1/26/2016

GoogleWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Coordinates:37.422N122.084058W

Google
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

GoogleInc.isanAmericanmultinationaltechnology
companyspecializinginInternetrelatedservicesand
products.Theseincludeonlineadvertising
technologies,search,cloudcomputing,and
software.[7]Mostofitsprofitsarederivedfrom
AdWords,[8][9]anonlineadvertisingservicethat
placesadvertisingnearthelistofsearchresults.
GooglewasfoundedbyLarryPageandSergeyBrin
whiletheywerePh.D.studentsatStanfordUniversity.
Togethertheyownabout14percentofitssharesbut
control56percentofthestockholdervotingpower
throughsupervotingstock.TheyincorporatedGoogle
asaprivatelyheldcompanyonSeptember4,1998.
AninitialpublicofferingfollowedonAugust19,
2004.Itsmissionstatementfromtheoutsetwas"to
organizetheworld'sinformationandmakeit
universallyaccessibleanduseful,"[10]andits
unofficialsloganwas"Don'tbeevil".[11][12]In2004,
GooglemovedtoitsnewheadquartersinMountain
View,California,nicknamedtheGoogleplex.[13]In
August2015,Googleannouncedplanstoreorganize
itsinterestsasaholdingcompanycalledAlphabetInc.
WhenthisrestructuringtookplaceonOctober2,
2015,GooglebecameAlphabet'sleadingsubsidiary,
aswellastheparentforGoogle'sInternet
interests.[14][15][16][17][18]
Rapidgrowthsinceincorporationhastriggereda
chainofproducts,acquisitionsandpartnerships
beyondGoogle'scoresearchengine(GoogleSearch).
Itoffersonlineproductivitysoftware(GoogleDocs)
includingemail(Gmail),acloudstorageservice
(GoogleDrive),anofficesuite(GoogleDocs)anda
socialnetworkingservice(Google+).Desktop
productsincludeapplicationsforwebbrowsing
(GoogleChrome),organizingandeditingphotos
(PicasaandGoogle+Photos/GooglePhotos),and
instantmessaging(Hangouts).Thecompanyleadsthe
developmentoftheAndroidmobileoperatingsystem
andthebrowseronlyChromeOS[19]foraclassof
netbooksknownasChromebooks.Googlehasmoved
increasinglyintocommunicationshardware:it

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google

GoogleInc.

Type

Subsidiary
Internet
Computersoftware
Telecommunications
equipment

Industry

September4,1998

Founded

MenloPark,California[1][2]
LarryPage
SergeyBrin

Founders
Headquarters

Googleplex,MountainView,
California,U.S. [3]

Coordinates

37.422N122.084058W

Areaserved

Worldwide

Keypeople

SundarPichai(CEO)

Products

ListofGoogleproducts

Revenue

US$66.001billion(2014)[4]

Operating
income

US$16.496billion(2014)[4]

Netincome

US$14.444billion(2014)[4]

Totalassets

US$131.133billion(2014)[4]

Totalequity

US$104.5billion(2014)[4]

Numberof
employees

59,976(Q32015)[5]

Parent

Independent(19982015)
AlphabetInc.(2015present)

Subsidiaries

Listofsubsidiaries

Website

www.google.com
(https://www.google.com)
Footnotes/references
[6]

1/30

1/26/2016

GoogleWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

partnerswithmajorelectronicsmanufacturers[20]intheproductionofits"highqualitylowcost"[21]
Nexusdevices.[22]In2012,afiberopticinfrastructurewasinstalledinKansasCitytofacilitateaGoogle
Fiberbroadbandservice.[23]
Thecorporationhasbeenestimatedtorunmorethanonemillionserversindatacentersaroundthe
world(asof2007).[24]Itprocessesoveronebillionsearchrequests[25]andabout24petabytesofuser
generateddataeachday(asof2009).[26][27][28][29]InDecember2013,Alexalistedgoogle.comasthe
mostvisitedwebsiteintheworld.NumerousGooglesitesinotherlanguagesfigureinthetopone
hundred,asdoseveralotherGoogleownedsitessuchasYouTubeandBlogger.[30]Itsmarket
dominancehasledtoprominentmediacoverage,includingcriticismofthecompanyoverissuessuchas
aggressivetaxavoidance,[31]searchneutrality,copyright,censorship,andprivacy.[32][33]

Contents
1 History
1.1 Financing,1998andinitialpublicoffering,2004
1.2 Growth
1.3 2013onward
1.4 Acquisitionsandpartnerships
1.5 Googledatacenters
1.6 Alphabet
2 Productsandservices
2.1 Advertising
2.2 Searchengine
2.3 Productivitytools
2.4 Enterpriseproducts
2.5 Otherproducts
2.6 APIs
2.7 Otherwebsites
3 Corporateaffairsandculture
3.1 Employees
3.2 Officelocationsandheadquarters
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google

2/30

1/26/2016

GoogleWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

3.3 Doodles
3.4 EastereggsandAprilFools'Dayjokes
3.5 atGoogleTalks
3.6 Philanthropy
3.7 Taxavoidance
3.8 Environment
3.9 Lobbying
3.10 Litigation
4 Criticismandcontroversy
5 Seealso
6 References
7 Externallinks

History
GooglebeganinJanuary1996asaresearchprojectbyLarry
PageandSergeyBrinwhentheywerebothPhDstudentsat
StanfordUniversityinStanford,California.[35]
Whileconventionalsearchenginesrankedresultsby
countinghowmanytimesthesearchtermsappearedonthe
page,thetwotheorizedaboutabettersystemthatanalyzed
therelationshipsbetweenwebsites.[36]Theycalledthisnew
technologyPageRankitdeterminedawebsite'srelevance
bythenumberofpages,andtheimportanceofthosepages,
thatlinkedbacktotheoriginalsite.[37][38]

Google'soriginalhomepagehadasimple
designbecausethecompanyfounderswere
notexperiencedinHTML,themarkup
languageusedfordesigningwebpages. [34]

PageandBrinoriginallynicknamedtheirnewsearchengine
"BackRub",becausethesystemcheckedbacklinksto
estimatetheimportanceofasite.[39][40][41]Eventually,theychangedthenametoGoogle,originating
fromamisspellingoftheword"googol",[42][43]thenumberonefollowedbyonehundredzeros,which
waspickedtosignifythatthesearchenginewasintendedtoprovidelargequantitiesofinformation.[44]
Originally,GoogleranunderStanfordUniversity'swebsite,withthedomainsgoogle.stanford.eduand
z.stanford.edu.[45][46]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google

3/30

1/26/2016

GoogleWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

ThedomainnameforGooglewasregisteredonSeptember15,1997,[47]andthecompanywas
incorporatedonSeptember4,1998.Itwasbasedinthegarageofafriend(SusanWojcicki[35])inMenlo
Park,California.CraigSilverstein,afellowPhDstudentatStanford,washiredasthefirst
employee.[35][48][49]
InMay2011,thenumberofmonthlyuniquevisitorstoGooglesurpassedonebillionforthefirsttime,
an8.4percentincreasefromMay2010(931million).[50]InJanuary2013,Googleannouncedithad
earnedUS$50billioninannualrevenuefortheyearof2012.Thismarkedthefirsttimethecompany
hadreachedthisfeat,toppingtheir2011totalof$38billion.[51]
Thecompanyhasreportedfourthquarter(Dec2014)EarningsPerShare(EPS)of$6.88$0.20under
projections.Revenuecameinat$14.5billion(16.9%growthyearoveryear),alsounderexpectationsby
$110million.[52]

Financing,1998andinitialpublicoffering,2004
ThefirstfundingforGooglewasanAugust1998contributionof
$100,000fromAndyBechtolsheim,cofounderofSunMicrosystems,
givenbeforeGooglewasincorporated.[54]Earlyin1999,whilegraduate
students,BrinandPagedecidedthatthesearchenginetheyhad
developedwastakinguptoomuchtimeanddistractingtheiracademic
pursuits.TheywenttoExciteCEOGeorgeBellandofferedtosellitto
himfor$1million.HerejectedtheofferandlatercriticizedVinod
Khosla,oneofExcite'sventurecapitalists,afterhenegotiatedBrinand
Pagedownto$750,000.OnJune7,1999,a$25millionroundoffunding
wasannounced,[55]withmajorinvestorsincludingtheventurecapital
firmsKleinerPerkinsCaufield&ByersandSequoiaCapital.[54]
Google'sinitialpublicoffering(IPO)tookplacefiveyearslateron
August19,2004.AtthattimeLarryPage,SergeyBrin,andEricSchmidt
agreedtoworktogetheratGooglefor20years,untiltheyear2024.[56]
Google'sfirstproduction
Thecompanyoffered19,605,052sharesatapriceof$85per
server.Google'sproduction
share.[57][58]Sharesweresoldinanonlineauctionformatusingasystem
serverscontinuetobebuilt
builtbyMorganStanleyandCreditSuisse,underwritersforthe
withinexpensive
deal.[59][60]Thesaleof$1.67bn(billion)gaveGoogleamarket
hardware. [53]
capitalizationofmorethan$23bn.[61]ByJanuary2014,itsmarket
capitalizationhadgrownto$397bn.[62]Thevastmajorityofthe
271millionsharesremainedunderthecontrolofGoogle,andmanyGoogleemployeesbecameinstant
papermillionaires.Yahoo!,acompetitorofGoogle,alsobenefitedbecauseitowned8.4millionshares
ofGooglebeforetheIPOtookplace.[63]
TherewereconcernsthatGoogle'sIPOwouldleadtochangesincompanyculture.Reasonsrangedfrom
shareholderpressureforemployeebenefitreductionstothefactthatmanycompanyexecutiveswould
becomeinstantpapermillionaires.[64]Asareplytothisconcern,cofoundersSergeyBrinandLarry
PagepromisedinareporttopotentialinvestorsthattheIPOwouldnotchangethecompany'sculture.[65]
In2005,articlesinTheNewYorkTimesandothersourcesbegansuggestingthatGooglehadlostits
anticorporate,noevilphilosophy.[66][67][68][69]Inanefforttomaintainthecompany'suniqueculture,
GoogledesignatedaChiefCultureOfficer,whoalsoservesastheDirectorofHumanResources.The
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google

4/30

1/26/2016

GoogleWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

purposeoftheChiefCultureOfficeristodevelopandmaintainthecultureandworkonwaystokeep
truetothecorevaluesthatthecompanywasfoundedon:aflatorganizationwithacollaborative
environment.[70]Googlehasalsofacedallegationsofsexismandageismfromformeremployees.[71][72]
In2013,aclassactionagainstseveralSiliconValleycompanies,includingGoogle,wasfiledforalleged
"nocoldcall"agreementswhichrestrainedtherecruitmentofhightechemployees.[73]
ThestockperformedwellaftertheIPO,withshareshitting$350forthefirsttimeonOctober31,
2007,[74]primarilybecauseofstrongsalesandearningsintheonlineadvertisingmarket.[75]Thesurgein
stockpricewasfueledmainlybyindividualinvestors,asopposedtolargeinstitutionalinvestorsand
mutualfunds.[75]GOOGsharessplitintoGOOGClassCsharesandGOOGLclassAshares.[76]The
companyislistedontheNASDAQstockexchangeunderthetickersymbolsGOOGLandGOOG,and
ontheFrankfurtStockExchangeunderthetickersymbolGGQ1.Thesetickersymbolsnowreferto
AlphabetInc.,Google'sholdingcompany,sincethefourthquarterof2015.[77]

Growth
InMarch1999,thecompanymoveditsofficestoPaloAlto,California,whichishometoseveral
prominentSiliconValleytechnologystartups.[78]Thenextyear,againstPageandBrin'sinitial
oppositiontowardanadvertisingfundedsearchengine,[79]Googlebegansellingadvertisements
associatedwithsearchkeywords.[35]Inordertomaintainanunclutteredpagedesignandincreasespeed,
advertisementsweresolelytextbased.Keywordsweresoldbasedonacombinationofpricebidsand
clickthroughs,withbiddingstartingatfivecentsperclick.[35]
ThismodelofsellingkeywordadvertisingwasfirstpioneeredbyGoto.com,anIdealabspinoffcreated
byBillGross.[80][81]WhenthecompanychangednamestoOvertureServices,itsuedGoogleover
allegedinfringementsofthecompany'spayperclickandbiddingpatents.OvertureServiceswouldlater
beboughtbyYahoo!andrenamedYahoo!SearchMarketing.Thecasewasthensettledoutofcourt
GoogleagreedtoissuesharesofcommonstocktoYahoo!inexchangeforaperpetuallicense.[82]
In2001,GooglereceivedapatentforitsPageRankmechanism.[83]Thepatentwasofficiallyassignedto
StanfordUniversityandlistsLawrencePageastheinventor.In2003,afteroutgrowingtwoother
locations,thecompanyleasedanofficecomplexfromSiliconGraphicsat1600AmphitheatreParkway
inMountainView,California.[84]ThecomplexbecameknownastheGoogleplex,aplayontheword
googolplex,thenumberonefollowedbyagoogolzeroes.TheGoogleplexinteriorsweredesignedby
CliveWilkinsonArchitects.Threeyearslater,GoogleboughtthepropertyfromSGIfor
$319million.[85]Bythattime,thename"Google"hadfounditswayintoeverydaylanguage,causingthe
verb"google"tobeaddedtotheMerriamWebsterCollegiateDictionaryandtheOxfordEnglish
Dictionary,denotedas"tousetheGooglesearchenginetoobtaininformationontheInternet".[86][87]
Theimmensepopularityofthesearchenginehasleditsfanscallingthemselves'Googlists'asthey
follow'Googlism',thenewreligion.[88]DevoteesofGooglehavefoundanonprofitonlineorganization
TheChurchofGoogle,awebsitewheretheyworshipthesearchenginegiant.[89]TheNewYorkTimes
haddiscussedthetopic"IsGoogleGod?"underits'opinion'category.[90]OntheInternet,therearemany
blogsthatevenmentionthereasonswhyGoogleisGod.[91]

2013onward
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google

5/30

1/26/2016

GoogleWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

GoogleannouncedthelaunchofanewcompanycalledCalicoon
September19,2013,whichwillbeledbyApplechairmanArthur
Levinson.Intheofficialpublicstatement,Pageexplainedthat
the"healthandwellbeing"companywillfocuson"the
challengeofageingandassociateddiseases".[92]
AsofSeptember2013,Googleoperates70officesinmorethan
40countries.[93]Googlecelebratedits15yearanniversaryon
September27,2013,althoughithasusedotherdatesforits
officialbirthday.[94]ThereasonforthechoiceofSeptember27
remainsunclear,andadisputewithrivalsearchengineYahoo!
Searchin2005hasbeensuggestedasthecause.[95][96]

ScreenshotoftheGooglehomepage
in2015

TheAllianceforAffordableInternet(A4AI)waslaunchedinOctober2013andGoogleispartofthe
coalitionofpublicandprivateorganisationsthatalsoincludesFacebook,IntelandMicrosoft.LedbySir
TimBernersLee,theA4AIseekstomakeInternetaccessmoreaffordablesothataccessisbroadenedin
thedevelopingworld,whereonly31%ofpeopleareonline.GooglewillhelptodecreaseInternetaccess
pricessothattheyfallbelowtheUNBroadbandCommission'sworldwidetargetof5%ofmonthly
income.[97]
Thecorporation'sconsolidatedrevenueforthethirdquarterof2013isreportedinmidOctober2013as
$14.89billion,a12percentincreasecomparedtothepreviousquarter.Google'sInternetbusinesswas
responsiblefor$10.8billionofthistotal,withanincreaseinthenumberofusers'clickson
advertisements.[98]
InNovember2013,Googleannouncedplansforanew1millionsqft(93,000sqm)officeinLondon,
whichisduetoopenin2016.Thenewpremiseswillbeabletoaccommodate4,500employeesandhas
beenidentifiedasoneofthebiggestevercommercialpropertyacquisitionsinBritain.[99]
InOctober2014,accordingtotheInterbrandranking,Googlewasthesecondmostvaluablebrandinthe
world(behindApple)withavaluationof$107.4billion.[100]AMillwardBrownreportfromthesame
yearputstheGooglebrandaheadofApple'sat#1.[101]

Acquisitionsandpartnerships
Since2001,Googlehasacquiredmanycompanies,primarily
smallventurecapitalfundedfirms.In2004,Googleacquired
Keyhole,Inc.[102]Thestartupcompanydevelopedaproduct
calledEarthViewerthatgaveathreedimensionalviewofthe
Earth.GooglerenamedtheservicetoGoogleEarthin2005.
GoogleacquiredUrchinSoftwareinApril2005,usingtheir
'UrchinonDemand'product(alongwithideasfromAdaptive
Path's'MeasureMap')tocreateGoogleAnalyticsin2006.
LarryPageandSergeyBrinin2003
InOctober2006,Googleannouncedthatithadacquiredthe
videosharingsiteYouTubefor$1.65billioninGooglestock,
andthedealwasfinalizedonNovember13,2006.[103]Googledoesnotprovidedetailedfiguresfor

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google

6/30

1/26/2016

GoogleWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

YouTube'srunningcosts,andYouTube'srevenuesin2007werenotedas"notmaterial"inaregulatory
filing.[104]InJune2008,aForbesmagazinearticleprojectedthe2008YouTuberevenueat$200million,
notingprogressinadvertisingsales.[105]
OnApril13,2007,GooglereachedanagreementtoacquireDoubleClickfor$3.1billion,givingGoogle
valuablerelationshipsthatDoubleClickhadwithWebpublishersandadvertisingagencies.[106]Later
thatsameyear,GooglepurchasedGrandCentralfor$50million.[107]Thesitewouldlaterbechanged
overtoGoogleVoice.OnAugust5,2009,Googleboughtoutitsfirstpubliccompany,purchasingvideo
softwaremakerOn2Technologiesfor$106.5million.[108]GooglealsoacquiredAardvark,asocial
networksearchengine,for$50million,andcommentedonitsinternalblog,"we'relookingforwardto
collaboratingtoseewherewecantakeit".[109]InApril2010,Googleannouncedithadacquireda
hardwarestartup,Agnilux.[110]
InadditiontothemanycompaniesGooglehaspurchased,thecompanyhaspartneredwithother
organizationsforresearch,advertising,andotheractivities.In2005,GooglepartneredwithNASA
AmesResearchCentertobuild1,000,000squarefeet(93,000m2)ofoffices.[111]Theofficeswouldbe
usedforresearchprojectsinvolvinglargescaledatamanagement,nanotechnology,distributed
computing,andtheentrepreneurialspaceindustry.GoogleenteredintoapartnershipwithSun
MicrosystemsinOctober2005tohelpshareanddistributeeachother'stechnologies.[112]
ThecompanyalsopartneredwithAOL[113]toenhanceeachother'svideosearchservices.Google's2005
partnershipsalsoincludedfinancingthenew.mobitopleveldomainformobiledevices,alongwith
othercompaniesincludingMicrosoft,Nokia,andEricsson.[114]Googlewouldlaterlaunch"AdSensefor
Mobile",takingadvantageoftheemergingmobileadvertisingmarket.[115]Increasingitsadvertising
reachevenfurther,GoogleandFoxInteractiveMediaofNewsCorporationenteredintoa$900million
agreementtoprovidesearchandadvertisingonthethenpopularsocialnetworkingsiteMySpace.[116]
In2007,GooglebegansponsoringNORADTracksSanta,displacingformersponsorAOL.NORAD
TracksSantapurportstofollowSantaClaus'progressonChristmasEve,[117]usingGoogleEarthto
"trackSanta"in3Dforthefirsttime.[118]GoogleownedYouTubegaveNORADTracksSantaitsown
channel.[119]
In2008,GoogledevelopedapartnershipwithGeoEyetolaunchasatelliteprovidingGooglewithhigh
resolution(0.41mmonochrome,1.65mcolor)imageryforGoogleEarth.Thesatellitewaslaunched
fromVandenbergAirForceBaseonSeptember6,2008.[120]Googlealsoannouncedin2008thatitwas
hostinganarchiveofLifeMagazine'sphotographs.Someimagesinthearchivewereneverpublishedin
themagazine.[121]Thephotoswerewatermarkedandoriginallyhadcopyrightnoticespostedonall
photos,regardlessofpublicdomainstatus.[122]
In2010,GoogleEnergymadeitsfirstinvestmentinarenewableenergyproject,putting$38.8million
intotwowindfarmsinNorthDakota.Thecompanyannouncedthetwolocationswillgenerate
169.5megawattsofpower,enoughtosupply55,000homes.Thefarms,whichweredevelopedby
NextEraEnergyResources,willreducefossilfueluseintheregionandreturnprofits.NextEraEnergy
ResourcessoldGoogleatwentypercentstakeintheprojecttogetfundingforitsdevelopment.[123]In
February2010,theFederalEnergyRegulatoryCommissionFERCgrantedGoogleanauthorizationto
buyandsellenergyatmarketrates.[124]TheorderspecificallystatesthatGoogleEnergyasubsidiary
ofGoogleholdstherights"forthesaleofenergy,capacity,andancillaryservicesatmarketbased
rates",butacknowledgesthatneitherGoogleEnergynoritsaffiliates"ownorcontrolanygenerationor
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google

7/30

1/26/2016

GoogleWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

transmission"facilities.[125]ThecorporationexercisedthisauthorizationinSeptember2013whenit
announcedthatitwillpurchasealltheelectricityproducedbythenotyetbuilt240megawattHappy
Herefordwindfarm.[126]
Alsoin2010,GooglepurchasedGlobalIPSolutions,aNorwaybasedcompanythatprovideswebbased
teleconferencingandotherrelatedservices.ThisacquisitionenabledGoogletoaddtelephonestyle
servicestoitslistofproducts.[127]OnMay27,2010,Googleannouncedithadalsoclosedthe
acquisitionofthemobileadnetworkAdMob.ThisoccurreddaysaftertheFederalTradeCommission
closeditsinvestigationintothepurchase.[128]Googleacquiredthecompanyforanundisclosed
amount.[129]InJuly2010,GooglesignedanagreementwithanIowawindfarmtobuy114megawattsof
energyfor20years.[130]
OnApril4,2011,TheGlobeandMailreportedthatGooglebid$900millionforsixthousandNortel
Networkspatents.[131]
OnAugust15,2011,Googlemadeitslargesteveracquisitiontodatewhenitannouncedthatitwould
acquireMotorolaMobilityfor$12.5billion[132][133]subjecttoapprovalfromregulatorsintheUnited
StatesandEurope.InapostonGoogle'sblog,GoogleChiefExecutiveandcofounderLarryPage
revealedthattheacquisitionwasastrategicmovetostrengthenGoogle'spatentportfolio.Thecompany's
Androidoperatingsystemhascomeunderfireinanindustrywidepatentbattle,asAppleandMicrosoft
havesuedAndroiddevicemakerssuchasHTC,Samsung,andMotorola.[134]Themergerwascompleted
onMay22,2012,aftertheapprovalofPeople'sRepublicofChina.[135]
ThispurchasewasmadeinparttohelpGooglegainMotorola'sconsiderablepatentportfolioonmobile
phonesandwirelesstechnologiestohelpprotectitinitsongoingpatentdisputeswithother
companies,[136]mainlyAppleandMicrosoft,[134]andtoallowittocontinuetofreelyofferAndroid.[137]
Aftertheacquisitionclosed,GooglebegantorestructuretheMotorolabusinesstofitGoogle'sstrategy.
OnAugust13,2012,Googleannouncedplanstolayoff4000MotorolaMobilityemployees.[138]On
December10,2012,GooglesoldthemanufacturingoperationsofMotorolaMobilitytoFlextronicsfor
$75million.[139]Asapartoftheagreement,FlextronicswillmanufactureundisclosedAndroidandother
mobiledevices.[140]OnDecember19,2012,GooglesoldtheMotorolaHomebusinessdivisionof
MotorolaMobilitytoArrisGroupfor$2.35billioninacashandstocktransaction.Asapartofthisdeal,
Googleacquireda15.7%stakeinArrisGroupvaluedat$300million.[141]
OnJune5,2012,GoogleannounceditacquiredQuickoffice,acompanywidelyknownfortheirmobile
productivitysuiteforbothiOSandAndroid.GoogleplanstointegrateQuickoffice'stechnologyintoits
ownproductsuite.[142]
OnFebruary6,2013,GoogleannouncedithadacquiredChannelIntelligencefor$125million.Channel
Intelligence,atechnologycompanythathelpscustomersbuyproductsonline,isactivegloballyin31
differentcountriesandworkswithover850retailers.Googlewillusethistechnologytoenhanceitse
commercebusiness.[143]
TheofficialconfirmationofGoogle'sacquisitionoftheIsraelbasedstartupWazeoccurredinJune
2013.Wazeispromotedasa"communitybasedtrafficandnavigationapp".[144]
FollowingtheacquisitionofWaze,Googlesubmitteda"10Q"filingwiththeSecuritiesExchange
Commission(SEC)thatrevealedthatthecorporationspent$1.3billiononacquisitionsduringthefirst
halfof2013.ThefilingalsorevealedthattheWazeacquisitioncostGoogle$966million,insteadofthe
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google

8/30

1/26/2016

GoogleWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

$1.1billionfigurethatwasinitiallypresentedinmediasources.[144][145][146]
The2012acquisitionofWIMMLabs,acompanythatpreviouslymadeanAndroidpowered
smartwatch,wasconfirmedinAugust2013.AsofAugust31,2013,Googlehasnotpubliclycommented
onthenewsconcerningWIMMLabs.[147]TheacquisitionofFlutter,acreatorofhandgesture
recognitiontechnology,wasconfirmedbythecorporationinearlyOctober2013.Thereportedpriceis
$40millionandGooglespokespersonstated:"We'rereallyimpressedbytheFlutterteam'sabilityto
designnewtechnologybasedoncuttingedgeresearch."Flutter'stechnologyallowsuserstoenacthand
gesturestocontrolnavigationforappssuchasiTunes,WindowsMediaPlayer,andWinamp.[148]
OnJanuary26,2014,GoogleInc.announcedithadagreedtoacquireDeepMindTechnologies,a
privatelyheldartificialintelligencecompanyfromLondon.DeepMinddescribesitselfashavingthe
abilitytocombinethebesttechniquesfrommachinelearningandsystemsneurosciencetobuildgeneral
purposelearningalgorithms.DeepMind'sfirstcommercialapplicationswereusedinsimulations,e
commerceandgames.AsofDecember2013,itwasreportedthatDeepMindhadroughly75
employees.[149]ThetechnologynewswebsiteRe/codereportedthatthecompanywaspurchasedfor
$400millionthoughitwasnotdisclosedwheretheinformationcamefrom.AGooglespokesmanwould
notcommentoftheprice.[150][151]ThepurchaseofDeepMindaidsinGoogle'srecentgrowthinthe
artificialintelligenceandroboticscommunity.[152]
OnJanuary29,2014,GoogleannounceditwassellingitsMotorolaMobilityunittoChinabased
Lenovo,for$2.91bn.ThecompanykepttheextensivepatentcollectionusedtodevelopAndroid
products,consideredthemostvaluablepartoftheoriginaldeal.[153]Nonetheless,thesalepricewas
significantlylessthanthe$12.5billionGooglehadboughtMotorolaMobilityfor.The$2.91bnpricetag
consistedof$660millionincash,$750millioninLenovoordinaryshares,anda$1.5billion3year
promissorynote.[154]
InMarch2014,Googleconfirmedithadpurchasedtheremnantsofgamingstartup,GreenThrottle
Games,whichdevelopedaBluetoothgamingcontrollerforAndroid.[155]
InMay2014,GoogleannouncedithadpurchasedQuestVisual,makeroftheaugmentedreality
translatorappWordLens.[156]
InJune2014,GooglepurchasedsatelliteimagingfirmSkyboxImagingfor$500million.[157]
InJuly2014,GooglepurchasedtheonlinemusicserviceSongza.[158]
OnSeptember10,2015,GoogleannouncedtoformstrategicpartnershipwithMobvoitobringAndroid
WeartomainlandChina.[159]
InOctober2015,GoogleinvestedinaChinabasedartificialintelligence(AI)company,Mobvoi.The
fundingwillenabletheCompanytofurtherenhanceitscoreAItechnologies,anddevelopnew
consumerproductsempoweredbyAI.[160]

Googledatacenters
Asof2014,GoogleInc.ownedandoperatedsixGoogleModularDataCentersacrosstheU.S.,onein
Chile,oneinFinland,oneinIreland,oneinBelgium,oneinSingaporeandoneonTaiwan.[161]In2011,
thecompanyhadannouncedplanstobuildthreedatacentersatacostofmorethan$200millioninAsia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google

9/30

1/26/2016

GoogleWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

(Singapore,HongKongandTaiwan)andsaidtheywouldbeoperationalwithintwoyears.[162][163]In
December2013,GoogleannouncedthatithadscrappedtheplantobuildadatacenterinHong
Kong.[164]
InOctober2013,TheWashingtonPostreportedthattheU.S.NationalSecurityAgencyintercepted
communicationsbetweenGoogle'sdatacenters,aspartofaprogramnamedMUSCULAR.[165][166]This
wiretappingwasmadepossiblebecauseGoogledidnotencryptdatapassedinsideitsownnetwork.[167]
Googlebeganencryptingdatasentbetweendatacentersin2013.[168]

Alphabet
OnAugust10,2015,Googleannouncedplanstoreorganizeitsvariousinterestsasaholdingcompany,
AlphabetInc.,withGoogleasitsleadingsubsidiary.Googlewillcontinuetobetheumbrellacompany
forAlphabet'sInternetinterests.Uponcompletionoftherestructure,SundarPichaibecameCEOof
Google.[169][170]

Productsandservices
Advertising
Forthe2006fiscalyear,thecompanyreported$10.492billionin
totaladvertisingrevenuesandonly$112millioninlicensingand
otherrevenues.[171]In2011,96%ofGoogle'srevenuewas
derivedfromitsadvertisingprograms.[172]Inadditiontoitsown
algorithmsforunderstandingsearchrequests,Googleuses
technologyfromthecompanyDoubleClick,toprojectuser
interestandtargetadvertisingtothesearchcontextandtheuser
history.[173][174]
GoogleAnalyticsallowswebsiteownerstotrackwhereandhow
GoogleonadtechLondon,2010
peopleusetheirwebsite,forexamplebyexaminingclickrates
forallthelinksonapage.[175]Googleadvertisementscanbe
placedonthirdpartywebsitesinatwopartprogram.Google'sAdWordsallowsadvertiserstodisplay
theiradvertisementsintheGooglecontentnetwork,througheitheracostperclickorcostperview
scheme.Thesisterservice,GoogleAdSense,allowswebsiteownerstodisplaytheseadvertisementson
theirwebsiteandearnmoneyeverytimeadsareclicked.[176]
Oneofthecriticismsofthisprogramisthepossibilityofclickfraud,whichoccurswhenapersonor
automatedscriptclicksonadvertisementswithoutbeinginterestedintheproduct,causingtheadvertiser
topaymoneytoGoogleunduly.Industryreportsin2006claimedthatapproximately14to20percentof
clickswerefraudulentorinvalid.[177]
InFebruary2003,GooglestoppedshowingtheadvertisementsofOceana,anonprofitorganization
protestingamajorcruiseship'ssewagetreatmentpractices.Googleciteditseditorialpolicyatthetime,
stating"Googledoesnotacceptadvertisingiftheadorsiteadvocatesagainstotherindividuals,groups,
ororganizations."[178]Thepolicywaslaterchanged.[179]InJune2008,Googlereachedanadvertising
agreementwithYahoo!,whichwouldhaveallowedYahoo!tofeatureGoogleadvertisementsonitsweb
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google

10/30

1/26/2016

GoogleWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

pages.Thealliancebetweenthetwocompanieswasnevercompletelyrealizedbecauseofantitrust
concernsbytheU.S.DepartmentofJustice.Asaresult,GooglepulledoutofthedealinNovember
2008.[180][181]
Inanattempttoadvertiseitsownproducts,GooglelaunchedawebsitecalledDemoSlam,developedto
demonstratetechnologydemosofGoogleProducts.[182]

Searchengine
AccordingtomarketresearchpublishedbycomScorein
November2009,GoogleSearchisthedominantsearch
engineintheUnitedStatesmarket,withamarketshareof
65.6%.[183]Googleindexesbillions[184]ofwebpages,so
thatuserscansearchfortheinformationtheydesirethrough
theuseofkeywordsandoperators.
In2003,TheNewYorkTimescomplainedaboutGoogle's
indexing,claimingthatGoogle'scachingofcontentonits
GoogleSearchhomepageasofSeptember
[185]
siteinfringeditscopyrightforthecontent.
Inthiscase,
1,2015
theUnitedStatesDistrictCourtofNevadaruledinfavorof
GoogleinFieldv.GoogleandParkerv.Google.[186][187]
Thepublication2600:TheHackerQuarterlyhascompiledalistofwordsthatthewebgiant'snew
instantsearchfeaturewillnotsearch.[188]
GoogleWatchhascriticizedGoogle'sPageRankalgorithms,sayingthattheydiscriminateagainstnew
websitesandfavorestablishedsites.[189]Thesitehasalsoallegedthatthereareconnectionsbetween
GoogleandtheNationalSecurityAgency(NSA)andtheCentralIntelligenceAgency(CIA).[190]
GooglealsohostsGoogleBooks.Thecompanybeganscanningbooksanduploadinglimitedpreviews,
andfullbookswhereallowed,intoitsnewbooksearchengine.TheAuthorsGuild,agroupthat
represents8,000U.S.authors,filedaclassactionsuitinaNewYorkCityfederalcourtagainstGoogle
in2005overthisservice.Googlerepliedthatitisincompliancewithallexistingandhistorical
applicationsofcopyrightlawsregardingbooks.[191]Googleeventuallyreachedarevisedsettlementin
2009tolimititsscanstobooksfromtheU.S.,theUK,Australia,andCanada.[192]Furthermore,theParis
CivilCourtruledagainstGoogleinlate2009,askingittoremovetheworksofLaMartinire(ditions
duSeuil)fromitsdatabase.[193]IncompetitionwithAmazon.com,Googlesellsdigitalversionsofnew
books.[194]
OnJuly21,2010,inresponsetoBing,Googleupdateditsimagesearchtodisplayastreamingsequence
ofthumbnailsthatenlargewhenpointedat.Thoughwebsearchesstillappearinabatchperpageformat,
onJuly23,2010,dictionarydefinitionsforcertainEnglishwordsbeganappearingabovethelinked
resultsforwebsearches.[195]
The"Hummingbird"updatetotheGooglesearchenginewasannouncedinSeptember2013.Theupdate
wasintroducedoverthemonthpriortotheannouncementandallowsusersaskthesearchenginea
questioninnaturallanguageratherthanenteringkeywordsintothesearchbox.[196]

Productivitytools
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google

11/30

1/26/2016

GoogleWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Gmail,afreewebmailserviceprovidedbyGoogle,waslaunchedasaninvitationonlybetaprogramon
April1,2004,[197]andbecameavailabletothepubliconFebruary7,2007.[198]Theservicewas
upgradedfrombetastatusonJuly7,2009,[199]atwhichtimeithad146millionusersmonthly.[200]The
servicewasthefirstonlineemailservicewithonegigabyteofstorage.Itwasalsothefirsttokeepemails
fromthesameconversationtogetherinonethread,similartoanInternetforum.[197]Theserviceoffers
over15GBoffreestorage,sharedwithotherGoogleApps,withadditionalstoragerangingfrom20GB
to16TBavailablefor$0.25per1GBperyear.[201]
GmailusesAJAX,aprogrammingtechniquethatallowswebpagestobeinteractivewithoutrefreshing
thebrowser.[202]SteveBallmer(Microsoft'sformerCEO),[203]LizFigueroa,[204]MarkRasch,[205]and
theeditorsofGoogleWatch[206]havecriticisedtheprivacyofGmail,butGoogleclaimsthatmailsentto
orfromGmailisneverreadbyahumanbeingbeyondtheaccountholderandisonlyusedtoimprove
relevanceofadvertisements.[207]
In2004,Googlestartedopensourcesoftwareprojecthosting,calledGoogleCode,whichallows
developerstodownloadindevelopmentprogramsatnocharge.GoogleDrive,anotherpartofGoogle's
productivitysuite,allowsuserstocreate,edit,andcollaborateondocumentsinanonlineenvironment,
similartoMicrosoftWord.TheservicewasoriginallycalledWritely,butwasobtainedbyGoogleon
March9,2006,andwasreleasedasaninvitationonlypreview.[208]OnJune6aftertheacquisition,
Googlecreatedanexperimentalspreadsheeteditingprogram,[209]whichwascombinedwithGoogle
DocsonOctober10.[210]
GoogleforWorkisaservicefromGooglethatprovidescustomizableenterpriseversionsofseveral
Googleproductsusingadomainnameprovidedbythecustomer.ItfeaturesseveralWebapplications
withsimilarfunctionalitytotraditionalofficesuites,includingGmail,Hangouts,GoogleCalendar,
Drive,Docs,Sheets,Slides,Groups,News,Play,Sites,andVault.ItwasthevisionofRajenSheth,a
GoogleemployeewholaterdevelopedChromebooks.[211]

Enterpriseproducts
GoogleSearchAppliancewaslaunchedinFebruary2002,targetedtoward
providingsearchtechnologyforlargerorganizations.[35]Googlelaunchedthe
Minithreeyearslater,whichwastargetedatsmallerorganizations.Latein
2006,GooglebegantosellCustomSearchBusinessEdition,providing
customerswithanadvertisingfreewindowintoGoogle.com'sindex.The
servicewasrenamedGoogleSiteSearchin2008.[212]
GoogleAppsallowsorganizationstobringGoogle'swebapplicationofferings,
suchasGmailandGoogleDocs,intotheirowndomains.Theserviceis
availableinseveraleditions:abasicfreeedition(formerlyknownasGoogle
AppsStandardedition),GoogleAppsforBusiness,GoogleAppsfor
Education,andGoogleAppsforGovernment.InthesameyearGoogleApps
waslaunched,GoogleacquiredPostini[213]andproceededtointegratethe
company'ssecuritytechnologiesintoGoogleApps[214]underthenameGoogle
PostiniServices.[215]

Google'ssearch
applianceatthe2008
RSAConference

Otherproducts
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google

12/30

1/26/2016

GoogleWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

GoogleTranslateisaserversidemachinetranslationservice,whichcantranslatebetween80different
languages.[216]Forsomelanguages,handwritingrecognition,orspeechrecognitioncanbeusedasinput,
andtranslatedtextcanbepronouncedthroughspeechsynthesis.[217]Thesoftwareusescorpuslinguistics
techniques,wheretheprogram"learns"fromprofessionallytranslateddocuments,specificallyUNand
EuropeanParliamentproceedings.[218]
GooglelauncheditsGoogleNewsservicein2002,anautomatedservicewhichsummarizesnews
articlesfromvariouswebsites.[219]InMarch2005,AgenceFrancePresse(AFP)suedGooglefor
copyrightinfringementinfederalcourtintheDistrictofColumbia,acasewhichGooglesettledforan
undisclosedamountinapactthatincludedalicenseofthefulltextofAFParticlesforuseonGoogle
News.[220]
GooglecurrentlyoffersfreewifiaccessinitshometownofMountainView,California.[221]
In2010,GoogleannouncedtheGoogleFiberproject,withplanstobuildanultrahighspeedbroadband
networkfor50,000to500,000customersinoneormoreAmericancities.[222]OnMarch30,2011,
GoogleannouncedthatKansasCity,Kansaswouldbethefirstcommunitywherethenewnetwork
wouldbedeployed.[223]InJuly2012,Googlecompletedtheconstructionofafiberopticbroadband
InternetnetworkinfrastructureinKansasCity,andafterbuildinganinfrastructure,Googleannounced
pricingforGoogleFiber.TheservicewillofferthreeoptionsincludingafreebroadbandInternetoption,
a1Gbit/sInternetoptionfor$70permonth,andaversionthatincludestelevisionservicefor$120per
month.[23]
In2007,reportssurfacedthatGooglewasplanningthereleaseof
itsownmobilephone,possiblyacompetitortoApple's
iPhone.[224][225][226]Theproject,calledAndroid,turnedoutnot
tobeaphonebutanoperatingsystemformobiledevices,which
Googleacquiredandthenreleasedasanopensourceproject
undertheApache2.0license.[227]Googleprovidesasoftware
developmentkitfordeveloperssoapplicationscanbecreatedto
berunonAndroidbasedphones.InSeptember2008,TMobile
releasedtheG1,thefirstAndroidbasedphone.[228]OnJanuary
5,2010,GooglereleasedanAndroidphoneunderitsown
companynamecalledtheNexusOne.[229]AreportinJuly2013
statedthatGoogle'sshareoftheglobalsmartphonemarket,led
bySamsungproducts,was64%inMarch2013.[230]

LexusRX450hretrofittedbyGoogle
foritsdriverlesscarfleet.

OtherprojectsGooglehasworkedonincludeanewcollaborativecommunicationservice,aweb
browser,andamobileoperatingsystem.ThefirstofthesewasfirstannouncedonMay27,2009.The
companydescribedGoogleWaveasaproductthathelpsuserscommunicateandcollaborateontheweb.
TheserviceisGoogle's"emailredesigned",withrealtimeediting,theabilitytoembedaudio,video,and
othermedia,andextensionsthatfurtherenhancethecommunicationexperience.GoogleWavewas
initiallyinadeveloper'spreview,whereinterestedusershadtobeinvitedtotesttheservice,butwas
releasedtothepubliconMay19,2010,atGoogle'sI/Okeynote.OnSeptember1,2008,Googlepre
announcedtheupcomingavailabilityofGoogleChrome,anopensourcewebbrowser,[231]whichwas
thenreleasedonSeptember2,2008.OnJuly7,2009,GoogleannouncedGoogleChromeOS,anopen
sourceLinuxbasedoperatingsystemthatincludesonlyawebbrowserandisdesignedtologusersinto
theirGoogleaccount.[232][233]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google

13/30

1/26/2016

GoogleWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

GoogleGogglesisamobileapplicationavailableonAndroidandiOSusedforimagerecognitionand
nontextbasedsearch.InadditiontoscanningQRcodes,theappcanrecognizehistoriclandmarks,
importbusinesscards,andsolveSudokupuzzles.[234]WhileGogglescouldoriginallyidentifypeopleas
well,Googlehaslimitedthatfunctionalityasaprivacyprotection.[235]
In2011,GoogleannouncedGoogleWallet,amobileapplicationforwirelesspayments.[236]InlateJune
2011,GooglesoftlaunchedasocialnetworkingservicecalledGoogle+.[237]OnJuly14,2011,Google
announcedthatGoogle+hadreached10millionusersjusttwoweeksafteritwaslaunchedinthis
"limited"trialphase.[238]Afterfourweeksinoperation,itreached25millionusers.[239]
AtalauncheventonJuly24,2013,inSanFrancisco,anewer
versionoftheNexus7Googletabletdevicewasreleasedtothe
public,alongsidetheChromecastdonglethatallowsusersto
streamYouTubeandNetflixvideosviasmartphones.[240]
In2013,GooglelaunchedGoogleShoppingExpress,adelivery
serviceinitiallyavailableonlyinSanFranciscoandSilicon
Valley.[241]
OnFebruary3,2014,GooglereleaseditsfirstChromecast
SDK.[242]

AGoogleCardboardheadset,acheap
andaccessiblestandardfor
experimentingwithvirtualreality.

GoogleAlertsisacontentchangedetectionandnotification
service,offeredbythesearchenginecompanyGoogle.The
servicesendsemailstotheuserwhenitfindsnewresultssuch
aswebpages,newspaperarticles,orblogsthatmatchtheuser'ssearchterm.[243][244][245]

GoogleCameraisacameraapplicationdevelopedbyGoogleforAndroid.ItissupportedonAndroid
4.4KitKatandhigherversionsofAndroid.ItwasreleasedontheGooglePlayStoreonApril16,
2014.[246]
ProjectFienablescommunicationacrossWiFiandcellnetworks.[247]
InJuly2015GooglereleasedDeepDream,animagerecognitionsoftwarecapableofcreating
psychedelicimagesusingaconvolutionalneuralnetwork.[248][249][250][251]

APIs
GoogleAPIsareasetofapplicationprogramminginterfaces(APIs)developedbyGooglewhichallow
communicationwithGoogleServicesandtheirintegrationtootherservices.Examplesoftheseinclude
Search,Gmail,TranslateorGoogleMaps.ThirdpartyappscanusetheseAPIstotakeadvantageofor
extendthefunctionalityoftheexistingservices.

Otherwebsites
GoogleDevelopersisGoogle'ssiteforsoftwaredevelopmenttools,APIs,andtechnicalresources.The
sitecontainsdocumentationonusingGoogledevelopertoolsandAPIsincludingdiscussiongroups
andblogsfordevelopersusingGoogle'sdeveloperproducts.
GoogleLabswasapagecreatedbyGoogletodemonstrateandtestnewprojects.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google

14/30

1/26/2016

GoogleWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Googleownsthetopleveldomain1e100.netwhichisusedforsomeserverswithinGoogle'snetwork.
ThenameisareferencetothescientificEnotationrepresentationfor1googol,1E100=110100
[252]

Corporateaffairsandculture
OnFortunemagazine'slistofthebestcompaniestoworkfor,
Googlerankedfirstin2007,2008and2012[253][254][255]and
fourthin2009and2010.[256][257]Googlewasalsonominatedin
2010tobetheworld'smostattractiveemployertograduating
studentsintheUniversumCommunicationstalentattraction
index.[258]Google'scorporatephilosophyincludesprinciples
suchas"youcanmakemoneywithoutdoingevil,""youcanbe
seriouswithoutasuit,"and"workshouldbechallengingandthe
challengeshouldbefun."[259]

Employees
Asof2013,Googlehad47,756employees(inthefourthquarter,
includingtheMotorolasubsidiary),[5]amongthemmorethan
10,000softwaredevelopersbasedinmorethan40offices.[260]

ThenCEO,nowChairmanofGoogle
EricSchmidtwithcofoundersSergey
BrinandLarryPage(lefttoright)in
2008.

Afterthecompany'sIPOin2004,foundersSergeyBrinandLarryPage
andCEOEricSchmidtrequestedthattheirbasesalarybecutto$1.
Subsequentoffersbythecompanytoincreasetheirsalarieswereturned
down,primarilybecausetheirmaincompensationcontinuestocome
fromowningstockinGoogle.Before2004,Schmidtmade$250,000per
year,andPageandBrineachreceivedanannualsalaryof$150,000.[261]
In2007andearly2008,severaltopexecutivesleftGoogle.InOctober
2007,formerchieffinancialofficerofYouTubeGideonYujoined
Facebook[262]alongwithBenjaminLing,ahighrankingengineer.[263]In
March2008,SherylSandberg,thenvicepresidentofglobalonlinesales
andoperations,beganherpositionaschiefoperatingofficerof
EricSchmidt
Facebook.[264]Atthesametime,AshElDifrawi,formerlyheadofbrand
advertising,lefttobecomechiefmarketingofficerofNetshops.[265]On
April4,2011,LarryPagebecameCEOandEricSchmidtbecameExecutiveChairmanofGoogle.[266]In
July2012,Google'sfirstfemaleemployee,MarissaMayer,leftGoogletobecomeYahoo!'sCEO.[267]
Asamotivationtechnique,GoogleusesapolicyoftencalledInnovationTimeOff,whereGoogle
engineersareencouragedtospend20%oftheirworktimeonprojectsthatinterestthem.Someof
Google'snewerservices,suchasGmail,GoogleNews,Orkut,andAdSenseoriginatedfromthese
independentendeavors.[269]InatalkatStanfordUniversity,MarissaMayer,Google'sVicePresidentof
SearchProductsandUserExperienceuntilJuly2012,showedthathalfofallnewproductlaunchesin
thesecondhalfof2005hadoriginatedfromtheInnovationTimeOff.[270]

Officelocationsandheadquarters
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google

15/30

1/26/2016

GoogleWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

MountainView
Google'sheadquartersinMountainView,California,isreferredtoas
"theGoogleplex",aplayonwordsonthenumbergoogolplexandthe
headquartersitselfbeingacomplexofbuildings.Thelobbyisdecorated
withapiano,lavalamps,oldserverclusters,andaprojectionofsearch
queriesonthewall.Thehallwaysarefullofexerciseballsandbicycles.
Manyemployeeshaveaccesstothecorporaterecreationcenter.
Recreationalamenitiesarescatteredthroughoutthecampusandincludea
workoutroomwithweightsandrowingmachines,lockerrooms,washers
anddryers,amassageroom,assortedvideogames,tablefootball,ababy
grandpiano,abilliardtable,andpingpong.Inadditiontotherecreation
room,therearesnackroomsstockedwithvariousfoodsanddrinks,with
specialemphasisplacedonnutrition.[271]Freefoodisavailableto
employees24/7,withtheofferingsprovidedbypaidvendingmachines
proratedbasedonandfavoringthoseofbetternutritionalvalue.[272]
Google'sextensiveamenitiesarenotavailabletoallofitsworkers.
Temporaryworkerssuchasbookscannersdonothaveaccesstoshuttles,
Googlecafes,orotherperks.[273]

Newemployeesarecalled
"Nooglers,"andaregivena
propellerbeaniecaptowear
ontheirfirstFriday. [268]

NewYorkCity
In2006,Googlemovedinto311,000squarefeet(28,900m2)of
officespaceinNewYorkCity,at111EighthAvenuein
Manhattan.[274]Theofficewasspeciallydesignedandbuiltfor
Googleandhousesitslargestadvertisingsalesteam,whichhas
beeninstrumentalinsecuringlargepartnerships.[274]TheNew
Yorkheadquartersissimilarindesignandfunctionalitytoits
MountainViewheadquarters,andincludesagameroom,micro
kitchens,andavideogamearea.[275]AsofFebruary2012,a
significantengineeringteamisbasedinNewYorkCity.[276]As
ofSeptember2013,Google'sEastCoastofficeislocatedat76
NinthAve,NewYorkCity,NewYork.[277]

GoogleMountainViewcampus
garden

OtherU.S.cities
Bylate2006,Googleestablishedanewheadquartersforits
AdWordsdivisioninAnnArbor,Michigan.[278]InNovember
2006,GoogleopenedofficesonCarnegieMellon'scampusin
Pittsburgh,focusingonshoppingrelatedadvertisementcoding
andsmartphoneapplicationsandprograms.[279][280]Otheroffice
locationsintheU.S.includeAtlanta,GeorgiaAustin,Texas
Boulder,ColoradoCambridge,MassachusettsSanFrancisco,
CaliforniaSeattle,WashingtonReston,Virginia,and
Washington,D.C.Googlehasseveralinternationaloffices.

Bicyclespaintedinthecorporate
colorschemeareavailableforfree
usebyanyemployeetravelling
aroundtheGoogleplex

InOctober2006,thecompanyannouncedplanstoinstallthousandsofsolarpanelstoprovideupto
1.6megawattsofelectricity,enoughtosatisfyapproximately30%ofthecampus'energyneeds.[281]The
systemwillbethelargestsolarpowersystemconstructedonaU.S.corporatecampusandoneofthe
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google

16/30

1/26/2016

GoogleWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

largestonanycorporatesiteintheworld.[281]Inaddition,Google
announcedin2009thatitwasdeployingherdsofgoatstokeep
grasslandaroundtheGoogleplexshort,helpingtopreventthe
threatfromseasonalbushfireswhilealsoreducingthecarbon
footprintofmowingtheextensivegrounds.[282][283]Theideaof
trimminglawnsusinggoatsoriginatedfromBobWidlar,an
engineerwhoworkedforNationalSemiconductor.[284]In2008,
GooglefacedaccusationsinHarper'sMagazineofbeingan
"energyglutton".Thecompanywasaccusedofemployingits
"Don'tbeevil"mottoanditspublicenergysavingcampaignsto
coverupormakeupforthemassiveamountsofenergyits
serversrequire.[285]

Google'sNYCofficebuildinghouses
itslargestadvertisingsalesteam. [274]

OnMay12,2015,GoogleannouncedthesettingupofitslargestcampusoutsidetheUnitedStatesin
Hyderabad,India.Theproposedcampuscanaccommodate6500employees.[286]

Doodles
Since1998,Googlehasbeendesigningspecial,temporaryalternatelogostoplaceontheirhomepage
intendedtocelebrateholidays,events,achievementsandpeople.ThefirstGoogleDoodlewasinhonor
oftheBurningManFestivalof1998.[287][288]ThedoodlewasdesignedbyLarryPageandSergeyBrin
tonotifyusersoftheirabsenceincasetheserverscrashed.SubsequentGoogleDoodlesweredesigned
byanoutsidecontractor,untilLarryandSergeyaskedtheninternDennisHwangtodesignalogofor
BastilleDayin2000.Fromthatpointonward,Doodleshavebeenorganizedandcreatedbyateamof
employeestermed"Doodlers".[289]

EastereggsandAprilFools'Dayjokes
GooglehasatraditionofcreatingAprilFools'Dayjokes.OnApril1,2000,GoogleMentalPlex
allegedlyfeaturedtheuseofmentalpowertosearchtheweb.[290]In2007,Googleannouncedafree
InternetservicecalledTiSP,orToiletInternetServiceProvider,whereoneobtainedaconnectionby
flushingoneendofafiberopticcabledowntheirtoilet.[291]Alsoin2007,Google'sGmailpage
displayedanannouncementforGmailPaper,allowinguserstohaveemailmessagesprintedandshipped
tothem.[292]In2008,GoogleannouncedGmailCustomtimewhereuserscouldchangethetimethatthe
emailwassent.[293]
In2010,GooglechangeditscompanynametoTopekainhonorofTopeka,Kansas,whosemayor
changedthecity'snametoGoogleforashortamountoftimeinanattempttoswayGoogle'sdecisionin
itsnewGoogleFiberProject.[294][295]In2011,GoogleannouncedGmailMotion,aninteractivewayof
controllingGmailandthecomputerwithbodymovementsviatheuser'swebcam.[296]
Google'sservicescontaineastereggs,suchastheSwedishChef's"Borkborkbork,"PigLatin,"Hacker"
orleetspeak,ElmerFudd,Pirate,andKlingonaslanguageselectionsforitssearchengine.[297]The
searchenginecalculatorprovidestheAnswertotheUltimateQuestionofLife,theUniverse,and
EverythingfromDouglasAdams'TheHitchhiker'sGuidetotheGalaxy.[298]Whensearchingtheword
"recursion",thespellchecker'sresultfortheproperlyspelledwordisexactlythesameword,creatinga
recursivelink.[299]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google

17/30

1/26/2016

GoogleWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Whensearchingfortheword"anagram,"meaningarearrangementoflettersfromonewordtoform
othervalidwords,Google'ssuggestionfeaturedisplays"Didyoumean:nagaram?"[300]InGoogle
Maps,searchingfordirectionsbetweenplacesseparatedbylargebodiesofwater,suchasLosAngeles
andTokyo,resultsininstructionsto"kayakacrossthePacificOcean."DuringFIFAWorldCup2010,
searchqueriesincluding"WorldCup"and"FIFA"causedthe"Goooo...gle"pageindicatoratthebottom
ofeveryresultpagetoread"Goooo...al!"instead.[301]

atGoogleTalks
AtGoogleTalksisaseriesofpresentationsbyinvitedspeakerssponsoredbyGooglegivenatvarious
Googleofficesthroughouttheworld.TheserieshasfeaturecategoriessuchasAuthors@Google,
Candidates@Google,Women@Google,Musicians@Googleandothers.Fortechnicaltopics,thereis
GoogleTechTalks(alsoknownasEngEDU[302])whichisdedicatedtoexploringareasoftechnology
andscience.Guestspeakersrangefrompresentandpastworldleaderstolittleknownpoetsandartists.
Talksrangefromabout40to70minutes.AsofFebruary2009,therehadbeenover1700guestspeakers.

Philanthropy
In2004,GoogleformedthenotforprofitphilanthropicGoogle.org,withastartupfundof
$1billion.[303]Themissionoftheorganizationistocreateawarenessaboutclimatechange,global
publichealth,andglobalpoverty.Oneofitsfirstprojectswastodevelopaviablepluginhybridelectric
vehiclethatcanattain100milespergallon.GooglehiredLarryBrilliantastheprogram'sexecutive
directorin2004,[304]andthecurrentdirectorisMeganSmith.[305]
In2008,Googleannouncedits"project10100"whichacceptedideasforhowtohelpthecommunityand
thenallowedGoogleuserstovoteontheirfavorites.[306]Aftertwoyearsofsilence,duringwhichmany
wonderedwhathadhappenedtotheprogram,[307]Googlerevealedthewinnersoftheproject,givinga
totaloftenmilliondollarstovariousideasrangingfromnonprofitorganizationsthatpromoteeducation
toawebsitethatintendstomakealllegaldocumentspublicandonline.[308]
In2011,Googledonated1millioneurostoInternationalMathematicalOlympiadtosupportthenext
fiveannualInternationalMathematicalOlympiads(20112015).[309]OnJuly2012,Googlelauncheda
"LegalizeLove"campaigninsupportofgayrights.[310]

Taxavoidance
Googleusesvarioustaxavoidancestrategies.OutofthefivelargestAmericantechnologycompanies,it
paysthelowesttaxestothecountriesoforiginofitsrevenues.Thecompanyaccomplishesthispartlyby
licensingtechnologythroughsubsidiariesinIreland,Bermuda,theBahamas,andtheNetherlands.[311]
ThishasreportedlysparkedaFrenchinvestigationintoGoogle'stransferpricingpractices.[312]
FollowingcriticismoftheamountofcorporatetaxesthatGooglepaidintheUnitedKingdom,Chairman
EricSchmidtsaid,"It'scalledcapitalism.Weareproudlycapitalistic."DuringthesameDecember2012
interview,Schmidt"confirmedthatthecompanyhadnointentionofpayingmoretotheUK
exchequer."[313]In2013,SchmidtrespondedtoquestionsabouttaxespaidintheUKbypointingtothe
advertisingfeesGooglechargedUKcompaniesasasourceofeconomicgrowth.[314]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google

18/30

1/26/2016

GoogleWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

GoogleVicePresidentMattBrittintestifiedtothePublicAccountsCommitteeoftheUKHouseof
CommonsthathisUKsalesteammadenosalesandhenceowednosalestaxestotheUK.[315]In
January2016,GooglereachedasettlementwiththeUKtopay130minbacktaxesplushighertaxesin
future.[316]

Environment
Since2007,Googlehasaimedforcarbonneutralityinregardtoitsoperations.[317][318]Googledisclosed
inSeptember2011thatit"continuouslyusesenoughelectricitytopower200,000homes",almost260
millionwattsoraboutaquarteroftheoutputofanuclearpowerplant.Totalcarbonemissionsfor2010
werejustunder1.5millionmetrictons,mostduetofossilfuelsthatprovideelectricityforthedata
centers.Googlesaidthat25percentofitsenergywassuppliedbyrenewablefuelsin2010.Anaverage
searchusesonly0.3watthoursofelectricity,soallglobalsearchesareonly12.5millionwattsor5%of
thetotalelectricityconsumptionbyGoogle.[319]
InJune2013,TheWashingtonPostreportedthatGooglehaddonated$50,000totheCompetitive
EnterpriseInstitute,alibertarianthinktankthatcallshumancarbonemissionsapositivefactorinthe
environmentandarguesthatglobalwarmingisnotaconcern.[320]
InJuly2013,itwasreportedthatGooglehadhostedafundraisingeventforOklahomaSenatorJim
Inhofe,whohascalledclimatechangea"hoax".[321]In2014GooglecuttieswiththeAmerican
LegislativeExchangeCouncil(ALEC)afterpressurefromtheSierraClub,majorunionsandGoogle's
ownscientistsbecauseofALEC'sstanceonclimatechangeandoppositiontorenewableenergy.[322]

Lobbying
In2013,Googleranked5thinlobbyingspending,upfrom213thin2003.In2012,thecompanyranked
2ndincampaigndonationsoftechnologyandInternetsections.[323]

Litigation
GooglehasbeeninvolvedinanumberoflawsuitsincludingtheHighTechEmployeeAntitrust
LitigationwhichresultedinGooglebeingoneoffourcompaniestopaya$415millionsettlementto
employees.[324]

Criticismandcontroversy
Seealso
AtGoogleTalks
Comparisonofwebsearchengines
Don'tBeEvil
Google(verb)
GoogleBalloonInternet
GoogleCatalogs
GoogleChina
GoogleChromeExperiments
GoogleGetYourBusinessOnline
Googlelogo
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google

19/30

1/26/2016

GoogleWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

GoogleMaps
Googleplatform
GoogleStreetView
Googletax
GoogleVenturesventurecapitalfund
GoogleX
LifesciencesdivisionofGoogleX
Google+
Googlebotwebcrawler
Googlization
ListofGoogleappsforAndroid
ListofGoogledomains
ListofmergersandacquisitionsbyGoogle
Apple,Inc.
OutlineofGoogle
Reunion
Ungoogleable
Calico

References
1. "Company".Google.RetrievedJanuary16,2015.
2. Claburn,Thomas."GoogleFoundedBySergeyBrin,LarryPage...AndHubertChang?!?".InformationWeek.
RetrievedAugust31,2011.
3. "LocationsGoogleJobs".Google.com.RetrievedSeptember27,2013.
4. "GoogleInc.2013AnnualReportForm(10K)"(XBRL).UnitedStatesSecuritiesandExchangeCommission.
February12,2014.
5. "GoogleInc.AnnouncesThirdQuarterandFiscalYear2015Results".Google.
6. "GoogleInc.AnnualReports".GoogleInc.July28,2014.RetrievedAugust29,2014.
7. See:ListofGoogleproducts.
8. "FinancialTables".Google,Inc.RetrievedMay2,2012.
9. Vise,DavidA.(October21,2005)."OnlineAdsGiveGoogleHugeGaininProfit".TheWashingtonPost.
10. "GoogleCorporateInformation".Google,Inc.RetrievedFebruary14,2010.
11. "GoogleCodeofConduct".Google,Inc.April25,2012.RetrievedOctober9,2015.
12. Lenssen,Philip(July16,2007)."PaulBuchheitonGmail,AdSenseandMore".GoogleBlogoscoped.
RetrievedFebruary14,2010.
13. "Googlehistoryindepth".
14. Womack,Brian(August10,2015)."GoogleCreatesNewCompanyCalledAlphabet,RestructuresStock".
BloombergBusiness.RetrievedAugust10,2015.
15. Rushe,DominicThielman,Sam(August10,2015)."GoogleCreatesParentCompanyCalledAlphabetin
Restructuring".TheWallStreetJournal.DowJones&Company,Inc.RetrievedAugust11,2015.
16. Dougherty,Conor(August10,2015)."GoogletoReorganizeinMovetoKeepItsLeadasanInnovator".The
NewYorkTimes(TheNewYorkTimesCompany).RetrievedAugust11,2015.
17. Reuters(October2,2015)."ByebyeGoogle,helloAlphabet".TheExpressTribuneNewsNetwork.The
ExpressTribune.RetrievedOctober14,2015.
18. "ByebyeGoogle,helloAlphabet".SaudiGazette.October3,2015.RetrievedOctober14,2015.
19. "Chromebook".Google.RetrievedAugust17,2011.
20. Ricker,Thomas."Google:Nexusprogramexplained,unfazedbyMotorolaacquisition".theverge.com.Vox
Media.RetrievedJuly31,2014.
21. Kleinman,Jacob."GoogleExec:NewNexusComing".technobuffalo.com.TechnoBuffalo.RetrievedJuly31,
2014.
22. BradStonePeterBurrows(May22,2012)."It'sOfficial:GoogleIsNowaHardwareCompany".Bloomberg
Businessweek.RetrievedSeptember4,2012.
23. Hesseldahl,Arik(July26,2012)."GoogleGetsIntotheCableTVBusiness,forReal".AllThingsD.com.
RetrievedSeptember15,2012.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google

20/30

1/26/2016

GoogleWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

24. Miller,Rich(August1,2011)."Report:GoogleUsesAbout900,000Servers".DataCenterKnowledge.
25. Kuhn,Eric(December18,2009)."CNNPoliticsPoliticalTicker...Googleunveilstoppoliticalsearchesof
2009".CNN.RetrievedFebruary14,2010.
26. "MapReduce".Portal.acm.org.RetrievedAugust16,2009.
27. Czajkowski,Grzegorz(November21,2008)."Sorting1PBwithMapReduce".Google,Inc.RetrievedJuly5,
2010.
28. Kennedy,Niall(January8,2008)."Googleprocessesover20petabytesofdataperday".NiallKennedy.
RetrievedJuly5,2010.
29. Schonfeld,Erick(January9,2008)."GoogleProcessing20,000TerabytesADay,AndGrowing".
TechCrunch.RetrievedFebruary16,2010.
30. "AlexaTrafficRankforGoogle(threemonthaverage)".AlexaInternet.RetrievedDecember10,2013.
31. JesseDrucker(October21,2010)."Google2.4%RateShowsHow$60BillionIsLosttoTaxLoopholes
BloombergBusiness".Bloomberg.com.RetrievedNovember27,2015.
32. "Googleranked'worst'onprivacy".BBCNews.June11,2007.RetrievedApril30,2010.
33. Rosen,Jeffrey(November30,2008)."Google'sGatekeepers".TheNewYorkTimes.RetrievedJuly5,2010.
34. Williamson,Alan(January12,2005)."AneveningwithGoogle'sMarissaMayer".AlanWilliamson.
ArchivedfromtheoriginalonSeptember21,2011.RetrievedJuly5,2010.
35. "GoogleMilestones".Google,Inc.RetrievedSeptember28,2010.
36. Page,LawrenceBrin,SergeyMotwani,RajeevWinograd,Terry(November11,1999)."ThePageRank
CitationRanking:BringingOrdertotheWeb".StanfordUniversity.RetrievedFebruary15,2010.
37. "TechnologyOverview".Google,Inc.RetrievedFebruary15,2010.
38. Page,Larry(August18,1997)."PageRank:BringingOrdertotheWeb".StanfordDigitalLibraryProject.
ArchivedfromtheoriginalonMay6,2002.RetrievedNovember27,2010.
39. Battelle,John(August2005)."TheBirthofGoogle".Wired.RetrievedOctober12,2010.
40. Trex,Ethan."9People,Places&ThingsThatChangedTheirNames".MentalFloss.RetrievedAugust4,
2014.
41. "BackrubsearchengineatStanfordUniversity".ArchivedfromtheoriginalonDecember24,1996.Retrieved
March12,2011.
42. Koller,David(January2004)."Originofthename"Google" ".StanfordUniversity.Archivedfromthe
originalonJuly4,2012.RetrievedJuly4,2012.
43. Hanley,Rachael(February12,2003)."FromGoogoltoGoogle".TheStanfordDaily(StanfordUniversity).
RetrievedFebruary15,2010.
44. "Google!Betawebsite".Google,Inc.ArchivedfromtheoriginalonFebruary2,1999.RetrievedOctober12,
2010.
45. "Google!SearchEngine".StanfordUniversity.ArchivedfromtheoriginalonNovember11,1998.Retrieved
October12,2010.
46. "Google!SearchEngine".StanfordUniversity.ArchivedfromtheoriginalonDecember1,1998.Retrieved
August14,2012.
47. "WHOISgoogle.com".RetrievedJuly5,2010.
48. "CraigSilverstein'swebsite".StanfordUniversity.ArchivedfromtheoriginalonOctober2,1999.Retrieved
October12,2010.
49. Kopytoff,Verne(September7,2008)."CraigSilversteingrewadecadewithGoogle".SanFrancisco
Chronicle(HearstCommunications,Inc.).RetrievedOctober12,2010.
50. "Google'snewrecord,1billionvisitorsinMay|It'sAllTech".Itsalltech.com.RetrievedJanuary2,2013.
51. Fiegerman,Seth.January22,2013."GoogleHasItsFirst$50BillionYear".
http://mashable.com/2013/01/22/googleq4earnings/
52. "GoogleStockCouldSoar50%OvertheNextThreeandHalfYears".financeninvestments.com.Retrieved
May6,2015.
53. "GoogleServerAssembly".ComputerHistoryMuseum.RetrievedJuly4,2010.
54. Kopytoff,Verne(April29,2004)."ForearlyGooglers,keywordis$$$".SanFranciscoChronicle(San
Francisco:HearstCommunications).ArchivedfromtheoriginalonJune12,2009.RetrievedFebruary19,
2010.
55. "GoogleReceives$25MillioninEquityFunding"(Pressrelease).PaloAlto,Calif.:Google.June7,1999.
ArchivedfromtheoriginalonMarch9,2000.RetrievedFebruary16,2009.
56. Lashinsky,Adam(January29,2008)."Googlewinsagain".Fortune(TimeWarner).RetrievedJanuary22,
2011.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google

21/30

1/26/2016

GoogleWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

57. Elgin,Ben(August19,2004)."Google:WhizKidsorNaughtyBoys?".BusinessWeek(Bloomberg,L.P.).
RetrievedFebruary19,2010.
58. "2004AnnualReport"(PDF).MountainView,California:Google,Inc.2004.p.29.RetrievedFebruary19,
2010.
59. LaMonica,PaulR.(April30,2004)."Googlesets$2.7billionIPO".CNNMoney.RetrievedFebruary19,
2010.
60. Kawamoto,Dawn(April29,2004)."WantInonGoogle'sIPO?".ZDNet.RetrievedFebruary19,2010.
61. Webb,CynthiaL.(August19,2004)."Google'sIPO:GrateExpectations".TheWashingtonPost
(Washington,D.C.).RetrievedFebruary19,2010.
62. "GoogleOverview".Marketwatch.RetrievedFebruary2,2014.
63. Kuchinskas,Susan(August9,2004)."YahooandGoogleSettle".internet.com.RetrievedFebruary19,2010.
64. "QuirkyGoogleCultureEndangered?".Wired.AssociatedPress.April28,2004.Archivedfromtheoriginal
onAugust14,2010.RetrievedNovember27,2010.
65. Olsen,StefanieKawamoto,Dawn(April30,2004)."GoogleIPOat$2.7billion".CNET.CBSInteractive.
RetrievedNovember27,2010.
66. RichardUtz,"TheGoodCorporation?Google'sMedievalismandWhyItMatters."StudiesinMedievalism23
(2013):2128.
67. Rivlin,Gary(August24,2005)."Relax,BillGatesIt'sGoogle'sTurnastheVillain".TheNewYorkTimes.
RetrievedNovember27,2010.
68. Gibson,OwenWray,Richard(August25,2005)."Searchgiantmayoutgrowitsfans".TheSydneyMorning
Herald.RetrievedNovember27,2010.
69. Ranka,Mohit(May17,2007)."GoogleDon'tBeEvil".OSNews.RetrievedNovember27,2010.
70. Mills,Elinor(April30,2007)."Google'scultureczar".ZDNet.RetrievedNovember27,2010.
71. Kawamoto,Dawn(July27,2005)."Googlehitwithjobdiscriminationlawsuit".CNET.CBSInteractive.
RetrievedNovember27,2010.
72. "Googleaccusedofageisminreinstatedlawsuit".CTVTelevisionNetwork.AssociatedPress.October6,
2007.RetrievedNovember27,2010.
73. "Judgeapprovesfirstpayoutinantitrustwagefixinglawsuit".CNET.CBSInteractive.
74. Hancock,Jay(October31,2007)."Googleshareshit$700".TheBaltimoreSun.RetrievedNovember27,
2010.
75. LaMonica,PaulR.(May25,2005)."BowlingforGoogle".CNN.RetrievedFebruary28,2007.
76. "ThiscouldcostGooglemorethan$500million".CNBC.Retrieved20151230.
77. Pramuk,Jacob(August10,2015)."Googletobecomepartofnewcompany,Alphabet".CNBC.Retrieved
August11,2015.
78. Fried,Ian(October4,2002)."Abuildingblessedwithtechsuccess".CNET(CBSInteractive).Retrieved
February15,2010.
79. Stross,Randall(September2008)."Introduction".PlanetGoogle:OneCompany'sAudaciousPlanto
OrganizeEverythingWeKnow.NewYork:FreePress.pp.34.ISBN9781416546917.Retrieved
February14,2010.
80. Sullivan,Danny(July1,1998)."GoToGoingStrong".SearchEngineWatch.RetrievedFebruary18,2010.
81. Pelline,Jeff(February19,1998)."Payforplacementgetsanothershot".CNET(CBSInteractive).Retrieved
February18,2010.
82. Olsen,Stephanie(August9,2004)."Google,Yahooburythelegalhatchet".CNET(CBSInteractive).
RetrievedFebruary18,2010.
83. USpatent6285999(http://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US6285999),Page,
Lawrence,"Methodfornoderankinginalinkeddatabase",issuedSeptember4,2001,assignedtoTheBoard
ofTrusteesoftheLelandStanfordJuniorUniversity
84. Olsen,Stephanie(July11,2003)."Google'smovin'onup".CNET(CBSInteractive).RetrievedFebruary15,
2010.
85. "GoogletobuyheadquartersbuildingfromSiliconGraphics".SiliconValley/SanJoseBusinessJournal(San
Jose:AmericanCityBusinessJournals).June16,2006.RetrievedFebruary15,2010.
86. Krantz,Michael(October25,2006)."DoYou"Google"?".Google,Inc.RetrievedFebruary17,2010.
87. Bylund,Anders(July5,2006)."ToGoogleorNottoGoogle".msnbc.com.Archivedfromtheoriginalon
July7,2006.RetrievedFebruary17,2010.
88. "IsGooglismTheNewReligion?".APCMag.com.RetrievedSeptember8,2009.
89. "TheOfficialChurchofGoogle".TheChurchofGoogle.org.
90. "IsGooglismTheNewReligion?".nytimes.com.RetrievedJune29,2003.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google

22/30

1/26/2016

GoogleWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

91. "GoogleisGodHerearetheReasons".AllISayIs.com.RetrievedJune5,2015.
92. JaneWakefield(September19,2013)."GooglespinoffCalicotosearchforanswerstoageing".BBCNews.
RetrievedSeptember20,2013.
93. "Googlelocations".GoogleCompany.Google,Inc.September2013.RetrievedSeptember24,2013.
94. Sullivan,Danny(September14,2007)."GoogleIs10YearsOld?FindingTheRealGoogleBirthday".
RetrievedSeptember28,2013.
95. Peterson,Andrea(September27,2013)."IstodayreallyGoogle'sbirthday?".WashingtonPost.Retrieved
September28,2013.
96. JohnHall(September26,2013)."Googlecelebrates15thbirthdaywithinteractivepiata'doodle' ".The
Independent(London).RetrievedSeptember28,2013.
97. SamuelGibbs(October7,2013)."SirTimBernersLeeandGoogleleadcoalitionforcheaperinternet".The
Guardian.RetrievedOctober8,2013.
98. Reuters(October17,2013)."Googleearningsup12%inthirdquarterevenasMotorolalossesdeepen".The
Guardian.RetrievedOctober18,2013.
99. LeoMirani(November1,2013)."InsideGoogle'snew1millionsquarefootLondonofficethreeyears
beforeit'sready".Quartz.RetrievedNovember6,2013.
100. Technologytitansleadrankingofmostvaluablebrands
(http://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/09/business/media/techcompaniesleadrankingofmostvaluable
brands.html?_r=0),NYTimes.com,October8,2014.RetrievedOctober9,2014.
101. http://www.millwardbrown.com/docs/defaultsource/globalbrandz
downloads/global/2014_BrandZ_Top100_Chart.pdf
102. "GoogleAcquiresKeyholeCorp"(Pressrelease).Google,Inc.October27,2004.RetrievedNovember27,
2010.
103. Reuters(November14,2006)."Googlecloses$A2bYouTubedeal".TheAge(Melbourne).RetrievedJuly5,
2010.
104. Yen,YiWyn(March25,2008)."YouTubeLooksFortheMoneyClip".RetrievedJuly5,2010.
105. Hardy,QuentinEvanHessel(May22,2008)."GooTube".Forbes.RetrievedJuly5,2010.
106. Story,LouiseHelft,Miguel(April17,2007)."GoogleBuysDoubleClickfor$3.1Billion".TheNewYork
Times(NewYork).RetrievedFebruary26,2010.
107. Chan,Wesley(July2,2007)."Allaboard".Google,Inc.RetrievedFebruary26,2010.
108. "GoogletoAcquireOn2Technologies".GooglePressrelease.August5,2009.RetrievedJuly5,2010.
109. "GoogleAcquiresAardvark".Google,Inc.RetrievedFebruary12,2010."we'reexcitedtoannouncethatwe've
acquiredAardvark,auniquetechnologycompany."
110. Letzing,John(April21,2010)."GooglebuysstealthystartupAgnilux".MarketWatch.Retrieved
November27,2010.
111. Mills,Elinor(September29,2005)."CanGooglebeatthenewofficecurse?".CNET.RetrievedFebruary26,
2010.
112. Kessler,MichelleAcohido,Byron(October3,2005)."Google,Sunmake'bigdeal'together".USAToday
(GannettCo.Inc.).RetrievedFebruary26,2010.
113. Mills,Elinor(December28,2005)."WhattheGoogleAOLdealmeansforusers".CNET.CBSInteractive.
RetrievedFebruary26,2010.
114. Lunden,Ingrid(February12,2010)."DotMobiSells.MobiDomainNameOperator".Yahoo!.Retrieved
February26,2010.
115. "GoogleAdSenseforMobileunlocksthepotentialofthemobileadvertisingmarket".Google,Inc.September
17,2007.RetrievedFebruary26,2010.
116. "FoxInteractiveMediaEntersintoLandmarkAgreementwithGoogleInc.MultiYearPactCallsforGoogle
toProvideSearchandAdvertisingacrossFoxInteractiveMedia'sGrowingOnlineNetworkIncludingthe
MySpaceCommunity".BNet.August7,2006.RetrievedFebruary26,2010.
117. "TrackingSanta:NORAD&GoogleTeamUpForChristmas,Dec1,2007,DannySullivan".SearchEngine
Land.RetrievedJuly5,2010.
118. "Behindthescenes:NORAD'sSantatrackerforThur,Dec21,2009ByDanielTerdiman,CNET".CNET.
CBSInteractive.RetrievedDecember31,2009.
119. "InstructionsOnTrackingSantaWithNORAD&Google:The2007Edition,Dec24,2007,DannySullivan".
SearchEngineLand.RetrievedJuly5,2010.
120. ShalalEsa,Andrea(September6,2008)."GeoEyelauncheshighresolutionsatellite".Washington:Reuters.
RetrievedFebruary26,2010.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google

23/30

1/26/2016

GoogleWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

121. "GooglegivesonlinelifetoLifemag'sphotos".MountainView,California.AssociatedPress.November20,
2008.RetrievedFebruary25,2010."GoogleInc.hasopenedanonlinephotogallerythatwillincludemillions
ofimagesfromLifemagazine'sarchivesthathaveneverbeenseenbythepublicbefore."
122. GregStirling(November18,2008)."GoogleHostingTimeLifePhotoArchive,10MillionUnpublished
ImagesNowLive".SearchEngineLand.RetrievedJuly5,2010.
123. Morrison,ScottSweet,Cassandra(May4,2010)."GoogleInvestsinTwoWindFarms".TheWallStreet
Journal.RetrievedNovember27,2010.
124. GoogleEnergycannowbuyandsellenergy(http://news.cnet.com/830111128_31045643554.html),on
Cnet.com.
125. CandaceLombardi(February19,2010)."Googlegetsgoaheadtobuy,sellenergy".CNET.CBSInteractive.
RetrievedSeptember23,2013.
126. ToddWoody(September18,2013)."Googleisonthewaytoquietlybecominganelectricutility".Quartz.
RetrievedSeptember23,2013.
127. Gomes,Lee(May18,2010)."Google'sLatestTelephonyPlay".Forbes.RetrievedNovember27,2010.
128. Albanesius,Chloe(May27,2010)."GoogleClosesAcquisitionofAdMob".AppScout.RetrievedJune16,
2010.
129. Albanesius,Chloe(November9,2010)."GoogleAcquiresMobileDisplayAdFirmAdMob".PCMagazine
(ZiffDavisPublishingHoldingsInc.).RetrievedJune16,2010.
130. "GooglebuyspowerfromIowawindfarm".News.techworld.com.July21,2010.RetrievedOctober26,
2010.
131. "BidforNortelpatentsmarksGoogle'snewpushintomobileworld".GlobeandMail(Toronto).April4,
2011.RetrievedApril25,2011.
132. Tsukayama,Hayley(August15,2011)."GoogleagreestoacquireMotorolaMobility".TheWashingtonPost.
RetrievedAugust17,2011.
133. "GoogletoAcquireMotorolaMobilityGoogleInvestorRelations".Google.RetrievedAugust17,2011.
134. Hughes,Neil."GoogleCEO:'Anticompetitive'Apple,MicrosoftforcedMotoroladeal".AppleInsider.
RetrievedAugust17,2011.
135. "Google".BBCNews.May22,2012.RetrievedMay23,2012.
136. Page,Larry."OfficialGoogleBlog:SuperchargingAndroid:GoogletoAcquireMotorolaMobility".
Googleblog.blogspot.com.RetrievedAugust17,2011.
137. Cheng,Roger(August15,2011)."GoogletobuyMotorolaMobilityfor$12.5B".
138. "Googletocut4,000MotorolaMobilityjobs,sharesrise".Reuters.August13,2012.
139. "Motorola'sretreatcontinues,sellsfactoriesinChinaandBraziltoFlextronicsfor$75million".December
11,2012.
140. "FlextronicsacquiresMotorolaMobility'splantsinChina,Brazil".December11,2012.
141. "ArrisToAcquireMotorolaHomeBusinessFor$2.35BillionInCashAndStock"(PDF).December19,
2012.
142. Lardinois,Frederic.June5,2012."GoogleAcquiresMobileProductivityCompanyQuickoffice."
http://techcrunch.com/2012/06/05/googleacquiresmobileproductivitycompanyquickoffice/
143. February6,2013.Lunden,Ingrid."GoogleAcquiresChannelIntelligenceFor$125MToBoostProduct
ReferralsAndECommerceWithUsers."http://techcrunch.com/2013/02/06/googleacquireschannel
intelligencetoboostproductrecommendationsandecommerwithusers/
144. IngridLunden(June11,2013)."GoogleBoughtWazeFor$1.1B,GivingASocialDataBoostToIts
MappingBusiness".TechCrunch.AOLInc.RetrievedJuly29,2013.
145. RipEmpson(July29,2013)."YahooAndGoogleAreBothSpendingBigMoneyOnAcquisitionSpreesAnd
WhatThatSaysAboutTheirFutures".TechCrunch.AOLInc.RetrievedJuly29,2013.
146. AviSchneider(June11,2013)."GoogleandWazesealthedealontheir$1.1Bpurchaseacquisition.".
Geektime.Geektime.RetrievedJuly29,2013.
147. NatashaLomas(August31,2013)."GoogleConfirmsItHasAcquiredAndroidSmartwatchMakerWIMM
Labs".TechCrunch.AOLInc.RetrievedSeptember8,2013.
148. JenniferClegg(October3,2013)."GoogleAcquiresFlutter,CreatorofHandGestureRecognition
Technology".SearchEngineWatch.IncisiveInteractiveMarketingLLC.RetrievedOctober8,2013.
149. Chowdhry,Amit(January27,2014)."GoogleToAcquireArtificialIntelligenceCompanyDeepMind".
Forbes.RetrievedJanuary27,2014.
150. Helgren,Chris(January27,2014)."GoogletobuyartificialintelligencecompanyDeepMind".Reuters.
RetrievedJanuary27,2014.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google

24/30

1/26/2016

GoogleWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

151. Ribeiro,Jon(January27,2014)."GooglebuysartificialintelligencecompanyDeepMind".PCWorld.
RetrievedJanuary27,2014.
152. Opam,Kwame(January27,2014)."GooglebuyingAIstartupDeepMindforareported$400million".The
Verge.RetrievedJanuary27,2014.
153. Kang,Cecilia(January30,2014)."GooglesellsMotorolaMobilitytoLenovofor$2.91billion".Washington
Post.RetrievedJanuary30,2014.
154. "USMotoXproductionplantofMotorolatobeshutdownbyyearend".FortWorthNews.Net.Retrieved
June1,2014.
155. ByDevindraHardawar,VentureBeat."/GooglebuysGreenThrottleGames,whichcouldbeabigpartofits
Androidsettopbox(http://venturebeat.com/2014/03/12/googlebuysgreenthrottlegameswhichcouldbea
bigpartofitssettopbox/)."March12,2014.RetrievedMarch12,2014.
156. "GoogleAcquiresQuestVisual,Makerof'WordLens'App:ImageBasedTranslationWorksWithiOS,
Android,Glass".LatinPost.RetrievedMay19,2014.
157. "GooglebuyssatellitefirmSkyboxImagingfor$500m".BBCNews.June10,2014.RetrievedJune11,
2014.
158. "GooglebuysSongza,aPandoralikeplayerwherecontextisking".CNET.CBSInteractive.July1,2014.
RetrievedJuly1,2014.
159. "Moto360launchinginChinathankstostrategicpartnershipwithMobvoi".Ausdroid.Retrieved
December18,2015.
160. "GoogleInvestsinChineseSearchandSmartwatchStartup".WallStreetJournal.ISSN00999660.
RetrievedDecember18,2015.
161. "Datacenterlocations".Google.RetrievedJuly22,2014.
162. "UPDATE:GoogleToBuildThreeDataCentersInAsia,InvestmentToExceed$200M".TheWallStreet
Journal.September28,2011.ArchivedfromtheoriginalonSeptember28,2011.
163. "GoogletoBuildThreeDataCentersinAsia".Datacenterknowledge.com.RetrievedMarch13,2014.
164. YunHeeKim."GoogleScrapsPlantoBuildHongKongDataCenter".WSJ.
165. Gellman,BartonSoltani,Ashkan(October30,2013)."NSAinfiltrateslinkstoYahoo,Googledatacenters
worldwide,Snowdendocumentssay".TheWashingtonPost.RetrievedNovember1,2013.
166. Savage,CharlieMiller,ClairePerlroth,Nicole(October30,2013)."N.S.A.SaidtoTapGoogleandYahoo
Abroad".TheNewYorkTimes.RetrievedNovember1,2013.
167. Gallagher,Sean(October31,2013)."HowtheNSA'sMUSCULARtappedGoogle'sandYahoo'sprivate
networks".ArsTechnica.RetrievedNovember1,2013.
168. Miller,Claire(October31,2013)."AngryOverU.S.Surveillance,TechGiantsBolsterDefenses".TheNew
YorkTimes.RetrievedNovember1,2013.
169. Page,Larry(August10,2015)."GisforGoogle".OfficialGoogleBlog.Archivedfromtheoriginalon
August10,2015.RetrievedAugust10,2015.
170. "SECFiling(Form8K)byAlphabetInc.".October2,2015.
171. "Form10KAnnualReport".SEC.RetrievedJuly5,2010.
172. "GoogleInc,Form10K,AnnualReport,FilingDateJan26,2012"(PDF).secdatabase.com.Retrieved
March8,2013.
173. Nakashima,Ellen(August12,2008)."SomeWebFirmsSayTheyTrackBehaviorWithoutExplicit
Consent".TheWashingtonPost.RetrievedJuly5,2010.
174. Helft,Miguel(March11,2009)."GoogletoOfferAdsBasedonInterests".TheNewYorkTimes.Retrieved
July5,2010.
175. Bright,Peter(August27,2008)."SurfingontheslywithIE8'snew"InPrivate"Internet".ArsTechnica.
RetrievedSeptember1,2008.
176. "AdSense".RetrievedOctober11,2009.
177. Mills,Elinor."Googletoofferadvertisersclickfraudstats(http://news.cnet.com/Googletoofferadvertisers
clickfraudstats/21001024_36098469.html)."CNET.July25,2006.RetrievedJuly29,2006.
178. "GoogleSomewhatLiftsOceanaAdBan".webpronews.com.
179. "GoogleAdSenseOnlineStandardTermsandConditions".GoogleAdSense.
180. Mclntyre,Douglas(October31,2008)."YahooandGooglemaydumptheirdeal".Bloggingstocks.com.
RetrievedOctober26,2010.
181. Drummond,David(November5,2008)."EndingouragreementwithYahoo!".Google,Inc.Retrieved
October26,2010.
182. "GoogleDemoSlam".Google,Inc.RetrievedNovember18,2010.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google

25/30

1/26/2016

GoogleWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

183. "comScoreReleasesNovember2009U.S.SearchEngineRankings".December16,2006.RetrievedJuly5,
2010.
184. Arrington,Michael(July25,2008)."Google'sMisleadingBlogPost:TheSizeOfTheWebAndTheSizeOf
TheirIndexAreVeryDifferent".Techcrunch.com.RetrievedDecember31,2010.
185. Olsen,Stefanie(July9,2003)."Googlecacheraisescopyrightconcerns".CNET.CBSInteractive.Retrieved
June13,2010.
186. Fieldv.Google,CVS040413RCJLRL(http://www.eff.org/IP/blake_v_google/google_nevada_order.pdf)
(NevadaDistrictCourtJanuary19,2006).
187. Parkerv.Google,04CV3918(http://www.paed.uscourts.gov/documents/opinions/06D0306P.pdf)(Eastern
PennsylvaniaDistrictCourtMarch10,2006).
188. Bosker,Bianca(September29,2010)."GoogleInstantCensorship:TheStrangestTermsBlacklistedBy
Google".TheHuffingtonPost.RetrievedOctober26,2010.
189. FarhadManjoo(August30,2002)."ConspiracyResearcherSaysGoogle'sNoGood".AlterNet.Retrieved
December12,2009.
190. DaveGussow(April14,2003)."Despitepopularly,Googleunderfireforprivacyissues".St.Petersburg
Times.RetrievedOctober11,2008.
191. Martin,China(November26,2007)."GooglehitwithsecondlawsuitoverLibraryproject".InfoWorld.
192. Pettersson,Edvard(November20,2009)."GoogleWinsPreliminaryApprovalofOnlineBooksSettlement".
BloombergL.P.RetrievedDecember18,2009.
193. Smith,Heather(December18,2009)."Google'sFrenchBookScanningProjectHaltedbyCourt".Bloomberg
L.P.RetrievedDecember18,2009.
194. Rich,Motoko(May31,2009)."PreparingtoSellEBooks,GoogleTakesonAmazon".TheNewYorkTimes.
RetrievedDecember18,2009.
195. Mayer,Marissa(July25,2010)."ThisWeekinSearch7/25/10".Google,Inc.RetrievedJuly28,2010.
196. SamuelGibbs(September27,2013)."Googleintroducesthebiggestalgorithmchangeinthreeyears".
Guardian.RetrievedSeptember29,2013.
197. Cashmore,Pete(April1,2010)."SixwaysGmailrevolutionizedemail".London,England:Turner
BroadcastingSystem,Inc.RetrievedApril2,2010.
198. Chitu,IonutAlex.(February7,2007)."MorePeopleCanSignupforaGmailAccount".GoogleOperating
SystemBlog.RetrievedApril3,2010.
199. Glotzbach,Matthew(July7,2009)."GoogleAppsisoutofbeta(yes,really)".Google,Inc.Retrieved
April2,2010.
200. Zibreg,Christian(February11,2010)."FacebookstrikesbackatGoogle,integratesitschatwithAOLInstant
Messenger".Geek.com.para.5.RetrievedApril2,2010."WhileGmail's146millionmonthlyusersareno
matchforFacebook's400+millionstronguserbase,notallofthemusebuiltinchat."
201. Lee,Elvin(November10,2009)."Twicethestorageforaquarteroftheprice".Google,Inc.Retrieved
April3,2010.
202. Marshall,Gary(April1,2010)."Happysixthbirthday,GoogleMail!".TechRadar.RetrievedApril3,2010.
203. Microsoft'sBallmer:GoogleReadsYourMail(http://www.crn.com/software/202300583)ChannelWeb,
October2007
204. "Google'sGmailcouldbeblocked".RetrievedSeptember9,2014.
205. Rasch,Mark(June15,2004)."GoogleGmail:SpookHeaven".TheRegister.RetrievedOctober26,2010.
206. "Gmailistoocreepy".GoogleWatch.ArchivedfromtheoriginalonSeptember21,2011.
207. "GooglePrivacyCenterPrivacyPolicy".Google.October3,2010.RetrievedOctober26,2010.
208. Mazzon,Jen(March9,2006)."Writelyso".Google,Inc.RetrievedApril3,2010.
209. "GoogleAnnounceslimitedtestonGoogleLabs:GoogleSpreadsheets"(Pressrelease).Google,Inc.June6,
2006.RetrievedApril4,2010.
210. Arrington,Michael(October10,2006)."Google"Docs&Spreadsheets"Launches".TechCrunch.Retrieved
April4,2010.
211. Metz,Cade(October7,2011)."ArticleinWired".Wired.RetrievedOctober7,2011.
212. Sterling,Greg(June3,2008)."GoogleRebrandsCustomSearch"BusinessEdition"As"GoogleSite
Search" ".SearchEngineLand.RetrievedJune16,2010.
213. Girouard,Dave(September13,2007)."We'veOfficiallyAcquiredPostini".Google,Inc.RetrievedJune16,
2010.
214. "GoogleAddsPostini'sSecurityandComplianceCapabilitiestoGoogleApps"(Pressrelease).Google,Inc.
October3,2007.RetrievedJune15,2010.
215. "Postini".Google,Inc.RetrievedJune16,2010.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google

26/30

1/26/2016

GoogleWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

216. "Findouthowourtranslationsarecreated".translate.google.com.Google.RetrievedSeptember3,2014.
217. "GoogleTranslateHelp".Google.RetrievedSeptember4,2014.
218. Helft,Miguel(March8,2010)."Google'sComputingPowerRefinesTranslationTool".TheNewYork
Times.para.15.RetrievedMay2,2010.
219. Macht,Joshua(September30,2002)."AutomaticforthePeople".Time.
220. Travis,Hannibal(2008)."OptingOutoftheInternetintheUnitedStatesandtheEuropeanUnion:Copyright,
SafeHarbors,andInternationalLaw".NotreDameLawReview,vol.55,pp.39192(PresidentandTrustees
ofNotreDameUniversityinSouthBend,IN).RetrievedJune4,2010.
221. "GoogleWiFiforMountainView".Google,Inc.RetrievedJune16,2010.
222. HELFT(March21,2010)."HopingforGiftFromGoogle?GoJumpintheLake".TheNewYorkTimes.
223. "UltrahighspeedbroadbandiscomingtoKansasCity,Kansas".Google.com.
224. Smith,David(December17,2006)."ThefutureforOrangecouldsoonbeGoogleinyourpocket".The
Guardian(London:GuardianNewsandMediaLtd.).RetrievedJune16,2010.
225. Orlowski,Andrew(March16,2007)."GooglePhoneit'sforreal".TheRegister.RetrievedJune16,2010.
226. Ricker,Thomas(January18,2007)."TheGoogleSwitch:aniPhonekiller".Engadget.RetrievedJune16,
2010.
227. "Licenses".Google,Inc.RetrievedApril4,2010.
228. Lee,Nicole(September23,2008)."TMobileG1details,price,andlaunchdaterevealed".CNET.CBS
Interactive.RetrievedApril4,2010.
229. Siegler,MG(January5,2010)."TheDroidYou'reLookingFor:LivefromtheNexusOneEvent".
TechCrunch.RetrievedApril4,2010.
230. IngridLunden(July1,2013)."Android,LedBySamsung,ContinuesToStormTheSmartphoneMarket,
PushingAGlobal70%MarketShare".TechCrunch.AOLInc.RetrievedJuly2,2013.
231. Pichai,Sundar(September1,2008)."Afreshtakeonthebrowser".Google,Inc.RetrievedJune16,2010.
232. Pichai,Sundar(July7,2009)."IntroducingtheGoogleChromeOS".Google,Inc.RetrievedJune16,2010.
233. Alex,PhamHirsch,Jerry(July9,2009)."Googleseeswindowofopportunitytolaunchoperatingsystem".
LosAngelesTimes.
234. T3website:Gogglescannowsolvesudokupuzzles(http://www.t3.com/news/googlegogglescannowsolve
sudokupuzzles?=52345),January11,2011.VisitedAugust6,2011
235. Saylor,Michael(2012).TheMobileWave:HowMobileIntelligenceWillChangeEverything.Perseus
Books/VanguardPress.p.304.ISBN9781593157203.
236. Bernard,TaraSiegel(May27,2011)."GoogleUnveilsAppForPayingWithPhone".TheNewYorkTimes.
p.3.
237. Parr,Ben(June28,2011)."GoogleLaunchesGoogle+ToBattleFacebook[PICS]".Mashable.com.
RetrievedJune28,2011.
238. "Google+growsto10millionusers".CNN.July14,2011.RetrievedJuly15,2011.
239. Wasserman,Todd(July21,2011)."Google+Hits25MillionVisitors,GetsMoreSticky[STUDY]".
240. Reuters(July25,2013)."AdsNotbyThisSiteGoogleunveilsChromecastalongwithslimmerNexus7
tablet".TheGuardian(London).RetrievedJuly25,2013.
241. Somerville,Heather(September25,2013)."Googlesamedaydeliverymakespublicdebut".MercuryNews.
242. ByTomCheredar,VentureBeat."/GooglefinallyreleasesaChromecastSDK
(http://venturebeat.com/2014/02/03/googlefinallyreleasesachromecastsdk/)."February3,2014.Retrieved
February3,2014.
243. "WhatareGoogleAlerts?".Google.RetrievedJuly29,2014.
244. "HowtoUseGoogleAlertsforaLiveJobSearch".TheUnderCoverRecruiter.
245. "ThisLittleServiceAbsolutelyCrushesGoogleAlerts".Forbes.
246. Kellex(April16,2014)."GoogleCameraQuickLookandTour".DroidLife.
247. "ProjectFi".Google.RetrievedMay31,2015.
248. Szegedy,ChristianLiu,WeiJia,YangqingSermanet,PierreReed,ScottAnguelov,DragomirErhan,
DumitruVanhoucke,VincentRabinovich,Andrew(2014)."GoingDeeperwithConvolutions"(PDF).
ComputingResearchRepository.arXiv:1409.4842.
249. Mordvintsev,AlexanderOlah,ChristopherTyka,Mike(2015)."DeepDreamacodeexamplefor
visualizingNeuralNetworks".GoogleResearch.ArchivedfromtheoriginalonJuly8,2015.
250. Mordvintsev,AlexanderOlah,ChristopherTyka,Mike(2015)."Inceptionism:GoingDeeperintoNeural
Networks".GoogleResearch.ArchivedfromtheoriginalonJuly3,2015.
251. JamesTitcomb(July2,2015)."Googleunleashesmachinedreamingsoftwareonthepublic,nightmarish
imagesfloodtheinternet".TheTelegraph.RetrievedJuly25,2015.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google

27/30

1/26/2016

GoogleWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

252. "Whatis1e100.net".GoogleSupport.Google.RetrievedDecember10,2015.
253. Levering,RobertMoskowitz,Milton(January22,2007).Serwer,Andrew,ed."Ingoodcompany".Fortune
Magazine(CableNewsNetwork)155(1).RetrievedJune19,2010.
254. Levering,RobertMoskowitz,Milton(February4,2008).Serwer,Andrew,ed."The2008list".Fortune
Magazine(CableNewsNetwork)157(2).RetrievedJune19,2010.
255. "The2012list".FortuneMagazine.RetrievedFebruary26,2012.
256. Levering,RobertMoskowitz,Milton(February2,2009).Serwer,Andrew,ed."The2009list".Fortune
Magazine(CableNewsNetwork)159(2).RetrievedJune19,2010.
257. Levering,RobertMoskowitz,Milton(February8,2010).Serwer,Andrew,ed."The2010list".Fortune
Magazine(CableNewsNetwork)161(2).RetrievedJune19,2010.
258. "TheWorld'sMostAttractiveEmployers2010".UniversumGlobal.September28,2010.Retrieved
October28,2010.
259. "OurPhilosophy".Google,Inc.RetrievedJune20,2010.
260. JohnMicco:ContinuousIntegrationatGoogleScale
(http://www.eclipsecon.org/2013/sites/eclipsecon.org.2013/files/201303
24%20Continuous%20Integration%20at%20Google%20Scale.pdf),EclipseCon2013(p.2)
261. LaMonica,PaulR.(March31,2006)."Googleleadersstickwith$1salary".CableNewsNetwork.Retrieved
June20,2010.
262. "AnotherGooglergoestoFacebook:SherylSandbergbecomesnewCOO".VentureBeat.March4,2008.
RetrievedMarch31,2008.
263. Moritz,Scott(March4,2008)."TopGoogleexecjumpstoFacebook".Fortune.Archivedfromtheoriginal
onApril13,2008.RetrievedMarch31,2008.
264. Liedtke,Michael(March5,2008)."FacebookRaidsGoogleforExecutive".TheWashingtonPost.Retrieved
March31,2008.
265. "NetshopsInc.AppointsAshElDifrawiasCompany'sFirstChiefMarketingOfficer"(Pressrelease).
NetShops.March26,2008.RetrievedMarch31,2008.
266. "GoogleAnnouncesFourthquarterandFiscalYear2010ResultsandManagementChanges".Google.
RetrievedApril25,2011.
267. Rushie,Dominic(July16,2012)."GoogleexecutiveMarissaMayertobecomeYahooCEOinsurprise
move".TheGuardian(London).RetrievedSeptember1,2012.
268. "NooglerchezGoogle"(inFrench).
269. Mediratta,Bharat(October21,2007)."TheGoogleWay:GiveEngineersRoom".TheNewYorkTimes.
RetrievedJune20,2010.
270. Mayer,Marissa(speaker)(June30,2006).MarissaMayeratStanfordUniversity(Seminar).Martin
Lafrance.Eventoccursat11:33.RetrievedJune20,2010."FiftypercentofwhatGooglelaunchedinthe
secondhalfof2005actuallygotbuiltoutof20%time."
271. "AbouttheGoogleplex(http://www.google.com/corporate/culture.html)."Google.RetrievedMarch5,2008.
272. MarionNestle(July2011)."WhatGoogle'sFamousCafeteriasCanTeachUsAboutHealth".TheAtlantic.
RetrievedMay8,2013.
273. BarrySchwartz(May2,2011)."DoesGoogleHaveAClassSystemForGooglers?".SearchEngineLand.
RetrievedApril22,2013.
274. Reardon,Marguerite."GoogletakesabiggerbiteofBigApple(http://news.cnet.com/21001024_3
6121970.html)."CNET.October2,2006.RetrievedOctober9,2006.
275. AnnieGeorgiaGreenberg(September11,2012)."TheUltimateOffice:InsideGoogle'sNYCCompound".
Refinery29.Refinery29.RetrievedSeptember24,2013.
276. EmilyGlazer(February29,2012)."GoogleWebGrowsinCity".WallStreetJournal.Retrieved
September24,2013.
277. "GoogleNewYork".GoogleJobs.Google,Inc.September2013.RetrievedSeptember24,2013.
278. "InsideGoogle'sMichiganOffice".InformationWeek.October24,2007.
279. "GoogleCompletesPittsburghOffice,HoldsOpenHouse".WTAE.November17,2006.Archivedfromthe
originalonJune4,2009.RetrievedJanuary13,2008.
280. Olson,Thomas(December8,2010)."Googlesearch:Techmindedworkers".TribTotalMedia.Retrieved
December8,2010.
281. Richmond,Riva."Googleplanstobuildhugesolarenergysystemforheadquarters
(http://www.post1.net/lowem/entry/google_plans_to_build_huge)."MarketWatch.October17,2006.
RetrievedOctober17,2006.
282. "OfficialGoogleBlog:Mowingwithgoats".Google.May1,2009.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google

28/30

1/26/2016

GoogleWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

283. Siegler,MG(May3,2009)."MyDayWithTheGoogleGoats".TheWashingtonPost.RetrievedMay3,
2010.
284. "SheepMowLawns".NationalSemiconductor.ArchivedfromtheoriginalonMay6,1999.RetrievedJuly5,
2010.
285. Strand,Ginger."Keyword:Evil(http://www.webcitation.org/5hT7kP56x)."RetrievedApril9,2008.
286. "BiggestGoogleCampusoutsideUSAinHyderabad".PreviewTech.May13,2015.RetrievedJuly28,2015.
287. "Doodle4Google".Google.com.RetrievedApril23,2014.
288. "BurningManFestival".Google.com.August30,1998.RetrievedApril23,2014.
289. "MeetthepeoplebehindtheGoogleDoodles".TheGuardian.April12,2014.RetrievedSeptember27,2014.
290. "GoogleMentalPlex".Google,Inc.April1,2000.RetrievedJuly5,2010.
291. "WelcometoGoogleTiSP".Google,Inc.April1,2007.RetrievedJuly5,2010.
292. "GooglePaper".Google,Inc.April1,2000.RetrievedJuly4,2010.
293. "GmailCustomTime:Googlemakescustomtime".Google.April14,2011.RetrievedApril14,2011.
294. Schmidt,Eric(April1,2010)."Adifferentkindofcompanyname".Google,Inc.RetrievedJuly4,2010.
295. "AprilFools:GoogleChangesNametoTopeka".CBSNews.April1,2010.RetrievedJuly4,2010.
296. "Google'sGMailMotionlaunchedApril1".GMANews.April1,2011.
297. "LanguageTools".Google,Inc.ArchivedfromtheoriginalonJune12,2009.RetrievedJuly4,2010.
298. "GoogleSearchResultsfor'answertolifetheuniverseandeverything' ".Google,Inc.RetrievedJuly4,2010.
299. "GoogleSearchResultsfor'recursion' ".Google,Inc.RetrievedJuly4,2010.
300. "anagramsearch".Google,Inc.RetrievedSeptember22,2010.
301. Chan,John(June9,2010)."GooglecelebratesWorldCupwithGooooooooooal!".CNETAsia.Retrieved
May18,2011.
302. "Top10GoogleTechTalks|ABeautifulWWW".Abeautifulwww.com.February17,2007.Retrieved
June15,2013.
303. "AbouttheFoundation".Google,Inc.ArchivedfromtheoriginalonJuly14,2010.RetrievedJuly16,2010.
304. Hafner,Katie(September14,2006)."PhilanthropyGoogle'sWay:NottheUsual".TheNewYorkTimes.
RetrievedJuly16,2010.
305. Helft,Miguel(February23,2009)."PhilanthropyGoogle'sWay:NottheUsual".TheNewYorkTimes.
RetrievedJuly16,2010.
306. "Project10tothe100th".Google,Inc.RetrievedJuly16,2010.
307. VanBurskirk,Elliot(June28,2010)."GoogleStrugglestoGiveAway$10million".Wired.Retrieved
September26,2010.
308. Twohill,Lorraine(September24,2010)."$10millionforProject10^100winners".Google,Inc.Retrieved
September26,2010.
309. "Googledonating1millioneurostoIMO".January20,2011.RetrievedFebruary4,2011.
310. "Googlelaunches'LegaliseLove'gayrightscampaign".PinkNews.co.uk.RetrievedSeptember9,2014.
311. Metz,Cade."Googleslips$3.1bnthrough'DoubleIrish'taxloophole."
(http://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/10/22/google_double_irish_tax_loophole/)TheRegister,October22,
2010.
312. Leach,Anna(October31,2012)."Frenchgov'planstohandGoogle1bntaxbill'report.".
Theregister.co.uk.RetrievedJanuary2,2013.
313. Kumar,NikhilWright,Oliver(December13,2012)."Googleboss:I'mveryproudofourtaxavoidance
scheme".London:TheIndependent.RetrievedDecember17,2012.
314. Arthur,Charles(April22,2013)."GooglechairmanEricSchmidtdefendstaxavoidancepolicies".London:
TheGuardian.RetrievedApril22,2013.
315. BridAineParnell,May17,2013(May17,2013)." 'IthinkyouDOdoevil,usingsmokeandmirrorsto
avoidtax'.".Theregister.co.uk.RetrievedMarch13,2014.
316. JohnGapper,January23,2016."Googlestrikes130mbacktaxdeal.".FT.com.RetrievedJanuary24,2016.
317. JackMcGrath(May18,2011)."Google'sGreenInitiative:EnvironmentallyConsciousTechnology".
TechnoBuffalo.TechnoBuffaloLLC.RetrievedJuly12,2013.
318. "Home".GoogleGreen.Google,Inc.2013.RetrievedJuly12,2013.
319. Glanz,James(September8,2011)."GoogleDetails,andDefends,ItsUseofElectricity".NYTimes.
RetrievedMarch24,2014.
320. JulietEilperin(June20,2013)."AnatomyofaWashingtondinner:WhofundstheCompetitiveEnterprise
Institute?".TheWashingtonPost.RetrievedJuly12,2013.
321. SuzanneGoldenberg(July9,2013)."GooglehostsfundraiserforclimatechangedenyingUSsenator".The
Guardian(London).RetrievedJuly12,2013.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google

29/30

1/26/2016

GoogleWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

322. EVANHALPER(September23,2014)."Googlepullsoutofconservativegroupamidenvironmentalist
pressure".LosAngelesTimes.RetrievedOctober3,2014.
323. Hamburger,TomGold,Matea(April13,2014)."Google,oncedisdainfuloflobbying,nowamasterof
Washingtoninfluence".TheWashingtonPost.
324. Rosenblatt,Joel(March2,2015)."AppleGoogle$415MillionNoPoachingAccordWinsApproval".
BloombergBusiness.RetrievedJanuary24,2016.

Externallinks
Officialwebsite(https://www.google.com)(Mobile(https://m.google.com))
Corporatehomepage(https://www.google.com/about/company/facts/management)
Corporatehistoryandtimeline
(https://www.google.com/intl/en/about/company/history.html)
GoogleResearch(http://research.google.com)
Google(http://googleblog.blogspot.com)onBlogger
Google'schannel(https://www.youtube.com/user/Google)onYouTube
Google+
Googlewebsite(https://web.archive.org/web/19981111183552/http://google.stanford.edu)atthe
WaybackMachine(archivedNovember11,1998)
Google(https://www.dmoz.org/Computers/Companies/Google%2C_Inc./)atDMOZ
Google(http://www.crunchbase.com/organization/google)atCrunchBase
Googlecompanies(https://opencorporates.com/corporate_groupings/Google)groupedat
OpenCorporates
BusinessdataforGoogle,Inc.:Hoover's(http://www.hoovers.com/company
information/cs/companyprofile.Google_Inc.fb3f79c4d1791506.html)Reuters
(http://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/overview?symbol=GOOG)SECfilings
(https://www.sec.gov/cgibin/browseedgar?action=getcompany&CIK=1288776)
Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Google&oldid=701469712"
Categories: Google 1998establishmentsinCalifornia Americanwebsites
Cloudcomputingproviders CompaniesbasedinMountainView,California
Companiesestablishedin1998 Humancomputerinteraction Internetadvertising
InternetcompaniesoftheUnitedStates Internetpropertiesestablishedin1998
Mobilephonemanufacturers MultinationalcompaniesheadquarteredintheUnitedStates
Webserviceproviders WebbyAwardwinners Websitesbycompany WorldWideWeb
Webportals AlphabetInc.
Thispagewaslastmodifiedon24January2016,at20:01.
TextisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttributionShareAlikeLicenseadditionalterms
mayapply.Byusingthissite,youagreetotheTermsofUseandPrivacyPolicy.Wikipediaisa
registeredtrademarkoftheWikimediaFoundation,Inc.,anonprofitorganization.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google

30/30