Sentence (

) -
We use language to exchange messages with others. Every language provides the usage of a collection of
words to communicate. Such collection of words that communicate a complete message is known as a
sentences.
. .
sentence () .
In a sentence we can mention any person or object and provide a description.
Sentence .

Type of Sentences -
Based on the way the words are grouped and their meaning the sentences are classified into 4 sub-groups.
Sentences .
Declarative () Assertive ()

Interrogative ( )

This is a good book.

What is your name?

My house is in Bilaspur.

Have you done your work?

Sentence used to describe something or express

Sentence enquire about some or ask a question are

acceptance are known as declarative or assertive

known as interrogative sentences.

sentences.

Declarative assertive sentences

Interrogative ( ) . ... An

. ...Sentences of

interrogative sentence are also called a question.

this type are used to describe something or inform

This type of sentences are used to make an enquiry.

about its status.

Interrogative Question ( )

. .

.
While writing questions are ended with a question
mark (?).
question mark
( ) - ? - .

Imperative ()

Exclamatory ()

Please come home before sunset.

Yippie! I have won!

! !

Complete your work now.

Oops! I fell!

! !

Sentence used to command or request to do

Sentence that are spontaneous expressions of

something imperative sentences. Imperative

suddenly experienced emotions of happiness,

sorrow etc. are known as exclamatory sentences.

This type of sentence is used to tell some one to do

Exclamatory .

something - it could be either a request or a

command. Like...

The group of words used to express the sentiments

when you suddenly receive a good or a bad news.

. ...

Such sentences are refered to as Exclamatory

sentences and at the time of writing are ended with

The first sentence shown above is an example of a

an exclamation mark (!).

request while the second is a command. In both

cases the speaker is asking someone to do

Exclamatory

something.

(!) .

.
.

Parts of Speech -
The type of sentence depends on the role of the words used in it.

. -.

Experts have classified the role of words into 8 sub-groups and these

are known as the parts of speech.

8 - -
.

Parts of Speech ( )
-
A words are spoken or written together in a specific manner to create
meaningfulsentences. The interpretation of the message can be
changed in how the words are arranged or used.

In order to get the proper sequence of words to deliver the correct message we must understand the different
categories or parts of speech.
Eight different parts of speech have been identified in the english language, on the basis of which one can create
and deliver a sentence with the proper content and message.
.
.
. 8
. English Parts of Speech - .
8 Parts of Speech (-) ...
Noun () -

Adjective () -

Adjective Noun

Noun .

, -, -, , .

The word used as the name to indicate a person,

The word that describe the noun - that elaborate on

place or thing is called a noun.

the appearance, quality, quantity etc. - is known as

an adjective.

Pronoun () -

Verb ( ) -

Pronoun Noun

Verb Noun

Pronoun is the word used in place of a noun,

Verb is the word or group of words that says

generally to avoid repetition of the noun.

something about the noun or expresses some action

by the noun.

Adverb ( ) -

Preposition () - -

Adverb Verb, Adjective Adverb

Preposition Noun Pronoun

Noun Pronoun

An adverb is the word that improvises or expresses

Noun Pronoun .

some characteristics of the verb, adjective or some

Preposition is a word used with a noun or pronoun.

other adverb.

It expresses the relationship of that noun or pronoun

with some other noun or pronoun.

Conjunction () -

Interjection ( ) -

Conjunction .

Interjection

Conjunction is the word that joins two words or

sentences.

Interjection is the word that expresses the strong

sudden sentiments sometimes experienced.

Noun () -
Generally, the purpose of a sentence is to provide information about or give instructions to a person, animal,
place or thing.

The word or words used in the sentence that refer to the name of the person, animal, place or thing are known
as Noun. It is probably the most widely used part of speech.
, .
, Noun . .
. (Ram), (boy), (gulab),
(house) .
All words used in a sentence as a name for any person, place, animal, object etc come under the classification of
noun.
Noun , .
Nouns can be further sub-classified into various categories depending on the type of object they refer to.
noun .

Types of nouns are...

, - Noun .

Proper Noun

Common Noun
o

Collective Noun

Abstract Noun

Gender Noun

Number Noun

Case Noun

Types of Noun () -
Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 of Nouns

Common Noun Proper Noun

All nouns can be classified into two major groups - Common Noun and Proper Noun.
(Common Proper) .
common noun (
) .Proper noun ( ) , .
Common noun is a name given to every person, place, animal or thing of the same type. Proper
noun is the name of a particular person, place, animal.
Let us see this example

Example :
Ramesh is a boy

Ramesh boy Noun . Ramesh boy

. Boy , .
Here Ramesh and boy, both are nouns. Ramesh is the name of a particular boy.

Ramesh proper noun boy common noun .

Here Ramesh is proper noun while boy comes under the category of common noun.

Proper Nouns -
Meena, Ram, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh proper noun . ,
.
Meena, Ram, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh come under the category of proper noun. These are names of a
particular thing, person or place.
, Proper Noun capital letter , ...
Ritu, Ramesh, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, Wednesday .
Proper Noun , common noun
.

Common Nouns -
Common Noun .
, , common noun - .
...
girl, boy, city, state common noun . ,
.
girl, boy city, state are all common nouns. These are names of a category of thing, person or place.
Common Noun nouns ...
Collective noun, Abstract noun, Gender Noun, Number Noun, Case of Noun

Types of Noun () -
Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 of Nouns
Collective Noun ( )
Special names have been assigned to some special group of things when they are refered to as one in a
collective way, such nouns are called collective nouns.
eg. crowd, fleet
.
Collective Noun .
...

crow
d

collection of people

army collection of soldiers

()

team

collection of people working together for a

common goal - eg. cricket team.

- .

flock

collection of birds, sheep, or goats that travel,

live, or feed together

, ,

, .

herd

collection of domestic animals like cattle

fleet

collection of ships, vehicles of a single owner

famil
y

collection of people related by birth, marriage

or adoption

natio collection of people under a single

n
government

Types of Noun () -
Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 of Nouns
Abstract Noun ( )
Abstract noun is the word used as the name of a quality, action or state when that quality, action or state is
considered as an object.
Abstract noun .
To describe any name, place or thing we will say something like this...
, ...
He is a good person. ( .)

if we want to describe a quality, then we need to refer to the quality as a noun, like...
. ...
What is goodness? ( ?)
Good is a word used to describe that quality of a person, and goodness is the noun form of the word good.
good person goodness ()
.
The noun form of any quality, action or state is known as an abstract noun.
, , (noun form)
Abstract Noun .
Below are some examples of the three types of abstract nouns.
abstract nouns .

Quality
( )

Action
()

State
()

Types of Noun () -
Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 of Nouns

goodness

whiteness

honesty

bravery

pleasure

movement

judgement

childhood

youth

poverty

Gender
All common nouns indicate the gender of the person, animal or object.
common noun , .
Nouns can be categorized into 4 groups based on their gender.
Gender () noun 4 ...

Masculine Gender
Noun used for a male.
Male () noun

Feminine Gender
Noun used for a female.
Female ()

Common Gender
Nouns that represent both males and females.
Male Female ,

Neuter Gender
Nouns that are use of items that do not have any gender.
noun masculine feminine .

Observe the words in the following table...

...
Masculine

Feminine

Common

1.

boy

girl

child

2.

man

woman

person

3.

lion

lioness

animal

Each line shows first a male (masculine gender), a female (feminine gender) followed by a of the common
gender equivalent in the third column.
line male () female () . noun common gender .
Those nouns that are used for both the genders are known as common gender, like...
noun gender common gender , ...

child, adult, animal student, baby

Some nouns are neither masculine nor feminine. Such nouns are categorized as neuter gender, like...

 noun masculine feminine . neuter gender , ...

book, pencil, car, room, tree

Types of Noun () -
Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 of Nouns
Number Noun -
See also:
How Plurals are formed
A noun that indicates a single object is a singular noun
noun singular ( ) noun .
Noun indicating more than one object is recognized as aplural noun.
noun plural ( -) noun .
The form of the noun used, also provides information about the number of objects being described.
Noun

Singular and Plural

Just like in Hindi, English language too provides for two types of number nouns.
, number nouns .
For example...
...
Singular ( )

Plural (-)

boy ()

boys ()

girl ()

girls ()

class ()

classes ()

ox ()

oxen ()

mouse ()

mice ()

The noun that gives an indication of a single object is grouped as a Singular Noun, whereas, any noun
that gives an indication of more than one object is grouped as a Plural Noun.
- )
(noun) Singular (
.
Generally it possible to identify the singular or plural nouns from the noun words themselves, but then,
there are also some words, like sheep, deer, cod etc, that have the same form for both singular and
plural uses. To identify whether these words are singular or plural, we have to analyze the sentences in
which they are used.

 - -.
( sheep, deer, cod ) . singular plural
.

Types of Noun () -
Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 of Nouns
Case
Case of a noun or pronoun discusses whether the person or object in consideration is the subject of the sentence
or its object.
noun pronoun (subject) (object) .
A third case also elaborates on the ownership of something.
.
Depending on the use of the noun or pronoun in a sentence it can also be classified into one of the following
cases...
.

Nominative Case

Accusative Case

Possessive Case

When a noun or a pronoun is used as a subject of a verb, it is in the Nominative Case.

Nominative Case .
The noun is said to be in the Accusative Case, if it is used as the object of a verb in the sentence.
Accusative Case .
for eg.
Ram car .
Ram drove the car.

Ram nominative case ,

car accusative case.
Ram car .

The car was driven by Ram

car nominative case ,

Ram accusative case.

When the noun denotes ownership or possession it said to be in the Possessive Case.
Possessive Case .
for eg.
This is Ram's car.

Types of Noun () -
Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 of Nouns

How plural is formed -

car Ram .
Ram's possessive case .

See also:
Noun of Numbers
Depending on the type of singular noun different rules apply for determining the plural form.
Singular - plural .
Below are some rules for formation of plurals. Keep in mind that there are exceptions to every rule and they must
also be understood.
Plural . .
1. Add an S - s
The most common way to form a plural is to add an "s" at the end of the word.
Plural "s" .
singular
plural
pen
pens

girl
girls

shop
shops

friend
friends

2. Add "es" - "es"

Singular s, sh x es .

ch "es" plural .

o Singular plural es .

singular
class
match
brush
box
buffalo
.
singular
ox
bamboo
piano

plural
classes
matches
brushes
boxes
buffaloes

plural
oxen
bamboos
pianos

3. replace f and fe with ves - "f" "fe" "ves"

Singular y ves Plural .

singular
thief
knife
wife
.
singular

plural
thieves
knives
wives
plural

chief
safe
roof

chiefs
safes
roofs

4. replace y with ies - "y" "ies"

Singular y ies .
singular
army
city
party

plural
armies
cities
parties

5. change vowels inside the word - (vowel) .

...
singular
man
tooth
mouse

plural
men
teeth
mice

6. singular and plural are the same -

. singular plural .
singular
swine
sheep
deer

plural
swine
sheep
deer

7. used in plural form -

Some nouns are always used their plural forms only.

words
scissors
trousers
billiards
alms
proceeds

8. plural forms used in singular -

Then, there are some nouns whose plural forms are used as singular.
,
words
mathematics

politics
news
9. singular forms that represent many - .

Some nouns appear to be singular but represent a group of persons, animals or things. Such nouns are
known as collective nouns.
, . (collective
nouns) .
collective nouns
crowd
army
poultry

mob
cattle

Adjective () -
Adjective is a word used to describe, point out or specify the number of the person, animal, place or thing
specified in a noun.

An adjective is used to incorporate additional meaning to any noun - to describe the object.
, , ,
.

Adjective noun . Adjective noun

, , .
He is a lazy boy.
lazy boy
.
.
Here the word lazy describes the boy.

I like that painting.

that
painting .
In this sentence that points to the
painting (thing)

The basket has some brinjals.

some noun brinjal ,
.
Some is used before brinjal to give an
indication of the number (quantity) of
brinjals.

adjective lazy, that some .

Lazy, that and some used in the sentences above are examples of adjectives.
Adjective noun (adjective ) - .
Depending on the type of description it provides for a noun, the adjective can be classified into different
categories.
adjective ...
Adjectives can be divided into the following categories, depending on their use...

Adjective of Quality -

Adjective of Quantity -

Adjective of Number -

Adjective of Comparison -

Demonstrative Adjective

Articles (a / an / the)

Adjectives from Nouns, Verbs and other Adjectives

Adjective noun . .
Adjectives are used at specific location in relation to the nouns that they describe. Click here for more information
on this.

Adjective of Quality

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 of Adjectives
Noun adjective of quality .
The word or words describing the quality of a noun are classified as Adjective of Quality.
1.

Calcutta is a large city.

2.

He is an honest man.

3.

India is a great country.

Adjective of quality " " "" . Adjective Noun

.
When the adjective answers questions like what type or how, it is known as adjective of quality. An adjective in
this category elaborates on the some quality of the noun.
...
In the examples above...

large - .
Large describes the size of the city.

- honest.
The answer of what type of person is honest.

India - great.
What type of country is India - great.

Adjective of Quantity

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 of Adjectives
noun , , adjective adjective of
quantity ( ) .
The word or words describing the quantity of nouns that are not actually be counted fall under the
category - Adjective of Quantity.
1.

I ate some rice.

2.

We have had enough experience.

3.

You have no shame.

some, enough, no . (rice), (experience)

(shame) .
some, enough, no - each of the adjectives used in the examples above tell about the quantity of rice,
experience and shame, respectively. These do not express quantity in terms of actual countable
numbers.
Adjective of quantity "" .
Adjective of quantity is used in response to the question "how much".

Adjective of Number

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 of Adjectives

Adjective of number "" .

.
.
Adjective of number is used to answer the question how much, wherever it can be counted.

Definite Numeral Adjective

Definite numeral adjective .

Definite numeral adjective gives information in terms of the exact number.

One, two, three .

cardinals (how many) .

These are cardinals, they inform about the number.

First, second, third .

ordinals " " .

these are ordinals and they describe the position in a series.

Indefinite Numeral Adjective

adjective indefinite numeral adjective , ...
Adjectives that do not give a definite number are known as indefinite numeral adjective, like...
all, no, many, few, some any, certain, several
Adjective of Quantity . noun
. noun Adjective of number , Adjective of
Quantity .
These adjectives are same as those used in the Adjective of Quantity. The classification depends on the
noun that they describe - if the noun is countable then it is Adjective of Number otherwise it is Adjective
of Quantity.

Distributive Numeral Adjective

Distributive numeral adjective adjective .

1.

Each boy must pass the exam.

2.

Every man should do his duty.

3.

I want to meet every member of the team.

each every adjective boy, man word.

Adjectives for Comparison

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 of Adjectives
nouns Adjectives . English 3 .
Adjectives used to compare nouns of the same category are Adjectives of Comparison. There are three levels of
comparison in the English language.
1.

Positive Degree -

2.

Comparative Degree -

3.

Superlative Degree -

- Positive Degree ()
The first level of comparison is the positive degree.
adjective , ...
>

Raju is strong.

Raju .
. adjective positive degree .
- Comparative Degree ()
The second level of comparison is the comparative degree. This type of compares between two things or
persons.
adjective , ...
>

Raju is stronger than Mahesh.

Raju Mahesh
Raju .
stronger strong comparative degree .
- Superlative Degree ()
The superlative degreee of comparison is used when comparing between more than two objects or persons
adjective , ...
>

Raju is the strongest amongst his friends.

Raju
.

strongest strong superlative degree .

Formation of Adjectives for Comparison

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 of Adjectives

Click here for What is Adjective of Comparison?

Rule 1:
In most cases, comparative form is made by adding er to the positive form, while the superlative form is made by
adding est to the positive form.
adjectives positive er comparative positive est superlative
.
Positive
Comparative
Superlative
strong
stronger
strongest
sweet
sweeter
sweetest
small
smaller
smallest
tall
taller
tallest
bold
bolder
boldest
Rule 2:
When the positve for of the word ends with e, then on r and st are added to form the comparative and superlative
forms respectively.
positive e comparative r superlative st .
Positive
fine
large
wise

Comparative
finer
larger
wiser

Superlative
finest
largest
wisest

Rule 2:
When the positve form of the word ends with y, then the y is replaced with an i before adding er and est to form
the comparative and superlative forms respectively.
positive y y consonant y i er est .
Positive
Comparative
Superlative
happy
happier
happiest
easy
easier
easiest
wealthy
wealthier
wealthiest
Rule 3:
When the positve form of the word is a mono-syllable that ends with a consonant and has a short vowel as the
second last letter, then the consonant is doubled before adding er and est to form the comparative and
superlative forms respectively.
positive syllable consonant ; consonant short vowel ,
er est consonant double .
Positive
Comparative
Superlative
red
redder
reddest
big
bigger
biggest
fat
fatter
fattest
Rule 4:
There are also some irregular adjectives, whose comparative and superlative forms completely different from the
positive form, like...
adjectives . comparative superlative positive ,
...
Positive
Comparative
Superlative
good
better
best
bad
worse
worst

much, many
far
late
old
far

more
farther
later, latter
older, elder
farther

most
farthest
latest, last
oldest, eldest
farthest

Rule 5:
For adjectives that are of more than 2 syllables, the comparative degree is formed by preceding it with more,
while its superlative is formed by preceding it with most.
2 syllables adjectives comparative more , superlative
most , ...
Positive
Comparative
Superlative
beautiful
more beautiful
most beautiful
courageous
more courageous
most courageous
proper
more proper
most proper
Rule 6:
The er form of comparative is not used when two adjectives for the same noun are compared.
comparative er , ...
Same noun
Ramesh is more big than strong.
Different nouns
Ramesh is bigger than Jayesh.
Rule 7:
Care has to be taken to ensure when comparing two objects, that the latter excludes the former, i.e. the two
objects should not end up comparing each other.
, ...
Right
This boy, Ramesh, is bigger than other boys.
Wrong
This boy, Ramesh, is bigger than boys.
Ramesh is also a boy, so it would be wrong to say that he is bigger than all boys.
We can certainly say, that he is bigger than the other boys.
Ramesh , . ,
.

Demonstrative Adjective

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 of Adjectives
Demonstrative adjecitves are used to point or indicate the noun that is being discussed...
Demonstrative adjective . ...
1.

This boy is strong.

2.

These mangoes are sour.

3.

I like such things.

4.

This is a boy.

5.

What is the name of this place?

Demonstrative adjectives are generally used to answer the "which" questions.

Demonstrative adjective "" .
Articles

The articles (a, an and the) are a special sub-category of the demonstrative adjective.
(a, an the).
Interrogative Adjectives
When words like what, which and whose placed before a noun raise a query or form questions they are
classified as interrogative adjectives.
what, which whose
.
Emphasizing Adjectives
Adjectives like own and very are used to put greater emphasis on the noun, and are hence referred to as
Emphasizing Adjectives.
.
Exclamatory Adjectives
Sometimes, what is used as an adjective to raise an exclamation, this type of usage makes it an exlamatory
adjective.
- what -
.
Note
Just note that this or that is used when refering to a singular noun, while these or those is used to refer
to plural nouns.
singular noun this that plural noun these those
.

Position of Adjectives

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 of Adjectives
adjective . noun . noun


.
The location of the adjective in a sentence is important. Generally it is used just before or just after the noun.
adjectives noun , ...
pretty girl, strong boy, kind man, ferocious lion
The examples above show the use of adjectives just before the noun. This the most common way of positioning
an adjective.
adjective noun noun .
When multiple adjectives are used to describe a noun, then they are often placed after the noun as shown
below...

The prince, tall and handsome, walked down the road.

adjective word phrase adjective sentence noun
.
A soldier, taller than his comrades, came forward.

The Article
(a, an, the)
Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 of Adjectives
The three words - a, an and the - are also referred to as Articles. These three are part of a special category of
theDemonstrative Adjectives.
a, an the - . .
The articles precede the noun and are generally the first adjective for that noun. ie if more than one adjective is
used describe a noun, the article is used before any of other.
, article . article .
There are two type of articles - a (or an) and the. A (or an) is called Indefinite Article while the is the Definite
Article.
Article - a ( an) the. a( an) indefinite article the definite article
.
As a general rule - An article is used before every singular common nounexcept when the noun is used in a
general sense.
article .
- .
for eg.
She is a girl.

girl a, aeroplace an sky the,

I saw an aeroplane in the sky.

Man is mortal.

Definite Article

Indefinite Article

Omission of the Article

Repetition of the Article

Pronoun () -

mortal
.

The word that is used in place of a noun is called a pronoun.

It is often better to use a pronoun for indicate an object, thing or place. It gives a better meaning and improves
the impact to the message that you want to deliver.
Pronoun Noun . .
sentences ...
1.

Raju is absent because Raju is ill.

2.

Raju is absent because he is ill.

- Raju Raju he .
Pronoun .
. .
1.

Personal Pronouns

2.

Impersonal Pronouns

3.

Reflexive and Emphatic Pronouns

4.

Personal Pronouns

5.

Words like I, me, mine, we, you, he, she, it, they, etc. - that directly represent some person or thing are
Personal Pronouns.
I, me, mine, we, you, he, she, it, they Personal Pronoun , -
.
These are classified into 3 groups
3

6.

First Person

7.

I and we are the pronouns in this group. The pronouns in this group refer to self - the person who is
making this sentence.
. I we .
1.

I am a boy.

2.

We are girls.

8.

Second Person

9.

You is the pronoun in this group. This refers to the person who is being talked to in the sentence.
. You .
1.

10. Third Person

You are young.

11. The pronouns in this category are used to refer to the third person or thing who is being discussed. He,
she, it and they are personal pronouns in this category.
. He, she, it they personal
pronoun .
1.

He is a boy.

2.

She is a girl.

3.

It is a book.

4.

They are children.

12. Back to Pronoun Page

13. Forms of the Personal Pronouns
14. personal pronouns nominative .
possessive accusative

First Person
Singular
All Genders

Plural
All Genders

Nominative

we

Possessive

my, mine

our, ours

Accusative

me

us

Second Person
Singular
All Genders

Plural
All Genders

Nominative

you

you

Possessive

your, yours

your, yours

Accusative

you

you

Third Person
Singular
Masculine

Plural
Feminine

Neuter

All Genders

Nominative

he

she

it

they

Possessive

his

her, hers

its

their, theirs

Accusative

him

her

it

them

Impersonal Pronoun

Consider the use of it in the following sentences...

It is raining.
It is winter.
Here the pronoun - it - does not indicate any specific person or object. Used in this form of it is called
animpersonal pronoun
...
It is raining.
It is winter.
it (pronoun) .
pronoun Impersonal Pronoun , verb
impersonal verb .

Complex Personal Pronouns

Complex personal pronouns are formed by adding self / selves to a personal pronoun.
self selves
for.eg.
=>

myself.

ourselves.

=>

yourself.

yourselves.

=>

himself.
herself.
itself.

themselves.

Reflexive Pronouns
A complex personal pronoun is referred to as a reflexive pronoun when it indicates that the action performed by
the subject is on the subject itself.
reflexive pronoun subject ,
...
=>

I have hurt myself.

We have hurt ourselves.

=>

You have hurt yourself.

You have hurt yourselves.

=>

He has hurt himself.

She has hurt herself.
The horse hurt itself.

They have hurt themselves.

Emphatic Pronouns
A complex personal pronoun is referred to as a emphatic pronoun when it used to add emphasis to the subject of
the sentence.

Complex Personal pronoun emphatic pronouns subject

. emphatic pronoun .
1.

I will do it myself.

2.

The teacher herself taught me this.

3.

The people themselves are not very rich.

Verb ( ) -
Verb is that word or group of words in the sentence that specifies the action taken or the state of the subject.

Verb is probably the most important part of speech in the english language.

It is so important that no sentence can be complete without a verb.

Verb .
Verb sentence .
verb sentence , parts of speech - sentence
.
:
laughs, was driven, is verb .
1.

2.

3.

Noun (Rinku) .
Noun (car)
.
Noun (cat)
.

1.

Transitive and Intransitive Verbs

2.

Active and Passive Voices

3.

Moods

4.

Tenses

5.

Person and Number

Rinku laughs

The car was driven..

The cat is good.

6.

Auxiliary Verbs

7.
8.

Transitive and Intransitive Verbs

Verb - Transitive Verb Intransitive Verb.

9. Transitive Verb
10.
11. A verb that denotes an action occurs, occured or will occur between the subject and the object in a
sentence is called a transitive verb.
12. Transitive Verb verb .
.
He kicked the ball.
She cuts the vegetable.

13. Intransitive Verb

14.
15. A verb that denotes a state of the noun it describes in the sentence is called an intransitive verb.
16. Intransitive Verb verb .
She is a girl.
The baby sleeps.

Active and Passive Voice

Let us compare the two sentences shown below...
...
Active voice

Raju helps Hari.

Passive voice

Hari is helped by Raju.

The content of both the sentences is same. But, the first statement the form of the verb shows that Raju - the
subject of the sentence - is doing something, is active, whereas the second sentence is showing that Hari - the
subject of the sentence is inactive (passive).
. , verb Raju
Hari . Raju (active) Hari
(passive) .
When form of the verb indicates that the sentence is active then it is said to be in Active Voice, similarly when the
form indicates that the subject is passive it is referred to as Passive Voice.
verb , active voice . verb
, passive voice .

Mood ()

The most common use of the verb is to describe an event or ask a question. Besides this the verb is used to
issue an order or express the possibility. These different situations that a verb describes are known as moods.
. verb
verb . -
moods .
English languages has three moods...
English moods ...

Indicative,

Imperative

Subjunctive.

Indicative Mood
Indicative mood is used to...
Indicative mood ...

Describe a fact, like...

- , ...

1.

Rama goes to a school daily.

2.

He writes neatly.

3.

The child is alive.

Ask a question...
...
1.

Will you play with me?

2.

Are you going home?

Imperative Mood
Imperative mood is exhibited when we ask somebody to do something. This mood is of three types Imperative mood . ()

- Order or command

- Training or Advice

- Request or prayer

...

Command ()
This mood is exhibit when a command is issued - somebody is ordered to do something.
- .
1.

Wait there.

2.

Come here.

3.

Open your book at page 10.

Training and Advice ( )

This mood is displayed when you advice somebody or give instructions to train or educate.
.
1.

Be steady.

2.

Take care of your health.

3.

Try to do better.

Prayer or request ( )
When you request somebody do something, imperative mood in play, that too in the prayer or request mode.
.
1.

Have mercy on us.

Subjunctive Mood
The third mood is known as subjunctive mood. Verbs used to express a wish, purpose or contrary to truth, to
express a condition are said to express the subjunctive mood.
mood subjunctive mood. , , , verbs
subjunctive mood .
Wish or Desire ()
1.

I wish I were there.

2.

God save my friend.

Purpose ()
1.

We eat so we may live.

2.

Take care that no mistakes are made.

Contrary to fact ( ), Condition (), Supposition ()

Tenses ()

1.

He would go if he were here.

2.

If I were sick, I would go to the doctor.

Tenses


Another important role of the verb is to given an indication of the relation of an action in relation to the timeframe. It should be clear whether the action is current, occured in the past is expected to occur in the future.
Verb . Verb
, .
Present Tense
The verb that indicates the current time is in the Present Tense.
Verb Present Tense .
Past Tense
The verb that points to an previous time-frame, time that has already passed is said to be in the Past Tense.
Verb Past Tense .
Future Tense
Similarly, if the time-frame indicated by the verb is yet to come, ie is in the future, the verb is said to be in
the Future Tense.
Verb Future Tense .
Present Tense
I walk to school
Sahib runs fast.
The children play football.

Past Tense
I walked to school.
Sahib ran fast.
The children played football.

Future
I shall walk to school.
Sahib will run fast.
The children will play football.

tenses - sub-class . verb - "walk" 12 tense .

Tenses

Forms of Tense ( )
Jump to:
Present Tense
Past Tense
Future Tense
Verb .
A verb is used in a sentence to describe an action or status.
-
.
To complete this description it is important that it be described in relation to time - past, present or future.
tense .
Tense is used to provide this information

English tense () 12 .
English language has 12 forms to elaborate the tense of the verb.
walk 12 .
Below are the twelve forms of the verb walk.
Present Tense
1. Present Indefinite Tense

I walk.

2.

Present Continuous Tense

I am walking.

3.

Present Perfect Tense

I have walked.

4.

Present Perfect Continuous Tense

I have been walking.

Past Tense
1. Past Indefinite Tense

I walked.

2.

Past Continuous Tense

I was walking.

3.

Past Perfect Tense

I had walked.

4.

Past Perfect Continous Tense

I had been walking.

For more information on Present Tense click here.

.

For more information on Past Tense click here.

.
Future Tense
1. Future Indefinite Tense

I shall walk.

2. Future Continuous Tense.

3. Future Perfect Tense

I shall be walking.

I shall have walked.

4. Future Perfect Continuous Tense

I shall have been walking.

For more information on Future Tense click here.

.

Present Tense ( )
See also:
Forms of Tenses
Past Tense
Future Tense
When the timeframe of the action under discussion is current, then it is said to be in the Present Tense.
In this section we shall dwell on the 4 different forms of the present tense. Use of the proper form is very
important in correctly and successfully explaining any action.
4 .
.
See the sentences below - Each one of them in the present tense - but the message they convey are different.

I walk - .

I am walking - .

I have walked - .

I have been walking - .

, .
Present Indefinite ( )
Present Indefinite is used to present general truths and habitual actions.
Present Indefinite ( ) .
I walk.

- .
.
This is an indefinite statement - it talks of a general truth that I walk,
something of a habit. It does not clarify on the current status of my
walking.

There are seven days in a week.

are .
- .
This is also a general truth - A week has 7 days.

Present Continous ( )
Present Continous is used to describe actions in the current time that have not been completed.
Present Continous ( ) .
I am walking.

- . am
walking .
Here the tense is formed by two word - am walking. It indicates that even
as the statement is made I continue to walk.

The train is coming.

is coming -
- .
Here also, is coming indicates that the process of the coming is still
underway. It has not yet come.

Present Perfect ( )
Present Perfect is used to describe actions in the current time that have been completed.
Present Continous ( ) .
I have walked.

- . have
walked .
The process of walking has been completed.

The train has come.

has come -
- .
Here also, has come indicates that the process of the coming is
complete.

Present Perfect Continous ( )

Present Perfect Continous is used to indicate that some action in the current time has been going on for some
time and is not yet over.
Present Perfect Continous ( ) .
I have been walking.

. has been walking
.
Here the tense is formed by
three words - have been
walking. It states an action
that has been happening for
some time and still continues
to happen.

The train has been coming late for the last ten days.

has been coming

-
-
.
This describes an coming of
the train, which has been
happening for some time and
still continues.

Past Tense ( )
See also:
Forms of Tenses
Present Tense
Future Tense
When the timeframe of the action being described is in the past, then it is said to be in the Past Tense.
() , .
In this section we shall dwell on the 4 different forms of the past tense. Use of the proper form is very important in
correctly and successfully explaining any action.
4 .
.
See the sentences below - Each one of them in the past tense - but the status of the action they convey are
different.

I walked - .

I was walking - .

I had walked - .

I had been walking - .

, .
Past Indefinite ( )
Past Indefinite is used to express past general truths and habitual actions.
Past Indefinite ( ) .
I walked.

There were few schools earlier.

- .
.
were .
- .

Past Continous ( )
Past Continous is used to describe actions in the current time that have not been completed.
Past Continous ( ) .
I was walking.

The train was standingat the platform when I

reached.

-
. was walking .
was standing
-
- .

Past Perfect ( )
Past Perfect is used to describe actions in the current time that have been completed.
Past Continous ( ) .
I had walked that day.
The train had arrivedwhen I reached the
station.

- .
had walked .
had arrived
- - .

Past Perfect Continous ( )

Past Perfect Continous is used to indicate that some action in the past time has been going on for some time and
is not yet over in reference to that timeframe.
Past Perfect Continous ( )
.

-
I had been walking.

. had been walking

.

The train had been coming late regularly upto last week.

had been coming


-
.

Future Tense ( )
See also:
Forms of Tenses
Present Tense
Past Tense
When the timeframe of the action under discussion is current, then it is said to be in the Future Tense.
In this section we shall dwell on the 4 different forms of the present tense. Use of the proper form is very
important in correctly and successfully explaining any action.
4 .
See the sentences below - Each one of them in the future tense - but the message they convey are different.

I shall walk -
.

I shall be walking - .

I shall have walked - .

I shall have been walking - .

, .
Future Indefinite ( )
Future Indefinite is used to present general truths and habitual actions.
Future Indefinite ( ) .
I shall walk.

- .

You will reach Bilaspur in the

will reach .

evening.

- .

Future Continous ( )
Future Continous is used to describe actions in the current time that have not been completed.
Future Continous ( ) .
-
I shall be walkingwhen you reach the ground.

. shall be walking
.

The train will be standing when you arrive at the

station.
Future Perfect ( )

will be standing
-
.

Future Perfect is used to describe actions in the future that have been completed.
Future Perfect ( ) .
-
.

I shall have walked.

shall have walked .

The train will have arrived by the time you
reach.

will have come

-
- .

Future Perfect Continous ( )

Future Perfect Continous is used to indicate that some action in the future time will be going on for some time
and will be not yet over (with reference to that timeframe).
Future Perfect Continous ( )
.

-
.

I shall have been walking.

shall have been

walking
.
will have been
coming

The train will have been coming on time by next month.

-
.

Verb: Person and Number

Personal pronouns verbs first, second third person .

verb person verb person
subject () .
....
1st Person

I am.

2nd Person

You are.

3rd Person

He is.

- subject Noun pronoun

-

- singular ( ),

- plural ( -)

Singular

Plural

I am.

We are.

She has.

They have.

The girl comes.

The girls come.

Sentence verb person subject . Verb

person number subject person number .

Auxiliary Verbs
Often to complete the mood, tense or other information in a sentence a supporting verb is (or verbs are) used
along with the main verb of sentence. These supporting or assiting verbs are known as Auxiliary verbs.
(mood), (Tense), (Person) (Number)
verb auxiliary () verbs .
...
had walked
will run
was calling

had, will, was is . auxiliary

() verbs .
main verb . main verb
- tense .

has been talking

Some verbs that are generaly used as auxiliary verbs are given below
verbs auxiliary verbs ...
The Verb
Its forms
1. be
am, is, are, was, were, been, being
2. have
have, has, had
3. shall
shall, should
4. will
will, would
5. do
do, does, done, did
6. can
can, could
7. may
may, might

Adverb ( ) -
Adverb - verb, adjective adverb
.
Adverb is the part of speech that provide additional information about some verb, adjective or some other
adverb.

adjective noun pronoun , adverb verb, adjective adverb

 .
Just like an adjective describes some noun or pronoun, an adverb describes some verb, adjective or some other
adverb.

Raju runs quickly.

This is a very sweet mango.
Sahib reads quite clearly.
adverb - modify modify .
Adverbs used at the beginning of a sentence sometimes modify the meaning of the entire sentence.
Evidently the facts are correct.
Luckily no one was hurt in the accident.
Probably he is mistaken.

Adverbs are also categorised into several sub-categories depending on the nature of modification or description

they provide to their parent words. Click here to read about the kind of adverbs.

- .

Care must be taken to decide where the adverb is placed in a sentence, as it can effect the meaning of the

sentence. Click here for the discussion on how to use adverbs

Adverb , .
.
Kind of Adverbs ( )

Adverbs can be classified into different categories depending on their use.

adverb - .

Adverbs of Time

Adverbs of Frequency

Adverbs of Place

Adverbs of Manner

Adverbs of Degree or Quanity

Adverbs of Affirmation or Negation

Adverbs of Reason

Adverbs of Time
adverb .
The adverb of time elaborates on the time of an activity.
1. I am going to school now.
2. He arrived late for work

"now" "late" verb

.

before, after, daily, never, yesterday adverbs verb

adverbs of time .
Adverbs of Frequency
Adverb of number .
The adverb of frequency elaborates on how many times (the frequency) of any activity. Adverb of frequency is
also sometimes referred to the adverb of number.
1. I have read the book twice.
2. He often comes here.

"twice" "often"
verb .

often, twice, seldom, once adverbs verb adverbs of

number adverb of frequency .

Adverbs of Place
Adverb ( ) .
When an adverb describes where an activity was done, it is known as the adverb of place.
1. Come here.
2. Go there.

"here" "there" come go

.
.

in, out, here, there, under, above (adverb of place) .

Adverbs of Manner

Adverb of manner , .
When an adverb describes the quality of an activity being done, it is known as the adverb of manner.
1. Write clearly.
2. Ram works hard.

"clearly" "hard" write work

.
.

Adverbs of Degree or Quanity

The adverb of degree elaborates on the quantity.
Adverb of degree quantity .
1. I am fully prepared for the exam.
2. Ram works very hard.

Here fully describes the verb prepared,

while very describes another adverb hard.
fully verb prepared very
adverb hard .

Adverbs of Affirmation or Negation

The adverb that describes acceptance or rejection is known as the Adverb of Affirmation or Negation.
Adverb .
1. I do not know him.
2. I certainly know him.

Not negates the verb know, whilecertainly accepts

it.
"not" verb know , certainly
.

Adverbs of Reason
Adverb of reason describes the reason or cause of the action.
Adverb of reason .
1.

Here "therefore" points to a reason for the action

passed.
"therefore" pass .
Some words are such that you can be used as adverbs, adjectives, conjunctions and / or nouns.
The part of speech of such words is determined by the way are used in the sentence.
adverb adjective noun.

There was a huge protest. The

governmenttherefore passed the bill.

Use an Adverb ( )
How to use an Adverb? Adverb ?

In a sentence, the adverb is placed near the verb or adjective that it is describing. The meaning of the sentence
is effected by the position of the adverb, for eg.
Adverb adverb adverb
, ...
I have often thought of going to my
often thought . Often
grandparent's house.
.
I have thought of goingoften to my
often going .
grandparent's house.
.
When describing an intransitive verb, the adverb is generally placed after the verb.
Intransitive verb adverb verb .
My friend lives here.
She speaks fluently.
The adverbs of time like always, never, ever, often, seldom, sometimes and irregularly are placed before the
verbs they modify.

Adverbs of time, always, never, ever, often, seldom, sometimes irregularly verbs
.
I always go to school on time.
She never speaks a lie.
but, adverbs to be verb .
He is always cheerful.
transitive verb adverb .
He performed his duty carefully.
verb auxiliary verb verb adverb auxiliary
verb main verb .
I have always told him to work hard.
He does not know my address.

Preposition ()
-
Preposition Noun Pronoun . Preposition Noun
Pronoun .
The word or group of words that are used with a noun or pronoun to express its relation with some other word in
the sentence is known as a Preposition.

in, of into ...

Observe the use of in, of and into in the sentences below.

The farmer is in the field.

noun farmer field in
.
Here the word in specifies the relationship between the
two nounsfarmer and field.

She is fond of milk.

of adjective fond milk
.
Of describes the relationship between
the adjective fond and nounmilk.

The mouse jumped into the pot.

into verb jumped pot
.
The verb jumped and the noun pot is related by the word into.

Types of Preposition

Relations indicated by Prepositions

Prepositions
Preposition 9 .
Prepositions can be classified into 9 categories depending on the type of description they provide.

Place ()
1.

He ran across the road.

2.

He stood behind the curtain.

3.

The shoes are kept under the table.

4.

She sat beside me.

Time ()
1.

Everybody was happy after his graduation

2.

He arrived before me.

3.

The train was behind time.

4.

He will not come until tomorrow.

Agency - instrumentality ( )
1.

She sent the parcel by post .

2.

She cut the vegetables with a knife.

3.

I heard the news through my friend.

Manner ( )
1.

He fought with courage.

2.

He escaped death by inches

Cause, reason, purpose ( )

1.

He shivers with fever.

2.

The doctor gave medicine for a cold

3.

She lost her purse through negligence

Possession ()
1.

The boy with red hair is handsome.

2.

The President of India visited Raipur.

Measure (), standard (), rate (), value ( )

1.

The bank pays interest at six percent

2.

Cloth is sold by the metre.

3.

I am taller than you by two inches.

Contrast (, ), concession ( )
1.

With all his faults I admire him.

2.

For one enemy he has a hundred friends.

Inference ( ), motive ( ), source ( ) or origin ( )

1.

His skill comes from practice.

2.

From what I know, he is a good man.

Conjunction ()

Conjunction .
Conjunction is the word that joins two words or sentences.
1.

Two and two make four

2.

I like to study but he likes to play.

Conjunctions relative pronouns, relative adverbs prepositions

.
Relative pronouns, relative adverbs and prepositions also join words and sentences, hence care has to be taken
while classifying them into the different parts of speech.

Correlative Conjunctions
conjunctions , ...
Some conjunctions are used in pairs, like this...

Either....or

Neither....nor

Both....and

Between....and

Though....yet

Whether....or

Not only .... but also

pairs conjunctions correlative conjunctions .

Conjunctions used in such pairs are referred to as correlative conjunctions.

Compound Conjunctions
compound expressions conjunctions ; compound conjunctions .
Often we use compound expressions as conjunctions; such expressions as called compound conjunctions.

even if

so that

on condition that

as well as

as soon as

Top
Conjunctions - co-ordinating subordinating.

Type of Conjunctions ( )
Co-ordinating Conjunctions

The conjunction that connects two independent clauses is known as a coordinating conjunction. The
connected statements are of the same level.
statements conjunctions co-ordinating conjunctions
. co-ordinating conjunctions ...
and, but, for, or, nor, also, either...or, neither...nor
Co-ordinating conjunctions are of 4 types.
Co-ordinating conjunctions
Cumulative or Copulative - :
These join two sentences, phrases or words.
, ...
1.

Birds fly and fish swim.

2.

I like to study and he likes to play.

Adversative - :
This is the type of conjunction that exhibits opposition.
conjunction .
1.

He is slow but he is sure.

2.

I was annoyed still I kept quiet.

Disjunctive - or Alternative - :
The type of conjunction that gives the sense of selecting from two options.
conjunction , ...

1.

Run quickly else you will lose the race.

2.

She must take the medicine or she will die.

Illative - :
The conjunction that shows the result of some action.
.

1.

Something fell in the water for I heard a splash.

Types of Conjunctions ( )

Subordinating Conjunction

A subordinating conjunction connects two clauses that depend on each other.
Subordinating conjunction clauses .
subordinating conjunctions ...
After, because, if, that, though, although, till, before, unless, as, when, where, while, than.
Depending on the way the two clauses connect the conjunction can be classified into the following 7 categories.
subordinate conjunctions 7 .
Time - :
. That gives the indication of time.
1.

I would die before I lie.

2.

I returned home only after he had left.

Cause or Reason - :
. That express the cause.
1.
2.

My teeth are stronger because I clean them

regularly.
Since you wish it, it will be done.

Purpose - :
. The indicates the purpose.
1.

We eat that we may live.

2.

I held her hand lest she should fall.

Result or Consequence - :
. That indicates the result or the outcome.
1.

He was so tired that he could hardly stand.

Condition - :
. Expresses a condition or criteria.
1.
2.

I will go if Raju comes.

Your problems cannot be solved unless you
discuss them.

Concession - :
clause . That conects a clause that gives concession.

1.

I will trust him although he betrayed me.

Comparison - :
conjunction . The conjunction that compares.
1.

She is smarter than I am.

Interjection ( )

...
See the examples below...
Hurrah! We have won.
Alas! I miss him.
Hurrah! Alas! interjections . . Grammar
. Interjections
.
The words like Hurrah! Alas! etc are called interjections. These words are used to express very strong, sudden
sentiments. Grammatically these words have no connection with the sentences they are used with.
Interjection ...
Below are some sentiments that are expressed with interjections...
Joy /

Hurrah! Wow!

Grief /

Alas! On No!

Surprise /
Approval /

Oh! Ah! What!

Bravo!

interjection , ...
Sometimes some group of words are also used together to express strong sentinments, like...

Ah me!

For shame!

Well done!

Good gracious!

 , Interjection ( ) .
While writing, the exclamation mark (!) is used to mark the end of an Interjection

Punctuations -
Punctuation () . .
. -
.
Punctuations are deployed at the time of writing. They indicate the type of sentences and the places where of the
pauses and stops are intended by the writer and their nature. The punctuation also indicates what type of pause
is intended - the pause is different for questions and different for exclamations.
Punctuations commonly used punctuations are...

Full Stop . ( ) -

Question Mark ? ( ) -

Exclamation Mark ! ( ) -

Comma , () -

Semi Colon ; ( ) -

Colon : () -

. Some other used punctuations are...

Inverted Comma ' ( ) -

Hyphen - ()

Parentheses () ()

Apostrophe ' ( )

Comma () -
The comma (,) is the short pause and is always used within sentences. It is used in cases wherever the writer
wants to indicate a small separation, like...
To separate words or elements of the same part of speech in a series...
This is Ram, Sahib, Kiran and Mahesh.
Get up, freshen up, have breakfast and rush off to school.
To separate two pair of words using "and".

Semi Colon ( ) -
The semi colon (;) is used to connect two loosely connected clauses.

Colon () -
The colon (:) is optionally used to mark the beginning of a quotation or at the beginning of an enumeration.
Question Mark ( ) -
The question mark (?) is used to mark the end of a direct question.
Exclamation Mark ( ) -
The exclamation mark (!) is used to mark the end of an Interjection.