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2 Matter

The document discusses the fundamental particles that make up matter. It describes three families of particles: leptons like electrons and neutrinos; quarks that combine to form protons and neutrons; and force-carrying particles. Leptons include electrons, muons, taus and their corresponding neutrinos. Quarks include up, down, charm, strange, top and bottom. Protons are made of two up quarks and one down quark, while neutrons contain one up and two down quarks. All particles have corresponding antiparticles that can annihilate with one another.

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128 views1 page

2 Matter

The document discusses the fundamental particles that make up matter. It describes three families of particles: leptons like electrons and neutrinos; quarks that combine to form protons and neutrons; and force-carrying particles. Leptons include electrons, muons, taus and their corresponding neutrinos. Quarks include up, down, charm, strange, top and bottom. Protons are made of two up quarks and one down quark, while neutrons contain one up and two down quarks. All particles have corresponding antiparticles that can annihilate with one another.

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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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The Structure of Matter

ELECTRON

ATOM

NUCLEUS

MATTER

NEUTRON

QUARKS

These particles exist on their own

Charge = -1

Charge = 0

1st Family

ELECTRON (e- )
Responsible for electricity
and chemical reactions.
Mass = 0.51 MeV/c2

ELECTRON NEUTRINO (ne)


Rarely interacts with
other matter.
Observed 1956.

UP (u)
2
.
Mass ~ 3 MeV/c

2nd Family

These particles only exist bound together

MUON (m- )
A heavier relative
of the electron.
Discovered 1937.
Mass = 0.106 GeV/c2

MUON NEUTRINO (nm)


A relative of ne
Discovered 1962.

CHARM (c)
A heavier relative
of the up quark.
Discovered 1973.
Mass ~ 1.2 GeV/c2

STRANGE (s)
A heavier relative
of the down quark.
Evidence 1947.
2
Mass ~ 0.1 GeV/c

3rd Family

Background: Simulation of a Higgs decay to two hadronic jets

These particles
existed in the
early moments
after the Big Bang.
Now they are
found only in
cosmic rays and
at particle
accelerators.

QUARKS

PROTON

LEPTONS

Constituents of
ordinary matter.

Particle Physics

TAU (t- )
A heavier relative of the
electron and muon.
Discovered 1975.
Mass = 1.78 GeV/c2

TAU NEUTRINO (nt)


Indirect evidence 1975.
Directly observed 2000.

TOP (t)
The heaviest quark.
Discovered 1994.
Mass ~ 175 GeV/c2

BOTTOM (b)
A heavier relative
of the down and
strange quarks.
Discovered 1977.
Mass ~ 4.2 GeV/c2

Charge = +2/3

Charge =-1/3
DOWN (d)
Mass ~ 6 MeV/c2

Protons are made up of two up quarks and one down quark.


Neutrons are made up of one up quark and two down quarks.

Until recently it was generally thought that the neutrinos have zero mass.
Several recent experiments suggest that the mass of the neutrinos is not zero.

ALL OF THE ABOVE PARTICLES HAVE AN ANTIPARTICLE COUNTERPART.


A particle and its antiparticle can annihilate to produce the
+
bosons that carry forces, e.g. e egg.

A particle - antiparticle pair can be produced from a force+


carrying boson, e.g. Z
bb, g
e e.-

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