VOLUME TWO

Chapters 20–39

Essential
University Physics
FOURTH EDITION
GLOBAL EDITION

Richard Wolfson
Middlebury College

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 Detailed Contents

Volume 1 contains Chapters 1–19 5.3 Circular Motion 95

Volume 2 contains Chapters 20–39 5.4 Friction 99
Chapter 1 Doing Physics 17 5.5 Drag Forces 104
1.1 Realms of Physics 17 Chapter 6 Energy, Work, and Power 110
1.2 Measurements and Units 18 6.1 Energy 110
1.3 Working with Numbers 21 6.2 Work 112
1.4 Strategies for Learning Physics 24 6.3 Forces That Vary 115
6.4 Kinetic Energy 119
PART ONE
6.5 Power 121
Mechanics 31
Chapter 7 Conservation of Energy 129
Chapter 2 Motion in a Straight Line 32
7.1 Conservative and Nonconservative Forces 130
2.1 Average Motion 32
7.2 Potential Energy 131
2.2 Instantaneous Velocity 34
7.3 Conservation of Mechanical Energy 135
2.3 Acceleration 36
7.4 Nonconservative Forces 138
2.4 Constant Acceleration 38
7.5 Conservation of Energy 140
2.5 The Acceleration of Gravity 41
7.6 Potential-Energy Curves 141
2.6 When Acceleration Isn’t Constant 43
Chapter 8 Gravity 150
Chapter 3 Motion in Two and Three Dimensions 50
8.1 Toward a Law of Gravity 150
3.1 Vectors 50
8.2 Universal Gravitation 151
3.2 Velocity and Acceleration Vectors 53
8.3 Orbital Motion 153
3.3 Relative Motion 54
8.4 Gravitational Energy 156
3.4 Constant Acceleration 56
8.5 The Gravitational Field 160
3.5 Projectile Motion 57
Chapter 9 Systems of Particles 166
3.6 Uniform Circular Motion 62
9.1 Center of Mass 166
Chapter 4 Force and Motion 70
9.2 Momentum 172
4.1 The Wrong Question 70
9.3 Kinetic Energy of a System 176
4.2 Newton’s First and Second Laws 71
9.4 Collisions 177
4.3 Forces 75
9.5 Totally Inelastic Collisions 178
4.4 The Force of Gravity 76
9.6 Elastic Collisions 180
4.5 Using Newton’s Second Law 78
Chapter 10 Rotational Motion 191
4.6 Newton’s Third Law 81
10.1 Angular Velocity and Acceleration 191
Chapter 5 Using Newton’s Laws 90
10.2 Torque 194
5.1 Using Newton’s Second Law 90
10.3 Rotational Inertia and the Analog of Newton’s
5.2 Multiple Objects 93 Law 196

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10.4 Rotational Energy 201 15.4 Fluid Dynamics 296

10.5 Rolling Motion 203 15.5 Applications of Fluid Dynamics 299
Chapter 11 Rotational Vectors and Angular 15.6 Viscosity and Turbulence 303
Momentum 212
11.1 Angular Velocity and Acceleration Vectors 212 PART THREE

11.2 Torque and the Vector Cross Product 213 Thermodynamics 310
11.3 Angular Momentum 215 Chapter 16 Temperature and Heat 311

11.4 Conservation of Angular Momentum 217 16.1 Heat, Temperature, and Thermodynamic
Equilibrium 311
11.5 Gyroscopes and Precession 219
16.2 Heat Capacity and Specific Heat 313
Chapter 12 Static Equilibrium 227
16.3 Heat Transfer 315
12.1 Conditions for Equilibrium 227
16.4 Thermal-Energy Balance 321
12.2 Center of Gravity 229
Chapter 17 The Thermal Behavior of Matter 329
12.3 Examples of Static Equilibrium 230
17.1 Gases 329
12.4 Stability 232
17.2 Phase Changes 334

PART TWO 17.3 Thermal Expansion 337

Oscillations, Waves, and Fluids 244 Chapter 18 Heat, Work, and the First Law of
Thermodynamics 344
Chapter 13 Oscillatory Motion 245
18.1 The First Law of Thermodynamics 344
13.1 Describing Oscillatory Motion 246
18.2 Thermodynamic Processes 346
13.2 Simple Harmonic Motion 247
18.3 Specific Heats of an Ideal Gas 354
13.3 Applications of Simple Harmonic Motion 250
Chapter 19 The Second Law of Thermodynamics 361
13.4 Circular Motion and Harmonic Motion 254
19.1 Reversibility and Irreversibility 361
13.5 Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion 255
19.2 The Second Law of Thermodynamics 362
13.6 Damped Harmonic Motion 257
19.3 Applications of the Second Law 366
13.7 Driven Oscillations and Resonance 258
19.4 Entropy and Energy Quality 369
Chapter 14 Wave Motion 266
14.1 Waves and Their Properties 266 PART FOUR
14.2 Wave Math 268 Electromagnetism 383
14.3 Waves on a String 270 Chapter 20 Electric Charge, Force, and Field 384
14.4 Wave Energy 271 20.1 Electric Charge 384
14.5 Sound Waves 273 20.2 Coulomb’s Law 385
14.6 Interference 274 20.3 The Electric Field 389
14.7 Reflection and Refraction 277 20.4 Fields of Charge Distributions 391
14.8 Standing Waves 279 20.5 Matter in Electric Fields 396
14.9 The Doppler Effect and Shock Waves 281 Chapter 21 Gauss’s Law 405
Chapter 15 Fluid Motion 290 21.1 Electric Field Lines 405
15.1 Density and Pressure 290 21.2 Electric Field and Electric Flux 407
15.2 Hydrostatic Equilibrium 291 21.3 Gauss’s Law 410
15.3 Archimedes’ Principle and Buoyancy 294 21.4 Using Gauss’s Law 412

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 6 Contents

21.5 Fields of Arbitrary Charge Distributions 419 27.5 Magnetic Energy 549
21.6 Gauss’s Law and Conductors 420 27.6 Induced Electric Fields 552
Chapter 22 Electric Potential 430 Chapter 28 Alternating-Current Circuits 561
22.1 Electric Potential Difference 430 28.1 Alternating Current 561
22.2 Calculating Potential Difference 434 28.2 Circuit Elements in AC Circuits 562
22.3 Potential Difference and the Electric Field 440 28.3 LC Circuits 566
22.4 Charged Conductors 443 28.4 Driven RLC Circuits and Resonance 569
Chapter 23 Electrostatic Energy and Capacitors 450 28.5 Power in AC Circuits 572
23.1 Electrostatic Energy 450 28.6 Transformers and Power Supplies 573
23.2 Capacitors 451 Chapter 29 Maxwell’s Equations and Electromagnetic
Waves 580
23.3 Using Capacitors 453
29.1 The Four Laws of Electromagnetism 580
23.4 Energy in the Electric Field 457
29.2 Ambiguity in Ampère’s Law 581
Chapter 24 Electric Current 465
29.3 Maxwell’s Equations 583
24.1 Electric Current 465
29.4 Electromagnetic Waves 584
24.2 Conduction Mechanisms 468
29.5 Properties of Electromagnetic Waves 588
24.3 Resistance and Ohm’s Law 472
29.6 The Electromagnetic Spectrum 592
24.4 Electric Power 474
29.7 Producing Electromagnetic Waves 593
24.5 Electrical Safety 475
29.8 Energy and Momentum in Electromagnetic
Chapter 25 Electric Circuits 483 Waves 594
25.1 Circuits, Symbols, and Electromotive Force 483
25.2 Series and Parallel Resistors 484
PART FIVE
25.3 Kirchhoff’s Laws and Multiloop Circuits 490 Optics 604
25.4 Electrical Measurements 492 Chapter 30 Reflection and Refraction 605
25.5 Capacitors in Circuits 493 30.1 Reflection 605
Chapter 26 Magnetism: Force and Field 504 30.2 Refraction 607
26.1 What Is Magnetism? 504 30.3 Total Internal Reflection 609
26.2 Magnetic Force and Field 505 30.4 Dispersion 611
26.3 Charged Particles in Magnetic Fields 507 Chapter 31 Images and Optical Instruments 619
26.4 The Magnetic Force on a Current 509 31.1 Images with Mirrors 619
26.5 Origin of the Magnetic Field 511 31.2 Images with Lenses 624
26.6 Magnetic Dipoles 514 31.3 Refraction in Lenses: The Details 627
26.7 Magnetic Matter 517 31.4 Optical Instruments 630
26.8 Ampère’s Law 519 Chapter 32 Interference and Diffraction 640
Chapter 27 Electromagnetic Induction 532
32.1 Coherence and Interference 640
27.1 Induced Currents 532 32.2 Double-Slit Interference 642
27.2 Faraday’s Law 534 32.3 Multiple-Slit Interference and Diffraction
27.3 Induction and Energy 538 ­Gratings 645
27.4 Inductance 544 32.4 Interferometry 649

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32.5 Huygens’ Principle and Diffraction 651 36.3 The Exclusion Principle 734
32.6 The Diffraction Limit 654 36.4 Multielectron Atoms and the Periodic Table 735
36.5 Transitions and Atomic Spectra 739
PART SIX
Chapter 37 Molecules and Solids 746
Modern Physics 663
37.1 Molecular Bonding 746
Chapter 33 Relativity 664
37.2 Molecular Energy Levels 748
33.1 Speed c Relative to What? 665
37.3 Solids 751
33.2 Matter, Motion, and the Ether 665
37.4 Superconductivity 757
33.3 Special Relativity 667
Chapter 38 Nuclear Physics 765
33.4 Space and Time in Relativity 668
38.1 Elements, Isotopes, and Nuclear Structure 765
33.5 Simultaneity Is Relative 673
38.2 Radioactivity 770
33.6 The Lorentz Transformations 675
38.3 Binding Energy and Nucleosynthesis 776
33.7 Energy and Momentum in Relativity 678
38.4 Nuclear Fission 778
33.8 Electromagnetism and Relativity 682
38.5 Nuclear Fusion 784
33.9 General Relativity 683
Chapter 39 From Quarks to the Cosmos 793
Chapter 34 Particles and Waves 690
39.1 Particles and Forces 793
34.1 Toward Quantum Theory 690
39.2 Particles and More Particles 794
34.2 Blackbody Radiation 691
39.3 Quarks and the Standard Model 798
34.3 Photons 693
39.4 Unification 801
34.4 Atomic Spectra and the Bohr Atom 696
39.5 The Evolving Universe 803
34.5 Matter Waves 700
34.6 The Uncertainty Principle 702 APPENDICES
34.7 Complementarity 704 Appendix A Mathematics A-1
Chapter 35 Quantum Mechanics 710 Appendix B The International System of Units (SI) A-9
35.1 Particles, Waves, and Probability 711 Appendix C Conversion Factors A-11
35.2 The Schrödinger Equation 712 Appendix D The Elements A-13
35.3 Particles and Potentials 714 Appendix E Astrophysical Data A-16
35.4 Quantum Mechanics in Three Dimensions 721 Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems A-17
35.5 Relativistic Quantum Mechanics 721 Credits C-1
Chapter 36 Atomic Physics 727 Index I-1
36.1 The Hydrogen Atom 727
36.2 Electron Spin 731

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