the axis in question. In Fig. 1.4, A, is positive. (One sometimes defines a vector component as a vector pointing along the axis and having the size of the scalar component. If the scalar component isMathematical Introduction 13 1.13 144 1s a ‘Ag = component along axis p Fig. 1.4 negative the vector component points in the negative direction along the axis.) It is customary, and useful, to resolve a vector into components along mutually perpendicular directions (rectangular components). What is the component method for add- ing vectors? Each vector is resolved into its x, yy and z components, with negatively direc- ted components taken as negative, The x component of the resultant, Ry is the algebraic sum of all the x components. The y and z components of the resultant are found in a similar way. Define the multiplication of a vector by a scalar, The quantity BF is a vector having magnitude Ib! F (the absolute value of b times the magnitude of F); the direction of BF is that of F or -F, depending on whether b is positive or negative. Using the graphical method, find the resultant of the following two displace- ments: 2 m at 40° and 4 m at 127°, the angles being taken relative to the +x axis, ‘Choose x, y axes as shown in Fig. 1.5 and lay out the displacements to scale tip to tail from the origin. Note that all angles are measured from the +x axis. The resultant vector, R, points from starting point to endpoint as shown. Mea- sure its length on the scale diagram to find its magnitude, 4.6 m. Using a 1.16 Fig. 1.5 protractor, measure its angle @'to be 101°. ‘The resultant displacement is therefore 4.6 m at 101°. Find the x and y components of a 25 m displacement at an angle of 210°. 25sin 30° 17 Fig. 1.6 The vector displacement and its components are shown in Fig. 1.6. The ‘components are x component = -25 cos 30° = -21.7 m y component = -25 sin 30° = -12.5 m Note in particular that cach component points in the negative coordinate direction and must therefore be taken as negative. Solve Prob. 1.15 by use of rectangular ‘eomponents. Resolve each vector into rectangular components as shown in Fig. 1.7 (a) and (b). (Place a cross-hatch symbol on theFig. 1.7 original vector to show that it can be replaced by the sum of its vector components.) The resultant has the scalar components. R, = 1.53 - 2.40 =-0.87 m R, = 1.29 + 3.20 = 4.49 m Note that components pointing in the negative direction must be assigned a negative value. The resultant is shown in Fig. 1.7(c); we see that 118 1.19 3000 Solved Problems in Physics R= fO87)? +449"? 24.57 m 4.49 $= O87 Hence, ¢ = 79°, from which 80° — ¢= 101%, ‘Add the following two force vectors by use of the parallelogram method: 30 pounds at 30° and 20 pounds at 140°, (A pound of force is chosen such that a 1 kg object weighs 2.21 Ib on earth, One pound is equivalent to a force of 4,45 N,) The force vectors are shown in Fig. 1.8. Construct a parallelogram using them as sides, as shown in Fig. 1.9. The resultant, R, is then shown as the diagonal. Measurement shows that R is 30 Ib at 72°. Fig. 1.9 Find the components of vector F in Fig. 1.10 along the x and y axes. In Fig. 1.10 the dashed perpendiculars from P to X and ¥ determine the magnitudes and directions of the vector components F, and F, of vector F. The signed magnitudes of these vector components, which are the scalar com- ponents of F, are written as F,, F,, It is seen that F, = Fcos 6, F, = F sin 0.Mathematical Introduction 15 1.20 1.21 Fig. 1.40 (a) Let F have a magnitude of 300 N and make angle 8 = 30° with the posi- tive x direction. Find F, and F,. (b) Suppose that F = 300 N and @ = 145° (F is here in the second quadrant). Find F, and F,. (a) F, = 300 cos 30° = 259.8 N, F, = 300 sin 30° = 150 N. (b) F, 100, cas 145° = (300) (-0.8192) = -245.75 N (in the negative direction of X), F, = 300 sin 145° = (300)(+0.5736) = 172.07 N A car goes 5.0 km east, 3.0 km south, 2.0 km west, and 1.0 km’ north. (a) Determine how far north and how far east it has been displaced. (b) Find the displacement vector both graphically and algebraically. (a) Recalling that vectors can be added in any order we can immediately add the 3.0 km south and 1.0 km north displacement vectors to-get a net 2.0 km south displacement vector, Similarly the 5.0 km east and 2.0 km west vectors add to a3 km east displacement vector. Be- cause the east displacement contributes no component along the north-south line and the south displacement has no component along the east-west line, the car is 2.0 km north and 3.0 km east of its starting point. (b) Using the head-to- tail method, we easily can construct the resultant displacement D as shown in Fig. 1.11. Algebraically we note that Ss Fig. 1.11 = /D?+D? =(? +3 =3.6km 2 tan 9= -3 or tan O= 2 6 = 34° south of east 1.22 Find the x and y components of a 400 N force at an angle of 125° to the x axis. Formal method (uses angle above positive x axis): (400 N) cos 125° Visually method (uses only acute angles above or below positive or negative x axis): IF, = F cos ¢ = 400 cos 55° = 229 N \F\| = F sin @ = 400 sin 55° = 327 N By inspection of Fig. 1.12, Fy = IF =-229 N; F,= Fy =327N. ' Fig. 1.123000 Solved Problems in Physics 1.23 1.24 1.25 Add the following two coplanar forces: 30 N at 37° and 52 N at 180°, Split each into components and find the resultant: R, = 24 - 50 = -26 N, R, = 18 +10 = 18 N. Then R= 31.6 N and tan 6 = 18/-26, so @= 145°. For the vectors A and B shown in Fig. 1.13, find (a) A+ B, (b) A —B, and (c) BA. yy Fig. 1.13 The components are A, = 6 m, A, = B, = 12 cos 60° = 6 m, and B, 12 sin 60° = 10.4 m, (a) (A + B), = 12m and (A + B). 10.4 m, so that A+ B= 15.9:m at 40.9°, (b) (A — B), = 0 and (A —B), = 0 - 10.4 so (A — B)= 10.4 m at -90°. (¢) (B- A), = 0 and (B- A), = 10.4-0s0 B-A = 10.4 mat 90°. For the vectors shown in Fig. 1.13, find (a) A+ B+ Cand (b) A+B-C. The x and y components of C are 4.5 m and -7.8 m. (a) The x component is A, + B,+ C,= 165 and for the y component we find 2.6, so the vector is 16.7 m at 9.0°, (b) A, + B,- C, = 7.5 and the y component is 0 + 10.4 — (-7.8) = 18.2; changing this to a magnitude and angle, we find 19.7 m at 68°. 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.29 For the vectors shown in Fig. 1.13, find (a) A ~2C, (b) B - (A + C), and (c) -A -B-C. (a) The x component is A, ~ 2C, = -3 and the y component is -2(-7.8) = 15.6, giving 15.9 m at 101°. (b) The x compo- nent = 6 ~ (6 + 4.5) = -4.5; the y com- ponent = 10.4 = (0 + (-7.8)] = 18.2; therefore (4.57 + 18.27)? = 18.7 m at 104°, (©) This is the negative of the vector of Prob. 1.25 (a), so that it = 16.7 m at 9.0° + 180° = 189° = -171°. A displacement of 20 m is made in the ay plane at an angle of 70° (ie. 70° counterclockwise from the -+x axis), Find its x and y components. Repeat if the angle is 120°; if the angle is 250°, In each case 5, 5 cos Band s, = s sin 6. The results are 6.8, 18.8 m;-100, 17.3 m; 6.8, -18.8 m. It is found that an object will hang prop- erly if an x force of 20 N and a y force of ~30 N are applied to it. Find the single force (magnitude and direction) which would do the same job, Adding components of the forces yields R, = 20 N and R, =-30N. R= (400 + 900)!” = 36 N. Calling @ the counterelockwise angle from the +.x axis, tan @= -30/20 and so @= 303.7° = -56.3°. Find the magnitude and direction of the force which has an x component of =40 N and a y component of -60 N. The resultant of these two forces is R= (1600 + 3600)! = 72 N. The angle Gis 180° + tan“! (6/4) = 236,3°, id the magnitude and direction of the sum of the following two coplanar dis- placement vectors: 20 m at 0° and 10 m at 120°.131 1.32 Mathematical Introduction 17 Splitting each into components, R, = magnitude, x component, y component, 20-5 =15 mand R, =0 + 8,7 =8.7 m, N N N Then R = 17.3 m with tan @ = 8.7/15 30 30 0 giving @= 30°. 100100 cos 45° 100 sin 45° Four coplanar forces act on a body at =i 7 point O as shown in Fig. 1.14 (a). Find 110-110 cos 30° 110 sin 30° their resultant graphically. = -95 55 160-160 cos 20° -160 sin 20° 110N =-150 = -55. o 80 b) Fig. 1.14 Starting from Q, the four vectors are plotted in turn as shown in Fig, 1.14 (b). Place the tail end of one vector at the tip end of the preceding one. The arrow from to the tip of the last vector represents the resultant of the vectors. Measure R from the scale drawing in Fig. 1.14(b) and find it to be 119 N. Angle o is measured by protractor and is found to be 37°. Hence the resultant makes an angle @ = 180° — 37° = 143° with the positive x axis, The resultant is 119 N at 143°. Solve Prob. 1.31 by use of the rectangular component method. The vectors and their components are as follows. Note the sign of each component. To find. the resultant, we have R, = 80+ 71 — 95 - 150 = -94 N R,=0+714+55-55 LN The resultant is shown in Fig. 1.15; we see that R= J(94)? +(71)? = 118 N. Further, tan a= 71/94, from which o: = 37°. Therefore the resultant is 118 N at 180 ~ 37 = 143°. 133 Fig. 1.45 Perform graphically the following vector additions and subtractions, where A, B, and C are the vectors shown in Fig. 1.16: (@) A+B. (bs) A+B4C. (0) A-B. @)A+B-C. See Fig. 1.16(a) through (d). In (c), A- B= A + (-B); that is, to subtract B from A, reverse the direction of B and add it vectorially to A. Similarly, in (4), A+B-C=A+B+( C), where -€ is equal in magnitude but opposite in direction to C,A+B+C O) 1.35 @) Fig. 1.16 1.34 Find the resultamt R of the following forces all acting on the same point in the given directions: 30 Ib to the northeast; 70 Ib to the south; and 50 Ib 20° north of west. Choose east as the positive x direction (Figure 1.17). 136 3000 Solved Problems in Physics components, Ib y components, Ib 30 cos 45° = 12.2 30 sin 45° = 21.2] -50 cos 20° 1 Total R= J (-25.8)? + BLIP = §665.8+1004.9 = 40.9 Ib 8 0.8139 @= 39° 31.7 > west of south, Find the angle between two vector forces of equal magnitude, such that the result- ant is one-third as much as either of the original forces. In the vector forces diagram (Fig. 1.18), the diagonals of the rhombus bisect each other. Thus, cos = 2 = 3 = 0.1667 = 804° 20 = 160.8" The angle between the two forces is 160.8". Fig. 1.18 Find the vector sum of the following four displacements on a map: 60 mm north; 30 mm west; 40 mm at 60° west of north; 50 mm at 30° west of south. Solve (@) graphically and (b) algebraically. (@) With ruler and protractor, construct the sum of vector displacements by the tail-to-head method as shown in Fig. 1.19. The resultant vector from tailMathematical Introduction 1,37 Fig. 4.19 of first to head of last is then also measured with ruler and protractor. Ans.: 97 mm at 67.7° W of N. (b) Let D = resultant displacement. D, =~ 30-40 sin 60° - 50 sin 30° -89.6 mm D, = 60 + 40 cos 60° ~ 50 cos 30° = #36,7 mm D [p? +b? = 96.8 mm 3 O=22.3° above negative x axis. Two forces, 80 N acting at an angle of 60° with each other, pull on an object. What single force would replace the two forces? What single force (called the equilibrant) would balance the two forces? Solve algebraically. Choose the.x axis along the 80 N force and the y axis so that the 100 N force 60° above the positive x axis has a positive y component. Then the single force R that replaces the two forces is the vector sum of these forces: R, = 80 + 100 cos 60° = 130 N R,, = 100 sin 60° = 87 N R= [R2+R =56N 1.38 1.39 above positive x axis. The force that balances R is -R with a magnitude of 156 N but pointing in the opposite direction to R: 34° below negative x axis (or 214° above positive x axis). Two forces act on a point object as follows: 100 N at 170° and 100 N at. 50°. Find their resultant. F, = 100 N at 170° above x axis; F, = 100 N at 50° above x axis. F\+F; 100 cos 170° + 100 cos 50° -34.2.N 100 sin 170° + 100 sin 50° 94.0 N has two solutions: 290° and 110°. From a look at its components we see that R lies in the second quadrant, so the an- swer is 110° (or 70° above negative x axis), In a less formal approach we can find: ¢ = tan"! IR/R,|, which will give an acute angle solution, in this case of 70°, which always represents the angle with the positive or negative x axis, and either above or below that axis. Since we already know from the components which quadrant R lies in, we know the direction precisely. In our case the 70° is above the negative x axis. A force of 100 N makes an angle of @ with the x axis and has a y component of 30 N. Find both the x component of the force and the angle 8.1.40 141 The data are sketched in Fig. 1.20. ‘We wish to find F, and @. We know that from which @= 17.5°, Then, since a =h cos @, we have F, = 100 cos 17.5° = 95.4N 100. a= | z Fy Fig. 1,20 30 A boat can travel at a speed of 8 km/h in still water on a lake. In the flowing water of a stream, it can move at 8 km/h relative to the water in the stream, If the stream speed is 3 km/h, how fast can the boat move past a tree on the shore in traveling (a) upstream? (b) downstream? (a) If the water were standing still, the boat's speed past the tree would be 8 km/h, But the stream is carrying it in the opposite direction at 3 km/h, Therefore the boat's speed relative to the tree is 8 = 3=5 kmh. (b) In this case, the stream is carrying the boat in the same direction the boat is trying to move. Hence its speed past the tree is 8 +3 = 11 km/h. A plane is traveling eastward at an airspeed of 500 knvh wind is blowing southward. What are the direction and speed of the plane relative to the grobnd? The plane's resultant velocity is the sum of two velocities, 500 km/h. But a 90 km/h eastward and 90 km/h southward. These component velocities are shown in Fig. 1.21. The plane’s resultant velocity is found by use of R= {(500)? + (90)? = 508 km/h 3000 Solved Problems in Physics The angle or is given by tan a= 2 = 0.180 500 from which @ = 10.2°. The plane's ve- locity relative to the ground is 508 kn/h at 10.2° south of east. a Fig. 1.21 1.42 With the same airspeed as in Prob. 1.41, in what direction must the plane head in order to move due east relative to the earth ? The sum of the plane's velocity through the air and the velocity of the wind must be the resultant eastward velocity of the plane relative to the earth. This is shown in the vector diagram of Fig. 1.22. It is seen that sin @ = 90/500, from which @= 10.4°, The plane should head 10.4° north of east if it is to move eastward on the earth If we wish to find the plane's eastward speed, Fig. 1.22 tells us that R = 500 cos 0 = 492 km/h, N Fig.1.22 1.43 A child pulls a rope attached to a sled with a force of 60 N. The rope makes an angle of 40° to the ground. (a) Compute the effective value of the pull tending to move the sled along the ground.Mathematical Introduction 411 (b) Compute the force tending to lift the sled vertically. As shown in Fig. 1.23, the compo- nents of the 60 N force are 39 N and 46 N. (a) The pull along the ground is the horizontal component, 46 N. (b) The lifting force is the vertical component, 39 N. Fy =60 sin 40° =99N Fy = 60 cos 40° = 46 N x Fig. 1.23 1.44 Find the resultant of the coplanar force system shown in Fig. 1.24. Fig. 1.24 R=F\+F,+F, R, = -40 + 80 cos 30° + 0 = 29.3 Ib R, = 0— 80 sin 30° + 60 = 20 Ib R= R2+R? = 354 1b Ry @= tant 34.3" ts above +x axis. 1.45 Repeat Prob. 1.44 for Fig. 1.25. Fig. 1.25 R=F,/+F,+F,+F, R, = 25 + 0-90 cos 50° + 0 = -32.8 Ib R, = 0-40-90 sin 50° + 60 48.9 Ib Rg [re +Ry = 58.9 Ib "| =56.1° below —x axis, Fig. 1.26 R=R,+R)+R,+Ry R, =~ 125 cos 25° + 0 + 180 cos 23° + 150 cos 62° = 122.8 Ib142 3000 Solved Problems in Phys 147 1.48 R, =—125 sin 25° — 130 — 180 sin 23° + 150 sin 62° =120.7 Ib R= IR? R25 172.2 Ib, = 44,5° below + axis. Compute algebraically the resultant (R) and equilibrant (E) of the following co- planar forces: 100 kN at 30°, 141.4 KN at 45°, and 100 KN at 240°, R=F,+F,+F, 100 cos 30° + 141.4 cos 45° + 100 cos 240° = 136.6 KN. Note 100 cos 240° 100 sin 240° 100 sin 30° + 141.4 sin 45° + 100 sin 240° R, 150.6 kN = 24.9° above +x axis. Ry — R= 150.6 KN at 24.9° + 180° = 204.9° above + x axis. Compute algebraically the resultant of the following displacements: 20 m at 30°, 40 m at 120°, 25 m at 180°, 42 m at 270°, and 12 m at 315°. 1 + dy + yt dy + ds ‘esultant displacement 10 cos 30° + 40 cos 120° - 25 +0 + 12 cos 315° 19.3 m Note 180° is along -x axis; 270° is along, =y axis; cos 120° = -cos 60; sin 120° sin 60°; cos 315° = cos 45°; sin 315° = sin 45°. Dy = 20 sin 30° + 40 sin 120° + 0-42 + 12 sin 315° =5.8m {d?+d? =202m D, = 16.7° below —x axis D, D, or g= tan = 196.7° above +.x axis. @= tan"! 1.49 Refer to Fig. 1.27. In terms of vectors A and B, express the vectors P, R, S and Q. Fig. 1.27 We have here a parallelogram, so R= Band P=A+R=A+B. Clearly $=— A and Q is the sum of -B with A or Q=A-B. 1.50 Refer to Fig. 1.28. In terms of vectors A and B, express the vectors E, D- C, and E+ D- C.151 152 Mathematical Introduction Clearly -E = A +B or E=-(A+B) -A-B.D-C=D+(-C)=A. Then E +D-C=E+A=-B. A displacement D of 100 m from the origin at an angle of 37° above the x axis is the result of three successive displacements: dy, which is 100 m along the negative x axis; ds, which is 200 m at an angle of 150° above the x axis; and a displacement ds. Find ds. D=d,+4,+4, Dy = dy dy, yy or 100 cas 37° = -100 + 200 cos 150° + ds dy, = 353 m (Note cos 150° = ~cos 30°) Dy = diy 7 dyy + dy or 100 sin 37° = 0 + 300 sin 150° + dy, dy, = =40 m (Note sin 150° = sin 30°) dy= fai +d3, = 355m dsy = tan! =6.5° below +x axis. sy The resultant force due to the action of four forces is R, which is 100 N along the negative y axis. Three of forces are 100 N, 60° above the x axis; 200 N, 140° above the x axis; 250 N, 320° above the x axis, Find the fourth force. R=F,+F)+F,+Fy Rye Fag Fag Pag Fax or 0 = 100 cos 60° + 200 cos 140° + 250 cos 320° + Fy, Fa, = 88.3 N Ry = Fy + Pry t Pry + Fey or =100 = 100 sin 60° + 200 sin 140° + 250 sin 320° + Fy,. [a3] Fy, = 154.5 N Fy= J Fi.+ Fi, = 180N Fy J Fay @= tan = 60° below =x axis 1.53 A car whose weight is w is on a ramp which makes an angle @ to the horizon tal. How large a perpendicular force must the ramp withstand if it is not to break under the car's weight ? As shown in Fig. 1.29, the car’s weight is a force w that pulls straight down on the car. We take components of walong the incline and perpendicular to it. The ramp must balance the force component w cos @ if the car is not to. crash through the ramp. Fig. 1.29 1.54 The five coplanar forces shown in Fig. 1.30(a) act on an object. Find the resultant force due to them. (1) Find the x- and y-components of each force.(a) (b) Fig. 1,30 magnitude, x component, y component, 19 19.0 15 15 cos 60° 5 =16 cos 45° 1.55 3000 Solved Problems in Physics Note the signs to indicate + and — directions. (2) The resultant R has components Ry= EF, = 19.0+75- 113-9540 =45.7N xr, 0+ 13.0 + 11.3 - 5.5 - 22.0 =-32N (3) Find the magnitude of the resultant from R= +R? =65N (4) Sketch the resultant as shown in Fig. 1.29 (b) and find its angle. We see that tan ¢= == = 0.56 57 from which ¢ = 29°. Then we have @ = 360° — 20° = 331°. The resultant is 6.5 N at 331° (or -29°), Find algebraically the resultant (R) and equilibrant (E) of the following coplanar forces: 300 N at 0°, 400 N at 30°, and 400 N at 150°. R=F,|+F,+F, E=-R 00 + 400 cos 30° + 400 cos 150° 300 N Note that 400 cos 150° = -400 cos 30° 400 sin 150° = 400 sin 30° + 400 sin 30° + 400 sin 150° 3° below =x axis.Mathematical Introduction 1.15 1.2 THREE-DIMENSIONAL VECTORS; DOT AND CROSS PRODUCTS 1.56 Find the magnitude of the vector A in Fig. 1.31, whose tail lies at the origin and whose head lies at the point (7.0 m, 4.0 m, 5.0 m). z(nm) (Ac, Ay, Ad}= (7.0m, 4.0 m, 5.0 mp Fig. 1.31 First, note that the vector A and its vector component A. are the hypotenuse and one side of a right triangle whose plane is perpendicular to the ay plane. Hence the pythagorcan theorem gives A? = B+ Az, But the vector B is itself the hypotenuse of the right triangle in the ay plane whose sides are the vector components A, and A,. Thus you can use the pythagorean theorem again to obtain B? = A? + A2, Combining the two. equations, = AP+AT +A? or AS [ab +A? + a2 which is the form taken by the pytha- gorean theorem in three dimensions. For the data, A= (7.0 my +(4.0m)? + (5.0 my 5m. 1,57 Find the scalar components of the three- dimensional vector F in Fig, 1.32 Fig. 1.32 In Fig. 1.32, Fy, Fy F; are the rectangular yeetor components of F; the scalar components F, Fy, Fy are given by F,=F cos Fy= F cos 6 F.= F cos 8 Or for convenience, writing cos 6, = 1, cos 8, = m, cos B= 2, F,=Fl Fy= Fm F,=Fn (mi, and n are referred to as the direction cosines of F. By the three-dimensional pythagorean theorem (Prob. 1.56), F + n+ n=,Pa] 1.58 1.59 1.60 In Fig. 1.32, let F represent a force of 200 N. Let 8, = 60°, @, = 40°. Find F,, Fy Fe 1205 m=0,766 n= (1- P-m’)'? = 0.404 (assuming that F, is positive; otherwise, n= -0.404), and the rectangular compo- nents of F are F,,= (200)(0.5) = 100 N F,=153.2N F,=80.8N As a check, (100? + 153.2? + 80.8%)!” = 200. Note that 6; = 66.17°. Find the vector sum (R) of three vectors, F,, Fy, F3, drawn from the origin of a three-dimensional coordinate system such as that of Fig. 1.32. Following the component method. Ry= Fig Fact Fax Fyy+ Fy + Fy iz Fae + Faz and R= (Fy, + Fac + Fad? + Fiy+ Fay + Fy? + (Fy, + Fay + Fy? where F,, is the X component of F,, etc. The direction cosines of R are given by Fig + Foo + Fe R Fiy + Fay + Fy R Fi. + Fa, + Fac ne eS The resultant (magnitude and direction) of any number of vectors drawn from O can be obtained in the same way. t m= Define a unit vector. Any nonzero vector F may be written as F = Fe, where F is the magnitude of F and where e isa unit vector (a vector 1.61 1.62 3000 Solved Problems in Physics whose magnitude is 1) in the direction of F. That is, the magnitude of F is indicated by F and its direction is that of e. If F carries units (¢.g., N, mvs), F car- ties the same units; e is a dimensionless vector. Express the vector F in Fig. 1.32 in terms of unit vectors along the coordinate axes. In Fig. 1.32, let us introduce unit vectors i, j, k along X, Y, Z, respectively. Then the vector components of F can be written as F=Fi F=Fj B= Fk according to Prob. 1.60. [If one of the scalar components is negative—say, F, =-IF,| =IF,|—then we have Fy=F,1i =IF,j (-i), which is still as prescribed by Prob. 1.60.] Since F is the resultant so its vector components, we obtain the very important expression F = Fyi+ Fj + Fk. In this expression, F, = F cos 8, = Fl, etc as previously shown; and, as before, the magnitude and direction (direction cosines, that is) are obtained as Fa (Fo+ hp +82)? a F 2 as F F A force F has components F, = 100 N, F, = 153.2 N, F, = 80.8 N. Express F in terms of unit vectors and find its magni- tude and direction. m= ‘The vector F can be written as F = 1004 + 153.2) + 80.8k with magnitude F = (100? + 153.2? + 817)? = 200 N and direction: I I= x 0.5 m=0.766 n=0.4041.63 1.64 1.65 1.66 1.67 1.68 Mathematical Introduction Strictly, we should have written, F = (100 N)i + (153.2 N)j + (80.8 N)k or F = 100i + 153.2j + 80.8k N A force A is added to a second force which has x and y components 3 N and ~5 N. The resultant of the two forces is in the —x direction and has a magnitude of 4 N. Find the x and y components of A. Let A= A,i+ A\j. Then A, +3 =—4 and A, - 5 = 0. S0 A, = -7 Nand A, =5N. Express A, B, C of Fig. 1.13 in terms of the unit vectors i, j, and k. ASAA+AJ+ AK 10.4j mand C = 4.51 — Find the components of which when added to a displacement of 7i — 4) m will give a resultant displace- ment of Si 3j m, We have A, +7 =5 and A, so A, =-2m and A, = 1m Find the magnitude and direction of the vector sum of the following three vec~ tors: 2i = 3), -91 — 5j, i + 8). We have (2-9 + 4)i+ (-3-5 +8) = 3i, Thus, it is 3 units along the —x direction, ‘What must be the components of a vec- tor which when added to the following two vectors gives rise to a vector 6j 10i — 7j and 4i + 2)? Call the vector A. Then A, + 10 +4= Oand A, -7+2=6. SoA, =~ 14 and ‘A certain room has a floor which is 5x 6 m and the ceiling height is 3 m. Write an expression for the vector distance from one comer of the room to the comer diagonally opposite it. What is the magnitude of the distance ? ‘The x, y, ¢ displacements in going from one comer to the other are 5, 6, and 3 m, respectively.Therefore, D = Si + 6j + 5k m. Also, D? = D? + D? + D; which gives D = 8.4 m. 1.69 Find the displacement vector from the 1.70 71 1.72 point (0, 3, -1) mito the point (-2, 6, 4) m. Give your answer in i, j, k notation. Also give the magnitude of the displacement. ‘The component displacements are D, = -2-0=-2, D,= 6-3 =3,and D, = 4— (1) =5; thus D= 21+ 3+ 5k m and D = 6.2 m. An object, originally at the point (2, 5, 1) em, is given a displacement 81-2) + K cm, Find the coordinates of its new position. ‘The new coordinates are x = 2 + 8 = 10; yS54+(-2S3 cel +152 The object is at (10, 3, 2) cm. Find the resultant displacement caused by the following three displacements: 2i— 3k, 5j —2k, and ~ 61+ j + 8k, all in millimeters. Give its magnitude as well as its 4, j, k representation. R= (2-64 (5 + Dj +(3-24+8K = —4i + 6j + 3k mm, and so R = 61! = 7.8mm, Give the i, j, k representation and mag- nitude of the force which must be added to the following two forces to give a force Ti 6j = k; 21 ~ 7k and 3j + 2k. All forces are in newtons. Call the force F. Then F, + 2 = 7; Fy +3= 6; F,-7+2=-1. Therefore F = Si-9j +4k Nand F = 11N.1.18 3000 Solved Problems in Physics 1,73 Vectors A and B are in the xy plane. If Ais 70 N at 90° and B is 120 .N at 210°, find (a) A - B, and (b) vector C such that A-B+C=0. A and B written in terms of unit vectors are A = 70j and B = -120 cos 30°i - 120 sin 30°j = -104i - 60). (a) A — B= (0+ 104i + (70 + 60)j = 166 N at 51°. (b) C = -(A = B) = =104i = 130j = 166 N at 231°. 1.74 If A = 2i ~ 3 + 5k mm and B = -i- 2 + 7k mm, find (in component form) (a) A- B. (b) B— A. (ce) Vector C such that A+B+C=0. [2 — (-IJi+ [-3 - (-2)j ~2k mm. (b) B- A 31+ j+ 2k mm. () C i+ 5j- 12k mm. 1.75 Vector A = 3i + 5j - 2k and vector B =~ 3j + 6k. Find a vector C such that 2A+7B+4C =0. A vector is zero if and only if each of its components is zero. For example, 2A, + TB, + 4C, = 0, 30 Cy = -1.5. For C,, solve 2(5) # (3) + 4C, = 0 to obtain C, = 2.75. Similarly, C, = -9.5. Therefore C =-1.5i + 2.75) - 9.5k. 1.76 A certain vector is given by 3i + 4j + 7k. Find the angle it make with the z axis. First find the projection of the vector in the xy plane; this is (3? + 47)! ‘The magnitude of the vector is (77 + syn 6 and it makes an angle of tan”! (5/7) 5.5° to the z axis. Otherwise, from Prob. 1.61, cos 8, = 0.814 1.77 What must be the relation between vec- tors A and B if the following condition is to be true; A- 2B =-3(A +B) If vector A = 6i- Sk m, what is B? One has A — 2B = -3A — 3B, so 4A B. Substituting 6i — 2k for A gives B -24i + 8k m. ‘What must be the relation between two vectors A and B if the magnitude of A + B equals the magnitude of A - B, that is, IA + BI=IA-BI A and B must be mutually perpendi- cular. To see that, let P and Q be wo vectors of the same magnitude, As shown in Fig. 1.33, P and Q form a rhombus whose diagonals, P+ Q and P— Q, are necessarily perpendicular. Now set (A+B),Q FA-B. Fig. 1.33 The vector displacements of two points A and B from the origin are 54 = 31-2) 4 5kcm and s,=i-5j+2kem Find the magnitude and i, j, k represen- tation of the vector from point A to point B.Mathematical Introduction 1.23 Thus Bl,=-6 Bm,=15 Bn, =-25 Corresponding angles are B= (6? + 15? + 25*)!? = 29.766 Gy = 101.63° az) = 59.74° 1, = 0.2016 m = 0.5039 133 = 147.13° 0.8399. nyROPES, KNOTS AND FRICTIONLESS PULLEYS 2.1 The object in Fig. 2.1(a) weights 50 N and is supported by a cord. Find the tension in the cord 3) fa) Fig. 264 Two forces act upon the object, the upward pull of the cord and the downward pull of gravity. Represent the pull of the cord by 7, the tension in the cord. The pull of gravity, the weight of Chapter Two Equilibrium of Concurrent Forces 22 the object, is w = 50 N. These two forces are shown in the free-body diagram, Fig. 2.1(b). ‘The forces are already in component form and so we can write the first condition for equlibrium at once. EF, =0 o=0 EF,=0 becomes T-50N=0 from which T= 50.N. As shown in Fig. 2.2(a), the tension in the horizontal cords is 30 N. Find the weight of the object. ‘As seen in Prob. 2.1, the tension in cord | is equal to the weight of the object hanging from it. Therefore T, = w, and we wish to find 7; or w. Note that the unknown force, 7, and the known force, 30 N, both pull on the knot at point P. It therefore makes sense to isolate the knot at P as our object. becomesfaz] WS 23 o) Fig. 2.2 The free-body diagram showing the forces on the knot is drawn as Fig. 2.2(b). The force components are also found there. Next write the first condition for equilibrium for the knot. From the free- body diagram, EF, =0 becomes 30 N~ 7; cos 40°=0 EF, =0 becomes 7; cos 40° - » Solving the first equation for T; gives T, = 39.2 N, Substituting this value in the second equation gives w = 25.2 N as the weight of the object. For the system of Fig. 2.3(a), find the values of 7, and T, if the weight is 600 N. 24 3000 Solved Problems in Physics Te 600 N (a) (b) Fig. 2.3 Consider the knot to be in equilibrium under the action of three forces, as shown in Fig. 2.3(0). ZF,=0 yields T, cos 50° - T, =0 or 0.64372 = F, EF,=0 yields 7; sin 50° - 600 N=0 or 0.7667, = 600 N This gives Tz = 783 N. Substituting into the EF, equation yields 7, = 503 N. ‘The following coplanar forces pull on a ting: 200 N at 30°, 500 N at 80°, 300 N at 240°, and an unknown force. Find the magnitude and direction of the unknown force if the ring is to be in equilibrium. Assume that the 0° line is the x axis and 90° specifies the y axis, The three known forces are then as shown in Fig. 2.4, If Fy is the unknown force, then F, +F,+F,+F,=0. Let R=F, + F) + Fy, then R+ F,=0 = F,=-R. To find F,, we need only find R, Fp =500N Fy =200N Fig. 2.4Equilibrium of Concurrent Forces [23] Ry = Fiy + Fay + Fay =F, 008 30° + Fy cos 80° - F; cos 60°, R, = 200(0.866) + 500(0.174) — 300(0.500) = 110 N R, = F; sin 30° + F, sin 80° — F, sin 60°, R, = 200(0.500) + 500(0.985) - 300(0.866) = 333 N, R= (R? +2)!” R, =351N, 9, tan Oy = = Rand Or, = Og + 180° = 252° In Fig. 2.5(a) the value of Wis 180, Find the tensions in ropes A and B. =) Oy = 71.7%, Fy 2 in Fig. 2.5 Refer to Fig. 2.5(b). Summing forces. in the x and y directions to zero yields A= Bcos 53° and B sin 53° = W= 180. From the latter, B = 225 N, which when inserted into the former gives A = 135 N. If the identical ropes A and B in Fig. 2.5(a) can each support tensions no larger than 200 N, what is the maximum value that W can have? What is the tension in the other rope when W has this maximum value? From Prob. 2.5, B will experience the largest tension, 200 N in this case. Solve. for forces along the vertical: W = 200 sin 53° = 160 N, and in the horizontal direction find A = 200 cos 53° = 120 N. 2.6 2.7 A rope extends between two poles. A 90 N boy hangs from it, as shown in Tysin 10° 28 Fig. 2.6(a). Find the tensions in the two parts of the rope. o) Fig. 2.6 Label the two tensions 7, and 7, and isolate the rope at the boy’s hands as the object. The free-body diagram for this object is shown in Fig. 2,6(b). EF,=0 becomes T; cos 5° = T; cos 10 =F, =0 becomes T; sin 5° + T; sin 10° - 90 N=0 Evaluating the sines and cosines, these equations become 0.9967; ~ 0.9857, = 0 and 0.0877, + 0.1747, - 90 =0 Solving the first for T, gives T, = 0,9897,. Substituting this in the second equation gives 0.0867, + 0.1747, - 90 = 0 from which T, = 346 N. Then, because T, = 0.9897, we have T; = 342 N. ‘The tension in cord A in Fig. 2.7 is 30 N. Find the tension in B and the value of Ww.29 2.10 2 Fig. 2.7 Draw a free-body diagram for the point on the rope where the cords meet; the equilibrium relations in the x and y directions are T, cos 50° = Ty cos 60° and W = 7, sin 50° + Ty sin 60°, where T, =30 N. Solving: Ty = 39 N and Ws 56 N. In Fig. 2.7, how large are T, and 7p if W=80N? The equilibrium equations have already been obtained in Prob. 2.8. The y-equilibrium equation when W = 80 N is 80 = Tylsin 50° + (tan 60°)(cos 50°)), where we have substituted for Tp from the horizontal equation. Thus the tensions are Ty = 43 N and Ty = 55 N. A boy of weight W hangs from the center of a clothesline and distorts the line so that it makes 20° angles with the horizontal at cach end. Find the tension in the clothesline in terms of W. 2.8, 27 sin 20° AoW. From Fig. Therefore T = Fig. 2.8 In shooting an arrow from a bow, an archer holds the bow vertical and pulls 2.12 3000 Solved Problems in Physics back on the arrow with a force of 80 N. The two halves of the string make 25° angles with the vertical. What is the tension in the string? Setting horizontal forces to zero at the point on the string held by the archer we obtain 80 = 27 sin'25°, whence T=95 N. In Fig. 2.9(a), the pulleys are frictionless and the system hangs at equilibrium. If wy is a 200 N weight, what are the values of w, and w,? ws @ Ts 38°, Ne (e) Fig. 2.9 ‘The knot above w; is in equilibrium under the action of three forces, as shown in Fig. 2.9(b). Since the pulleys are frictionless, 7, = wy; Ty = wy. Also T, =. We are given T = 3 = 200 N. From EF, = 0, Ty sin 35° - 7 sin 50° 0. (Note the x-component equation involves sine functions because angles are with respect toy axis.) ThenEquilibrium of Concurrent Forces 213 214 200(0.574) = T,(0.766) = 7, = 150 N = Wa, From EF, = 0, T, cos 35° + Ts cos 50° ~ T, = 0 of 200(0.819) + 150(0.643) =7,>7,=260N=w,. Suppose 1, in Fig. 2.9(a) weighs 500 N. Find the values of w3 and w if the system is to hang in equilibrium, Now T, = 500 N in Fig. 2.9(b). EF, =0 = T, sin 35° - 7, sin 50° = 0 = 0.5747, = 0.7667). Or solving for Ty, 1337, w EF, =0 = T; cos 35° + T; cos 50° - T, =0 = 08197, + 0.6437, = 500 N. Substituting 1.337, for T, we have 0.819(1.3373) + 0.64372 = 500 N 31.73 T)=500N 7, =289N From (1), we get T; = 384 N. Find the tensions in the ropes shown in Fig. 2.10 if the supported object weighs 600 N. Let us select as our object the knot at A because we know one force acting on it. The weight pulls down on it with a force of 600 N and so the free-body diagram for the knot is as shown in Fig. 2.11(a). Applying the first condition for equilibrium to that diagram, we have EF,=0 or 7; cos 60° ~ T, cos 60° = EF, =0 or 7, sin 60° + T; sin 60° - 600 = 0 The first equation yields T, = 7). Substitution of 7 for 7) in the second equation gives T, = 346 N, and this is also T. Let us now isolate knot B as our object. Its free-body diagram is shown in ¥ m1 | % 7V\ 600N is © Fig, 2.14(ae) 215 Fig, 2.11(b). We have already found that = 346 N and so the equilibrium equations are EF, =0 ‘or T; cos 20° - T; — 346 sin 30° = EF, =0 or; sin 20° — 346 cos 30° = 0 ‘The last equation yields T, = 877 N. Substituting this in the prior equation gives T; = 651 N. ‘We can now proceed to the knot at C and the free-body diagram of Fig. 2.11(c). Recalling that 7, = 346 N, EF, =O because Ts + 346 sin 30° - T, cos 20 ZF, =0_ because Ty sin 20° - 346 cos 30° = 0 ‘The latter equation yields T, = 877 N. [Note that from the symmetry of the system we could have deduced 7) = Ty and Ty = Ty.) If w = 40 N in the equilibrium situation shown in Fig. 2.12(a) find 7, and 7. Fig. 2.12 21 a 217 2.18 3000 Solved Problems in Physics The knot is in equilibrium under the action of three forces, and the free-body diagram is as shown in Fig. 2.12(b). Ty= w= 40N, EF, = 0 => Ty sin 70° - or (0.9407 = (0.500)T), EF, =0 => T, sin 60° ~ 7, cos 70° - T, = 0, (0.866), — (0.342)T; = T; = 40 N Substituting for T,, (0.866)(1.887) — (0. i 1.297) =40N T= 31.0 and T, = (1.88)(31.0) = 58.3 a Refer to Fig. 2.12(a). The cords are strong enough to withstand a maximum tension of 80 N. What is the largest value of w that they can support as shown? T, cos 60° =0 T, = 1.887, From Prob, 2.15 the equilibrium equations are, for any 1, T,= 1.887, (1) 0.8667, — 0.3427, = w (2) From Eq, (1) it is clear that Ty > T always. Therefore 7, will reach the brea- king point first. We thus set 7, = 80 N to find corresponding w. From (1), 1.887; = 80 N => T, = 42.6 w= (0.866)(80 N) — (0.342)(42.6 N) =54.7N ‘The weight W, in Fig. 2.13(a) is 300 N. Find T,, Tz, Ts, and W,. From Fig. 2.13(b): 7 sin 37° = 300 so T, = 500 M. Also, T; = 7; cos 37 400 N, From Fig. 2.13(¢), 7 cos 53 Tz, 50 Ty = 670 N, But T; sin 53° = From (2), Wo so W, = 530 N. (Note answers are to two-place accuracy). If 8, = @, in Fig. 2.14, what can be said about T), Ty Ts, Wy and W, provided the pulley is frictionless?Equilibrium of Concurrent Forces 2.9 Fig. 2.17 2.24 How large is the force that stretches the patient's leg in Fig. 2.182 How large an upward force does the device extent on foot and leg together? Assume friction- less and massless pulleys. Fig. 2.18 3 kg weighs about 30 N. Since the pulleys are frictionless and with 2.25 2.26 negligible mass, the tension T in the cord is the same everywhere. T holds up the weight, so T= 30 N. The forces on the leg and foot from the device are caused by the tentions in the cord. The horizontal or stretching force is T+ T cos 30° = 56 N, while the upward forces is T+ T sin 30° = 45 N. For the situation shown in Fig. 2.29, with what force must the 600 N man pull downward on the rope to support himself free from the floor? Assume the pulleys have negligible friction and weight. Fig. 2.19 Call 7 the tension in the rope the man is holding; 7 is the same throughout the one piece of rope. The other vertical force on the man is the tension in the rope attached to the pulley above the man’s head, which must be 27 for the pulley in equilibrium. The net vertical force is 37, which is belonged by his weight of 600 N. Therefore the man exerts a downward pull of 200 N. In the set up of Fig. 2.20, the mobile pulley and the fixed pulley, both frictionless, are associated with equal weights w, Find the angle 6.2.2 2.27 Fig. 2.20 Since the tension in the cord is w, the condition for vertical equilibrium of the mobile pulley is 2w sin @ =, or sin 8 = 1 Zor @= 30°, 2 FRICTION AND INCLINED PLANES A200 N wagon is to be pulled up on a 30” incline at constant speed, Haw large a force parallel to the incline is needed if friction effects are negligible? The situation is shown in Fig. 2.21(a). Because the wagon moves at constant speed along a straight line, its velocity vector is constant. Therefore the wagon is in translational equilibrium, and the first condition for equilibrium applied to in, We isolate the wagon as the object. Three nonnegligible forces act on (1) the pull of gravity w (its weight), directed straight down; (2) the force P exerted on the wagon parallel to the incline to pull it up the incline; (3) the push ¥ of the incline that supports the wagon. These three forces are shown in the free-body diagram, Fig. 2.21(b). For situations involving inclines, it is convenient to take the x axis parallel to the incline and the y axis perpendicular to it. After taking components along these axes, we can write the first condition for equilibrium. 3000 Solved Problems in Physics Pulling force’ Support by inctine 2.28 ©) Fig. 2.21 beconés PF —0.50w becomes ¥~0.87w = 0 Solving the first equation and recalling that w = 200 N, we find that P = 0.50w = 100 N. The required pulling force is 100 N. A box weighing 100 N jis at rest on a horizontal floor. The coefficient of static friction between the box and the floor is 0.4. What is the smallest force F exerted eastward and upward at an angle of 30° with the horizontal that can start the box in motion? First draw a force diagram, Fig. 2.22. Next, consider the forces in the xEquilibrium of Concurrent Forces 241 2.29 Fig. 2.22 direction and apply the conditions for equilibrium, noting fequals its maximum value to start motion. IF,=0 Feos @-f=0 Fos 0 =f0 0.866 F= f= u,N=04N Now apply the conditions for equilibrium to the forces in y direction. =F, =0 N+ Fsin @6-W=0 N+05F-100=0 N= 100-05F Substituting this equations for N in 0.866F = 0.4N above, 0.866F = 0.4(100 - 0.5F) 0.866F +0.2F=40 F=37.5N A block on an inclined plane just begins to slip if the inclination of the place is 50°. (a) What is the coefficient of static friction? (b) If the block has a mass of 2 kg, what is the actual frictional force just before it begifs to slip? (a) From Fig. 2.23: Fig. 2.23 aman) = mg sin 50° N= mg cos 50° Hy = Famany!NV = tan 50° = 1.192 (b) f, = mg sin 50° = 2(9.8)(0.766) = 15.0N. 2.30 A 50 N box is slid straight across the floor at constant speed by a force of 25 N, as shown in Fig. 2.24(a). How large a friction force impedes the motion of the box? How large is the normal force? b) Fig. 2.26 Note the forces acting on the box as shown in Fig. 2.24(a). The friction is f and the normal force, the supporting force exerted by the floor, is Y. The free- body diagram and components are shown in Fig. 2.24(b). Because the box is moving with constant velocity, it is in equilibrium. The first condition for equilibrium tells us that EF,=0 or 25 cos 40°-f=0 We can solve for f at once to find that f= 19N, The friction force is 19 N,3000 Solved Problems in Phy To find Y we use the fact that EF, =0 or ¥+25 sin 40°-50=0 Solving gives the normal force as ¥ = 34N. 2.31 Each of the objects in Fig. 2.25 is in equilibrium. Find the normal force, ¥, in cach case. 200N t «4 POG WOOO y w= 500N (@ 200N 30" t LKQ (UM WE w=450N ly Fig. 2.25 We apply ZF, = 0 in each case. (a) ¥ + 200 sin 30° - 500 = 0 from which ¥ = 400 N 2.32 2.33 (b) ¥ ~ 200 sin 30° - 150 = 0 from which ¥ = 250 N (&) ¥-200 cos @ from which Y= (200 cos 6) N For the situation of Prob. 2.31, find the coefficient of kinetic friction if the object is moving with constant speed. We have already found ¥ for each case in Prob. 2.31, To find f, the sliding friction force, we use ZF, = 0. (a) 200 cos 30° -f=0 and so f=1T3N Then, jy = f/Y = 173/400 = 0.43. (b) 200 cos 30°-f= 0 and so fe173N Then, 1, = fl¥ = 173/250 =.0.69. (€)-200 sin 84 f=0 and so = (200 sin 6) N Suppose that in Fig. 2.25(c) the block is at rest. The angle of the incline is slowly increased, At an angle @= 42°, the block begins to slide. What is the coefficient of static friction between the block and the incline? (The block and surface are not the same'as in Probs. 2.31 and 2.32.) At the instant the block begins to slide, the friction force has its critical value. Therefore, j4,"= f/¥ at that instant. Following the method of Probs. 2.31 and 2.32, we have Y=weos @ and f=wsin @ Therefore, when sliding just starts, wsin@ ‘an 8 Y But @ was found by experiment to be 42°, Therefore, 1, = tan 42° = 0,90,2.16 3000 Solved Problems in’ Physics 2.43 2.44 Use Fig. 2.31(b) and Prob. 2.40(b). (a) ZF, =0 = f—w sin 40°=0 f= 60 N(0.643) = 38.6 N The block in Fig. 2.30(c) just begins to slide up the incline when the pushing force shown is increasing to 70 N. (a) What is the critical static friction force on it? (b) What is the value of the coefficient of static friction? Use Fig. 2.31(c) and Prob. 2.40(c). (a) ZF, = 0 = F cos 40° - w sin 40° - f = 0, F = 70 .N and block just starts to move => f= femas) = 70(0.766) — 60(0.643) = 15.0 N Sacmexy _15.0N =—— =0.17. OM ON The system in Fig. 2.32(a) remains at rest when the hanging weight w is 220 N. What are the magnitude and direction of the friction force on the 200 N block? The pulley is frictionless. Since the pulley is frictionless, the tension is the same throughout the cord. The free-body diagrams ‘for the two blocks are as in Fig. 2.32(b) and (c). In principle the frictional force f could be either down the incline or up the incline depending on the details of the problem. .' w @ Tt x T Ke a f 220N 200 © © Fig. 2.32 In this case we can quickly assert that it is down the incline with the following reasoning: T = 220 N. Opposing T along the incline is the component of the 200 N weight down the incline. This is surely less than the full 200 N and thus is insufficient to balance T. Therefore the help of friction down the incline is necessary. To obtain f we solve EF, =0 (along incline) T — 200 sin 35° -f = 0 =f = 220 - 200(0.574) = 105 N (Note that for this problem the normal force, N, does’ not enter the calculation.)Chapter Three Kinematics in One Dimension 3.1 3. 32 DIMENSIONS AND UNITS; CONSTANT-ACCELERATION PROBLEMS A car's odometer reads 22,687 km at the start of a trip and 22791 km at the en The trip took 4h, What was the average speed in kilometers per hour? In meters per second? distance traveled Average speed = ——————— time taken __ 22791-22687) km - 4h = 26 km/h To convert; Average speed 2 Jesft x (1000 mV Jeff’) Hx (3600s/) An auto travels at a rate of 25 knv/h for 4 min, then at 50 km/h for 8 min, and = 7.2 mis finally at 20 km/h for 2 min. Find (a) the total distance covered in kilometers and (b) the average speed for the complete trip in meters per second (a) Distance traveled = dj + dy + dy where =(25™) cari! d= (x h }anes( ae Ne 60 iia = {29k Uh dy= (» % Je {& ie Thus d; + dy + dy =9 km.3.2 3000 Solved Problems in Physics 33 34 (b) Average speed dy +d, +dy total time (9 Rr x 1000 m/Ryy"(14 tig * 60 s/t = 10,7 ms i) A runner travels 1.5 laps around a circular track in a time of 50 s, The diameter of the track is 40 m and its circumference is 126 m. Find (a) the average speed of the runner and (b) the magnitude of the runner's average velocity. 0 (a) Average speed distance total time (= shes = 3.78 m/s (b) Average velocity isa vector. It is the displacement vector for the time lapse of interest divided by the time lapse—in " the case, 50's, Since 1 laps have taken place, the displacement points from the starting point on the track to a point on the track 4 lap away, which is of course directly across a diameter of the track. The magnitude of the average velocity is therefore the magnitude of the displacement divide by the time lapse. Thus magnitude of average velocity = 40 m/50 s = 0.80 mis. Use dimensional analysis to determine which of the following equations is certainly wrong: A=vt Fe” a 35 36 v = (gh)? where A and h are lengths and [F] = [MLT~]. The other symbols have their usual meaning. [or] = (LTT) = (L}, but (4) = (2), so equation A= wr can be correct. [m/c] = (Myr) = (Mr '), but (F) = [MLT}, hence F = m/a is incorrect. [mvt] = [MYL ][T~'] = (MET) and F= mvit is dimensionally correct. [v¥ 2g) = (L/P )WLIT*)) = [L); and since [Al = [Lh = v2/2g is dimensionally correct. Since [v] = [LT~'], [2gh)!?] = (Li T-YL"?] = (LT), v = (2gh)"? is also dimensionally correct. We note that pire numbers are dimensionless. If 5 is distance and 1 is time, what must be the dimensions of C,, C,, Cy, and Cy in each of the following equations? log = to, 7o (Hint: The argument of any trigonometric function must be dimensionless.) s=Cit 5= Cgsin Cyt The dimension of s is [L], so all expressions on the right-hand sides of the equations must also have the dimensions of length. (C,] = [LIT], since [Cyt] are then ((L/T)T] = L. [C3] = (LT), [Cs] = [L] because the sine is dimensionless, and since the argument of a trigonometric function has no units, [cg = (7) The speed v of a wave on a string depends on the tension F in the string and the mass per unit length m/f of the string. If it is known that [F] = [MLJ[7T?, find the constants a and 6 in the following equation for the speed of a wave on a string: » = (constant)F(mle)?,54 3000 Solved Problems in Physics SL 40° to the horizontal. The speed of the water is 20 m/s as it leaves the hose. How high up will it strike a wall which is 8 m away? Setting coordinates as shown in Fig. 5.4, with vy = 20 mis and @ = 40°, we get ¥y COs By 20 m/s) cos 40° = 15.3 m/s vg sin By 20 ms) sin 40° = 12.8 m/s —80m——> Fig. 5.4 X= Ypyf, and setting x = 8 m we find the time to hit the wall: 8 m = (15.3 mis)t, yielding 1 = 0.52 s. To find the height at which it hits the wall, we use y= vot = yah with 1 = 0.52 s. This yields y = (12.8 m/s}(0.52 s) = (4.9 m/s*\(0.52 s)* 3 m. = 5. A baseball batter hits a home run ball with a velocity of 132 fs at an angle of 26° above the horizontal. A fielder who has a reach of 7 ft above the ground is backed up against the bleacher wall, which is 386 ft from home plate, The ball was 3 ft above the ground when hit, How high above the fielder’s glove does the ball pass? The situation is depicted in Fig. 5.5, with the origin and x axis 3 ft above the ground. We must find the value of y on 5.12, Ground Fig. 5.5 the ball’s trajectory corresponding to x= 386 ft. Then we can subtract the height of the fielder’s glove above the x axis, ie., 7 ft 3 ft. To find y we note that Noe = %9 608 = (132 fils) cos 26° = 119 fu's vq sin (132 fils) sin 26° = 57.9 fs ‘The time to reach x = 386 ft is given by X= Vo, Or 386 ft = (119 fi/s)t, and 123,245. Then y = vot - je? = (57.9 fls)(3.24s) - faz fuls?(3.24 s)?'= 19.6 ft, Height above glove = 19.6 ft — 4 ft = 15.6 ft. [Note The trajectory equation y = (tan @)x - g37/(2v2 cos? Gy) can also be used to find y.] A ball is thrown upward at an angle of 30° to the horizontal and lands on the top edge of a building that is 20 m away. ‘The top edge is 5 m above the throwing point. How fast was the ball thrown? The situation is depicted in Fig, 5.6 with @ = 30°, We can use the trajectory equation y = tan @ x— gx°/(2v2 cos* By), setting x = 20 mand y=5 m. Then Sm = (0.58)(20 m) - (9.8 m/s?)(20 m)/(2v2 X 0.75), or vq = 20 mis. (Note If you5.13 5.14 Motion in a Plane I —2m— Fig. 5.6 didn’t remember the trajectory equation, you could still solve the problem by using the a-vs.-f and y-vs.-t equations.) A projectile is fired with initial velocity Yo = 95 m/s at an angle @ = 50°, After 5 sit strikes the top of a hill, What is the elevation of the hill above the point of firing? At what horizontal distance from. the gun does the projectile land? ‘The situation is as shown in Fig. 5.7. Vg = 95 ms; @y = 50°. At any time 1, Voyt fat, where Voy = Vo sin. 8 = 72.8 mis. For = 5 s, we get y = (72.8 ms) (60 s) - 708 mis?(5.0 3)? = 241 m. The horizontal distance, x, is given by X= Vol = Vo COS Opt = (61.1 mis}t. At t=5ss, we have x = 305 m, Fig. 5.7 A ball is thrown with a speed of 20 m/s at an angle of 37° above the horizontal, It lands on the roof of a building at a point displaced 24 m horizontally from the throwing point. How high above the throwing point is the roof? 5.15 5.16 sy The velocity components are Vgp = 16 m/s and Voy = 12 mis. In the horizontal problem, f= x/v, = 24/16 = 1.5 s. Then in the vertical problem we have y = vot + at"P, so y= 12(1.5)- 4.9(2.25) = 7.0 m. A hit baseball leaves the bat with a velocity of 110 ft/s at 45° above the horizontal. The ball hits the top of a sereen at the 32 ft mark and bounces into the crowd for a home run. How high above the ground is the top of the screen? (Neglect air resistance.) 5,= Vf v, = 110 cos 45° = a constant 320 = 110(0.707" t= 4.118 _ 12 y= voy dat = (110 sin 45°)(4,11) + Fem. 1 = (110)(0.707)(4.11) + peso 1 = 319.6 — 270.3 $= 49 ft (height of screen) A ball is thrown upward from a point on the side of a hill which slopes upward uniformly at an angle of 28°. Initial velocity of ball: vy = 33 mis, at an angle = 65° (with respect to the horizontal). At what distance up the slope docs the ball strike and in what time? The situation is depicted in Fig. 5.8. Vo = 33 mils and @ = 65°. The trajectory ‘equation of the ball is tan &)x — g7/2v2 cos? A) = 2.14x - 0.025x7aed 3.17 5.18 The equation for the incline is y, = (tan 28°)x = 0.535. At the value of x for which the ball hits the incline yy = 3, oF 0.53% = 2.14r - 0.025,7, and 0,025.7 = 1.61x, which yield x = 64.4 m. The distance along the incline, S, obeys x= S cos 28° or § = 72.9 m, The time to reach any x value is given by x =-vgg! = (vp 005 Op)t = 13.91, So for x = 64.4 m, 1= 4.34 5, A projectile is to be shot at 50 m/s over evel ground in such a way that it will Iand 200 m from the shooting point. At what angle should the projectile be shot? In the horizontal problem, x= vag gives 200 = (50 cos 8), where @ is the angle we seek. In the verieal problem, Yor! +ar/2 gives O= 50 sin @- 4.91. But ¢ = 200/(50 cos 6), and so 50 sin @= 4,9(4/cos 6). This simplifies to 2 sin @ cos 6 = 0.784, and so sin 26 = 0.784, from which 6 = 25.8°. As shown in Fig. 5.9, a ball is thrown from the top of the one building toward a tall building 30 ft away. The initial velocity of the ball is 20 fis at 40° above the horizontal, How far above or below its original level will the ball strike the opposite wall? 20 ft/s) cos 40° = 15.3 fs 20 ft/s) sin 40° = 12.9 fv/s 20tvs, N sot Fig. 5.9 5.19 3000 Solved Problems in Physics In the horizontal motion, vq, = vp. = Ty = 15.3 fUs. Then x= 3,1 gives 50 ft = (15.3 fUs)r, or f= 3.27 s. In the vertical motion, taking down as positive, Y= Vol + fae = (-12.9 fu/s)(3.27 5) + 4o22 fls\(3.27 8)* = 130 ft below. (a) Find the range x of a gun which fires a shell with muzzle velocity v at an angle of elevation @. (b) Find the angle of elevation @ of a gun which fires a shell with a muzzle velocity of 1.2 km/s at a target on the same level but 15 km distant, See Fig. 5.10. Fig. 5.10 (a) Let # be the time it takes the shell to hit the target. Then, x= vaf or t= x/ Vp, Consider the vertical motion alone, and take up as positive. When the shell strikes the target, vertical displacement =02 Yost + Pwr. Solving this equation gives 1 = 2vofg. But 1 = x/ec, 50 a By Vox g Qa or x= & 2908 8)(vgsin 8) 8Motion in a Plane I 57 5.20 5.21 5.22 (b) From the range equation found in (a), Bx a (9.8.x 1073 km/s?)(15 km) (1.2 km/s)? sin 2 = 0.102 whence 26 = 5.9° and @ = 3.0°. A rifle bullet has a muzzle velocity of 680 fs. (a) at what angle (ignoring air resistance) should the rifle be pointed to give the maximum range? (b) Evaluate: the maximum range. (a) By Prob. 5.19(a), the range is a maximum when sin 20= 1 or = 45° 2 fis)? (680 ft/s 0) iq = P= SO & 32 ft/s? A golf ball leaves the gold club at an angle of 60° above the horizontal with a velocity of 30 m/s. (a) How high does it go? (b) Assuming a level fairway, determine how far away it hits the ground. (a) With up positive, vo, = 30 sin 60° = 153 mvs and, at maximum height, ¥, equals zero. Thus, v2 = v2 + 2ah 675 n 19.6. (b) By Prob. 5.19(a), 2sin 26 900(V/3/2) ——— = 799.5m £ 98 Prove that a gun will shoot three times as high when its angle of elevation is 60° as when it is 30°, but will carry the same horizontal distance. 14,450 ft. 0 = 675 - 19.6h 34.4 m x 5.23 <8 We assume that vy is the same at both angles. Maximum height is given by the . De ye ' condition Wz O. Then, Vy = My > 2gy yields Yay = vi,f(28)- Noting that Voy = Yq Sin Bp, we have finally Ymuax = (9§ sin? @)/2g. Them Yinx(60°H¥pax(30°) = sin? 60°/sin* 30° = 3. To show that the horizontal range is the same, we note that in the range formula [Prob. 5.19(a)] cos 60° sin 60° = cos 30° sin 30° since 30° and 60° are complementary angles. As shown in Fig. 5.11, a projectile is fired with a horizontal velocity of 330 m/s from the top of a cliff 80 m high, (a) How long will it take for the projectile to strike the level ground at the base of the cliff? (b) How far from the foot of the cliff will it strike? (©) With what velocity will it strike? oo Soms ‘X———>| Fig, 5.14 (a) The horizontal and vertical motions are independent of each other. Consider first the vertical motion. Taking down as positive we have y= vot + 4a,?, or 80 m= 0+ #08 m/s)P, from which 1 = 4.04 s. Note that the initial velocity had zero vertical component, and so v = 0 in the vertical motion.3000 Solved Problems in Physics 5.24 (b) Now consider the horizontal motion. For it, a=0 and so ¥, = vq = vy =330 mvs, Then, using the value of t found in (a), x (330 m/s)(4.04 s) = 1330 m. (© The final velocity has a horizontal component of 330 m/s. But its vertical velocity at 1 = 4.04 s is given by vy, = Voy + yf as vy, = 0+ (9.8 m/s?\(4.04 5) = 40 m/s. The resultant of these two components is labeled v in Fig. 5.11; we have v= 940 mvs)? + (330 m/s)? = 332 m/s Angle @ shown is given by tan @ = 40/330 to be 6.9°. A stunt filter is moving at 15 mV/s parallel to the flat ground 100 m below. How large must the horizontal distance x from plane to target be if a sack of flour relea- sed from the plane is to strike the target? Following the same procedure as in Prob. 5.23, use y= vot + fae to get =i, 100 m = + 3708 mis), of t= 4.5 5. Now use x= v,r= (15 m/s)(45 s) = 68 m, since the sack’s initial velocity is that of the plane. 5.25 5.26 5.27 A baseball is thrown with an initial velocity of 100 m/s at an angle of 30° above the horizontal. How far from the throwing point will the baseball attain its original level? By the range formula, yysin 20 1083/2) _ g 98 A cart is moving horizontally along a straight line with constant speed 30 m/s. A projectile is to be fired from the moving cart in such a way that it will return to the cart after the cart has moved 80 m. At what speed (relative to the cart) and at what angle (to the horizontal) must the projectile be fired? To move horizontally with the cart, the projectile must be fired vertically with a flight time = x/v, = (80 m)/(30 m/s) = 2.67 8. The initial velocity v, must satisfy Y = Vol + ar/2, with y = 0 and ¢ = 2.67 s; thus 4.91 = vp, and so vy = 13.1 m/s at a= 90°. 890 m a= In Fig. 5.12, of particles from a bit of radioactive material enter through slit S into the space between two large parallel Fig. 5.12metal plates, A and B, connected to a source of voltage. As a result of the uniform electric field between the plates, each particle has a constant acceleration a= 4 x 10" m/s? normal to and toward B. If vy =6 x 10° ms and 6 = 45°, determine h and R. Here the electric force takes the place of the gravity, but otherwise the analysis is the same. Choosing upward as positive, i.e., the direction from B to A, we have a regular trajectory problem with vo = 6 x 10° ms; @ = 45% ay = ~4 x 10" m/s?; a, = 0. Then x = vat = Yo cos Ot = (4.24 x 10° m/s)e; and similarly Y= Vol + fa? = (4.24 x 10° mist = (2.0.x 10" mis*y vy = Moy tat = 4.24 x 10° m/s) = 4.0 x 10" m/s? At the highest point, y= h, v, = 0, and 1 = 1.06 x 10°7 s. Thus h = (4.24 x 10°) (106 x 1077) - (2.0 x 10") x (1.06 x 10”)? = 0.225 m. The horizontal range 5.28 (by 5.29 Mation in @ Plane I [39] R corresponds to x at the time the o particle returns to plate B. By symmetry, this is 2r = 2.12 x 10-7 s. Then R= (4.24 x 108 m/s)(2.12 x 1077 s) = 0.90 m. A ball is thrown upward from the top of a 35 m tower, Fig. 5.13, with initial velocity vg = 80 mvs at an angle @= 25°. (a) Find the time to reach the ground and the distance R from P to the point of impact. (b) Find the magnitude and direction of the velocity at the moment. of impact, (a) At the point of impact, y = -35 m and x = R. From y = —35 = (80 sin 25°)t ~ $O.8P, r= 7814s, Then x= R= (80 cos 25°)(7.814) = 566.55 m. At impact, v, = 80 sin 25° - (9.8)(7.814) = —42.77 mis and v, = Vo, = 80 cos 25° 725 wis. Thus v= (42.77? + 72.57)? = 84.18 m/s and tan 6 = -42.77/72.5, or B= -30.54°. ‘The arrangement in Fig. 5.14 is the same as that in Fig. 5.12 except that a particles enter slit S from two sources, A, and A, at angles @, and 63, respectively. vy and5.10 3000 Solved Problems in Physics Fig. 5.16 5.31 A ball is thrown upward with initial @ are the same for both groups. Given that vp = 6 x 10° m/s, a =4 x 103 mis, 6, = 45° + 1°, 6) = 45° = 1°, show that all particles are “focused” at a single point P and find the value of R. Here we can use the horizontal range formula R = 2v2 cos 6y sin 6)/a. Noting that for the first @ particle 6 = 6, = 46° and for the second a particle 6 = @ = 44°, we see that the two are complementary angles. Then cos @ sin 6, = sin 8, cos 6, and the ranges are the same. Indeed R = 2(6 x 10° m/s)" (0.719) (0.6954 x 10!3 mis?) = 0.90 m. 5.30 Again referring to Fig. 5.14, find fay = hy, For the vertical heights we have v2 = vg, + 2a,y with v, = 0; a, = lal = 4 x 10" m/s?, Then nay? ny = 080 OY" 9.233 m 2lal nay = usin Oy 217m 2lal hy — hy = 0.016 m= 16 mm velocity vg = 15.0 m/s at an angle of 30° with the horizontal. The thrower stands near the top of a long hill which slopes downward at an angle of 20°. When does the ball strike the slope? We choose the launch point at the origin (see Fig. 5.15). The equations of motion of the ball are X= Vp cos 30° (13.0 mis)t y= vy sin 30° - Le? = (7.5 mis)t — (4.9 m/s?) Fig. 5.15 The equation of the straight line incline =x tan 20° = -0.364x. We want the time at which the (x, y) values for the ball satisfy this equation. We thus substitute the time expressions for y and x:Mation in a Plane I 5.1 (7.5 mis)t = (4.9 mis?) = -0.364{(13.0 m/s], or 12.2r = 4.97. The solutions (corresponding to x= y = 0) 49 5. 5.32. Referring to Prob. 5.31 determine how far down the slope the ball strikes. Referring to Fig. 5.15 we need the x and y components of the displacement to position A: x = (13.0 m/s)(2.49 5) = 32.4 m; y = -0.364x = -11.8 m. Then Lea Jx+y 14.5 m (or directly from x, L = x/cos 20° = 34.5 m). $.33 Referring to Prob. 5.31 indicate with what velocity the ball hits. For the velocity of the ball just before impact, vq: Vy cos 30° = 13,0 m/s vp sin 30° — gr = 7.5 mls — (9.8 m/s?)(2.49 s) 16.9 m/s | = s2.4° Vax below positive x axis y, 5.34 A bomber, Fig. 5.16, is flying level at a speed vj = 72 mis (about 161 mifh), at an elevation of = 103 m. When directly over the origin bomb B is released and strikes the truck 7, which is moving along a level road (the X axis) with constant speed, At the instant the bomb is released the truck is at a distance x = 125 m from O. Find the value of v, and the time of flight of B. (Assume that the truck is 3 m high.) ‘The equations for x and y motion of the bomb are X= Ugh = vyt = (72 mls)e Y= Yo* Voy ae ze = 103 m—(4.9 m/s)? The time for hitting the truck corresponds toy =3 m, so 3 m= 103 m - (4.9 m/s 100 49> e Then x = (72 m/s)(4.52 s) = 352 m. x= t 325 m-125 m = = 44.2 mis 4525 * t 528 v= Fig. 5.163000 Solved Problems in Physics 5.35 A projectile, Fig. 5.17, is fired upward with velocity vg at an angle. (a) At what point P(x, ») does it strike the roof of the building, and in what time? (b) Find the magnitude and direction of v at P. Let @ = 35°, vg = 40 m/s, @ = 30°, and h= 15m. Roof: y=h—xtan a Fig. 5.47 First note that (using notation i = yay) Eq = Vo cos 35° = 32.7661 mis = Vp Sin 35° = 22.943 mts and, from the equation of the roof, yoh-xtan@ 15 — (0.57735)x a) (a) Eliminating tfrom y= 5 x= Sof, we have yo(e}- Zw *o oH for the path of the projectile. Equating y in (1) to y in (2) and inserting numerical values, 0,004564x7 — 1.277558 + 15 = 0, from which x = 12.28 m. Then y= h— (12.28) tan c= 7.90 m. The time to strike is given by 12.28 = 32.7612, or f= 0.375 s. (b) ALP, é P= Hy 9.81 2.943 — (9.8)(0.375) = 19.268 m/s Thus v= (i? +54)? = 38.0 mis and- tan B= §/% = 0.588, or B= 30.46°, where Bis the angle that v makes with X at P. 2.766 m/s 5.36 In Prob. 5.35, angle @ can be adjusted. Find the value of @ for which the projectile strikes the roof in a time. Again y= sot—Lee* = (vp sin Or Lt? and Equating these two expressions for y and climinating x by x= igt = (vp cos @)t, we obtain the following equation for the time of striking: Sar- vo(cos 8 tan + sin O)1 + h= 0. Or, using the addition formula sin (0 + @) = sin 8 cos a+ cos sin Loa [ Yo | - tye sin(@+0)|¢+4=0 (1) cos @ For a minimum f, we must have di/d@ = 0, Differentiating (1) with respect to @ and setting dr/d@ = 0, we obtain + *o s010 +0 in=0 cos a which implies that (since fq, #0) cos ( + 0) =0, or 6= 90° - a. This result means that projectile should be aimed in the direction minimum distance, just as though the acceleration of gravity did not exist. However, gravity cannot be ignored in this problem. If we seck to determine the valuc of tai, by substituting @+ a = 90° into (1) and solving, we obtain Toxin = which is complex if vj < Y2gh cos a In other words, if vy < [Zgh cos @, the5.37 5.38 Motic projectile never reaches the roof, whatever the value of 6, and the concept of a minimum time become meaningless. With reference to Fig. 5.18, the projectile is fired with an initial velocity vy =35 ms atan angle @= 23°, The truck is moving along X with a constant speed of 15 m/s. At the instant the projectile is fired, the back of the truck is at.x= 45 m, Find the time for the projectile to strike the back of the truck, if the truck is very tall. In this case, the projectile hits the back of the truck at the moment of overtaking it, which is the moment at which the distance of the back of the truck, x, = 45 + 15¢, equals the horizontal distance of the projectile, x = (vg cos O)t = 32.221. Thus 1 32.22-15 What will happen if the truck of Prob. 5.37 is only 2.0 m tall? At r= 2.614 s, when the projectile overtakes the back of the truck, faster its height is, noting vg sin @ = 13.67 mis; y = (13.67) (2.614) - FO.82.614)* = 2.25 m, ise., 25 cm above the top of the truck, Since the projectile travels horizontally than does the truck, it is clear that thereafter the projectile remains ahead of the back of the truck, and so the back. = 2614s. y a Plone I 5.39 The projectile will reach (for the second time) a height of 2 m in a total time f) given by 2 = (13.67)f - j098, or t = 2.635 s, that is, 2.635 - 2.614 = 0.021 after overtaking the back of the truck. Thus the projectile hits the top of the truck of a distance of (32.22 = 15)(0.021) = 0.36 m = 36 em in front of the rear edge. Fig. 5.18 Referring to Prob. 5.37, find a value of Vg all other conditions remaining the same, for which the projectile hits the truck at y= 3 m. The time taken to overtake the back of the truck is given by 4S + 154 = (vg cos Ot o t2-—S_ ¥ cos @— 15 at which time y= 3= (vp sin Or — pour san ci 45 =n 0) 2 1 8 109i) Inserting the numerical values of sin @ and cos @ we obtain the following quadratic equation for vp: vg(4.55) - vo (60.3) - 3532 = 0. Solving, vp =35.3 mis. 15mg om Truck P pM5.14 3000 Solved Problems in Physics 5.40 5.41 SAz 5.43 The motion of a particle in the XY plane is given by x= 25 + 6; y= -50— 201+ 8°, Find the following initial values: xp, Yor or For Yo- Att=0,x=.1)=25 m; y=yy=—50m. = 12 Jy = 0 mis 3-20 + 16r Sy = -20 mis Vo = (vj, +¥G,)"? = 20 mvs. and v9, Find magnitude and direction of a, the acceleration of the particle in Prob. 5.40. 16 ms". a, 2 ¥, = 12 mis’; a, = i, ay tan 8, = a -16_4 12.3 implies that @, = 53° above the positive xaxis. a= (12? + 16%)" = 20 mis?, Write an equation for the particle’ path (find y as a function of x) in Prob. 5.40. We climinate time between the two equations as follows; ? = (x - 25)/6, or t= [(x — 25)/6]!?, Then substituting into the y equation; y = ~50 ~ 20[(x ~ 25)/ 6]"? + 8(x — 25/6, or 6y = 500 + Bx = 120[(x — 25)/6]'7.* A particle moving in the XY plane has X and ¥ components of velocity given by Fabre Ss byt on ay where x and y are measured in meters and 1 in seconds. (a) What are the units and dimensions of the constants 6, and 3? of c, and c3? (b) Integrate the above relations to obtain x and y as functions of time. (c) Denoting total acceleration as a and total velocity as v, find expressions for the magnitude and direction of a and of v. (d) Write v in terms of the unit vectors. 5.44 (a) Inspection of (1) shows that b, and b, must represent velocities in meters per second; unit-dimensionally c, and c3 must be Imis’l, thus accelerations. (by ox Xo + bt+ gat y= yo+ byt far Where Xo, ¥p are the values of x and y at 1=0. (©) Differentiating (1) with respect to 1, = cy, j= cp, Then 2 a= (+ fl? = (ef +69)!” je tan = 2 # g where a is the angle a makes with X. Note that a is constant in magnitude and direction. For the velocity, ve (0+ 97)? = (Cb, + ei)? + (by + ent? _ byteyt tan B= bret where fi is the angle v makes with X. (@) v= (by + ci + (by + eat. A particle moves in the XY plane along the path given by 04 3x +Sx7. The X component of velocity, & = 4 mis, is constant, and at f= 0, x= x) = 6m. (a) Write y and x as functions of 1. (b) Find and ¥, the components of acceleration of the particle. (a) y=344 100%; i= 4 m/satall times and x9 = 6 m. Then Not kt =6 m+ (4 mvs) = 10 + (18 + 121) + 566 +41)? 208 m + (252 mist + (80 m/s?) (b) $=0 f= 160 mis?Motion in a Plane I 5.15 5.45 A ball, B,, is fired upward from the origin of X, ¥ with initial velocity v, 100 m/s at an angle 8, = 40°. After t, 10 s, as can easily be shown, the ball is at point P(x), y)), where x, = 766.0 m, y, = 152.8 m. Some time later, another ball, By, is fired upward, also from the origin, with velocity v, at angle @, = 35°. (a) Find a value of v; such that B, will pass through the point P(x,, y). (b) Find the time when B, must be fired in order that the two balls will collide at PO, y). (a) Let (x), y;, ty) refer to the coordinates and time of By and (x, y>, i) 10 those of By. Since By is to pass through P(x), ¥4), = (V2. COS 35° My = 766.0 yp = (yy sin 38°) 4.9.2 = 152.8 Eliminating 1, 152.8 = (766.0) tan 35° 766. 2 ao 35] from which v) = 105.69 m/s. (©) Inserting the value of v2 in xy (vz €08 35°)fy = 766.0 m, we find ty 8.848 s. Hence, with v, = 105.69 m/s and @, = 35°, By passes through P(x, 1) 8.848 s afier it is fired, But B, arrives at this point 10's after starting. Hence, if the two are to collide, the firing of B, must be delayed 10 — 8.848 = 1.152 s. 5.47 5.48 5.49 5.46 The motion of a particle in the XY plane is given by x= 10412r-207 y= 254 151430" Find value of xo. je Yor io and the magnitude and direction of v9. AL t=O, x= xg 10; y= yg = 25. Differentiating we get = 12 — 401, P= 1S + 604; fp = 12; Jp = 15, 5.2 5.50 vo= Cid + 3$)"? = 19.2 12 2 513° i 0) = tar above positive x axis Referring to Prob. 5.46, find ¥, j and a, the vector acceleration. ‘We differentiate the expressions for and j to get ¥ = -40, 60. Acceleration is thus constant and @ = 40? +60? = 72. The direction of a is given by B= wan| | = 563° above the negative x axis Referring to Probs. 5.46 and 5.47, state whether or not the motion is along a straight line. No: Since the lines of vy and a do not coineide the path must be parabolic, as in projectile motion. See Prob. 5.57 Can the motion of a particle be given by x=5410t+ 17° +4P yo8+9re 20F -6r if the particle is acted on by a constant force? #104 341+ 127, 5 = 9 + 401 - 19°; % = 34 + 240; 40 — 362. But the acceleration is not constant, as it must be for a constant force. Hence, the motion is impossible. RELATIVE MOTION An elevator is moving upward at a constant speed of 4 mV/s. A light bulb falls out of a socket in the ceiling of the elevator. A man in the building watching the cage sees the bulb rise for (4/9.8) s5.16 | 3000 Solved Problems in Physics 5.51 5.52 and then fall for (4/9.8) s; at t = (4/9.8) s the bulb appears to be at rest to the man. Compute the velocity of the bulb at 1 = (4/9.8) s from the view of an observer in the elevator. Taking up as positive Yyetverey = Vouibybldg ~ Velevioldg = 0 — 4 = —4 mis. Alternatively, in the inertial frame of the elevator, va y+ ar = 0+ (9.8) 55 = 4 mls A ship is traveling due east at 10 km/h. What must be the speed of a second ship heading 30° east of north if it is always due north from the first ship? v, = velocity of first ship relative to the earth; v, = velocity of second ship relative to the earth, Let v2) = relative velocity of second ship to first ship. Then vs = ¥3, + ¥,, (Fig. 5.19), where v3) is due north, Thus v, sin 30°= v, = 10 km/h, and v, = 20 km/h. Now von w 7 E vi s Fig. 5.19 During a rainstorm, raindrops are observed to be striking the ground at an angle of 35° with the vertical. The wind speed is 4.5 m/s. Assuming that the horizontal velocity component of raindrops is the same as the speed of the 5.53 air, what is the vertical velocity compo- nent of the raindrops? What is their speed? Let v = velocity of raindrops relative to earth, v, = wind velocity, v, = 4.5 TVS, ¥, = Vye From Fig, 5.20, Mw tan 35° Pay? = 7.84 m/s = 6.43 m/s y fe My Vee Vw Fig. 5.20 A rowboat is pointing perpendicular to the bank of a river. The rower can propel the boat with a speed of 3.0 m/s with respect to the water. The river has a current of 4.0 m/s, (a) Cor diagram in which the two vel represented as vectors. (b) Find the vector which represents the boat's velocity with respect to the shore. (¢) At what angle is this vector inclined to the direction in which the boat is pointing? What is the boat's speed with respect to the launch point? (d) If the river is 100 m wide, determine how far downstream of the launch point the rowboat is when it reaches the opposite bank. (a) See Fig. 5.21(a). (b, ©) The velocity with respect to the shore is given by Vyqq = Vg + Vy. Since Vy and v, are perpendicular, we have = (Bed = (4a? =5 ms. ,5.54 Motion in a Plane I fa) Fig. The angle p shown in Fig. 5.21(b) is determined by tan @= v,Jvg. For the speeds given, we find g = 53.1°. The boat moves along a line directed 53.1° downstream from “straight across.” (d) Letting D = distance downstream, we have D/100 m = v,/¥'p = 4/3, so that D = 133 m. A swimmer can swim at a speed of 0.70 m/s with respect to the water. She wants to cross a river which is 50 m wide and has a current of 0.50 ms. (a) If she wishes to land on the other bank at a point directly across the river from her starting point, in what direction must she swim? How rapidly will she increase her distance from the near bank? How long. it take her to cross? (b) If, she instead decides to cross in the shortest possible time, in what direction must she swim? How rapidly will she increase her distance from the near bank? How long will it take her to cross? How far downstream will she be when she lands? (a Let v, be the velocity of the current, v, be the velocity of the swimmer with respect to the water, and y, be the velocity of the swimmer with respect to the shore. Then ¥, = ¥y + Vor For a direct crossing, v, must be perpen- dicular to ¥,. Therefore, sin = vAy, as shown in Fig. 5.22. We are given the values v, = 0.50 m/s, vy = 0.70 m/s, and. 4 = 50 m; we find @ = 45.6% upstream 5.21 5.55 cca vo Fig. 5.22 from the direction “straight across." The swimmer will increase her distance from the near shore at the rate v, = 1, cos 8 = 0.49 m/s. She will cross the river in a time #= div, = 102 s. (b) To maximize the component of her velocity perpendicular to the river bank, the swimmer should head straight across the stream. She will cross in a time 1 = div, = 71.4 s, and she will land a distance ve = (W/vy)d = 35,7 m downstream from her starting point. An armored car 2 m long and 3 m wide is moving at 13 m/s when a bullet hits it in a direction making an angle arctan (3/4) with the car as seen from the street (Fig. 5.23a). The bullet enters one edge of the car at the comer and passes out at the diagonally opposite comer. Neglecting any interaction between bullet and car, find the time for the bullet to eross the car. Call the speed of the bullet V. Because of the motion of the car, the velocity of the bullet relative to the car in the5.18 <—2m—> am | A @) 3000 Solved Problems in Physic @) Fig. 5.23 direction of the length of the car is V cos @ — 13, and the velocity in the direction of the width of the car is V sin 4 (Fig. 5.23b). Then, from s = vt, 2= (Vos @- 13) 3=(Vsin Oy Eliminate V to find 1 3 2 = a(qaa72) = ip O58 5.56 Rain, pouring down at an angle a with the vertical, has a constant speed of 10 m/s, A woman runs against the rain with a speed of 8 m/s and sees that the rain makes an angle B with the vertical. Find the relation between or and B. From the vector diagram Fig. 5.24, 8+10sin a 10 cos @ Fig. 5.26 5.57 Verify that the trajectory of Prob. 5.46 is a parabola by choosing coordinate axes parallel and perpendicular to the constant acceleration vector. Figure 5.25 shows the new coordinate system; from analytic geometry we have the relations x= xcos O+ysin = Fig. 5.25 Hence the equations of motion in the primed coordinates are 3(LO + 121 ~ 2077) + 225 + 151+ 309) = 80 + 661 (5.58 Motion in o Plane I -2(10 + 121 -207) + 3(25 + 151+ 30P) = 55 +2 + 130° @ We can now solve (1) for f in terms of x” and substitute the result in (2), obtaining an equation ysav?+ bx +c (3) for definite constants a, 6, ¢. Finally, completing the square on the right of (3), ‘we transform it to y - B= KW - a () which is recognized as the equation of a parabola, with vertex atv = a y= B and with axis parallel to the y’ axis. Observer O drops a stone from the thirtieth floor of a skyscraper. Observer ’, descending in an elevator at constant speed V = 5.0 mis, passes the thirtieth floor just as the stone is released. At the ime f= 3.05 after the stone is dropped, find the position, the velocity, and the acceleration of the stone relative to O. Then find the position, the velocity and the acceleration of the stone relative to a. For 0, the position of the stone is given by 2 Feat vote S where x = 0 it the thirtieth floor with the: downward direction as the positive x direction. Thus, at = 3.0 s, 2 aoe 2Smbs xo Also v = vg + at gives v = 0+ 9.8 m/s? 3.0 s = 429 mis. “The acceleration of freely falling body, as seen by the observer O who is stationary with respect to the earth, is known to be the constant gravitational acceleration, (Indeed, this underlies the 5.59 () validity of the two calculations imme- diately above.) You thus have a = +g = 49.8 m/s. O' measures position x’, related to x via x = x— Vi. Hence, after 3.0 s, x” 44 m ~ 5.0 m/s X 3.0 s = +29 m. That is, the stone is located 29 m below observer O' at the end of 3.0 s, The stone's vo Vs velocity relative to O’ is v’ = hence, at 1 = 3.0 sy v= 29 mis — 5.0 m/s + 24 m/s Since V is constant, a’ = a, and a’ = +g = 49.8 ns*, Observe 0” sees the stone to have the same downward acceleration as that seen by Q, (In general accelera- tions are the same in all inertial frames.) A truck is traveling due north and descending a 10 percent grade (angle of slope = tan“! 0.10 = 5.7°) at a constant speed of 90 km/h. At the base of hill there is a gentle curve, and beyond that the road is level and heads 30° east of the north. A southbound police car with a radar unit is traveling at 80 km/h along the level road at he base of the hill, approaching the truck. What is the velocity vector of the truck with respect to the police car? We use coordinate axes with % east, $ north, and @ vertically upward, We let vp be the velocity of the tuck with respect to the ground and vp be the velocity of the police car with respect to the ground, According to the information given, we have vp = OR + (90 kmv/h)(cos 5.795 = (90 km/hy(sin 5.7°)3 Vp = (80 kmvhy(sin 30°)& — (80 km/h)(cos 30°) + 08 and5.20 5.60 3000 Solved Problems in Physics Reducing these, we find v; = (89.69 — 8.942) km/h and vp = (-40.0% = 69.39) km/h. The velocity uy of the truck with respect to the police car is given by Ups Vz- Vp = (40.0% + 158.89 - 8.92) kwh A bird, in level flight at constant acceleration ag relative to the ground frame X, ¥ (Fig. 5.26), lets fall a worm from its beak. What is the path of the worm, as seen by the bird? 5.61 Fig. 5.26 In the bird's noninertial coordinate system X’, ¥” (Fig. 5.26), the equation of motion of the worm is, B ~ Ay = constant Thus the acceleration of the worm is constant, and its path is straight line (supporting that it was dropped from rest). The slope of the line with respect to the horizontal is tan @ = glay. Refer to Prob. 5.60 and Fig. 5.26. (a) Determine the path of the worm as seen from the ground. (b) Verify that the two descriptions of the path are equivalent. (a) In the ground frame X, Y, the worm: has constant acceleration jj = -g and an initial velocity £) = vp, where vp is the speed of the bird at the instant the worm is released (call this time 1 = 0). Hence (b) 5.62 XeKytVol yeyo- der and the path is a parabola. Let us suppose that at r= 0 the wo coordinate frames coincide, At time 1, OF will have advanced a distance vot + 14,02 along the X axis, so that the Coordinates (x, y) and (x’, y’) of the worm in the two systems are related by rer+(wrttg?) yey @ The path in the X’, ¥' system is obtained by substituting the expressions (2) into (1): x + yet Jay? = 3 +3 Y= 30~ gar Mo 8 xm dy which is a straight line of slope gay, as found in Prob. 5.60. or A helicopter is trying to land on a subma- rine deck which is moving south at 17 ms. A 12 m/s wind is blowing into the west. If to the submarine crew the helicopter is descending vertically at 5 m/s, what is its speed (a) relative to the water and (b) relative to the air. See Fig. 5.27. Zz Fig. 5.27 (8) Vicuwater = Veutywater + Vpeviub = 17d + (5)k = (17j - Sk) m/s (B) Ycuaic = Yacuwater + Vwateaic = Vhetmater = Veiciwater = 17] — Sk) - 12) = C125 + 17j - 5k) nvs6.1 61 62 Motion CIRCULAR MOTION; CENTRIPETAL FORCE A 0.3 kg mass attached to a 1.5 m long string is whirled around in a horizontal circle at a speed of 6 m/s*. (a) What is the centripetal acceleration of the mass? (b) What is the tension in the string? (Neglect gravity.) (mis) @a=— R 15m (b) The tension in the string exerts the centripetal force required to keep the mass in circular motion. This force is T = ma = (0.3 kg)(24 ms?) = 7.2 N. A small ball is fastened to a string 24 cm Jong and suspended from a fixed point P to make a conical pendulum, as shown in Fig. 6.1. The ball describes a horizontal circle about a center vertically under point , and the string makes as angle of 15° with the vertical. Find the speed of the ball. = 24 m/s? Chapter Six in a Plane II Fig. 6.1 Tcos.15° = mg T sin 15° = tan 15° = re Since r=24 sin 15° = 24(0.259) =6.22. cm, and hence tan 15° = v= 404 cm/s ¥ 6.22980)fa 63 6.4 65 In the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom an electron is pictured rotating in a circle (with a radius of 0.5 x 10° m) about the positive nucleus of the atom. The centripetal force is furnished by the electric attraction of the positive nucleus for the negative electron. How large is this force if the electron is moving with a speed of 2.3 x 10° m/s? (The mass of an electron is 9 x 10°! kg.) Force = (9 x 107? kg)(2.3 — 10° mis) m)=95 x 10*N, Find the maximum speed with which an automobile can round a curve of 80 m radius without slipping if the road is unbanked and the coefficient of friction between the road and the tyres is 0.81, First draw a diagram showing the forces (Fig. 6.2). If mg is the weight of the automobile, then the normal force is N= mg. The frictional force supplies the centripetal force F,, F.= aN = 081 mg 2 ~_ mg = Also, Fe= O81 mg = "Fe 0.81 x 80 x 9.8 = 25.2 mis N Fig. 6.2 What is the maximum velocity, in miles per hour, for an automobile rounding a level curve of 200 ft radius if , between tyres and roadbed is 1.0. 3000 Solved Problems in Physics my" Hmg = v= Vier = V1.0 x32.2 fs? 200 ft = 80 fs 30 mish fl's = 80 fils x = 54.5 mifh, 6.6 A car is traveling 25 m/s (56 mi/h) around a level curve of radius 120 m. What is the minimum value of the coefficient of static friction between the tyres and the road required to prevent the car from skidding? S Hymne wz v2? _ OS mmisy? = =053. rg (9.8m/s?)(120m) 6.7 Traffic is expected to move around a curve of radius 200 m at 90 km/h. What should be the value of the banking angle if no dependence is to be placed on friction? See Fig. 6.3 w= mg=N cos @ 2 and nw =Nsin@ Fig. 6.3 Dividing the second by the first equation, tan @= v/rg. Substitute the data, changing kilometers per hour into meters per second:6.8 69 Motion in a Plane IT ‘90 krn/h x L000 m/kmn )? 3600 s/h 200m x 9.8 m/s? = 0319 so @= 177°. tan 0= As indicated in Fig. 6.4, a plane flying at constant speed is banked at angle @in order to fly in a horizontal circle of radius r. The aerodynamic lift force acts gemnerally upward at right angles to the plane's wings and fuselage. This lift force corresponds to the tension provided by the string in a conical pendulum, or the normal force of a banked road, (a) Obtain the equation for the required banking angle @ in terms of ¥, r and (b) What is the required angle for 60 m/s (216 ken/h) and r= 1,0 km? Fig. 6.4 (a) As in Probs. 6.2 and 6.7, tan 0 = wirg. 2 (b) 6 = tan! —8" ___ = 92°. (.0x10°)9.8) A car goes around a curve of radius 48 m. If the road is banked at an angle of 15° with the horizontal, at what maximum speed in kilometers per hour may the ear travel if there is to be no tendency to skid even on very slippery pavement? Use the equation for banking of highways: 6.10 GAL 6.12 [sa] aa os ¥ re 489.8) .268(48)(9.8) = 11.2 ms 11.2 m/s)(0.001 km/m)(3600 s/h) = 40.3 km/h, tan 8 A certain car of mass m has a maximum frictional foree of 0.7 mg between it and pavement as it rounds a curve on a flat road (j4 = 0.7). How fast can the car be moving if it is to successfully negotiate a curve of 15 m radius? The centripetal force (mv7/r) must be supplied by the frictional force. In the limiting case, mfr = f with f= 0.7 mg. Thus, v*= 0.7 rg and v = 10 m/s. A crate sits on the floor of a boxcar. The coefficient of friction between the crate and the floor is 0.6. What is the maximum speed that the boxcar can go around a curve of radius 200 m without causing the crate to slide? As in other “unbanked-curve" problems (e.g. Prob. 6.5), = gr = (0.6)(9.8 m/s?)(200 m) = 1176 mis? Vinx = VIL76 m2/s? = 34.3 m/s. A boy ona bicycle pedals around a circle of 22 m radius at a speed of 10 mls, The combined mass of the boy and the bicycle is 80 kg, (a) What is the centripetal force exerted by the pavement on the bicycle? (b) What is the upward force exerted by the pavement on the bicycle? See Fig. 6.5. fe) £,= mi? 8000)" _ oor (b) N = mg = 80(9.8) = 784 N6.4 3000 Solved Problems in Physics 6.13 614 Fig. 6.5 Refer to Prob. 6.12. What is the angle that the bicycle makes with the vertical? For the bicycle not to fall, the torque about the center of gravity must be zero—see Chaps. 9 and 10—which means that the vector force exerted by the ground must have a line of action passing through the center of gravity. Thus Fe _ 364 0 tan O= 7 = 3g, = 04643 0= 25°. A fly of mass 0.2 g sits 12 ems from the center of a phonograph record revolving at 334 rpm. (a) What is the magnitude of the centripetal force on the fly? (b) What is the minimum value of the coefficient of static friction between the fly and the record required to prevent the fly from sliding off? 2m a” = 2nfr @ v= ae = 2a] ———_ 60 s/min Jos 107m) = 0.419 ns Fema (0.2 1073 kg}(0.419 m/s)? ~ 0.12m =2.92-104N .92 x 104 N < Hyung 2.92104 N (0.2 x10 kg)(9.8 m/s?) = 0.149. Find (a) the speed and (b) the period of a spaceship orbiting around the moon, ‘The moon's radius is 1.74 x 106 m, and acceleration due to gravity on the moon is 1.63 m/s?, (Assume that the spaceship is orbiting just above the moons surface.) ) F, Hee v= fenRn {1-63 mls*)(1.74 x 10° m) 68 x 10° m/s 68 km/s {b) The circumference of the orbit is d= 2aR,, = (6.28)(1.74 x 10° m) = 1.09 x 10" km so the period is d _ 1,09%10* km v1.68 kms =6.5 x 10s = 108 min t=Motion in a Plane II [es | 6.16 6.17 At the equator, the effective value of g is smaller than at the poles. One reason for this is the centripetal acceleration due to the earth’s rotation. The magnitude of the centripetal acceleration must be subtracted from the magnitude of the acceleration due purely to gravity in order to obtain the effective value of g. (a) Calculate the fractional diminution of g at the equator as a result of the earth's rotation. Express your result as a percentage. (b) How short would the carth’s period of rotation have to be in order for objects at the equator to be “weightless” (that is, in order for the effective value of g to be zero)? (c) How would be the period found in part (b) compare with that of a satellite skimming the surface of an airless earth? (a) Using R, = 637 x 10° m and T= 24h = 86,400 s, we find a= VIR, 37 x 107 mi/s?, Therefore it g- 4, the fractional dimunition is (g ~ ger) = 0344 percent. (b) In order that gyi = 0, we need a= g = 4n°RJT?. Solving for T,, we find T, = 22,fR,/g =5.06 x 10° s = 84.4 min, (c) Since an orbiting satellite has ma = mg and gq = 0, its period equals T). A particle is to slide along horizontal circular path on the inside of the funnel shown in Fig. 6.6. The surface of the funnel is frictionless, How fast must the particle be moving (in terms of r and 6) if it is to execute this motion? The funnel is equivalent to a road banked at an angle 90° — @. Hence virg = tan(90° - 8) =cot 8, or v= 7g cot 8. Fig. 6.6 6.18 An automobile moves around a curve of radius 300 m at a constant speed of 60 mis [Fig. 6.7(a)]. (a) Calculate the resultant change in velocity (magnitude and direction) when the car goes around the are of 60°. (b) Compare the magnitude of the instantaneous acceleration of the car to the magnitude of the average acceleration over the 60° arc. (a) From Fig. 6.7(b), Av = 60 ms and Ay makes a 120° angle with v,. (b) The instantaneous acceleration has magnitude 12 m/s? The time average acceleration is 3 = Av/At. Since6.6 Fig. 6.7 6.19 While driving around a curve of 200 m radius, an engineer notes that a pendulum in the car hangs at an angle of 15° to the vertical. What should the speedometer read (in kilometers per hour)? 2 Tsin = "5 Tcos @= mg where r T = tension. Thus, tan 0= rg or v= rg tan@ = 23 m/s = 82.5 kmv/h. 6.20 The bug show in Fig. 6.8(a) has just lost its footing near the top of the stationary bowling ball. It slides down the ball without appreciable friction. Show that it will leave the surface of the ball at the angle @ = arccos 2 = 48°, v = ® Fig. 6.8 3000 Solved Problems in Physics (o) The centripetal force is given by mvir = mg cos @- Fy () At angle @, the decrease in potential energy, mgh = mgr(1 — cos 6), must equal the increase in kinetic energy, mv°/2; hence, 2 im = 2mg(1 — cos 8) (2) Together, (1) and (2) give 3mg cos 0 - Fy = 2mg 3) At the instant the bug loses contact with the ball, Fy = 0 and (3) yields cos @ win A 180 Ib pilot is executing a vertical loop of radius 2000 ft at 350 mi/h. With what force does the seat press upward against him at the bottom of the loop? 2 a oo F= 2” + mg First we change miles per hour to feet pet second: 350 mish Substitute values: _ 180 1b x (913 fs)? ~ 32.2 fs? » 2000 ft = 915 Ib 13 fus + 180 Ib6.22 6.23 6.24 Motion in a Plane II How many g's must the pilot of the preceding problem withstand at the bottom of the loop? From the centripetal acceleration formula a, = v’/r, Substituting, (S13 fusy | 2 8. = op = 132 fis ing this result by g (32.2 ft/s"), we 132 fs? 32.2 fus? Ig The designer of a roller coaster wishes the riders to experience “Weightlessness” as they round the top of one hill. How fast must the car be going if the radius of curvature at the hilltop is 20 m? To experience weightlessness, the gravitational force mg must exactly equal the required centripetal force mv7/r. Equating the two and solving for v gives 14 ms. a. A huge pendulum consists of a 200 kg ball at the end of a cable 15 m long. If the pendulum is drawn back to an angle of 37° and released, what maximum force must the cable withstand as the pendulum swings back and forth? The maximum tension will occur at the bottom when the cable must furnish a force mg + mv/r. To reach the bottom, the mass falls a distance # = (15 - 15 cos 37°)"= 3.0 m. Its speed there will be v = (2gh)"? = (6g). Therefore, the tension will be T = 200g + 200(6g)/ 15 = 2740 N. [er] 6.2 LAW OF UNIVERSAL GRAVITATION; SATELLITE MOTION 6.25 Two 16 Ib shot spheres (as used in track meets) are held 2 ft apart. What is the force of attraction betweeen them? In American engineering units, 16 1b = 0.497 slug and Newton's law of gravitation has the form F = G{(mm)/ @), with G = 3.44 - 10° Ib -f/stug?. ‘Thus. Ib ft? F=|3.46x10° slug? 0.497 slug x 0.497 sh (28)? = 2.12 x 107 Ib 6.26 Calculate the force of attraction between two 90 kg spheres of metal space so that their centers are 40 cm apart. In SI units the gravitational constant has the value G = 6.67 x 10" N-m*/kg?, myng F=G 7 1090) = (6.67 x 107) 50100) (0.40)? = 3.38 x 10°N 6.27 Compute the mass of the earth, assuming it to be a sphere of radius 6370 km. Let M be the mass of the earth, and m the mass of a certain object on the earth's surface. The weight of the object is equal to mg. It is also equal to the gravitational force G(Mm)/r, where r is the earth's6.8 3000 Satved Problems in Physics 6.28 6.29 radius. Hence, mg = G[Mmlr?}, from which 8 M G (9.8 m/s? (6.37 «10° m)* 6.67 x10"! N-m? kg? 6.0 x 10" kg The average density of solids near the surface of the earth is p= 4 x 10° kg/m’. On the (crude) assumption of a spherical planet of uniform density p, calculate the gravitational constant G. The mass of the spherical earth is given by m, = pV = fpr. Insert this value into g = Gm,/R? and solve for G, obtaining: 3g AmpR _ 3x9.8 m/s? 4nx4x10 kgim? x 6.4.x 10° m =9x 10" mfkg?, The calculation most certainly overesti- mates G, since p (and hence m,) are underestimates. ‘A mass m, = 1 kg weighs one-sixth as much on the surface of the moon as on the earth. Calculate the mass m2 of the moon. The radius of the moon is 1.738 x 106 m. On the moon, m, weighs z 9.8 N). git r 508) =6.67 x 10"!! 1x my (1.738 x 10° 6.30 631 sg 2S TBB 105)? 2" (6)(6.67 X10") = 74 «10? kg ‘The earth's radius is about 6370 km. An object that has mass of 20 kg is taken to a height of 160 km above the earth's surface, (a) What is the object’s mass at this height? (b) How much does the object weigh (i.e., how large a gravita- tional force does it experience) at this height? (a) The mass is the same as that on the earth's surface. (b) As long as we are outside the earth’s surface, the weight (force of gravity) varies inversely as the square of the distance from the center of the earth. Indeed w= Gmafir’, where m, M are the masses of object and earth, respectively, and r is the distance to the center of the earth. Thus w/w, = 72/12. since G, m, M are constant in this pro- blem. For our case we set r; = 6370 km and_r = 6530 km and w, = (20 kg) (9.8 m/s*) = 196 N. This gives w, = 186.5 N. Note that we could use the fact that w= mg and that m is constant to find the acceleration of gravity at the two heights. That is, golgy = 72/3. The radius of the earth is about 6370 km, while that of Mars is about 3440 km. If an object weighs 200 N on earth, what would it weigh, and what would be the acceleration due to gravity on Mars has a mass 0.11 that of eath. Newton's law of gra GmMirm, gives walw, = (My/M)) (2/13). Letting 1 refer to earth and 2 refer to Mars, we have w, = 0.11(6370/ 3440)7(200 N) = 75 N. The acceleration is gotten from wow =gy/gy, OF g2 = (75I 200)(9.8 N) = 3.7 m/s*.6.32 6.33 6.34 Motion in a Plane IT The moon orbits the earth in an approximately circular path of radius 38 x 10° m, It takes about 27 days to complete one orbit. What is the mass of the earth as obtained from these data? The gravitational attraction between the earth and moon provides the centripetal force; therefore, mv7/r = GMmir’, where M is the earth’s mass. Then M= VG= ar iG. Now w= 1 rev/27 days = 2.7 x 10° rad/s, r= 3.8 x 10% m, and G= 67 x 10"! in SI. Solving for M, it is 6.0 x 10* kg. (Compare Prob. 6.27.) The sun’s mass is about 3.2 x 10° times the earth's mass. The sun is about 400 times as far from the earth as the, moon is, What is the ratio of the magnitude of the pull of the sun on the moon to that of the pull of the earth on the moon? It may be assumed that the sun-moon distance is constant and equal to the sun- earth distance.) Let m denote moon's mass, M, the sun's mass, M, the earth's mass, r,,, the center-to-center distance from the sun to. the moon, and r,,, the center-to-center distance from the earth to the moon. We let F,,, denote the magnitude of the gravitational force exerted on the moon by the sun, and F,,, denote the magnitude of the gravitational force exerted on the moon by the earth. Then Fy, = GMymf ra, and F,,, = GM,ml rz. 80 that Fy My te Fe Me tay Using the given numerical value, we find Fd Ene = 2- Estimate the size of a rocky sphere with a density of 3.0 g/cm? from the surface. 6.35 [ss] of which you could just barely throw away a golf ball and have it never return, (Assume your best throw is 40 m/s.) The escape speed vy form a sphere of radius R and mass M is given by the energy-conservation equation 1 iy? = Gm, zm Substitution of M =p aR and solution for R gives °\ancp Ff p=3 x 10° kg/m’, then R = 0.77 x 10° vq, where R is in meters and vo is in meters per second. Estimating the highest speed at which a human can throw a golf ball as about 40 m/s, we find R= 3 x 10 m= 30 km. Newton, without knowledge of the numerical value of the gravitational constant G, was nevertheless able to calculate the ratio of the mass of the sun to the mass of any planet, provided the planet has a moon, (a) Show that for circular orbits a(t where Mf, is the mass of the sun, M, the mass of the planet, Ry the distance of the planet from the sun, R,, the distance of the moon from the planet, T,, the period of the moon around the planet, and T, the period of the planet around the sun. (b) If the planet is the earth, -50 x 10° km, R,, = 3.85 x 10° km, T,, = 27.3 days, and T,, = 365.2 days. Calculate M/M,,. R6.10 3000 Solved Problems in Physics 6.31 a (a) Applying Newton's second law and the law of gravitation to each orbit, we find (expressing centripetal force in terms of period, T, using v = 2R/T), 2 4x°M,R, GM,M, pe T, Ry a An? mk, and Te Rn where m is the mass of the satellite. Solving the above equations for M,/M,, we obtain (4x? RBWGT Mp (4x? RB yGTZ ele as desired. (b) Inserting the given numerical values, we find M, _ (1.50x10* ‘(2 ay Me (3.85 x105 ) \365.2, = 3.30 x 105 (a) Find the orbital period of a satellite in 4 circular orbit of radius r about a spherical planet of mass M. (b) For a low-altitude orbit (r = 7,) show that for a given average planetary density (p) the orbital period is independent of the size of the planet. (a) Applying Newton’s second law to the circular orbit, we have [Mm F where m is the satellite mass, v is its orbital speed, and 7 is its orbital period. me dtm 6.37 6.38 Solving the above equation for the period, we obtain 2a GM or T? « P, which is Kepler's third law. (b) Since M = 4m (p) 73/3, the above equation for the period yields M2 2ar (4nG(p) 593 which shows that the period of a low- altitude satellite is determined solely by the average density of the planet. ‘The rings of Saturn consist of myriad small particles, with each particle following its own circular orbit in Saturn’s equatorial plane. The inner edge of the innermost ring is about 70,000 km from Saturn's center; the outer edge of the outermost ring is about 1,35,000 km from the center, Find the orbital period of the outermost particles as a multiple of the orbital period of the innermost particles. We denote the innermost and outer- most orbital radii and periods by R;, Ry. T,, and T,, respectively. Applying Kepler's third law [see Prob. 3.36(a)] to the ring system, we obtain 32 Te {Re ~(138)" = 268 TAR 70 . ‘That is T, = 2.687; Refer to Prob. 6.37. Spectroscopic studies indicate that the outermost particles have a speed of 17 km/s. Find the mass of saturn. Express your result in kilograms and as a nfultiple of the earth's mass.Motion in a Plane IT 6.11 6.39 6.40 6.41 Applying Newton's second law and the law of gravitation to a particle of mass m at the outer edge of the rings, we have mv; _ GMym Ro ORE where M, is Saturn's mass. Therefore ne a "GS (17 x10* ns)? (1.35 10° m) 6.67 x 107! Nm? /kg = 5.85 x 10° kg = 97.7 M, The acceleration due to gravity on the moon is only one-sixth that on earth, If the earth and moon are assumed to have the same average composition, what would you predict the moon's radius to be in terms of the earth’s radius R,? Since g = GMIR, 1_ 8m RE Mn Re Bn _ Bn © ge RE Me RR OR orR,= dR. (Actually p of the moon is about three-fifths that of earth, so that R= 0.27 R.) Two identical coins of mass 8 g are 50 cm apart on a tabletop. How many times larger is the weight of one coin than the gravitational attraction of the other coin for it? ‘The force between the coins is Gm°/d”; when dividing the weight mg by this value, the ratio = gd’/Gm = 9.8(0.50)°/ (6.67 x 107''\(0.008) = 4.6 x 10'? There is a point along the line joining the center of the earth to the center of the moon at which the two gravitational forces cancel, Find this point's distance, 6.42 6.43 6.44 x, from the earth's center. Use D for the earth-moon distance, and m, and m, 28 the masses of earth and moon, respecti- vely. G Gg st (D-xF (nm, - m,) — 2Dmx + m_D? = 0 _ Dla, ~ (ir, hy )"?) Mg — My Communication satellites are placed in orbit above the equator in such a way that they remain stationary above a given point on earth below. How high above the surface of the earth is such a synchronous orbit? (R, = 6400 km, M, = 5.98 x 10°* kg.) The satellite must have the same angular velocity, @ = I rev/day = 7.27 x 10° rad’s, about the earth's center as has the earth itself, As the gravitational force is the centripetal force that keeps the satellite in orbit, GMfmJ(R, + hy = m,or(R, + h). First solve for (R, + h); then find / = 35,800 km, or about 5.6R,. Three identical point masses M lie in the ay plane at points (0, 0), (0, 0.20 m), and (0.20 m, 0). Find the components of the gravitational force on the mass at the origin, Fy= i Bs x = % = a sothe F Figure 6.9 shows a uniform sphere of original total mass Min which a spherical hole of diameter R has been formed. Show by a superposition argument that it attracts the mass a with a Force GMm 1 R ° re"p |! i 5)6.12 3000 Solved Problems in Physics 6.45 646 Fig. 6.9 The entire original sphere would exert a foree GMm. 2p The cut-out sphere, of radius R/2, would exert a force F __G(M/8)m (D- RI2e By superposition F + F” = F’, or F =F" —F", and this leads to the desired result. Consider an attractive force which is central but inversely proportional to the first power of the distance (F « I/r). Prove that if a particle is in a circular orbit under such a force, its speed is independent of the orbital radius, but its period is proportional to the radius. Denoting the proportionality constant by C, we have F =~- Cir. Applying Newton's second law to a particle of mass m moving in a circular orbit with speed v, we obtain mv*/r = Cir. Therefore v= JC/m, independent of the radius r. Then T = 2arly = 2arJm/C, so the orbital period is proportional to r. A straight rod of length Z extends from x= ato x= L-+a. Find the gravitational force it exerts on a point mass m at x = 0 if the mass per unit length of the rod is H=A+ BY. 6.47 6.48 6.49 From Fig. 6.10 ar= Got dxy ¥ from which F=Gm{ "a + pay de = on Fig. 6.10 Repeat Prob. 6.46 if y= Ax + Bx?, ast F=G6mf "ars ay e x = Gn] At (i +4) +01] a If the earth-moon distance is 3.8 x 10° km, compute the time (in days) it takes the moon to cirele the earth. (M, = 5.98 x 10*4 kg.) Apply the formula of Prob. 6.36(a): 20 (3.8 x LOY (6.67 x10" (5.98 x 10") y lady 24x 36005 T= = 27 days A standard 1 kg mass is suspended from each side of a sensitive beam balance, as in Fig. 6.11. The wire supporting the right mass goes through an opening in the floor so that it is 10.00 m below the left mass. (a) What is the fractionalMotion in a Plane IT 6.13 Fig. 6.11 excess in the weight of the right mass over that of the left mass? (This is done most easily by using differentials.) (b) How many milligrams must be placed on the left mass to restore the balance? (a) The magnitude of the weight force Won a mass m located at distance R from the center of the carth is given by W= (GM,m)/R°. If wo objects of equal mass are located at radial distances Ry and R, = R, + dR, the difference in With R, = 6.37 x 10° m and dR =-10 m, we find dW/W, = (20 m)/(6.37 x 10° m) = 3.14 x 10°, (b) To balance the excess weight force on the right-hand side in Fig. 6.11, we must increase the mass on the left by din = (WIW,)m = (3.14 x 10°9)(1 kg) = 3.14 mg. 6.3 GENERAL MOTION IN A PLANE 6.50 Describe the kinematics and dynamics of motion along an arbitary plane curve. In a general motion (Fig. 6.12), described in terms of a particle's distance 5 = s(0) traveled along a curved path, the particle has Instantaneous contar of ‘curvature t20 Fig. 6.12 ds speed dt tangential component of acceleration as =a, “de normal component of acceleration 2 y q,= — spar P where p is the radius of curvature of the path and where @ = vip is defined as the particle’s angular speed of rotation about an axis through the instantaneous center of curvature, Newton's second law gives F,= ma, and F,= ma,, where the resultant force acting on the particle has a normal component F, and a tangential component F,, Note that a positive F, produces acceleration toward the center of curvature.[ese] 651 6.52 ‘The angular acceleration of the toppling pole shown in Fig, 6.13 is given by o= sin @, where @ is the angle between the axis of the pole and the vertical, and k is a constant. The pole starts from rest at 6 =O. Find (a) the tangential and (b) the centripetal acceleration of the upper end of the pole in terms of k, @ and I (the Iength of the pole). Fig. 6.13 adv (0,5 (b) From daydt = @, do=ksin 8dr d ad (lo) = la = tk sin & dt k =ksin op d0= om ode ° ° Then J” odo= kf” sin 040 ° ° or @ = 2k(1- cos @) and a, = la = 2kIC1 - cos 8). Find (a) the velocity and (b) the accelera- tion in polar coordinates for an object moving in a curved path in a plane. (a) Consider the motion of a particle along the curve R = R(t) shown in Fig. 6.14. At a point of the curve, the 3000 Solved Problems in Physics Fig. 6.14 unit vectors #, 6 are given in terms of the unit vectors i, j by # ={cos 0+ jsin @ 6 =- isin O+jcos 0 The velocity is given by tort dt sur & 2 isin 02 + j(cos ae at =o6 where w= d@ldr, and so v= Re + Rob It is seen that the velocity has a radial component & and an angular component Ro. tw a= tad (Be + 2&) de did dt @R. dR dé = 2a df. ae dt dt gy Substituting df /dt = w6 and az 4(@6) - db de de OTE 6 + w[-i(cos Ba - j(sin a] = 06 - oFMotion in a Plane II 6.15 653 we obtian, R- Ra)E + (Rat 2R w)G A bead slides on a long bar with constant. speed vp relative to the bar. From Fig. 6.15, vo = #, where ris the distance of the bead from the axle through the end of the bar. At the same time, the bar rotates about the axle with constant angular speed @, Find (a) the velocity, (b) the acceleration, and (c) the path of the bead. Fig. 6.15 Use the results of Prob. 6.52 (R = @ =0). (a) v= Wt + m8 (b) a= (©) Integrating # = vo, 6 = a, from time 0 to #, we get ret + 2x6 6.54 ra rt vt O= B+ ay, where ro, 6» are the initial values. Elimination of ¢ gives the equation of the path. r o= Fr On 8) which is a spiral. A Coast Guard cutter in a fog at sea is notified by radio that an illegal trawler is at a particular position P, 12.5 km due west of the cutter. The trawler also hears the messge and heads off immediately at 12.5 km/h. The captian of the cutter anticipates this speed but does not know the direction the trawler takes. He waits for I h and then begins to spiral around P at 48.5 km/h, ‘a component of velocity directed away from P equal to 12.5 km/h. What is the mamimum time that it takes after the message is received to catch the trawler? From Fig. 6.16,6.16 6.55 3000 Solved Problems in Physics From the first equation, r = 12.51, where we have used the initial condition: r = 12.5 km at ¢= 1h, Substituting for 7 in the second equation and integrating, da 8 "dr 12.5 = 46.85 fiaa=aasf ; @=3.75Int The spiral path of the cutter must cross the radial path of the trawler at some moment, t= t, during the first revolution. At that moment, both ships will be at the same distance from P, so that the cutter will have indeed caught the trawler. Since @ $ 2m for ¢= 1, 3.75 In TS mor 7S "5 = 5.34 h, A wet open umbrella is held upright as shown in Fig. 6.17(a) and is twirled about the handle at a uniform rate of 21 rev in (a) Side view ri (0) Top view Fig. 6.17 44s. If the rim of the umbrella is a circle 1 m in diameter, and the height of the rim above the floor is 1.5 m, find where the drops of water spun off the rim hit the floor. The angular speed of the umbrella is 21% 2a rad as Then the tangential speed of the water drops on leaving the rim of the umbrella is vp = re = (0.5)(3) = 1.5 mls. To calculate the time for a drop to = 3 rad/s reach the floor use 4 = The horizontal range of the drop is then X= vot = (1,5)(0.55) = 0.83 m; and the locus of the drops is a circle of radius R= J(05)' +(083)? = 0.97 m. In Fig. 6.18, as the block descends, the rigid rotor winds up on its rope and, thus, \. ha Fig. 6.18Motion in o Plane II 6.17 ascends. Find the relations between the Jinear and angular accelerations and between the linear and angular speeds. If @ is the angle through which the rotor has turned from its initial position, N= Y0- 78 y2= Yt RO- 8 since the length of rope that is wound ‘on the smaller cylinder r@ and the length of rope that is unwound from the larger cylinder is R@. Take first and second time-derivatives of y, and y3: ¥ =16 ==rw w= fy = (R-1)O =(R- rw i, =-r8 = ra = (R-)6 =(R-Na a 6.57 Figure 6.19 shows a ray of light that passes from air into water. The ray is bent upon passing into the water, according to Snell's law (sin @= 1 si Y). The angle @ increases at a cons rate of 10 rad/s, and n= 1.3. angular speed @ and the angular acceleration @ of the refracted ray for @= 30°. Fig. 6.19 Take first and second timne-derivatives of sin O= 1 sin yto get @= y and a= ¥; recall that 6 = 0 6 cos O= ny cos w _ _ Geose_ —_ Bcoso ~ nosy or Substituting the data, 10(/3/2) Yasar — any = 7.22 rad/s (07.22)? — oy? Jc1/2 (1.3? =a = -20.0 rad/s? 6.58 A rod leans against a stationary eylin- drical body as shown in Fig. 6.20, and its right end slides to the right on the floor with a constant speed v. Find (a) the angular speed @ and (b) the angular acceleration @, in terms of ¥, x, and R. Fig. 6.206.18 3000 Solved Problems in Physics 659 6.60 (a) From the geometry, x= Risin 0. Also, @ =~. Therefore, g(a _ ~R6c03@ — @Rcosd sin? 8 sin? @ _ vsin? @ Ry Rsind eR ) a=6 = 4) | gfx = RF _ RV Ax? — R?) ee Rp? A particle of mass m moves without friction along a semicubical parabolic curve, y? = ax7, with constant speed v. Find the reaction force of the curve on the particle, The local radius of curvature of the curve i 1+ (dyldxy? > . aylae _ + OA) axP? © Gia? In this motion of the particle, the curve exerts a normal or centripetal force, causing the particle momentarily to move an arc of a circle of radius p (see Fig. 6.12), Thus, oy rea 2e) Pp A particle whose mass is 2 kg moves with a speed of 44 m/s on a curved path. ‘The resultant force acting on the particle at a particular point of the curve is 30 N 6.61 at 60° to the tangent to the curve, as shown in Fig. 6.21. At the point, find (a) the radius of curvature of the curve and (b) the tangential acceleration of the particle, vs44ms Fig. 6.21 (@p= m2 ag p= F, 30sin60° F, _ 30cos 60° (b) a= = = 7.5 mis? m 2 A bug is crawling with constant speed v along the spoke of a bicycle wheel, of radius a, while the bicycle moves down the road with constant speed V. Find the accelerations of the bug, as observed by a man standing beside the road, along the perpendicular to the spoke of the wheel. Choose a coordinate system that travels with the center of the wheel; accelerations in this coordinate system. are the same as in the ground system, because the two systems have a constant relative velocity. Applying the results of Prob. 6.52 with @= Via, R = v, we findChapter Seven Work and Energy 7.1 WORK DONE BY A FORCE 7-1 A force 3 N acts through a distance of 1 7 ® b 12 m in the direction of the force. Find the work done. Force and displacement are in the same direction, so W = Fs = (3 N)(12 m) =36J. A horizontal force of 25 N pulls a box along a table, How much work it do in pulling the box 80 em? Work is force time displacement through which the force acts. Here, force is in the same direction as the displacement, so W = (25 N) (0.80 m) = 20J. A child pushes a toy box 4.0 m along the floor by means of a force of 6 N directed downward at an angle of 37° to the horizontal, (a) How much work does the child do? (b) Would you expect more 1A or less work to be done for the same displacement if the child pulled upward at the same angle to the horizontal? (a) Work = Fs cos @ = 6(4)(0.80) = 19.2 J. (b) Less work; since the normal force on the block is less, the friction force will be less and the needed F will be smaller. Figure 7.1 shows the top view of the two horizontal forces pulling a box along the floor: (a) How much work does each force do as the box is displaced 70 cm along the broken line? (b) what is the total work done by the two forces in pulling the box this distance? 1 1 45° 120% a5N ON Fig. 7.13000 Solved Problems in Physics 15 76 WI 78 (@) In each case take the component of the force in the ditection of the displacement: (85 cos 30° N) (0.70 m) = 51,5 J, (60 cos 45° N){0.70 m) = 29.7 J. (b) Work is a scalar, so add the work done by each force to give 81.2 J. A horizontal force F pulls a 20 kg carton across the floor at constant speed. If the coefficient of sliding friction between carton and floor is 0.60, how much work does F do in moving the carton 3.0 m? Because horizontal speed is constant, the carton is in horizontal equilibrium: F =f = [tFy. Normal force is the weight, 20(9.8) = 196 N. Therefore W= Fr = 0.60(196)(3.0) = 353 J. A box is dragged across a floor by a rope which makes an angle of 60° with the horizontal. The tension in the rope is 100 N while the box is dragged 15 m. How much work is done? Only the horizontal component of the tension, 7, = 100 cos 60°, does work. Thus, W = T,x = (100 cos 60°)(15) = 750 J. An object is pulled along the ground by a 75 N force directed 28° above the horizontal. How much work does the force do in pulling the object 8 m? ‘The work done is equal to the product of the displacement, 8 m, and the component of the force that is parallel to the displacement, (75 N) cos 28° work = [(75 N) cos 28°](8 m) The coefficient of kinetic friction between 20 kg box and the floor is 0.40. How much work does a pulling force do on the box in pulling it 8.0 m across the floor at constant speed” The pulling force is directed 37° above the horizontal. 530 J. 1 7.10 7M 712 The work done by the force is xF cos 37°, where F cos 37° = f= Fy. In this case Fy = mg - F sin 37°, so that F = pingl(cos 37° + mt sin 37°). For p= 0.40 and m = 20 kg, F = 75.4.N and W= (75.4 cos 37°)(8.0) = 482 J. Repeat Prob. 7.8 if the force pushes rather than pulls on the box and is directed 37° below horizontal. W = (F cos 37°(x) = Fx; thus F cos 37° = [tFy, as in Prob. 7.8; but now Fy = mg + F sin 37°; solve for F: F = jumg/ (cos 37° = ja sin 37°) = 140 N and F, = 112.N. Thus W= 112(8.0) = 896 J. (This larger value for the work accords with Prob. 7.3(b).1 How much work is done against gravity in lifting a 3 kg object through a distance of 40 em? ‘To lift a3 kg object at constant speed, an upward force equal in magnitude to its weight, mg = (3)(9.8) N, must be exerted on the object. The work done by this force is what we refer to as the work done against gravity: work against gravity = mgh = ((3)(9.8) NJ(0.40 m) = 11.8 J. How much work is done against gravity in lifting a 20 Ib object through a distance of 4.0 ft? As in Prob. 7.10, work against gravity weight)(h) = (20 1b)(4 ft) = 80 ft - Ib. A 4 kg object is slowly lifted 1.5 m. (a) How much work is done against gravity? (b) Repeat if the object is lowered instead of lifted. (a) The lifting force is in the direction of the displacement and just balances the weight. F = mg = 392N. W= Fh = (32.9 NY(1.S m) = 58.8 J. (b) If the object is lowered, F is opposite to the7A 714 Work and Energy displacement. W = —Fh =—(39.2 N)(1.5 m) = -58.8 J. A 400 Ib load of bricks is to be lifted to the top of a scaffold 28 ft high. How much work must be done against gravity to lift it? Ws mgh = (400 1b)(28 ft) = 11,200 ft Ib. A block moves up a 30° incline under the action of certain forces, three of which are shown in Fig. 7.2. Fy is horizontal and of magnitude 40 N. F, is normal to the plane and of magnitude 20 N. EF; is parallel to the plane and of magnitude 30 N. Determine the work done by each force as the block (and point of application of each force) moves 80 cm up the incline. \e fs Fig, 7.2 The component of F, along the direction of the displacement is F, cos 30° = (40 Ny (0,866) = 34,6 N, Hence the work done by F, is (34.6 N)(0.80 m) = 28 J. (Note that the distance must be expressed in meters.) Because it has no component in the direction of the displacement, F, does not work. The component of F, in the direction of the displacement is 30 N. Hence the work done by F, is (30.N)(0.80 m) = 24. TAS 7.16 TAT as] Compute the useful work done by an engine as it lifts 40 L of tar 20 m. One cubic centimeter of tar has a mass of 1.07 g. Since each particle of tar is lifted the same distance, = 20 m, we have W = Mgh, where M is the total mass of tar. Since M = (40 L)(10? cm*/L)(1.07 x 107 kg/cm) (42.8 kg(9.8 mv/s?)(20 m) = 8389 J = 8.389 KJ. A uniform rectangular marble slab is 3.4 m and 2,0 m wide, It has a mass of 180 kg. If it is originally lying on the flat ground, how much work is needed to stand it on end? ‘The work done by gravity is the work done as if all the mass were concentrated at the centre of mass. The work necessary to lift the object can be thought of as the work done against gravity and is just W=(mg)h, where his the height through which the center of mass is raised. W = (180 kg)(9.8 m/s?)(1.7 m) = 3.0 kJ. In Fig. 7.3, evaluate the work done by the weight mg acting on a particle of mass m, as the particle is moved (by the application of other forces) from: (a) A to B; (b) B to A; (c) A to B to C; (A) A to C directly; (e) A to Bto Co A. Fig. 7.3TA | 3000 Solved Problems in Physics 718 719 (a) For the path AB, mg is in the opposite direction to the direction of motion, Thus, W4, = -mgy. (b) Wag = —Wan = mey (© Wase mgy +0 = —mgy (d) The component of force in the direciton of mation is -mg cos ¢ and AC = As= ytcos 0). Wac = (-mg cos o(Z 3) =-mgy (©) Waaca = Was + Woe + Wea ~mgy + 0+ mgy = 0 The x-directed force that acts on an object is shown as a function of x in Fig. 7.4. Find the work done by the force in the interval (a) 0 = Aly g is) With fy = 15.0 m and hy = 5.0 m, we obtain R 2 2(10) = 20.0 m. Show that a pendulum bob, which has been pulled aside from its equilibrium position through an angle @ and then released, will pass through the equilibrium position with speed v = Qgi(I— cos 8), where Jis the length of the pendulum, Using the conservation of energy law in the form Loss of PE = gain of KE mgh = ym gh ” From Fig. 7.15. h= —Icos @ g(I-Icos 8) = iv 2gK(1 —cos =v? v= /2gil—cos 6) Fig. 745 A particle moves from rest at P, on the surface of a smooth circular cylinder of radius R (Fig. 7.16). At P; the particle leaves the cylinder. Find the equation relating @, and 6 as shown.3000 Solved Problems in Physics Tat _ Fig. 7.46 As the normal force does no work on the particle, its energy is conserved. (K + U)py = (K + U)pr 04 meR cos 6, = mi + mg sin 0, v3 = 2gR(cos 8, sin 8) ‘At Ps, the normal force exerted by the surface vanishes, leaving the radial component of the particle’s weight, mg sin 83, as the instantaneous centripetal force. Then, by Newton's second law, mw} R mg sin 0, mg sin 6, = F [2eRteos , -sin 8,)] @, = 2 cos 6-2 sin @ sin 8, = 3 cos 8 After being hit, a golf ball starts out with a velocity of 130 ft/s. If it reaches a maximum height of 180 ft, what is its velacity at that point? U,+ K,= G+ Ky Taking U, as zero when the ball is on the ground, 3m O+ m= mgh + 7.8 19 780 1 a3o7 = 1 3 (130) = 32(180) + 7” 130? - 64(180) 16,900 - 11,520 v? = 5380 f/s? When a 300 g mass is hung from the end of a vertical spring, the spring's length is 40 cm. With 500 g hanging from it, its length is 50 em, What is the spring constant of the spring? Since the additional 0.20 kg stretched. the spring by 0.10 m, k = Fix = 0.20(9.8)/ 0.10 = 19.6 Nim. 73.3 tus A spring which stretches 10 cm under a load of 200 g requires how much work to stretch it 5 cm from its equilibrium position? How much work is required to stretch it the next 5 em? The spring constant = k= Fix = 0.20(9.8)/0.10 = 19.6 N/m, the work is ke?/2 = 19,6(0,05)*/2 = 0.0245 J for the S-cm case. The additional work is [19.6(0.10)#/2} - 0.0245 = 0.0735 J. How much work by the pulling force is required to change the elongation of a spring from 10 to 20 cm if a load ofWork and Energy 717 781 782 80 g elongates it 4.0 cm? All elongations are measured from its unstretched position, Follow the same procedure as in Prob. 7.9. Then k = (9.8 x 0.08)/0.04 = 19.6 N/m. The respective works are 0.980 J and 0.392 J. This gives a result of 0.294 J. A spring balance reads forces in newtons. The scale is 20 cm long and reads from 0 to 60 N, Find the potential energy of the spring (a) when it reads 40 N, (b) when it is stretched 20 cm, and (c) when a mass of 4 kg is suspended from the spring, F=ke 6ON=k02m) k=300 N/m (a) 40 = 300r x = (4/30) m (PE = Lax = ba00y(02F = 64 (0) 4 kg weighs 39.2 N 39.2 = ke = 300 PE = F009, 2/00) = 2.56 J. A block falls from a table 0.6 m high. It lands on an ideal, massless, vertical spring with a force constant of 2.4 kN/m. ‘The spring is initially 25 cm high, but it is compressed to a minimum height of 10 cm before the block is stopped. Find the mass of the block. (PE, + PE,)initia) = (PE, + PE,)sinain since KE = 0'at top and bottom. Then m(9.8)(0.6) + 0 = m(9.8)(0.10) + $o4 x 10°)(0.15)° Solving, m = 5.51 kg. 783 7.84 785 The spring shown in Fig. 7.17 has a stiffness constant & and has been compressed a distance xq. The mass M is free to leave the end of the spring and experiences negligible friction with the table. How fast will the mass be moving when it leaves the spring if the system is released’? Equilibrium 0_| position Fig. 7.17 All the compressional (potential) energy in the spring will be changed 1 K of the mass; kaj/2 = Mv°/2, which gives v= xy)! The mass M shown in Fig. 7.17 is fastened to the end of the spring and moves without friction. When the spring is released from the position shown, the system oscillates between bx from the equilibrium position. Find the speed of the mass when the elongation of the spring is (a) zero, (b) 2x0/3. The spring constant is k (a) From Prob. 83, v = x9(k/My'?. (b) kyj/2 = K of mass + U of spring, thus kr2/2 = Mv7/2 + k(2xp/3)°/2. This yields v = xo(Sk/M)"7/3., A vertical spring with constant 200 N/m has a light platform on its top. When a 500 kg mass is set on the platform, the spring compresses 0.0245 m. The mass is now pushed down 0.0755 m farther and released. How far above this latter position will the mass fly?(a8) The spring constant k= Fly = 200 Nim ‘as states. If the mass goes higher than 0.10 m, it will fly loose from the spring. If it does, U, at start = U, of mass at end, where zero U, is at the lowest position, Then 200(0.10)/2 = 0.5(9.8)h gives h = 0.20 m. Thus the mass leaves the spring and our assumption is justified. 7.86. Suppose a 300 kg mass is dropped from 7.87 a height of 40 cm onto the spring described in Prob. 7.85 and sticks to the platform. (a) How far will the spring compress? (b) How far will the spring be stretched as the mass and spring rebound? The mass will lose U, as it moves from its top position. This loss in U, appears as U,. (b) Cally the spring ‘compression distance, then mg(0.4 + y) = 200)? gives y = 0.124 m. (b) U, stored in the spring in (a) is decreased by mgh, where h is the rebound distance. Hence k(0.124)72 = k(i — 0.124)°72 + amgh. This yields fi = 0.219 m. The spring will be stretched 4 — y = 0.095 m. ‘A body of mass 10 g is attached to a hanging spring whose force constant is 10 Nim, The body is lifted until the spring is in its unstretched state, The body is then released. Using the law of conservation-of total mechanical energy, calculate the speed of the body when it strikes a table 15 cm below the release point. Figure 7.18 shows the system just as it is released and just as the body strikes the table. The potential energy of the system may be written as U= mgh + Sass h is the height above the table and s is the amount of stretching of the 1.88 3000 Solved Problems in Physics Spring relaxed Fig. 7.18 spring. When the object is released, h = hy = 0.15 m, s=s, =0, and the speed v = v, = 0, When the object strikes the table, f= hy= 0, s = hy = 0.15 m, and v = vp The conservation of energy requires that K+ Uy= K+ U, Lin? alu? e or Samy +5 UP = 0+ meh, Solving for vy we find that vy = im = 0.100 kg, we find that 2(9.80)(0.15) vi A spring with negligible mass and a force constant of 600 N/m is kept straight by confining it within a smooth-walled guiding tube (Fig. 7.19). The tube is anchored in a horizontal position on a tabletop. The spring is compressed by 10.0 cm and held there by a latch pin inserted through the wall of the tube. A. 200 g ball of the same diameter as the spring is placed in contact with the spring, as shown in Fig. 7.19. Then the =a Fig. 7.19Work and Eneray 1.19 7.89 latch pin is removed releasing the spring. What speed does the ball acquire? We use xto denote the position of the free end of the spring, with x = 0 corresponding to the spring’s relaxed position and x > © corresponding to stretching. Initially the spring is compressed (x) = -0.100 m) and the ball is at rest (vy = 0). The spring loses contact with the ball and the ball reaches its final speed v, just as the spring would begin to pull rather than push, That is, xy = 0. The conservation of energy 1 ay? = 3m aj - With vp = 0 and x= 0, we find requires that 5 mw} + kx} at 2 k m With k = 600 N/m and m = 0.200 kg, we find vp = (0.10)/(600)/(0.200) = 5.48 m/s. Refer to Prob. 7.88. If the same proce- dure is followed with the tube pointing vertically upward, what will be the speed of the ball as it leaves contact with the spring? w= be Once again, the ball will lose contact with the spring just as the spring reaches its relaxed length, Measuring y positive upward from the relaxed position, the conservation of energy requires that Li? ig = ZIM th + many + mgyg. Using the values vy = 0 and yy= 0, we obtain With yy = -0.100 m, we find (600; ) + (29.80) ) = 5.30 mls 7.90 An object of mass m has a speed w as it TOL passes through the origin on its way out along the +x axis. It is subjected to a retarding force given by F, =—Ax (A >0). Find its x coordinate when it stops. By the work-energy principle, work done by retarding force = change in KE: Jo'can av=0- Lm? o 2 Ty2. lage 1 Lagat ye fh A 10 kg instrument packet is fired vertically to a height of 637 km above the earth’s surface, which corresponds toa distance from the center of the earth of 1.1 earth radii. Find the weight w and potential energy (PE) of the instrument packet at its maximum altitude. (Take the earth’s surface as the zero level of PE) At the earth's surface the weight is mg = 10 kg x 9.8 m/s? My (0k =¢ 0 8) wy RR where R is the radius of earth M, (10kg) Atr=LIR, w= @ ) LR)? If we divide (2) by (1), we obtain w/98 = 11.21, or w= 81 N. = 4 PE= GM,(10 b(t - } Ol = GM,(10 10( 25)7.92 793 = (6.67 x 107! N - m/kg*) (5.98 x 10° ke)(10 kg) x Ou 1.16.37 x 10 m =57MJ (We note that relative to PE = Oat r = >, the PE is [-GM,(10 kg)VLIR = -570 MJ.) Calculate the escape velocity of a body starting from the surface of earth. Ignore air friction, The mass of the earth is 5.98 x 10% kg and its radius is 6370 km. APE = GMm(1/R = Ir) where R = 637 x 10° m. For escape, r= o, and APE = GMmiR. Since the final velocity is zero, energy conservation gives AKE + APE =0 (0-fomz ) + Salm = R _ [2G VR = 11.2 km/s (This is approximately 25,000 mish.) Show that if k= r— Ris a very small quantity compared with the radius of the earth R, the gravitational potential energy relative to that at the earth’s surface, PE = GMm(1R - Mr), reduces to PE = mgh, where g is the acceleration of gravity and h is vertical height. re= Ghin( bot GMmnh R Reh) RR+h) = mE 4 ngs © RE FAIR) cM where g= SF 7.94 795 3000 Solved Problems in Physics The potential energy per kilogram for a mass ym in the earth's gravitational field is shown in Fig. 7.20, where r is the distance of the object from the earth's center and R, = 6.4 x 10° m is the earth's radius. Zero potential energy is taken for r— @, (a) If frictional effects of air are ignored, how much energy is required to free a 1 kg object from the earth (i.e., to move it from r= R, to r— 29)? (by With what speed must an object be show away from the earth if it is to escape? Fig. 7.20 From the graph, 62 MJ is needed to remove I kg to «2; this is provided by K at the earth's surface, so (1 kg)v*J2 62 x 10° J. Solving, v = 11.1 km/s, in agreement with Prob. 7.92. Refer to Fig. 7.20. If a 1 kg object is released far from the earth, find its speed at a distance r= 2R, from the earth's center, where R, is the earth's radius. Why is it allowable to ignore frictional effects of air? Between » and 2R, a | kg object loses 31 MJ in U,, which is changed ta K. ‘Then, [(1 kg)v?/2 = 31 x 10° and v = 7,87 km/s, At r= 2R,, we are essentially in vacuum and friction effects are negligible.Work and Energy 7.21 7.96 19 Consider a proton (positively charged) shot head on from a large distance at a heavy nucleus (also positively charged). To a first approximation, the heavy nucleus remains motionless as the proton approaches. Repulsion between the two charges slows the proton as it approa- ches. Eventually the proton stops at ry and reverse its motion. If the potential energy of the system varies with distance between particle centers (r) as shown in Fig. 7.21, (a) what energy must the proton be shot with if it is to reach 79? (b) what will be the proton speed when it is first shot? (c) when it is at 2r9? (m of proton is 1.67 x 1077 kg; leV = 1.6 x10 J) ‘Separation Fig. 7.21 (a) Assuming no K given to the nucleus, at rp all the original K of the proton is changed into electric potential energy U; 0.40 MeV = 64 x 10° J would be required. (b) m72 = 64 x 107 J yields v = 8.75 x 10° mis. (e) its K value is (0.40 - 0.12) MeV, thus snv7/ 2 = (0.28 x 10)(1.6 x 107"), giving v = 73 x 10° ms. The potential energy curve for a proton in the vicinity of a large nucleus is shown in Fig. 7.21. If the proton is released from the position r= rq, (a) what will be its speed at a large distance from the nucleus? (b) at 275? Assume the heavy 798 7.99 nucleus remains stationary (see Prob. 7.96 for numerical data). (a) The YU of the proton at rp will be changed to K as r nears infinity. Therefore (0.40 x 101.6 x 107!) = mv7/2, which gives v = 8.75 & 10° m/s. (b) Here, the energy lost in going from 7 10 2ry is changed to K; mv*/2 = (0.28 x 10% eV)(1.6 x 10°99 J/eV), from which v= 7.3 x 10° mis. ADDITIONAL PROBLEMS A 6 Ib block slides down a quarter- circular surface (Fig. 7.22). If the radius is 1.2 ft and the block has a speed of 6 fs at the bottom, what is the work done by the block against friction? Fig. 7.22 PE =5 Ibx 1.2 ft=6 ft-Ib at top. At bottom, KE = 4(5/32)(6)" = 2.8125 ft Ib. Work done against friction = 6.000 = 2.8125 = 3.19 ft + Ib. A block of mass. 3 kg starts from rest and slides down a surface which corresponds to a quarter circle of 1.6 m radius (Fig. 7.22). (a) If the curved surface is smooth, what is the speed at the bottom? (b) If the speed at the bottom is 4 m/s, what is the energy dissipated by friction in the descent? (¢) After the block reaches the level region at 4 m/s, it slides to a stop in 3 m. Find the frictional force.7.22 3000 Solved Problems in Physics 7.100 7.101 (a) PE at top = KE at botiom G x 9.8 x 1.6)= tor s2x98x16 v= 5.6m/s (b) PE at top = KE at bottom + work against friction = Loyay G x98 x 1.6) = > CMAP +1 whence IW4 = 23.04 J (@ dmv? =f Fens=s3) fe8N A 1200 kg car coasts from rest down a driveway that is inclined 20° to the horizontal and is 15 m long. How fast is the car going at the end of the driveway if friction is negligible? AK + AU= (dm? -0) + (0 - mghy =0, where = = (15 m)sin 20° = 5.13 m v? = 2gh = 100 m/s? and v= 10.0 mis Repeat Prob. 7.100 assuming that a friction force 3 KN opposes the motion. Now W,= AK + AU= (dom? -0) + (0 - mgh), where W, = (3 KN)(1S m) = 45 KI is the work done by friction. As A 7.102 7.103 in Prob, 7.100 A = 5.13 m. Then -45 kJ = $0200 kg)? — (1200 kg)(9.8 m/s?)(5.1 m), and v = 5.06 m/s. Figure 7.23 shows a bead sliding on a wire. How large must height hy be if the bead, starting at rest at A, is to have a speed of 200 crys at point B? Ignore friction. Since we ignore friction and since the normal force due to the wire does no work, we have conservation of mechani- cal energy, AU + AK = 0. Then U, +K, = Uy + Ky ot mgh, +0 =0+ Lam}, or vj = 2gh,. Substituting v, = 200 emis and noting that g = 980 cm/s’, we get hy = 20.4 em. In Fig. 7.23, hy = $0 em, fy, = 30 em, and the length along the wire from A to « C is 400 em. A 3.0 g bead released at A coasts to point C and stops. How large an average friction force opposed its motion? W’ = AU + AR, where in this case W" = Wp the work done by friction. Then -fL = (mgh, - mgh) + (0 ~ 0), where f'is the average frictional force, L = 400 em is the length of the wire from A to C, and, as we have noted, the kinetic energy Fig, 7.23Work and Energy 7.23 7.104 is zero at both A and C. Substituting in all the known quantities, we get f = 147 dyn = 1.47 x 107 N. ‘An auto starting from rest reaches a kinetic energy K by accelerating without skidding along a horizontal road. (a) Neglect air resistance. Find the work done by the external forces which aecelerate the car. (b) Is the result in (a) consistent with the conservation of energy”? (@) The external forces that act in the auto are shown in Fig. 7.24. The net external force is fy + f (the sum of the forces of static exerted on the tires by the road). This net force accelerates the auto, i.e. £) + fy = MAcyy WHETE Ac, iS the acceleration of the center of mass of the auto. Since the portions of the tyres instantancously in contact with the roadway are at rest relative to the road (no skidding), the forces f, and f, acting on these parts do no work. Thus. Wer = 0. (b) If no external work is done on the system, where docs its kinetic energy K come from? We might speak of “internal work” W’, such that AK = K - = W’. More likely, we would identify W with the decrease in an “internal energy” ® (the energy content of the gasoline) and write the conservation of energy as AK + A@ = 0. [It should be noted that although f; and f, do not Fig. 7.24 7.105 7.106 actually perform work on the automobile, one can formally calculate the increase in kinetic energy of the automobile by multiplying f, + £, by the distance the auto moves through.] If the masses in Fig. 7.25 are released from the position shown, (a) find an expression for the speed of either mass just before m, strikes the floor. Ignore the mass and friction of the pulley. (b) Repeat if m, has a downward velocity Vg at the instant shown in the figure. mEj 4 Fig. 7.25 (a) (U, of my) at start = (U, of m,) + (K of m; and mj) at end, yield mgd = mag + (m, + m)v7/2. Solving gives v = [26m = m)gdi(m, + m)]!". ) K = (mm, + m3) v2/2 at the start, so add it to the energy equation to yield the final velocity v = [2(m, — m))gdi(m, + mz) 1. 2 + In Fig. 7.26, neither spring is distorted in the position shown. If now the mass is displaced 20 cm to point B and released, (a) what is the speed of the block as it passes through point A, and (b) how far does the block go to the left before stopping? (a) (U, in springs at B) = (K of mass a A) yields (8(0.04))/2 + [5(0.04))72 = 4.0v7/2, which gives v = 0.36 m/s.7.24 3000 Solved Problems in Physics 7107 Nim Fig. 7.26 (b) All the energy is stored in the springs when the mass is 20 cm to the left of A. As shown in Fig. 7.27, a block of mass m is resting on a horizontal surface. The coefficients of static and kinetic friction between the block and the surface are j1, and }ty, respectively. The block is attached to a spring of negligible mass having spring constamt &. Initially the block is at rest and the spring is relaxed. Then the block is stuck sharply, so that it begins moving to the right with speed ¥o. How far does the spring extend before the rightward motion is arrested? m Fig. 7.27 We denote the block's position by x (with x > 0 for a stretched spring), Initially x= xp = 0 and v= vp. The initial total energy of the system is therefore dmnj. When the rightward motion ‘is arrested, x) = x,y and vy = 0, so that the total mechanical energy is Shi During the rightward motion there is a decrease in the total mechanical energy due to the (negative) work done by the frictional force. Therefore we have diya 2 1 2 vy — Heng bey ~ x 7.108 7.109 \ zm ~ Meme Solving the quadratic equation for xy and rejecting the negative root, we find 3 Heng sus (822) +E - Refer to Prob. 7.107. Find a criterion for determining whether the block begins to move back to the left or simply remains at the point of maximum extension, Apply it to the case m= 10 kg, k = 100 Nim, #1, = 0.30, #4, = 0.15, and vy = 1.0 mis. The maximum static frictional force is jimg. If that maximum force equals or exceeds the leftward restoring force ky, the block remains at x= xy. That is, if kxyp S yng, the block remains at x= xy. If kxy > Hymne, the block starts to slide back, For m= 10 kg, k= 100 N/m, Hy = 0.30, fy = 0.15, and vp = 1.0 m/s, we find [2 5)1OX *| 20)(1.0)% Xu + _ @.15)(10¥9.8) (100) = 0.3487 - 0.1470 The restoring force kxy, the maximum available static frietional fore jizmg = 29.4 N, $0 the block remains at x As shown in Fig. 7.28, a smooth rod is mounted horizontally just above a tabletop. A 10 kg collar, which is able to slide on the rod with negligible friction is fastened to a spring whose other end is attached to a pivot at O. The spring has negligible mass, a relaxed length of 10 cm, and a spring constant of S00 Nim. The collar is released from rest at point S.Work and Energy 100m 15cm alanks Fig. 7.28 (a) What is its velocity as it passes point A? (b) Repeat for point B. We denote the spring constant, the relaxed length, and the collar mass &, do, and im, respectively. We let vj and 1) represent the initial collar speed and spring length; v and | represent the instantaneous speed and spring length at some other time. The conservation of 2 mechanical energy implied that ym FR(- b= Site v= 0, we have ve EE 1d, = iy = C= bo)? Referring to Fig. 7.28, = (0.20)? +(0.15% = 0.25 m. (a) As the collar passes point A, 1 = 1, = 0.20 m. With Jy = 0.10 m, k = 500 Nim, and m = 10 kg, we obtain pet + eG — hy. fae [(0.25 - 0.10)? = (0.20 — 0.10)*]"# = 30 0.0225 —0.0100 = 0.791 mis (b) As the collar passes point B, 1 = ly = ¥(0.207 + (0.10)? = 0.2236 m. Then we have vg = V50((0.15)? - (0.1236)7)'2 = 0.601 ms ys 7.110 Figure 7.29 shows a pendulum of length 1 suspended at a distance J~ 1, vertically above a small peg C. Suppose that the bob is initially displaced by an angle By and then released from rest. Find the speed v of the bob at the instant shown in the figure, when it is moving in a circular path of radius [; and has an angular displacement @ with respect to the vertical. TAL Fig. 7.29 ‘The tension that the string exerts on the bob carries out no work on the bob throughout its motion, The weight of the bob is the only force doing work. Take the lowest point in the path as the reference point of gravitational potential energy. The potential energy of the bob at the instant shown in mgl;(1- cos 8). Since it starts out at rest and its initial potential energy is mgi(1 - cos By), the conservation of energy expression is 0+ mgi(1 - cos By) 1 = zm + mgl,(1 — cos @) = (2g[4(1 —cos fy) = (1 = cos 6))}"* A load W is suspended from a self- propelled crane by a cable of length d (Fig. 7.30(a)]. The crane and load are moving at a constant speed v9. The crane is stopped by a number and the load on the cable swings out, as shown in Fig. 7.30(b). (a) What is the angle3000 Solved Problems in Physics S Fig. 7.30 through which the load swings? (b) If the angle is 60° and d = 5 m, what was the initial speed of the crane? (@ The cable does no work on the load, so the load’s energy is conserved. K,+ U,= K+ Y sj +0=0+4 Wd-dcos 8) 2g° ve = 2gd(l = cos 6) = 4ed sine =2 as sia] (B) v= aedsin$ =2. oax(4) =7 mis 7.2 A x-directed force F, = (21 - 3x)N displaces an object from x= 0 10.x=7m. (@) Find the work done by the force, (b) Repeat for x = Oto x= 14m, Use calculus or find the area under an Fevs-x curve, Fig. 7.31. (a) Work 2IN| Fig. 7.31 (area 1) = 73.5 J. (b) Fore changes sign, so work (area 2) is negative. Total area under the curve and the work done are zer0. 7.113 A particle of mass m is subjected to an x-directed force given by F, = (3.0 + 0.50x) N. Find the work done by the force as the particle moves from x = 0 to x=4.0m. ‘ Work = fF-ds= f"G + 05%) dx « = Bx + 0.25x7]§ = 167 (Or solve graphically, as in Prob. 7.112.) 7.114 A smooth track in the form of a quarter- circle of radius 6 m lies in the vertical plane (see Fig. 7.32). A particle of weight 4.N moves from P, to P, under the action

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