(6-64) Large Signal Amplifiers 7.4 Concept of Large Signal Amplification ‘Consider a public address system (P.A) or amplifying syste m as shown in the Big. 71. beste eel TE a loudspeaker, servomotor, handling the large signals is called Large Signal Amplifier ot Power Amplifier. Power amplifiers find their applications in the public address systems, radio receivers, diving servomotor in industrial control systems, tape players, TLV. receivers, cathode ray tubes etc.Electronic Circuits -1 7-2 Large Signal Amplifiers 7.2 Features of Large Signal Amplifiers ‘The various features of power amplifies are, 1. A power amplifier is the last stage of multistage amplifier. The previous stages sufficient gain and the input signal level or amplitude of a power 4. The power amplifiers ie large signal amplifiers are used to feed the loads like loudspeakers having low impedance So for maximum power transfer the amplifiers must have low dissipate the heat to the surroundings. In general, the power amplifiers have bulky ‘components. 6. A faithful reproduction of the signal, after the conversion, is important. Due to nonlinear nature of the transistor characteristics, there exists a harmonic distortion in the signal. Ideally signal should not be distorted. Hence the analysis of signal distortion in case of the power amplifiers is important. 7. Many a times, the power amplifiers are used in public address systems and many ‘audio circuits to supply large power to the loudspeakers. Hence power amplifiers are also called audio amplifies or audio frequency (A.F) power amplifiers 7.3 Classification of Large Signal Amplifiers For an amplifier, a quiescent operating point (Q point) is fixed by selecting the proper uiescent point on the load line decides the class of operation of the power amplifier. The varios classes of the power amplifiers are 4) Class A ii) Class B i) Class C and iv) Class AB Electronic Circuits -1 1-3 Rog} * r Yee ad} Large Signal Amplifiers Before defining the position of ‘the quiescent point on the load line, for the various classes, let us ee et ome a ted circuit as shown in the Fig. i silts Vee Voc Fig. 72 Common emit circuit Applying Kirchol’s vollage lw tothe outp Yeo =teRe Mee = 0 a Mee = Te Ret Me Where Re_= Load resistance “fideo The transistor is biased with Mec to obtain the required values of and x collector circuit, we get, -() Comparing this equation with an equation of a straight line, 2 line on a graph of lc versus \ee_ Le. output characteristics. Me The lope ofthis straight ine is ~ Gand its Yinercept is RE From the above equation (1), we can write When Ne = Xe, = 0 ii : -= When Wx = 0 k= 3E ‘These two points can be located tor draw a straight line on the output characteristics. Such a line having slope as the reciprocal of the load resistance, drawn on the output characteristics is called a load line.Electronic Circuits -1 14 Large Signal Amplifiors Such a Toad line is shown in the Fig. 73 yesoun hy=t0yr p= 30HA (ag) y= 204A n= 104A Fig. 7.3 Output characteristics with a load line ‘The characteristic curves are plotted for various values of Iy. The intersection of the ‘output characteristic curve and a load line isthe operating point. This point is fixed for a transistor called quiescent point or Q point as shown in the Fig. 73. ‘The values of collector current and the collector to emitter voltage, corresponding to the Q point are Icq and Veep respectively. Hence the coordinates of the Q point are (Vera, Ico) The corresponding value of the base current is denoted a8 In. On this dc. quiescent operating point, if an ac. signal is superimposed, by the application of ac. sinusoidal voltage at the input, the base current varies sinusoidally about its quiescent value Iyq as shown in the Fig. 74 (a). Since the transistor is biased to ‘operate in the active region, the output is linearly proportisnal tothe input. The output ie the collector current is 8 times larger than the input base current in the common emitter configuration. Hence the collector current aso varies sinusoidally about its quiescent value cq. The output voltage also. varies sinusoidally about its quiescent value Vesg. The sinusoidal variations in Ic and Yee ate shown in the Fig. 74 (b) and (0) respectively. Ip te Noe 4G Ny iS 7 ‘ t y ® » be Fig. 7.4 Variations in Ig, Ic and Vee due to the sinusoidal input ‘These variations in Ie and Yes, due to the change in I, can be shown graphically with the help of @ load line as shown in the Fig, 75. ‘The collector current varies above and below se lescent value, in phase with the The cole f enter vaage vas above an bel i i ‘ae, lasewith he base caret a shown inthe Fi 73 Now let dane the varius cases of te power apie, depending Position of the Q point, on a load line. aia aa 7.34 Class A Amplifiers ov” The power amplifier i said to be dass A amplifier ifthe Q . Point and the input ae selected such thatthe output signals obtained for a fll input eye Pet SE ‘al! 1 ces, postion of he Q pint is eproimaely atthe mpi of he The ent and vlogs waveoms fora dass Aopen ar shown Output characteristics and the load line, in the Fig. 76. man sa Asch in th Fig. 76 fr fal apt yee, al : 2 fl ouput cc obtain ea ily repo a te dp tou ty Sarde Ta ee te ofa ds A peaton. The elcngy ef ce A oponten SnotElectronic Circuits -1 16 Large Signal Amplifiers Large Signal Amplifiers: Fig. 7.6 Waveforms representing class A operation 7.3.2 Class B Amplifiers ‘The power amplifier is said to be class B amplifier ifthe Q point and the input signal are selected, such thatthe output signal is oblained only for one half cycle fora full input oye Key Point: For this operation, the point is shifted on X-axis i.e. transistor is biased to cate Due to the seletion of @ point on the X-axis, the transistor remains, in the active region, only for positive half cyde ofthe input signal. Hence this half cycle is reproduced a the output. But in a negative half cyl of the input signal, the transistor enters into a cutoff region and no signal is produced atthe output. The collector current flows only for 189 (balf cycle) ofthe input signal. In other words, the angle of the collector current flow {is 189 Le one half eyele ‘The current and voltage wavelorms for a class B operation are shown in the Fig. 77. ‘Asnly a haf cycle is obtained at the output, fr fll input cycle, the output signal is distorted in this mode of operation. To eliminate this distortion, practically two transistors are used in the altemate half eyeles ofthe input signal. Thus overall a full cycle of output signal is oblained across the load. Each transistor conducts only for a half cycle of the imput signal. ‘The elfiiency of class B operation is much higher than the class A operation. Fig. 7.7 Waveforms representing class B operation 7.3.3 Class C Amplifiers The power amplifiers is said to be class C amplifier, f the Q point and the input signal are selected such thatthe output signal i obtained for less than a half cycle, for a fall input oye. For this epertion, the Q point is to be shifed below X-axis ich a selection of the Q point, transistor remains active, for less than a half only that much partis reproduced at the output. For remaining cyele of the the transistor remains cut-off and no signal is produced at the output The collector current flow is less than 180° ‘The current and voltage waveforms for a class C amplifier operation are shown in the ig. 78. Fig. 7.8 Waveform representing class C operationieiediniskict tetnemementedees a. Large Signal Amplifiers Kay Point: In class C operation, the transistor i biased well beyond cut-off As the callector current flows fr less thn 180" the output is much more distorted and hence the cass CC mode is.never used for A.F. power amplifers. But the efficiency ofthis cass of operation is mach higher and can reach very close to 100%. ‘The LC paralle! circuit is a Parallel resonant circuit. ‘This fundamental ut signal. As the transistor and co losses are small, the most of the de verted to ac. load power. Hence efficiency of dass Cis very high 7.34 Class AB Amplifiers The power amplifier is said to be lass AB amplifier, if the Q point and the input signal ae selected 360% fora full np Key Point the output signal is obtained for more than 180° but less than Q point positon is above X-axis but belo the midpoint of a load line. ‘The current and voltage waveforms for a class AB operation, are shown in the Fig 7:0, | am Fig. 7.10 Waveforms represe ‘The output signal is distorted in class A but less than class B ‘ross over distortion. xc Ener as the Q point moves away from the centre ofthe load line below towards the Xeaxis, the efficiency of class of operation increases, 7.4 Comparison of Amplifier Classes ‘The comparison of various amplifier classes is summarized in Table 71 Class A 8 e 8 Operating ser aor Less than 180°) ano a60r oc Poston of @| Cente of oad ino| On x-axa Below Xaxs | nove Xaxis bal Pont below the cente of load ine Eticnsy | Poor 25% 1 | Bater, 785% Hion | igher tan A bl om less tan 8 50 % to 75% Distorton ‘Absent Present Honest | Present ‘No dstorton | More than class A Table 74 111 important ont hat css C operation is nezer we or aul fepuency amplifiers. ‘This clas is used in gpecal areas of tuned circuits, suchas radio or communications,Electfonié Circuits -1 7-10 7.8 Analysis of Class A Amplifiers ‘The class A amplifiers are further classified as directly coupled and transformer ‘coupled amplifiers. In directly coupled type, the load is directly connected in ‘ke collector Circuit. While in the transformer coupled type, the load is coupled to the collector using a transformer called an output transformer. Let us study in detail the various aspects of the ‘oo types of Class A amplifiers. 7.6 Series Fed, Directly Coupled Class A Amplifier AA simple fixed-bias circuit can be used as «large signal class A amplifier as shown in the Fig. 7.11 ‘The difference between small signal is selected in such a way thatthe Q point lies =A = at the cantre ofthe de. load line. Fo. 7.11 Lane sonal clase A elitr ayes epee te nity comple class A amplifier as the lood resistance is directly connected in the collector circuit. Most of the times the load is a loudspeaker, the impedance of which varies from 3 to 4 ohms to 16 ohms. The beta ofthe transistor used is ess han 100. Key Point: This is calld directly coupled, as the lo R, is directly connected in the collector circuit of power transistor. ‘The overall circuit handles large power, in the range of a few to tens of watts without ‘providing much voltage gain. |). The graphical representation of a class A amplifie is shown in the Fig, 7.12. Fig. 7.12 Graphical representation of class A amplifier Large Signal Amplifiers Electronic Circuits -1 fa Large Signal Amplifirs. The eqton sina epson ) of satin 73 and he slp of he ed ne i gw he Yintreo ‘The change is beca this circuit. The Q point lector resistance Re is named as load resistance R, in approximately at the centre of the load line. 7.6.4 D.C. Operation ‘The collector supply voltage \éc and resistance Ry decides the de. base-bias current nq, The expression is obtained applying KVL to the BE loop and with Vye = 07 V. =07 In = SS y ‘The corresponding collector current is then, leo = Blea a) © the Q point can be defined as Q (Vera, Ica). 7.6.2 D.C. Power Input The dc. power input is provided by the supply. With no ac. input signal, the dc current drawn isthe collector bias current Icg. Hence dc. power input i, Foc = Yee-lea ~O 18 ig important to note that even if ac. input sigal is applied, the average current dav from the de. supply remains same. Hence equition () represents poet inp tothe class A series fed amplifier. 7.8.3 AC. Operation When an input ac. signal i applied, the base current varies sinusoidallyEiethorie Ciréuits 1 Te Large Signal Amplifiers ‘Assuming that the nonlinear distortion is absent, the nature of the collector current and collector to emitter voltage also vary sinusoidally as shown graphically in the Fig. 712. ‘The output current ic. collector current varies around its quiescent value while the the expressions for the ac. power delivered to the load. 7.6.4 AC. Power Output alternating output voltage and output curent swings, shown in the Fig. 7.12, wwe can write, Vay = Minimum instantaneous value of the collector (output) voltage Vou = Maximum instantaneous value ofthe collector (output) voltage ‘output voltage across the load. put voltage as shown in the Fig. 7.12. Similarly we can write for the output current as, Ing = Minimum instantancous value of the collector (output) current Jax = Maximum instantaneous value of the collector (output) current and Ij» = Peak to peak value of ac output (load) current Typ = Tae—Tae ® ‘Now In = Amplitude (peak) of ac. output (oad) current as shown in the Fig. 72 tn i Ian ta -* z Hence the rms. values of alternating output voltage and current can be obtained as, Va ve = 8 + a0) is ek a) Hence we ean wit Vow = Tame Ra vo» (2) ie. Vm = Ie Ri (3) ‘The ac. power delivered by the amplifier to the load can be expressed by using rims. ‘values, maximum ie. peak values and peak to peak values of output voltage and current. Eléetronic Circuits 1 7-13 Large Signal Amplifiers §) Using rms. values Re = Vins Ime a) o Pe = Fw Rt ) Mw on ne = 5) i) Using peak values Vey I Pa = Vans Tg = x Ho 2a n= Male an ra tad 08) or fe a9) i) Using peak to peak values = Vale re = “aie 2) o en o (2) But 25 Vp = Vans ~ Vain aN Typ = Imax ~ Init from equation (20), the ac. power can be expressed as below, for graphical calculations. (Wan = Vain) (tax — Tn) 3) 3 Pe 7.65 Efficiency The efficiency of an amplifier represents the amount of ac. power delivered or transferred to the load, from the dc. source ie. accepting the dic. power input. The ‘generalized expression for an efficiency of an amplifier is, ton = Fe x100 enElectronic Cireuits -1 74 Largo Signal Amplifiers: [Now for class A operation, we have derived the expressions for Pa and Pay hence using equations (6) and 23), we can write Ven Von) Tan) ysg9) 0 ten= BVeclan 100) 5) ‘The efficiency is also called conversion efficiency of an amplifier. 7.6.6 Maximum Efficiency For maximum efficiency calculation, assume maximum swings of both the output voltage and the output current. The maximum swings are shown in the Fig. 7.13. From the Fig. 7.13, we can see that the minimum voltage possible is zero and ‘maximum voltage possible is Vc, for a maximum swing. Similarly the minimum current is zero and the maximum current possible is 2 Ico, for a maximum swing. Fig, 7.13 Maximum voltage and current swings Vn = Veo and Vain =O) in, Tam #2 fog and Teun 20) STONES, ‘Using equation (25) we can write, = Mec-M(2lea-9 199 _ 2 Vor bec Win = SENG D og = EYEE IED x09 = B% Key Point: Thus the maximum efficiency possible in case of directly coupled series fed class A amplifier is just 25 %. Electronic Circuits -1 7-48 Large Signal Amplifiors ‘This maximum efficiency is an ideal value. For a practical circuit, itis much less than 25 %, of the order of 10 to 15 %. Key Point: Very low efficiency isthe biggest disadoantage of class A amplifier. 7.8.1 Power Dissipation dissipated by the transistor is the difference between the dc. power power delivered to the load Py. Power dissipation Pa = Foc Pe ~ (8) log. This entie power form of heat. Thus de. pk ‘ac. input signal is the (a)max = Vee Ica] 27) Key Point: Thus value of meximum power dissipation decides the maximum power isipation rating ofthe transistor tobe slected for the amplifier. 7.8.8 Advantages and Disadvantages ‘The advantages of directly coupled class A amplifier can be stated as, 1. The circuit is simple to design and to implement. dizectly in the collector circuit hence the output transformer fs not necessary. This makes the circuit cheaper. 3. Less number of components required as load is directly coupled. The disadvantages are, 1L The load resistance is directly connected in collector and carries the quiescent collector current. This causes considerable wastage of power. 2. Power dissipation is more, Hence power dissipation arrangements like heat sink are essential 3. The output impedance is high hence circuit cannot be used for low impedance Toads, such as loudspeakers. 4. The efficiency is very poor, due to large power dissipationElectronic Circuits -1 7-16 Largé Signal Amplifiers wad Example 7.1: A seis fed clos A anplifershoun in Fig. 7.14, operates fom D.C source and epplicd sinusoidal input signal generates peak base current 9 iA. Calcalte 9 Quiescent erent Teo io) AC. output power Puc ) ficiency Assume B = 50 and Var = 07 V. eo Ig = “5S 21287 ma, eq =X Ing =50%1287 = 64350. mA WVerq Voc = TeoRt +Verg # Ver = Vec=leaRt, = 20-64350%x10-9 x16 = 9.70 V fH Poe Pac = Voc Xen = 20x6435x10" = 1287 W fv) Pu Peak current ig= ic = Bis =$0x9 = 450 mA (peak) ot tee «ee 8 Wt = 82-919 mA =I “aOR Electronic Circuits -1 1-1 Large Signal Amplifiers 7.7 Transformer Coupled Class A Amplifier ag low AAs stated enti, for maximum power transfer to the load, the impedance matching is necessary. For loads like loudspeaker, having low impedance values, impedance matching {is dificult using directly coupled amplifier circuit. This is because loudspeaker resistance is in the range of 3 to 4 ohms to 16 ohms while the output impedance of series fed directly coupled class A amplifier is very much high. This problem can be eliminated by using transformer to deliver power to the load. Koy Point: ‘The transformer is called an output transformer and the amplifier i called transformer coupled class A amplifier. Before studying the operation of the amplifier let us revise few concepts regarding the transformer. TIA reve of Transformer Consider a transformer as shown in the Fig. 7.15 which is connected to a load of resistance Ry. a saa While analyzing the transformer, itis Fesstance assumed that the transformer is ideal and. there are no losses in the transformer. Similarly the winding resistances are = 748 Transformer with load scammed to be zero, N, = Number of turns on primary N; = Number of turns on secondary V, = Voltage applied to primary V,, = Voltage on secondary = Prmarycurent Ta = Becondary cumrent 1) Tums ratio :The ratio of number of tums on secondary to the slumber of tums on primary is called turns the transformer denoted by n. me o n= Tums ratio = MoM Some times i is specified as FP: Tor EL 1) Voltage transformation : The transformer transforms the voltage applied on one side to other side proportional to the tums rato. The transformer can be step up or step down, transformerElectronic Circuits -1 7-18 Large Signal Amplifiors ae Hen =® [In the amplifier analysis, the load impedance is going to be small. And the transformer is to be used for impedance matching. Hence it has to be a step down transformer. Hence ii) Curent transformation : The current in the secondary winding. 6 inversely proportional to the number of tums of the windings hoMot TN on » 's) Impedance transformation : As current and voltage get transformed from primary to secondary, an impedance ‘sen’ from either side (primary or secondary) alo changes ‘The Ri, is the reflected impedance and is related to the square of the turns ratio of the transformer. Remember that for a step down transformer, the secondary voltage is less than the primary. And high voltage side is always high impedance side. Hence Ri is always higher than R, for a step down transformer, Key Point: in the amplifier analysis, the load is on secondary while the active device, the transistor & on primary. Hence in all the calculations related tothe transistor, the reflected load impedance Ri, must be considered rather than actual load impedance Ry, wad Example 7.2; The lead of 4 is connect to the secondary of « transformer hing primary turns of 200 and the secondary turns of 20. Calculate the rected load impedance primary, Electronic Circuits -1 7-19 Large Signal Amplifigrs Solution: Ry = 40,N, = 200, Ny =20 ‘AS Ns < Ni, the transformer i step down and hence Ki, > Rx, asthe primaiy winding is high voltage winding. > Example 7.3 : For a transformer, te load connected tothe secondary has an innpedance of 8 O. ts reflected impedance on primary isobseroed to be 648 £2. Calculate the turns ratio. Solution : Now Key Point: For all the calculations, we will use the turns ratio as n= specifying the turns ratio, the method of specification {transformer turns ratio is given as 10:1 then for the calculation purpose we will consider the turns ratio as, =Me deo 7.7.2 Circuit Diagram of Transformer Coupled Amplifier ‘The basic circuit of a transformer coupled amplifier is shown in the Fig, 716, The loudspeaker connected to the secondary acts as a load having impedance of Ry ohms. Fig. 7.16 Transformer coupled class A amplifiorSaprens Crewe 1 7-20 Large Signal Amplifiers ‘The transformer used is a step down transformer with the turns ratio as, sem] ae a 7.7.3 D.C. Operation ON drop across winding is zero Veg forthe transistor So Vou = Xe 6 Hence the dc. lond line isa vertical straight line passing through a voltage point on the X-axis which is Very = Voc ‘The intersection of dc. load line and the base current set by the circuit isthe quiescent ‘operating point of the circuit. The corresponding collector current is leg. ‘The de. load line is shown in the Fig, 7.17. 7.7.4 DC. Power Input So Tec = Wel} | °°" 6 The expression is same as derived eattier for series fed directly coupled dass A amplifier. 7.7.5 AC. Operation For the ac. analysis, it is necessary to draw an ac. load line on the output characteristics. For a.c. purposes, the load on the secondary isthe load impedance Ry ohms. And the reflected load on the primary ic, Rican be calculated using the equation (4) The load line drawn with a slope of (+) and pasing through the operating point ie. quiescent Print Qi led ac Jad tine. The and load lines ae shown in the F737 Fig. 7.17 Load lines for transformer coupled class A amplifier ‘The output current ie. collector current varies around its quiescent value Icg, when ‘4c. input signal is applied to the amplifier. The corresponding output voltage also variee sinusoidally around its quiescent value Vexq which is Voc in this case 7.7.6 AC. Output Power The ac. power developed ison the primary side of the tansformer. While calculating this power, the primary values of voltage and current and reflected load Ri, must be ‘considered. The ac. power delivered to the load is on the secondary side of the transformer. While calculating load voltage, load current, load power the secondary voltage, current and the load Ry, must be considered. lt Vig = Magnitude or peak value of primary voltage ma = RMS. vale of primary volage yy, = Peak value of primary current Thome = RMS. value of primary current Hines the ac. power developed on the primary is gven by, Re ag Tart a Nuh a evant = ® ite eo ss (10)(2) Similarly the 2c. power delivered to the load on secondary, alo can be calculated, sing secondary quanites. Let Van = Magnitude or peak vale of secondary of load volage Vans ~ RMS. value of secondary o load voltage Taq = Magnitude or peak value of secondary of loud current Tam = RMS. value of secondary of load current ‘Key Polnt: In practical circuit, the tranformer cannot be ideal Hence the power delivered then ad om the secondary is sighly ls than power denoped onthe primary. In such suc, reckamer ficiency must be considered for calculating various pramterson te primary dary sides ofthe transformer. ‘The slope ofthe ac. load line can be expressed interms of the primary current and the primary voltage. The slope of the ac load line is, the and a5) ‘The generalized expression ower output represented by the equation (23) in Section 6), can be used as it is for transformer coupled amplifier. The expresion is ‘mentioned again forthe convenience ofthe reader. (Wax ~ Vain )loat Ee) Pes ed Key Point: The ac. power calculated isthe power {he ‘output transformer. Assuming. ideal transformer, Te pe same as that dceoped cross the primary. Ifthe transformer econ oust cont net the lad mus be aed fom the per denopl onthe posar, considering the efciency of the transformer. 7 rr 1 ile Cire «7 7-23 Large Signal Ampiifiors 1. 2.77 Efficiency ne 25 eens eon othe een remains same a hat ven by egaton 8) and (25) in section 76. Pe 499 = (Wom ~ Vian) leat “Ti ) | Yes pn = Co Na) ag 7.7.8 Maximum Efficiency june maximum swings ofboth the output vollage and output curen, to calculate ‘maximum efficiency, as shown in the Fig. 718 Fig. 7.18 Maximum voltage and current swings ma, Fg: 718 assuming thatthe Q point is exactly atthe centre ofthe lad line, for ‘maximum swing we can write, Vain = 0 and Vang = 2 Vee tan =O one | mM Wing Using equation (25) of section 7.5, Geran = B¥eC~0) ley -0) = Oe) 300 = Hele x10 -50% Bec Teo Key Point: Hence maximum possible theoretical in transformer co lass A amplifier is 50%, eee alFor practical circuit it is about 30 to 35 %, which is sill much more than the Inq cos? Substituting cos? ot cos? wt and cost wt and doing tr i, = By +B, cosatt By cos 20t+ B, cos 30t+ By cos 40t 0) ‘The equation shows that there are harmonics upto 4" order. The collector current ‘waveform and the various instants to be considered for higher order harmonic distortion calculation, are shown in the Fig. 722 323 Fig, 7.22 Output current waveform Electronic Circuits -1 7-33 Large Signal Amplifiers ‘The total collector current including dic. bias can be writen as, ig = Tcqt By + By cos t+ By cos 20t+ By cos Jor+ B, cos 4a. 21) Where, (cy + By ) i the dc. component. B,, Bz, By and By are the amplitudes of the fundamental component, second, third ‘and fourth harmonic components fespectively. Consider the five instants as shown in the Fig, 7.22. At point 1, t= 0, ie = Tue Tmax = co + Bo + Bh +B + By +B, ~ At point 2, ot = Teco + By + 0534 ~ 058) ~ By - 0584 % fa Yo le -) Ye + Bo - Bz + By (24) At point 4, Ly = 05) At point 5, at =m 26) Solving the above five equations from (21) to (26) simultaneously, for the values of iy, By, Ba, By and By we get, 1 Ca) 28) ex ~2 Te + Ein Co 2ly+2Ly —lan] co) & -4 ly +6leq AL y, + lanl eoElectronic Circuits -1 1-4 Large Signal Amplifiers [Hence the harmonic distortion coefficients can be obtained as, Bl p, = reler equation (1) As the method uses five points on the output waveform to obtain the amplitudes of ‘he various orders of harmonics, the method is calle “Five Point Method! of determining the higher order harmonic distortion. 7.8.6 Power Output Due to Distortion Ne a 1 sf euntion (7) Hc te ol per wi amare ttn . ~ B ter eutin (2 Where (Pedo = Px (1+ DP) ~ (33) 1 eal bao erin 5H Le D=08\, then (Pedo = Px [1 ‘So there is 225 % increase in the power given to the load, ‘mp Example 7.5 : Prove that in class A amplifier f distortion is 10 percent power given fo the load is increased by 1 percent Suton: The power gv the nd witout dation i 1 Pe = 3FR, Wie power given he od with dtrton is Py[1+D3+D3 + 408] Electronic Circuits -1 7:35 Large Signal Amplifiers D3 = Total harmonic distortion (Pio)o = Pal Solution :R, = 62, Ico = 5 Now the current with signal is 60 mA. cq + By = 60 mA 1. refer equation (6) ‘This isthe increased dc. current due to the harmonic cantent in the signal. By = 60-55 =5mA refer equation (13) = 01601 Hence the percentage second harmonic distortion is 0.1601 x 100 = 16.01 %. 79 Analysis of Class B Amplifiers [As slated earlier, for clas B operation, the quiescent operating Point is located on the Xanis itself. Due to this collector current flows only for a halfyele fora fll cycle of the input signal. Hence the output signal is distorted, To get a full cycle across the load, a pairElectronic Circuits -1 Fs Large Signa Ampiers of transistors is used in cass B operation. The two transistors conduct in alternate half cycles of the input signal and a full cycle across the load is obtained. The two transistors are identical in characteristics and called matched transistors. Depending upon the types of the two transistors whether parp or npn, the two circuit configurations of class B amplifier are possible. These ae, 1. When both the transistors are of same type ie. cither npn or prep then the circuit is called push pull class B AF. power amplifier circuit. 2, When the two transistors form a complementary pair is. one npn and other pap then the circuit is called complementary symmetry class BAF. power amplifier circuit. Let us analyze these two ciruits of ea ‘The ph pull cru requtes two nomen tapped transformers, The push pull class B amplifier circuit is shown in the Fig, 723. In the circuit, both Q, and Qy transistor: are of n-p-n type. The circuit can use both Q) and Qs of p-r-p type. In such a case, the only change is thatthe supply voltage must bbe ~ ic, the basic circuit remains the same. Generally the circuit using mvp-n transistors is used. Both the transistors are in common emiter configuration. ‘The driver transformer drives the circuit. The input signal is applied to the primary of the driver transformer. The centre tap on the secondary of the driver transformer is grounded. The centre tap on the primary of the output transformer is connected to the supply volge | i rh = | 4 + fe Yi @> NE Se eae SN | ance | Fig. 7.23 Push pull cles B amplifier *— Blestronie. Circuits 7-37 Large Signal Amplifiers With respect to the centre tap, for a positive half yee of input signal; the point A shown on the secondary ofthe driver transformer willbe positive. While the point B wil ‘be negative. Thins the voltages in the two halves ofthe secondary ofthe driver transformer ‘will be equal but with opposite polarity. Hence the inpat signals applied to the base of the transistors Qh and Qa will be 187 out of phase. a The transistor Q; conducts for the {2 postive half cycle ofthe input prodcing postive half yee across the Toad. While By = “Boe Og he meat Qs cmd forthe secre af re of opt ring {2} =y acto the lad, we get fll oye fora full input_cyele, The basic. push pull Fig. 7.24 Basic push pull operation operation is shown in the Fig. 724. ‘When point A is positive, the transistor Qy gets driven into an active region while the transistor Qz isin cut-off region. While when point A is negative, the point B is positive, hence the transistor Q2 ge driven into an active region while the transistor Qy isin cutoff region ‘The waveforms of the input current, base currents, collector currents and the load: ‘current are shown in the Fig. 725 Fig. 7.25 Waveforms for push pull class 8 amplifierEloctronie Circuits 1-38 Large Signal Amplifiers Koy Point: For the ouput transformer, the number of th tras of each half of the primary is Ny shi the ramber ofthe turns onthe secondary is Na. Hence the total number Of priary turns is 28, So turns ratio of the output tnsformer is specified as 28; So turns ratio of the output tesformer is spec as 28, : Ny 7.404 D.C. Operation ‘The de. biasing point ie. Q point is adjusted on the X-axis such that Yn = Voc and erg is zero. Hence the co-ordinates ofthe Q point are (Vcc 0) There is no di. base bias voltage 2 D.C. Power Input ch wir ot is he fo of hal ed wave, Hei I he pal leo ouput ren of ch nitro deo rege ron! do hf cfd waren. The wo caren ne by the fe tans, fern the 3 strn arin the sae neon Hen ol ew veneer en re StPn ie le sum fhe nr reagent dew yc ans ten Pelee ie ‘The total d.c. power input is given by, 6% gt tie = WeXle WF Neoe % 2 % fe = 2¥c In | % ® 7.10.3 AC. Operation ‘When the ac. signal is applied to the driver transformer, for positive half cycle Qs conducts. The path of the current drawn by the Qi is shown in the Fig. 726 For the negative half cycle Qo conducts. The path of the current drawn by the Qr is shown in the Fig. 726 () 2 eg i oe ¢ ‘ . f ‘hy gy 4 tee 1 \ (2) conduction (0 conduction Electronic Circuits +1 1-39 ep Large Signal Amplifiers: It can be seen that when Q; conducts, lower half ofthe primary of thé output transformer does not carry any current. Hence only N; number of tums carry the current. While when Qz conducts, upper half of the primary does not carry any-current. Hence again only Ni: number of tums carry the current. Hence the reflected load on the primary ‘an be written a5, R= ° 2z | 2IF where, tis important to note thatthe step down turns ratio is 2N; : Nz but while calculating the reflected load, the ratio n becomes N;/N. So each transistor shares equal load which is the reflected load Ri, given by the equation (3). The slope of the ac. load line is -1/R, while the dec. load line is the vertical line passing through the operating point Q on the X-axis. The load lines are shown in the Big. 727. Fig. 7.27 Load lines for push pull class ® amplifier ‘The slope of the a.c. load line (magnitude of slope) can be represented interms of Va and In as, Ri 1 R= Te o where, In. = Peak value ofthe collector currentEason Crus 1 7-40 Large Signal Amplifiers 7.10.4 A.C. Power Output land Yaar the peak Van ofthe‘ ek top Yale and Tm = = A Hence the ac. power output is expressed 25, rE = Mie Fe = Min Tne = Bae RL = © ‘While using peak values it can be expressed as, Sy “ er Ve, © ae Ne fo" 7.40.5 Efficiency ‘The efficiency ofthe class B amplifier can be calculated using the basic equation. tn = foe 7.10.6 Maximum Efficiency ala GRU Was ava ne para ot ces wing! Vy ican bo ete aes te aia sty) arn ceale the ‘shown in the Fig. 7.28. aol Igy Va = Vec for maximum 9 te = Bec = 785% ey Key Point: Thus the maximum — possible Fae —_emreta finey im te of sh pl class B orm oupua *™plifier i 785 % which is much higher tan the ae tense eels Aamir Fig. 7.28 hy "elactronie Ceults-t ea) For practical circuits it is upto 65 to 70 %. \\ Key Point: Practically the collector-emitter voltage of transistor is neglected as small. But I Voge tes i et Yo reduces by Vex(nin) and becomes = Vee —Vectein tender maximum’ efciency condition. 7.40.7 Power Dissipation jon by both the transistors is the difference between a.c. power amplifier itis maximum when no input signal is there. input signal is zero, Vi, = 0 hence the power dissipation Maximum power dissipation : The condition for maximum power dissipation can. be obtained by differentiating the equation (8) with réspect to Vy andl equating it to zero. wile .. For maximum power dissipation C) dissipation is, ao) Key Polk: For maim eficecy, Va = Nex hence the poser disiation i not maxim when te eicency is maxim. And ‘when pose dsipaton is maximum ‘ficiency at raion. Sonam efficiency and maximum power disiation do ot occ simaltancousy, nce of class B ampliLarge Signal Amplifiers ay 3 2 + (adam pet transistor = 7 Wheat (3) Tite macnum yowedsipan ng of och tai Fr empl 10 W man power 8m pied el power iipaon tng ch tact dul be 2 able 20. mm) Example 7.7 : Prove that in case of push pull clas B amplifier, the efficiency atthe time sf maxima power dissipation i ust 0%, Solution : The maximum power dissipation occurs when the value of Va is 2 Va = 2Ne refer equation (9) Now re = Sele So at the time of maximum power dsipation, it is pe = 2 Mele. Mele De We he + Nee ee) Hence en = Pexo0 = 100 (Fxa,) = 50% \ Key Plot: Ts efcincy is jut $0 % shen the power dsipaton is monn. Wile enema fen of ess Bins SBS on Electronic Circuits “| 7-43 Large Signal Amplifiers 7.40.8 Harmonic Distortion ‘Let the base input currents are sinusoidal in nature and given by, iyy = Taq 008 ot and ‘The negative sign indicates that both are ‘Due to nonlinear dynamic characteristics, the collector current of the two transistors ‘can be expressed interms of harmonic component +B cos 30t4. (4) = Ico + By 1B; c08 2at —B, cos 3a a5) Now the load current is the difference between the two. This is because, in the primary of the transformer the two currents are in opposite direction cos ott By cos 20t+ By cos 31+...) [Bs| (Bal py = !Balx100, 9s = 100 ws = TB mo TL Hence the total harmonic distortion is, %D = {DprDs+DF..x100 on ‘This is based” Ga” The assumption Gat The two transistors are exaclly matched. Otherwise even harmonics may be present in the output signal. 7.40.9 Advantages and Disadvantages ‘The advantages of push pull class B operation are, 1. The efficiency is much higher than the lass A operation. 2. When there is no input signal, the power dissipation is zero. See aeEleetronie circuit =1 Ta Large Signal Ampiirs eteetronieCifcuits -1 1245 Large Signal Amplifiers 3. The even harmonics get cancelled. This reduces the harmonic distortion: % < a Nn tm , Vin tm ty (Paedn Vana ha BS ee and Vm = Vor 4. As the de. curent components flow in opposite direction through the primary ae ‘winding, there is no possiblity of de. saturation ofthe core. isis =» Mn 5. Ripples present in supply voltage also get eliminated. rT 6 Due to the transformer, impedance matching is possible In = 08 The disadvantages of the circuit are 1. Two center tap transformers are necessary. 2. The transformers, mike the Grcuit bulky and hence ose. 3. raquency response is poor imp: Exaniple 7.8 : A css B push pull amplify supplies power toa resistive load of 120 “The cutputtensformer asa tur ratio of 3 : 1 and fey of 78.5% bain 5) Maximum power output Maximum he nd ele fo eh os hy = 2d Vee=20¥ Sotiion: gyoi2a, n= == 020, Mme 785% k we Besos jy Da Pam Vo = Ve (Pada = = 18518 W (Pom pe taster = WS agra Ww \ and (i, ump Example 7.9 : A class B, push pill amplifier drives « load of 16 9, connected 10 the secondary ofthe idea! tansformer. The supply vllage is 25 V. Ifthe mumber of tums on the primary is 200 and the number of turss on the secondary & 50, calculate maxinam per output, de. power np, efcincy and macmum per dissipation pertain Solution :R, =162 Ve =25V Now IN, = 20 = 90 : N= 100 NOL n= Mens ee Bo ar =a For maximum power output, Vi = Yec San = BME 1 » Caden = FE Pe = 48008 W ; at » te = 2 Neda Na o Now yee and Wn Ke sv tear equation 8, 2.3. ta = SE-B 03088 tac = Bxzx.306 = 6210EleetYonte Circuits -1 1-41 Electronic Circuits - 7246 Large Signal Amplirs. Large Signab Amplifiers = Pex 109 = 1 In addition, voltage feedback can be used to reduce the output impedance for oy sen = fx n= S10 A age bage = m3% ‘The basic circuit of complementary symmetry cass B amplifier is shown in the 2 2 Fig. 730. rn) adam = Ze % Pre) fr each transistor = x 4.8828 = 09994 =1W ‘imp Example 7.10 : A single Insistor operates a an ideal class B amplifier. If de current ‘drawn from the supply i 25 mA, calculate the ac. power delivered to loud for loud « ransistor operates as clas B, rage of ig which is half wveform as it operates for 1 Now Pye =HaoRt =(I2) Ri = (a) No transformer is used = 785398 109)? 2x10? _ Zi saw sh Pe 7.14 Complementary Symmetry Class B Amplifier 9 ‘As stated earlier, instead of using same type of transistors (p-n or pvp), one m-p-n common collector (emitter follower) configuration, in this ici. Key Point: This is becance common clletor configuration has lowest Od impedance and hence the impedance matching is posible ‘ is.of complementary type, {nto positive half cycle across the load Ry. This is shown in the Fig, 731 Fig, 7.31 Positive half cycle operationElectronic Circuits -1 7-48 Large Signal Amplifiers iring the negative half cycle ofthe signal the tansistor Qs being p--p gets biased into conduction. While the transistor Q; gets driven into cut-off region. Hence only Qa conducts during negative haf cyele ofthe input, producing negative half cycle across the Toad Ry, a8 shawn in the Fig. 732 () (2) Negative half eyele operation (0) Load voltage waveform Fig. 7.32 ‘Thus for a complete cycle of input, a complete cycle of output signal is developed across the load as shown in the Fig, 732 (b) applicable tothe complementary class B amplifier. The only change is that as th Teensformer is not present, hence in the expressions, Rr value must be used as it is, instead of Ri. 11.2 Advantages and Disadvantages ‘The advantages are, 1. As the circuit is transformerless its weight, size and cost are les. 2, Due to common collector configuration, impedance matching is possible. 3, The frequency response improves due to transformeriess class B amplifier circuit, + leatronic Circuits -1 7-0 ee ‘The disadvantages are, 1. The circuit needs two separate voltage supplies 2. The output is distorted to cross-over distortion. ‘Key Point: While sotving the problems remember scumed maxima unless and eerie speci Hence we the expression, 2 Mast of th ies the rt uses dual suply a8 Vcc 4. The cet may pete wth singe steeply + Ve, Th sale spy Seon ee rH dea Sof ply ginen in he protien + 10 V, + 20 Vit Voc Ao a can whe sig ch rons Vor Sel tke hal of he ven pore V, 10 V respectively. the pale V8 ge hn reenter sri i comm alco oe AS Tin Tha Vean gan hen wg rss is ame Vy The ak sie Vn S "Vegi sich #c. 4 mp Exampe 714: Clas complementary AF. peer ampis shown i the Fi. 753 Callie, 3) Maximum ac. power which on be developed 4) Callector dissipation while developing maximum a. power ii) Efcieny io) Maxim pomer disption per tasistor 3) feng ner maximum poser asian coniton “Assume pre sinus inp (AU. ; May - 208, Dee-2007 Weg" 18VEteotronic Cireuits =F 7-50 Large Signal Amplifiers Solution : From the Fig, 733, Mc = VRS ‘Use the expressions derived for push pull cas B replacing Ri Py Re 1% a Padee “2 Re 1097 = {OF ans 4) When power developed is maximum, Va = We 2 essa 5-509 W py = tena = 9S = 7484 ‘ise hl coco spt der sium power mio. Pac wy Bex 28.15 = Bee 75% te ficiency is avium pssle for cas B, doe to the fac at he Powe: developed is at its maximum. jv) For maximum power dissipation, Ve = 2c < Bas -95 Va _ 95892 1 = =P 2A = ENeln = Dasaanesa97W Electronic Circuits -1 while Pe. adeo = Pe“ Pre = 797-1398 = 1139 W 21 pw ert es ANternatively we can dretly use the esl, Caden = Ze Pa dum pet tansistor «anos 9 Werte Eliciency unde (7 Jue coniton, Pe ur ‘%n = “Funder ( 11398 90 = x 100 = 3355 x 100 = 50% ‘Tis shows that when efficiency is maximum, power dissipation is not maximum. And wen power dissipation is maximum, eficency is not maxima. smd Example 712: A complet ask pull empjer has ctie cle I 1,80. supply voltage £12 V, elevate 1) Pye max 2) of each tailor and 3) Efficiency. Solution : Ry, = 822, Voc = # 12 hence dual supply version . 1Vie 1 027 pe-ow v (Peden = FRE=3™ 2 Moc + Vee tne but oc = 282 = vel!s) Naat erglag, Nay r Now my = YE Leta and Vo = Vee NEE yh = (120 x2 Pac = Voc % 2* R= xm = 1ALW= 1.2095 W Pre 9 2 Seon = FE 100 sy = 705 % mp Example 7.13: A complementary symmetry push pull amplifier i operated using Voc =#10V and delivers power toa Toud Ry =5 9. Cateulate i) Maximum output power fi) Power rating of transistors i) D.C. output power. Solution : Voc = + 1 a (Ped (Pb mae = , | 1p rating foreach tasister = i: {i For (Pu) + Vm = Veo = 10 Ths sfc when oie per sina ae © Blectronic Circuits 1 7-33 eee 742 Comparison of Push Pull and Complementary Symmetry Circuits sco. Push Pull Class 8 complementary symmetry cass B | lh the wanaisors are sitar ether pvp | Transistors are complementary pe Le, one one. pa ober Pa. “The traaformer ie wed w connec he load | The cet is tansfomeress, as wol a input “Te mpatance michng is postin ue to | Th kmpedance machin spose due 12 . common colecor cit Frequency response is improved ‘ue to wansfomers the iat is bulky, csth| As tansformares, the creak & nt buy and rd Neat. ost, ‘ual power surly required. ‘us power supply isnot required. ficinoy Is Nghe than lass A 2 2 “| Frequency response is poor 5 6 7 “Th eficancy i higher than the push pul Table 72 Key Point: Note that the other features of clas B such as 180"conduton for sch naman zero power dispation when ac. signal i absent, cro over distortion et are germanium tasistors. Hence as long as the magnitude ofthe input signal i less vein voltage of the base emitter junction, the collector current remain zero and SMtematey i shown shaded in the Fig, 734. The crsover distortion is comman in both the types of dass B amplifier.Electronic Circuits -1 1-34 Large Signal Amplifiers Electronic Circuits -1 7-55 Large Signal Amplifiers The drop acres the diode is equal to the cutin voltage of the bsmenit FL of the transistor. “fence both the transistors conduct for full half cycle eliminating the cxoss-over distortion, Fig. 7.36 ‘Due to the forward biased provided to eliminate the cross-over distortion, the Q point shits upwards on the load line as shown in the Fig: 7:96 ‘Hence the operation of the ut asthe amplifier handles the large signal in'he range of wots, compar 10 these signals the shift in point is negligibly small : ey Point: For all he racial puree, the operation i tretd acs B operation and sean to the tasers Let ws see the practi rots wed to apply ssh foward allie expression derived are applicable to these modified circuits biased, inthe two types of class B amplifies. 7.142 Complementary Symmetry Class B Amplifier Vee Fig, 7.35 Use of diode Ts fran ie ss the base miter junction of each Wangistor is provided by ity ofa distortion when theres tmperaure ‘nae Hence bisead of, Ro, ihe 0 using a diode as shown in the Fig, 7.35 Fe ey to provide the reuied eed bias, As the temperature chant tn es!Electronic Circuits -1 7-56 Large Signal Amplifiers with the junction characteristics, the diode characteristics get changed and maintain the ‘necessary biasing required to overcome the cross-over distortion when there is temperature change. The arrangement ofthe circuit with the two diodes is shown in the Fig. 738. 4 ve OM | ce YOM Ve _* Va a RL F = Jo, I %: 1 e Fig, 7.38 Use of pair of diodes 7.45 Complementary Symmetry Single Supply Version ‘The main disadvantage as sen earlier of complementary amplifier isthe use of dual supply. But in practice the circuit can be modified by grounding ~ Vcc terminal, The resulting. circuit is called single supply version of complementary symmetry class B amplifier as shown in the Fig, 739. Fig, 7.39 Single supply version of complementary symmetry class 8 amplifier Key Point: All the expression derived for dual supply version are sill applicable to single suply version. Only change required is that the value of Voc must be taken as Vecl2, ‘while calculating the various parameters of the circuit. + Electronic Circuits -1 1-57 Large Signal Amplifiers amp Example 7.14 : The circuit shown in Fig. 740 operates with sinusoidal input. Calculate: ‘) Maximum A.C. power output ii) Power dissipation in each transistor ii) Conversion efficiency at maximum pore output € Fig. 7.40 Solution : Ths is single supply version of complementary sysmumery amplifier hence, 08% y, Use, | vec= Be 10vcholes rs 1 fo prams = #2 = 048 W Poe = 83 ene Fea = SS = nsx 7.46 Complementary Symmetry Class B with Driver Stage ‘The driver stage of complementary symmetry class B amplifier is normal common emitter voltage amplifier with emitter bypassed, It provides the ac. signal of sufficient amplitude to the class B large signal amplifier. The Fig. 741 shows the complementary symumetry class B large signal amplifier with the diver stage. ts it i preferred to have both n-p-n transistors try circuit requires one n-p-n and other p-n-p In price, the complementary symanety cuit is modified In auch a way tut matched pn tants can supply the Toa though the operation i complementary. Sach» modified cet is clled quastcomplementay push pall ampli. This is shown inthe ig 742 ~ Large Signal Amplifiers ‘Blectronic Circuits - | 7-59 ‘The Qi and Qz are complementary transistors as Q; is npn and Q: is prep. The complementary operation is possible because of Q; and Q3. The Qi and Qs form a Darlington pair while Qs and Qy form a feedback pair. The collector of Qu is connected to the base of Qs. The diodes Q} and Qz are used to overcome cross-over distortion. Fig. 7.42 Quasi-complomentary power amplifier 7.47.4 Operation cyde to the load with a low impedance. Thus for common input signal applied tothe Grcuit a full cycle is availabe across the loa.Electronic Circuits -1 7-60 Large Signal Amplifiers Key Point: Practically the quasicomplementary push pull power amplifier circuit most widely used power amplifier circuit. 7.48 Class G Operation In class C amplifier, a resonating cirnit is used as a load. Thus most of the class C amplifiers are the tuned amplifiers. 7.48.1 Resonant Frequency The Fig. 743 (a) shows the class C tuned amplifier while the Fig. 7.43 (6) ‘Thus it filters the harmonic frequencies and produce a sine wave output voltage consisting of the fundamental ‘component of the input signal Fig. 743 (b) Waveform representing class © operation N quit Ep vag ives heb and amp opt wg wae the lector. <—~ * Electronic Circuits -1 7-61 Large Signal Amplifiers ‘The amplified and inverted collector voltage is connected to load resistance Rt through coupling capacitor. ‘As dass C amplifier is used with parallel tuned creit the output vollage is maximum at the resonant frequency. The resonant frequency is given by, 0) ‘As gain is maximum at resonant frequency, these amplifiers are used to amplify only narrow band of frequencies. 7 Fig, 744 Frequency response 7.48.2 Load Lines cf Fig, 7.45 D.C. equivalent of class C amplifier 4°: Ie © ‘open circuit and does not affect the de. operation. [As Rg is very small, the slope of ‘de. load line is reciprocal of Rs and is Vee Fig. 7.46 Load lines for class C amplifiorShEOETR SPE RE | RAE cf oe A: Fig, 747 AC. equivalent circuit ‘The inductor has a series resistance Rs. The quality factor Q ofthe inductor is, ~ Hae Qu = Re” Rs ® where Qt = Quality factor of coil X= Induetive reactance of col Rs = Series col resistance ‘The series resistance Rs can be replaced by a parallel resistance R, This is given by, ® ® la Ti shown inthe Fig 748 Fig. 748 D.C. clamping of input ‘The input is almost clamped by ~ Vp. Only positive peaks of input can turn on the emitter diode. Hence the current flows in brief pulses. This is shown in the Big 729. Harmonics consist of harmonics ie. the components which are multiples of the At funda a, pts nk i ih ie ps + all other harmonics, due to low impedance of tank circuit, the voltage gain is jess. Hence all the harmonics are fillred and pure sine wave of fundamental frequency is available across the tank circuit as shown in the Fig, 7-50 catecortge oar Fig, 7.50 Collector voltage waveform 7.18.6 Bandwidth We know that, bandwidth of resonant circuit is defined as BW = f-f where f © Lower half power (8 dB) fequency f, = Upper half power (3 dB) frequencyElectionie Circuits +1 7-84 Large Signal Amplifiers ‘The half power frequencies are identical to the frequencies at which the voltage gain equal 0.707 times the maximum gain. The bandwidth is shown in the ig. 751. ‘The bandwidth of class C tuned amplifier is given by, Hd 0707 ty wh © where Q = Quilty factor of ‘ i % reuit Key Point : Bandwidth is inoersely proportional to Q. Higher the value of Q, smaller the bandwith of the circuit Ly Fig. 7.51 Bandwidth 7.48.7 Duty Cycle ‘The duty cycle is the ratio of ON period of the transistar to tolal-period ofthe pulses. ‘The width of current pulse represents on period of transistor. Thus, W = Width of pulse T= Period of pulses ‘Then the duty cycle D is given by, o w p-¥ 0 Koy Point : The smaller the duty cycle, the narrower the pulses as compared to the A a This is shown in the Fig. 752. “Or | EASAt we LW be seo (9 Contin angle Fig, 7.52 Representation of duty cycle Interms of conduction angle ¢, the duty cycle is given by, at Ds ar ey 1 Electronic Circuits - | 726% Large Signal Amplifiers 7.18.8 Output Power If the rams. value of output voltage across load resistance is measured then the output power is given by, Pan = SE =O But (10) the collector grad gli om 1753 (b). The peak value of the pulses is Te(sat) and conduction angle is & (2) Maximum output (0) Cofectrcoret Fig, 7.53 Output voltage and current for class C tuned amplifier [As the peak value of the current is Ic (at), the transistor peak current rating must be {greater than Ic (sal). The conduction angle @ is much les than 18. ‘The power dissipation depends on the dissipation with @is shown in the Fig. 754. Fig, 7.54 Transistor disipaton‘Eleetvonic Circuits -b 7-66 Large Signal Amplifiers ‘The maximum power dissipation at ¢= 180 is given by, VE Fo(may = = ay Note that Vpp(mux) = 2Voc Key Point: The transistor power rating, must be greater than Pax) oalue ofthe circuit Under normal working condition, as @ is much less than 180", hence Py is also much less than Poa) 7.48.10 D.C. Input Power If the conduction angle is made 180" then the current waveform becomes half wave = 0318 lex) For 9=180° ‘As @ is always less than 1807, 14. fs also less. The Fig. 755 shows the graph of Tic against the conduction angle @ AS only current drain in class C amplifier. The de. input power is given by, Poe = Voc Nac (2) 7.48.11 Efficiency ‘The efficiency is given by the ratio of ac. power output to the dc. power input. ciency is 785 %. The elfciency i Fig. 7.56 Efficioncy Electronic Circuits -1 7-687 Large Signal Amplifiers when conduction angle decreases. AS indicated, class C amplifier has maximum efficiency ‘of 100 %, approached at very small conduction angles. ‘The class C tuned amplifier is RF power amplifier and is used as final amplifier stage in communication cireuits. ‘usp Example 7.15 : For the circuit shown in Fig. 7.57, what is the worst case power issipation? Fig. 7.57 Solution : The maximum peak to peak output is given as Vota) = Vee = 2x15 = 90v ‘The worst case power dissipation (maximum power dissipation) of the transistor is given as Pom) mb Example 7.48. : For the circuit shown in Fig. 758, cxelate 1) Output power if the output voltage is 50 Vy i) Maximum ac. output power. Si) D.C. input power if current drain is 05 mA. fn) Efficiency if the current drain is 0.4 mA and the output voltage is 30 Vy 2) Bandwidth of amplifier if Q = 125. i) Worst case tnnsistor power dissipation.