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Lesson 8 Symmetrical Components

This document discusses symmetrical components and sequence networks which are used to analyze unbalanced three-phase power systems. Symmetrical components allow unbalanced three-phase quantities to be resolved into balanced positive, negative, and zero sequence components through a linear transformation. Sequence networks represent system components like lines, loads and machines through separate circuits for each sequence. This allows unbalanced faults to be analyzed by interconnecting the sequence networks at the point of fault.

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M Kashif Junaid
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85 views36 pages

Lesson 8 Symmetrical Components

This document discusses symmetrical components and sequence networks which are used to analyze unbalanced three-phase power systems. Symmetrical components allow unbalanced three-phase quantities to be resolved into balanced positive, negative, and zero sequence components through a linear transformation. Sequence networks represent system components like lines, loads and machines through separate circuits for each sequence. This allows unbalanced faults to be analyzed by interconnecting the sequence networks at the point of fault.

Uploaded by

M Kashif Junaid
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lesson 8

Symmetrical Components

8 Symmetrical
Components

Notes on Power System


Analysis

Symmetrical Components
Due to C. L. Fortescue (1918): a
set of n unbalanced phasors in
an n-phase system can be
resolved into n balanced phasors
by a linear transformation
The n sets are called symmetrical
components
One of the n sets is a single-phase
set and the others are n-phase
balanced
sets
8 Symmetrical
Notes on Power System
2
Components
Analysis

Symmetrical component
definition
Three-phase voltages Va, Vb,
and Vc (not necessarily
balanced, with phase sequence
a-b-c) can be resolved into
three sets of sequence
components:
Zero sequence Va0=Vb0=Vc0
Positive sequence Va1, Vb1, Vc1
8 Symmetrical
Notes
on Power
System sequence
3
balanced
with
phase
aComponents
Analysis

Zero Sequence

Vc

c
a
Positive Sequence

Vb

b
a
c
b
8 Symmetrical
Components

Negative Sequence

Notes on Power System


Analysis

Va

Va

V0

Vb =

1 a2 a

V1

Vc

V2

a a2

where
a = 1/120 = (-1 + j 3)/2
a2 = 1/240 = 1/-120
a3 = 1/360 = 1/0
8 Symmetrical
Components

Notes on Power System


Analysis

1
1
1

A=

1
a2
a

1
a
a2
V0

Va
Vp =

Vb

Vs =

V1
V2

Vc
Vp = A Vs
8 Symmetrical
Components

Vs = A-1 Vp

Notes on Power System


Analysis

A-1
(1/3)
=

1 1 1
1 a a2
1 a2 a

We used voltages for example,


but the result applies to
current or any other phasor
quantity

Vp = A Vs
Ip = A Is

8 Symmetrical
Components

Vs = A-1 Vp
Is = A-1 Ip

Notes on Power System


Analysis

V a = V0 + V 1 + V 2
Vb = V0 + a2V1 + aV2
Vc = V0 + aV1 + a2V2
V0 = (Va + Vb + Vc)/3
V1 = (Va + aVb + a2Vc)/3
V2 = (Va + a2Vb + aVc)/3
These are the phase a symmetrical
(or sequence) components. The
other phases follow since the
are
balanced.
8sequences
Symmetrical
Notes
on Power System
8
Components

Analysis

Sequence networks
A balanced Y-connected load has
three impedances Zy connected
line to neutral
and one impedance Zn
connected neutral to ground
a
Zy
b
Zy
c
Zn
g
8 Symmetrical
Components

Notes on Power System


Analysis

Sequence networks
Vag

Zy+Zn

Zn

Zn

Ia

Vbg

Zn

Zy+Zn

Zn

Ib

Vcg

Zn

Zn

Zy+Z
n

Ic

or in more compact notation Vp


= Z p Ip
8 Symmetrical
Components

Notes on Power System


Analysis

10

a
b
c

Zy

Vp = Zp Ip

Zy
Zy

Zn

Vp = AVs = Zp Ip =
n

ZpAIs
AVs = ZpAIs
Vs = (A-1ZpA) Is
Vs = Zs Is where

8 Symmetrical
Components

Notes on Power System


Analysis

11

Zy+3Z
Z
s

Zy

Zy

V0 = (Zy + 3Zn) I0 = Z0 I0
V1 = Zy I1 = Z1 I1
V2 = Zy I2 = Z2 I2
8 Symmetrical
Components

Notes on Power System


Analysis

12

I0 Zy
n
a
V0 3 Z n
g

I1 Zy
a
V1
n

Zerosequence
network

Positivesequence
network

I2 Zy
a
V2
n
Negativesequence
network

Sequence networks for Yconnected load impedances


8 Symmetrical
Components

Notes on Power System


Analysis

13

I0 Z/3
n
a
V0
g

I1 Z/3
a
V1
n

Zerosequence
network

Positivesequence
network

I2 Z/3
a
V2
n
Negativesequence
network

Sequence networks for -connected


load impedances.
Note that these are equivalent Y
circuits.

8 Symmetrical
Components

Notes on Power System


Analysis

14

Remarks
Positive-sequence impedance is equal to
negative-sequence impedance for
symmetrical impedance loads and lines
Rotating machines can have different
positive and negative sequence
impedances
Zero-sequence impedance is usually
different than the other two sequence
impedances
Zero-sequence current can circulate in a
delta but the line current (at the terminals
of the delta) is zero in that sequence
8 Symmetrical
Components

Notes on Power System


Analysis

15

General case unsymmetrical


impedances
Zp =

Zs=A1
Z pA
8 Symmetrical
Components

Zaa

Zab

Zca

Zab

Zbb

Zbc

Zca

Zbc

Zcc

Z0

Z01

Z02

Z10

Z1

Z12

Z20

Z21

Z2

Notes on Power System


Analysis

16

Z0 =
(Zaa+Zbb+Zcc+2Zab+2Zbc+2Zca)/3
Z1 = Z2 = (Zaa+Zbb +ZccZabZbc
Zca)/3
Z01 = Z20 =
(Zaa+a2Zbb+aZccaZabZbca2Zca)/3
Z02 = Z10 =
(Zaa+aZbb+a2Zcca2ZabZbcaZca)/3
Z

8 Symmetrical
12
Components

Notes on Power System


Analysis

17

Special case symmetrical


impedances
Zp =

Z
s
8 Symmetrical
Components

Zaa

Zab

Zab

Zab

Zaa

Zab

Zab

Zab

Zaa

Z0

0
Z1

Z2

Notes on Power System


Analysis

18

Z0 = Zaa + 2Zab
Z1 = Z2 = Zaa Zab
Z01=Z20=Z02=Z10=Z12=Z21= 0
Vp = Zp Ip
Vs = Zs Is
This applies to impedance loads
and to series impedances (the
voltage is the drop across the
series impedances)
8 Symmetrical
Components

Notes on Power System


Analysis

19

Power in sequence networks


Sp = Vag Ia* + Vbg Ib* + Vcg Ic*
Sp = [Vag Vbg Vcg] [Ia* Ib* Ic*]T
Sp = VpT Ip*
= (AVs)T (AIs)*
= VsT ATA* Is*
8 Symmetrical
Components

Notes on Power System


Analysis

20

Power in sequence networks


Sp = VpT Ip* = VsT ATA* Is*
1 1

ATA* = 1 a2 a

1 1 1
3 0 0
a
1 a 2 = 0 3 0

1 a a2 1 a2 a

0 0 3

Sp = 3 VsT Is*
8 Symmetrical
Components

Notes on Power System


Analysis

21

Sp = 3 (V0 I0* + V1 I1* +V2 I2*) = 3 Ss


In words, the sum of the power
calculated in the three sequence
networks must be multiplied by 3
to obtain the total power.
This is an artifact of the constants
in the transformation. Some
authors divide A by 3 to produce
a power-invariant transformation.
Most of the industry uses the form
that we do. Notes on Power System
8 Symmetrical
22
Components

Analysis

Sequence networks for power


apparatus
Slides that follow show
sequence networks for
generators, loads, and
transformers
Pay attention to zero-sequence
networks, as all three phase
currents are equal in
magnitude and phase angle
8 Symmetrical
Components

Notes on Power System


Analysis

23

N
E

I1

Negative

Z2

G
3Zn

8 Symmetrical
Components

V2

I2

Zn

Positive

Z1

Y generator

V1

I0

Notes on Power System


Analysis

Z0

V0
24

Zero

V1 I
1

Positive

Ungrounded Y load

V2 I
2

Negative
Z

G
V0
8 Symmetrical
Components

I0

Notes on Power System


Analysis

Zero
N

25

Zero-sequence networks for loads


G
V0

I0

3Zn Y-connected

N
G

V0
8 Symmetrical
Components

load grounded
through Zn

-connected
load ungrounded
Notes on Power System
Analysis

26

Y-Y transformer
A

H1

X1 a

n
ZN

8 Symmetrical
Components

Zn

Zeq+3(ZN+Zn)
A
a
VA0 I0 Va0
g
Zero-sequence
network (per unit)

Notes on Power System


Analysis

27

Y-Y transformer
A

H1

b
c

C
N
ZN
8 Symmetrical
Components

X1 a

Zeq

VA1 I1

a
Va1

Positiven
sequence
network (per
Zn
unit)
Negative
Notes on Power System
28
Analysis
sequence

-Y transformer
A

H1

X1 a

c
n
Zn

8 Symmetrical
Components

A
VA0

Zeq+3Zn
I0

Va0

g
Zero-sequence
network (per unit)

Notes on Power System


Analysis

29

-Y transformer
A

H1

X1 a

c
Zn

8 Symmetrical
Components

Zeq

A
VA1 I1

Va1
n

Positive-sequence
n
network (per unit)
Delta side leads wye
side by 30 degrees

Notes on Power System


Analysis

30

-Y transformer
A

H1

X1 a

c
Zn

8 Symmetrical
Components

Zeq

A
VA2 I2

Va2

n
Negative-sequence
n network (per unit)
Delta side lags wye
side by 30 degrees

Notes on Power System


Analysis

31

Three-winding (three-phase)
transformers Y-Y-

H and X in grounded Y and T in delta


Zero sequence
Ground
H

ZT

ZH

ZX

Positive and
negative
Neutral
X H

T
8 Symmetrical
Components

ZH

ZT
T

Notes on Power System


Analysis

32

ZX

Three-winding transformer data:


Windings Z
Base MVA
H-X
5.39% 150
H-T
6.44% 56.6
X-T
4.00% 56.6
Convert all Z's to the system base of 100
MVA:
Zhx = 5.39% (100/150) = 3.59%
ZhT = 6.44% (100/56.6) = 11.38%
ZxT = 4.00% (100/56.6) = 7.07%
8 Symmetrical
Components

Notes on Power System


Analysis

33

Calculate the equivalent circuit


parameters:
Solving:
ZHX = ZH + ZX
ZHT = ZH + ZT
ZXT = ZX +ZT
Gives:
ZH = (ZHX + ZHT - ZXT)/2 = 3.95%
ZX = (ZHX + ZXT - ZHT)/2 = -0.359%
ZT = (ZHT + ZXT - ZHX)/2 = 7.43%

8 Symmetrical
Components

Notes on Power System


Analysis

34

Typical relative sizes of


sequence impedance values
Balanced three-phase lines:
Z 0 > Z1 = Z 2
Balanced three-phase
transformers (usually):
Z 1 = Z2 = Z 0
Rotating machines: Z1 Z2 > Z0
8 Symmetrical
Components

Notes on Power System


Analysis

35

Unbalanced Short Circuits


Procedure:
Set up all three sequence
networks
Interconnect networks at point of
the fault to simulate a short
circuit
Calculate the sequence I and V
Transform to ABC currents and
voltages
8 Symmetrical
Components

Notes on Power System


Analysis

36

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