Chapter 4 Microwave network analysis

4.1 Impedance and equivalent voltages and currents

equivalent transmission line model (β, Zo)
4.2 Impedance and admittance matrices
not applicable in microwave circuits
4.3 The scattering matrix
properties, VNA measurement
4.4 The transmission (ABCD) matrix
cascade network
4.5 Signal flow graph
2-port circuit, TRL calibration
4.6 Discontinuities and modal analysis
microstrip discontinuities and compensation

4-1 微波電路講義
4.1 Impedance and equivalent voltages and currents
• Equivalent voltages and currents
Microwave circuit approach
Interest: voltage and current at a set of terminals (ports), power flow
through a device, and how to find the response of a network

For a certain mode in the line, the line characteristics are represented by
it’s global quantities Zo, β, l.
Define: equivalent voltage (wave) ∝ transverse electric field
equivalent current (wave) ∝ transverse magnetic field
∋ voltage (wave)/current (wave) = characteristic impedance or
wave impedance of the line
and voltage × current = power flow of the mode
→ use transmission line theory to analyze microwave circuit
performance at the interested ports

4-2 微波電路講義
• Impedance
μ
characteristic impedance of the medium η =
ε

Et+
wave impedance of the particular mode of wave Z w = +
Ht
V+
characteristic impedance of the line Z o = +
I

V ( z)
input impedance at a port of circuit Z in ( z ) =
I ( z)

4-3 微波電路講義
 Discussion
1. Transmission line model for the TE10 mode of a rectangular
waveguide
y V ( x, z ) ≡ ∫ E • dl = ∫ E y dy
: x − dependent , non - unique value

x
transverse fields (Table 3.2, p.113) transmission line model
+ − jβ z − jβ zπx πx V = V o + e − jβ z + V o − e jβ z
Ey = ( A e + A e ) sin ≡ C1V sin
a a I = I o + e − jβ z + I o − e jβ z
1 πx πx V o + − jβ z V o − jβ z
Hx = − ( A + e − jβ z − A − e jβ z ) sin ≡ C 2 I sin = e − e
Z TE10 a a Zo Zo
E y+ kη Vo + Vo −
Z TE10 = − = ≡ Zo Zo = =−
H x+ β Io+ Io−
1 1
P+ = −
2 ∫ E y+ H x+ * dxdy P + = Vo + I o +*
2
4-4 微波電路講義
 (derivation of C1, C2)
πx πx
E y = ( A + e − jβ z + A − e jβ z ) sin ≡ C1 (Vo + e − jβ z + Vo − e jβ z ) sin
a a
+ A+ − A−
→ Vo = , Vo =
C1 C1
1 πx πx
Hx = − ( A + e − jβ z − A − e jβ z ) sin ≡ C 2 ( I o + e − jβ z + I o − e jβ z ) sin
Z TE10 a a
+ A+ − A−
→ Io =− , Io =
C 2 Z TE10 C 2 Z TE10
2
1 a b + +* ab 2 1 + +* A+ 2
P+ = − ∫ ∫ = A+ ≡ Vo I o = − → = −
*
E y H x dxdy C C
1 2
2 0 0 4 Z TE10 2 2 C1C 2* Z TE10 ab
Vo + A + C 2 Z TE10 C2
Z TE10 ≡ Zo = + = − → =-1
Io C1 A + C1
2 2
⇒ C1 = , C2 = −
ab ab

4-5 微波電路講義
 2. Ex.4.2

incident ΤΕ10 εo εr Ζoa, βa Γ Ζod, βd

wave
Z od − Z oa Q: What if the incident wave is
Γ=
Z od + Z oa
from the other direction? “N”
k o ηo kη
Z oa = , Z od = , k o η o = k η, k = ε r ko
βa βd
π 2 π 2 πf c 2 πf c
β 2a + k c2 = k o2 , β 2d + k c2 = k 2 , k c = = = =
a λc vp c / εr
a = 2.286 cm → λ c = 2 a = 4.472 cm → k c = 137 m −1 → f c , a = 6.56GHz , f c ,ε r = 4.17 GHz
if f = 10GHz → k o = 2 πf / c = 209 m −1 , β a = 158 m −1 , ε r = 2.54 → k = 333m −1 , β d = 304 m −1
if f = 6GHz → k = ε r k o = 201m −1 > k c in ε r , β d = 147 m −1 ,
k o = 126 m −1 < k c in air , β a = j 54 m −1 , TE10 " non − exist "

4-6 微波電路講義
 4.2 Impedance and admittance matrices
V1+, I1+
reference plane V1¯, I1¯
for port 1 Z o1 +
V 1 , I1
_ port 1
(plane
for V1+ = 0 ) t1 N-port VN+, IN+
network
VN¯, IN¯
+
port N IN ,V_N Z on reference plane
for port N
Vi = Vi + + Vi − tN (plane
Vi + − Vi − for VN+ = 0)
Ii = I + I =
i
+
i
−
Z oi
Vi + Vi −
Z oi = + = −
Ii I i−
1 1
Pinc , i = R e{V i + I i+ *}, Pin , i = R e{V i I i *}
2 2
4-7 微波電路講義
 • Impedance matrix
⎡ V1 ⎤ ⎡ Z11 Z12 • • Z1 N ⎤ ⎡ I1 ⎤
⎢V ⎥ ⎢ Z • • • Z 2 N ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢ I 2 ⎥⎥
⎢ 2 ⎥ ⎢ 21 V responsei
[V ] = [ Z ] [ I ] , ⎢ • ⎥ = ⎢ • • • • • ⎥ ⎢ • ⎥ , Z ij = i =
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ Ij source j
⎢•⎥ ⎢ • • • • • ⎥⎢ • ⎥ I k = 0, k ≠ j I k = 0, k ≠ j

⎢⎣VN ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ Z N 1 ZN2 • • Z NN ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ I N ⎥⎦

• Admittance matrix

⎡ I1 ⎤ ⎡ Y11 Y12 • • Y1N ⎤ ⎡ V1 ⎤

⎢ I ⎥ ⎢Y • • Y2 N ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢ V2 ⎥⎥
⎢ 2 ⎥ ⎢ 21 • I responsei
[ I ] = [Y ] [V ] , ⎢ • ⎥ = ⎢ • • • • • ⎥ ⎢ • ⎥ , Yij = i =
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ Vj source j
⎢•⎥ ⎢ • • • • • ⎥⎢ • ⎥ Vk =0,k ≠ j Vk =0,k ≠ j

⎢⎣ I N ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣YN1 YN 2 • • YNN ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣VN ⎥⎦

4-8 微波電路講義
 Discussion
1. Reciprocal network
[Z ] = [Z ] t , Z ij = Z ji
, [ Z ] and [ Y ] : symmetric matrix
[Y ] = [Y ] t , Yij = Y ji
(derivation)
source port 1 port 2
a V1a, I1a V2a, I2a
b V1b, I1b V2b, I2b
reciprocity theorem: V1aI1b + V2aI2b =V1bI1a + V2bI2a

⎡V1 ⎤ ⎡ Z11 Z12 ⎤ ⎡ I1 ⎤

⎢V ⎥ = ⎢ Z Z 22 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ I 2 ⎥⎦
⎣ 2 ⎦ ⎣ 21
( Z11 I1a + Z12 I 2 a ) I1b + ( Z 21 I1a + Z 22 I 2 a ) I 2b = ( Z11 I1b + Z12 I 2b ) I1a + ( Z 21 I1b + Z 22 I 2b ) I 2 a
Z12 I 2 a I1b + Z 21 I1a I 2b = Z12 I 2b I1a + Z 21 I1b I 2 a
( Z12 − Z 21 )( I 2 a I1b − I 2b I1a ) = 0 ⇒ Z12 = Z 21

4-9 微波電路講義
 2. T and Πnetworks

(derivation) I2=0
Z1 Z2
⎡V1 ⎤ ⎡ Z11 Z12 ⎤ ⎡ I1 ⎤
⎢V ⎥ = ⎢ Z Z 22 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ I 2 ⎥⎦ I1 V1 V2
⎣ 2 ⎦ ⎣ 21 Z3
V1 V2
Z11 = = Z1 + Z 3 , Z 21 = = Z 3 = Z12
I1 I 2 =0
I1 I 2 =0

V2
Z 22 = = Z 2 + Z3
I2 I1 = 0

→ Z 3 = Z12 , Z1 = Z11 − Z12 , Z 2 = Z 22 − Z12

4-10 微波電路講義
(derivation)
⎡ I1 ⎤ ⎡Y11 Y12 ⎤ ⎡V1 ⎤
⎢ I ⎥ = ⎢Y Y ⎥ ⎢V ⎥
⎣ 2 ⎦ ⎣ 21 22 ⎦ ⎣ 2 ⎦
I1 I
Y11 = = Y1 + Y2 , Y21 = 2 = −Y1 = Y12
V1 V =0 V1 V2 = 0
2

I2
Y22 = = Y1 + Y3
V2 V1 = 0

→ Y1 = −Y12 , Y2 = Y11 + Y12 , Y3 = Y22 + Y12

4-11 微波電路講義
3. Reciprocal lossless network
Re{Z ij } = 0

4. Problems to use Z- or Y-matrix in microwave circuits

1) difficult in defining voltage and current for non-TEM lines
2) no equipment available to measure voltage and current in
complex value (eg. sampling scope in microwave range,
impedance meter <3GHz)
3) difficult to make open and short circuits over broadband
4) active devices not stable as terminated with open or short circuit

4-12 微波電路講義
 4.3 The scattering matrix

t1’ t1
V1’+ V1+ port 1
V1’¯ V1¯
N-port
θ1=βl1 tN tN’
network
port N VN VN’+
+
VN¯ VN’¯
θN=βlN

⎡V1− ⎤ ⎡ S11 S12 • • S1N ⎤ ⎡V1+ ⎤

⎢ −⎥ ⎢ ⎢ +⎥
⎢V2 ⎥ ⎢ S21 • • • S2N ⎥⎥ ⎢V2 ⎥ Vi − responsei
⎡⎣V − ⎦⎤ = ⎣⎡S ⎦⎤ ⎣⎡V + ⎦⎤ , ⎢ • ⎥ = ⎢ • • • • • ⎥ ⎢ • ⎥ , Sij = + =
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ Vj + source j +
⎢•⎥ ⎢ • • • • • ⎥ ⎢•⎥
Vk =0, k ≠ j Vk =0,k ≠ j

⎢V − ⎥ ⎢S • • SNN ⎥⎦ ⎢V + ⎥
⎣ N ⎦ ⎣ N1 SN 2 ⎣ N⎦

4-13 微波電路講義
Discussion V1 8.56Ω 8.56Ω V
2
1. Ex 4.4 a 3dB attenuator (Zo=50Ω)
Z in = 8.56 + 41.44 = 50 141.8Ω 50Ω
Z in − Z o
S11 = = 0 = S 22 Zin

{
141.8//58.56=41.44Ω
Z in + Z o
41.44 50 1 1 +
V2− = V2 = V1 = 0.707V1 = V1 = V1 = S 21V1+
41.44 + 8.56 50 + 8.56 2 2
⎡ 1 ⎤
⎢ 0
2⎥
→ [S ] = ⎢ ⎥ : lossy, reciprocal, symmetric
⎢ 1 ⎥
⎢ 0 ⎥
⎣ 2 ⎦
+ 2
1 V1
incident power to port 1:
2 Zo
2
1 +
− 2 V1 + 2
1 V2 1 2 1 1 V1
transmitted power from port 2: = = × : 3dB attenuation
2 Zo 2 Zo 2 2 Zo
⎧ input match
attenuator design ⎨ → R1 , R2
⎩attenuation value 微波電路講義
4-14
 2. T-type attenuator design
Zo R1 R1

Eth V1 R2 V2 Zo
Z in

{
1−α
Zin = ( R1 + Z o ) // R2 + R1 = Z o
⇒{
R1 = Zo
1+α
V2 R2 // ( R1 + Z o ) Zo 2α
S 21 = = =α R2 = Zo
V1 R1 + R2 // ( R1 + Z o ) R1 + Z o 1−α 2

1−α 2 −1

{
R1 = Zo = Zo
3dB attenuator α =
1
⇒ 1+ α 2 +1
2 2α
R2 = Zo = 2 2Zo
1−α 2

4-15 微波電路講義
 3. Relation of [Z], [Y], and [S]

[S ] = ([Z ] + [U ])−1 ([Z ] − [U ]), [Y ] = [Z ]−1

(derivation)
Vn = Vn+ + Vn−
Let Z on = 1,
I n = Vn+ − Vn−
[V ] = [ Z ][ I ] → ⎡⎣V + ⎤⎦ + ⎡⎣V − ⎤⎦ = [ Z ] (⎡⎣V + ⎤⎦ − ⎡⎣V − ⎤⎦ )
→ [ Z ] ⎡⎣V − ⎤⎦ + ⎡⎣V − ⎤⎦ = [ Z ] ⎡⎣V + ⎤⎦ − ⎡⎣V + ⎤⎦
([ Z ] + [U ]) ⎡⎣V − ⎤⎦ = ([ Z ] − [U ]) ⎡⎣V + ⎤⎦
∵ ⎡⎣V − ⎤⎦ = [ S ] ⎡⎣V + ⎤⎦ → ([ Z ] + [U ]) [ S ] ⎡⎣V + ⎤⎦ = ([ Z ] − [U ]) ⎡⎣V + ⎤⎦
[ S ] = ([ Z ] + [U ])−1 ([ Z ] − [U ])

4-16 微波電路講義
 4. Reciprocal network
[S ] = [S ] t, [S ] : symmetric matrix
(derivation)
Vn = Vn+ + Vn− Vn+ = (Vn + I n ) / 2
Let Z on = 1, + −
→ −
I n = Vn − Vn Vn = (Vn − I n ) / 2
1 1
⎡⎣V + ⎤⎦ = ([V ] + [ I ]) = ([ Z ] + [U ]) [ I ]
2 2
1 1
⎡⎣V − ⎤⎦ = ([V ] − [ I ]) = ([ Z ] − [U ]) [ I ]
2 2
⎡⎣V − ⎤⎦ = ([ Z ] − [U ])([ Z ] + [U ]) −1 ⎡⎣V + ⎤⎦ → [ S ] = ([ Z ] − [U ])([ Z ] + [U ]) −1
from 3
[S ] = (([ Z ] + [U ]) ) ([ Z ] − [U ]) = ([ Z ] + [U ]) ([ Z ] − [U ]) = [S ]
t −1 t t −1

4-17 微波電路講義
 5. Lossless network (unitary property)
⎧1 N i= j
[S ] [S ] = [U ] , ∑ S S = ⎨
t * *
ki kj
k =1 ⎩0 i≠ j
(derivation)
Let Z on = 1
lossless (incident power=transmitted power) → net averaged input power ∑P
i
in , i =0

1 1
Re([V ] [ I ] ) = Re[( ⎡⎣V + ⎤⎦ + ⎡⎣V − ⎤⎦ ) t ( ⎡⎣V + ⎤⎦ − ⎡⎣V − ⎤⎦ )] Im
t * * *
Pin =
2 2
1 t * t * t * t *
= Re[ ⎡⎣V + ⎤⎦ ⎡⎣V + ⎤⎦ − ⎡⎣V − ⎤⎦ ⎡⎣V − ⎤⎦ + ⎡⎣V − ⎤⎦ ⎡⎣V + ⎤⎦ − ⎡⎣V + ⎤⎦ ⎡⎣V − ⎤⎦ )] = 0
2
⎡V − ⎤ = [ S ] ⎡V + ⎤
* ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎡⎣V + ⎤⎦ [ S ] [ S ] ⎡⎣V + ⎤⎦
t * t t t * *
⎡⎣V + ⎤⎦ ⎡⎣V + ⎤⎦ = ⎡⎣V − ⎤⎦ ⎡⎣V − ⎤⎦ =

→ [ S ] [ S ] = [U ]
t *

N
6. Lossy network ∑S
k =1
ki ki < 1
S *

4-18 微波電路講義
7. Ex.4.5 ⎡ 0.15∠0o 0.85∠− 45o ⎤
[S] = ⎢ ⎥
⎣0.85∠45 0.2∠0 ⎦
0 0

[ S ]:not symmetric → a non-reciprocal network

2 2
S11 + S 21 = 0.745 ≠ 1 → a lossy network
port 1 RL = − 20 log S 11 = 16.5 dB
port 2 RL = − 20 log S 22 = 14 dB
IL = − 20 log S 21 = 1.4 dB
port 2 terminated with a matched load Γ L = 0 →
Γ in = S 11 = 0.15 , RL = − 20 log 0.15 = 16.5 dB
port 2 terminated with a short circuit Γ L = − 1 →
S 12 S 21Γ L
Γ in = S 11 + = − 0.452, RL = 6.9 dB
1 − S 22 Γ L

4-19 微波電路講義
8. Shift property
t1’ t1 t2’
V1’+ V1+ V1¯ port 1 port 2 V2 V2’+
+
V1’¯ V2¯ V2’¯
θ1=βl1 t2 θ2=βl2

S'11 = e− j 2θ1 S11, S'21 = e− jθ1 S21e− jθ2 , S'12 = e− jθ2 S12e− jθ1 , S'22 = e− j 2θ2 S22

⎡e− jθ1 0 • 0 ⎤ ⎡e− jθ1 0 • 0 ⎤

⎢ − jθ2 ⎥ ⎢ − jθ2 ⎥
0 e • 0 ⎥ 0 e • 0 ⎥
n-port network: ⎡⎣S ⎤⎦ = ⎢
'
[ S] ⎢
⎢ • • • • ⎥ ⎢ • • • • ⎥
⎢ − jθ N ⎥ ⎢ − jθN ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0 • e ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 0 • e ⎥⎦

9. S-matrix is not effected by the network arrangement.

4-20 微波電路講義
10. Generalized S-matrix
Vi + Vi −
ai ≡ : incident (power) wave , bi ≡ : reflected (power) wave
Z oi Z oi

b Vi − Z oj
⎡⎣V − ⎤⎦ = [ S ] ⎡⎣V + ⎤⎦ ⇒ [b ] = [ S ][ a ] , S ij = i =
aj
a k = 0 ,k ≠ j
V j+ Z oi
Vk+ = 0 ,k ≠ j

1 1 2 1 2 2
Pin ,i = Re{ Vi I i* } = ai − bi = Pinc ,i − Prefl ,i = Pinc ,i (1 − S ii )
2 2 2
(derivation)
V i+ V i- + − V i+ - V i- a i - b i
ai = ,b i = ,V i = V i + V i = Z oi (a i + b i ),I i = =
Z oi Z oi Z oi Z oi Im
1 1 1 2 2
Pin ,i = Re{ V i I i* }= Re{(a i + b i )(a i - b i ) * }= Re{ a i - b i + a *i b i - a i b i* }
2 2 2
1 2 1 2
= a i - b i = Pinc ,i − Prefl ,i
2 2
2 2
1 V i+ 2
V i− 2
= Re{ Pi + + Pi − } → Pi + = = a i , Pi − = − = − bi
2 Z oi Z oi
4-21 微波電路講義
11. Two-port device with its S-matrix

b1
S11 = : reflection coefficient at port 1 with port 2 matched
a1 a2 = 0

b2
S 21 = : forward transmiss ion coefficient with port 2 matched
a1 a2 = 0

b1
S12 = : reverse transmiss ion coefficien t with port 1 matched
a2 a1 = 0

b2
S 22 = : reflection coefficien t at port 2 with port 1 matched
a2 a1 = 0

⎡ b1 ⎤ ⎡ S11 S12 ⎤ ⎡ a1 ⎤ b1 = a 1 S 11 + a 2 S 12
⎢b ⎥ = ⎢ S S22 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ a2 ⎥⎦ b2 = a 1 S 21 + a 2 S 22
⎣ 2 ⎦ ⎣ 21

4-22 微波電路講義
 12. Reflection coefficient and S11, S22
Zg
Zo, β Γout ΓL ZL
Γg Γin

Zin Zout
Zin − Z g Z out − Z L Z L − Zo
Γin = = −Γ g , Γ out = = −Γ L , if Z g = Z o then Γ L =
Zin + Z g Z out + Z L Z L + Zo
Zo
Zo
two-port Zo two-port
S11 Zo S22
network network

Z out − Z o
Zin − Z o S22 =
S11 = Z out + Z o
Zin + Z o
4-23 微波電路講義
13. RL and IL
b1
RL at port 1: - 20 log = -20 log S11
a1
b2
IL from port 1 to port 2: - 20 log = -20 log S 21
a1
PL1
insertion loss IL(dB) ≡ 10 log
PL 2
a1 a1 b2
Zg PL1 Zg PL2
b1 two-port
Zo Zo
network

usually Zs≠Zo
4-24 微波電路講義
14. Two-port S-matrix measurement using VNA
V1+ V1− V2− V2+
DUT
Zo

a1 b1 b2 a2
→ S11 → S21

15. Advantages to use S-matrix in microwave circuit

1) matched load available in broadband application
2) measurable quantity in terms of incident, reflected and
transmitted waves
3) termination with Zo causes no oscillation
4) convenient in the use of microwave network analysis
4-25 微波電路講義
 Ii
16. ADS S-parameter calculation Zi
Vi + Z i I i
incident power wave ai ≡ ,
Re Z i
Vi ZL
Vi − Z i * I i
reflected power wave bi ≡
Re Z i
bi Vi − Z i * I i Z L − Z i *
→ power wave reflection coefficient S ii ≡ = =
ai Vi + Z i I i Z L + Zi
2 2
2 b Z − Zi * 2
power reflection coefficient S ii = i = L , conjugate match Z L = Z i * → S ii =0
ai Z L + Zi
1 1 2 2
Pin ,i =Re{Vi I i *} = ( ai − bi )
2 2
Ref: K.Kurokawa,"Power waves and the scattering matrix", IEEE-MTT, pp.194-201, March 1965
⇔ traveling wave along the line with real Z 0 Ii
+ − + −
Vi Vi Vi − Vi a − bi
ai = , bi = , Vi = Vi + + Vi − = Z oi ( ai + bi ), I i = = i
Z oi Z oi Z oi Z oi
Vi Vi + Z 0 I i Vi − Z 0 I i Zoi Vi ZL
→ ai + bi = , ai − bi = I i Z oi → ai = , bi =
Z oi Z0 Z0
bi Vi − Z oi I i Z L − Z oi
S ii = = = , impedance match Z L = Z oi → S ii = 0
ai Vi + Z oi I i Z L + Z oi 微波電路講義
4-26
 4.4 The transmission (ABCD) matrix
• Cascade network

I1 I2 I3
⎡A B⎤ ⎡A B⎤
+ + +
V1 _
⎢ ⎥ V2 _
⎢ ⎥ V3 _
⎢⎣C D⎥⎦1 ⎢⎣C D⎥⎦2

⎡V1 ⎤ ⎡ A B⎤ ⎡V2 ⎤ ⎡ A B⎤ ⎡ A B⎤ ⎡V3 ⎤

⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣I1 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣C D⎥⎦1 ⎢⎣ I 2 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣C D⎥⎦1 ⎢⎣C D⎥⎦2 ⎢⎣ I 3 ⎥⎦
Discussion
1. ABCD matrix of two-port circuits (p.185, Table 4.1)
2. Reciprocal network AD-BC=1
3. S-, Z-, Y-, ABCD-matrix relation of 2-port network (p.187,
Table 4.2)
4. Ex. 4.6
4-27 微波電路講義
 (derivation) Z (ABCD)
⎡V1 ⎤ ⎡Z11 Z12 ⎤⎡ I1 ⎤ ⎡V1 ⎤ ⎡ A B⎤⎡V2 ⎤
⎢V ⎥ = ⎢Z Z ⎥⎢− I ⎥, ⎢I ⎥ = ⎢C D⎥⎢I ⎥
⎣ 2 ⎦ ⎣ 21 22 ⎦⎣ 2 ⎦ ⎣ 1 ⎦ ⎣ ⎦⎣ 2 ⎦
V1 AV A
Z11 = = 2=
I1 I =0 CV2 C
2

V1 AV2 + BI2 V V2 D
Z12 = = = −A 2 − B, I1 = 0 = CV2 + DI2 → − =
− I2 I1 =0
− I2 I =0
I2 I1 =0
I2 C
1

D AD− BC symmetrical network

= − A(− ) − B =
C C
Z11 = Z 22 → A = D
V V2 1
Z21 = 2 = = reciprocal network
I1 I =0 CV2 + DI2 I =0 C
Z12 = Z21
2 2

V2 D
Z22 = − = ,∵I1 = 0 = CV2 + DI2 AD− BC 1
I2 C = → AD− BC = 1
I1 =0 C C
4-28 微波電路講義
 (derivation) S (ABCD)
⎡b1 ⎤ ⎡ S11 S12 ⎤ ⎡ a1 ⎤ ⎡V1 ⎤ ⎡ A B⎤ ⎡V2 ⎤ V1 = V1+ +V1− V1+ = (V1 + Zo I1)/ 2
⎢b ⎥ = ⎢S S ⎥ ⎢a ⎥ , ⎢ I ⎥ = ⎢C D⎥ ⎢ I ⎥ , + −
→ −
⎣ 2 ⎦ ⎣ 21 22 ⎦ ⎣ 2 ⎦ ⎣ 1 ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ 2 ⎦ I1 = (V1 −V1 )/ Zo V1 = (V1 − Zo I1)/ 2
b1 V1− V −Z I AV + BI2 − ZoCV2 − Zo DI2
S11 = = + = 1 o1 = 2
a1 a =0 V1 V + =0 V1 + Zo I1 V + =0 AV2 + BI2 + ZoCV2 + Zo DI2 V + =0
2 2 2 2

A + BYo − CZo − D I2
= V2+ = 0
A + BYo + CZo + D
V2 Zo →V2 = I2Zo , I2 = V2Yo

V2−
−
V2 =V2
b2 V2 2V2
S21 = = + = =
a1 a =0 V1 V + =0 (V1 + Zo I1) / 2 AV2 + BI2 + ZoCV2 + Zo DI2
2 2

I 2 =V2Yo
2
=
A + BYo + CZo + D

4-29 微波電路講義
 b V1− V2 = V2+ + V2− V2+ = (V2 − Zo I2 ) / 2
S12 = 1 = , →
a2 V2+ −I2 = (V2+ −V2− ) / Zo V2− = (V2 + Zo I2 ) / 2
a1 = 0 V1+ = 0
V1− = V1 V1 ⎡V ⎤ 1 ⎡ D −B⎤ ⎡V1 ⎤
= ,⎢ 2⎥ = ⎢ ⎢ ⎥ , Δ = AD − BC
(V2 − Zo I2 ) / 2 ⎣ I2 ⎦ Δ ⎣−C A ⎥⎦ ⎣ I1 ⎦
2V1 2ΔV1
= =
(DV1 − BI1 + ZoCV1 − Zo AI1 ) / Δ DV1 + BYoV1 + CZoV1 + AV1
2Δ I1 − I2
=
A + BYo + CZo + D
Zo V1 V2 V1 = −I1Zo , I1 = −V1Yo

symmetrical
b2 V2− V + Z I DV − BI1 + Zo (−CV1 + AI1)
S22 = = + = 2 o2= 1 S11 = S 22 , A = D
a2 a =0 V2 V + =0 V2 − Zo I2 DV1 − BI1 − Zo (−CV1 + AI1)
1 1
reciprocal
I1 =−V1Yo
DV1 + BYoV1 + Zo (−CV1 + AYoV1) − A + BYo − CZo + D
= = S12 = S 21 , Δ = 1
DV1 + BYoV1 − Zo (−CV1 + AYoV1) A + BYo + CZo + D

4-30 微波電路講義
 5. Example

t1
Zoc [S] Zom

t2
[S] representation can be obtained from
measurement or calculation.
coaxial-microstrip transition
(a linear circuit)
L

Zoc C1 C2 Zom

one possible equivalent circuit

4-31 微波電路講義
4.5 Signal flow graphs
• 2-port representation

a1 S21 b2
a1 [S] a2
b1 b2 S11 S22

port 1 port 2 b1 a2
S12

⎡ b1 ⎤ ⎡ S11 S12 ⎤ ⎡ a1 ⎤ b1 = a 1 S 11 + a 2 S 12
⎢b ⎥ = ⎢ S S22 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ a2 ⎥⎦ b2 = a 1 S 21 + a 2 S 22
⎣ 2 ⎦ ⎣ 21
b1
RL at port 1: - 20 log = -20 log S11
a1
b2
IL from port 1 to port 2: - 20 log = -20 log S21
a1
4-32 微波電路講義
Discussion Zo e
es = Vs , as ≡ s
1. Source representation Zo + Z s Zo
Zs
as as 1 a1
} a1
Vs Γs b 1 Γs
b1 Γs
b1
2. Load representation
b2
b2
ΓL ZL ΓL
a2 a2

3. Series, parallel, self-loop, splitting rules (p.191, Fig.4.16)

4-33 微波電路講義
 4. 2-port circuit representation
as a1 S21 b2
Zs
Vs
[S] Γs S11 S22 ΓL
Γs Γin Γout ΓL ZL
b1 S12 a2

S12 S 21 Γ L as a1
b1 = a1 S11 + a1 S 21 Γ L S12 (1 + S 22 Γ L + ...) = a1 S11 + a1
1 − S 22 Γ L
b1 S S Γ Γs Γin
→ Γ in = = S11 + 12 21 L
a1 1 − S 22 Γ L
S12 S 21 Γ S b1
b2 = a 2 S 22 + a 2 S12 Γ S S 21 (1 + S11 Γ S + ...) = a 2 S 22 + a 2
1 − S11 Γ S b2
b2 S S Γ
Γ out = = S 22 + 12 21 S Γout ΓL
a2 1 − S11 Γ S
a2
4-34 微波電路講義
5. TRL (Thru-Reflect-Line) calibration
Find [S]DUT from 2-port measurement using three calibrators

DUT
[S]

x y

ao b1 a2 b3
e10 S21 e32
e00 e11 S11 S22 e22 e33
e01 S12 e23
bo a1 b2 a3
6 unknowns of [S]x and [S]y to be calibrated to acquire [S]DUT
T: Through → 3 eqs., R: Reflection → 2 eqs., L: Line → 3 eqs.
⇒ R (Γ) and line length (γl) can be unknown
4-35 微波電路講義
 Calibrators
T: Through
→ 3 eqs. x y

R: Reflection Γ
→2 eqs.
x y

L: Line exp(γl)
→ 3 eqs.
x y
Requirement: connectors and line have same characteristics for 3 calibrators
Limitation: operation bandwidth 20°≦βl≦160°
4-36 微波電路講義
R − matrix (wave cascade matrix)
⎡ b1 ⎤ ⎡ R11 R12 ⎤ ⎡ a 2 ⎤
⎢a ⎥ = ⎢ R R ⎥ ⎢b ⎥
⎣ 1 ⎦ ⎣ 21 22 ⎦ ⎣ 2 ⎦

⎡ R11 R12 ⎤ 1 ⎡ S12 S 21 − S11S 22 S11 ⎤

[ R] = ⎢ R R ⎥ = ⎢ −S 1 ⎥
⎣ 21 22 ⎦ S 21 ⎣ 22 ⎦
⎡ x11 x12 ⎤ ⎡ y11 y12 ⎤
error matrices [ Rx ] = ⎢ ⎥ ⎡ ⎤
, ⎣ Ry ⎦ = ⎢
⎣ x21 x22 ⎦ ⎣ y21 y22 ⎥⎦
⎡0 1 ⎤ ⎡1 0 ⎤
Through: [ ST ] = ⎢ ⎥ → [ RT ] = ⎢ ⎥
⎣1 0 ⎦ ⎣0 1 ⎦
⎡ 0 e −γl ⎤ ⎡ e−γl 0 ⎤
Line: [ S L ] = ⎢ −γl ⎥ → [ RL ] = ⎢ −γl ⎥
Reflection: Γ
⎣e 0 ⎦ ⎣ 0 1/ e ⎦
Thru measurement: [ RmT ] = [ Rx ] [ RT ] ⎡⎣ Ry ⎤⎦ = [ Rx ] ⎡⎣ Ry ⎤⎦
Line measurement: [ RmL ] = [ Rx ] [ RL ] ⎡⎣ Ry ⎤⎦
4-37 微波電路講義
 e01e10
[ M ] [ Rx ] = [ Rx ] [ RL ] , [ M ] ≡ [ RmL ] [ RmT ]
−1
⇒ ⇒ e00,
e11
e23e32
⎣⎡ Ry ⎤⎦ [ N ] = [ RL ] ⎡⎣ Ry ⎤⎦ , [ N ] ≡ [ RmT ] [ RmL ]
−1
⇒ e33,
e22
e10 e01 Γ
reflection measurement at port 1 Γ mx = e00 +
1 − e11 Γ
e23 e32 Γ
reflection measurement at port 2 Γ my = e33 +
1 − e22 Γ
Γ mx ⎫
⎪ S 21mT ⎫
Γ my ⎬ ⇒ e11 , e22 , e10 e01 , e23 e32 ⎬ ⇒ e10 e32 , e23 e01
S12 mT ⎭
Γ mT ⎪⎭
⇒ e10 , e01 , e23 , e32
⇒ Γ, e − γl

4-38 微波電路講義
(det ailed derivation)
⎡ m11 m12 ⎤ ⎡ x11 x12 ⎤ ⎡ x11 x12 ⎤ ⎡e − γl 0 ⎤
[ M ][ Rx ] = [ Rx ][ RL ] → ⎢ m m22 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ x21
=
x22 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ x21
⎢ ⎥
x22 ⎥⎦ ⎣ 0 1/ e −γl ⎦
⎣ 21
⎧ m11 x11 + m12 x21 = x11e − γl x11 2 x11 x11 e10 e01
⎪ − γl
→ m 21 ( ) + ( m22 − m11 ) − m 12 = 0 = e 00 −
⎪ m21 x11 + m22 x21 = x21e x21 x21 x21 e11
→⎨ −γl
→
m
⎪ 11 12 x + m x = x / e x x x12
12 22 12
→ m ( 12 2
) + ( m − m ) 12
− m = 0 = e00
⎪⎩m21 x12 + m22 x22 = x22 / e −γl 21
x22
22 11
x22
12
x22
⎡ y11 y12 ⎤ ⎡ n11 n12 ⎤ ⎡ e −γl 0 ⎤ ⎡ y11 y12 ⎤
⎡⎣ Ry ⎤⎦ [ N ] = [ RL ] ⎡⎣ Ry ⎤⎦ → ⎢ ⎥ ⎢n ⎥=⎢ − γl ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
y
⎣ 21 y 22 ⎦ ⎣ 21 n22 ⎦ ⎣ 0 1/ e ⎦ ⎣ y21 y22 ⎦
⎧ y11n11 + y12 n21 = y11e −γl y11 2 y11 y11 e e
⎪ − γl
→ n21 ( ) + (n22 − n11 ) − n12 = 0 = −e33 + 23 32
⎪ y n + y22 n21 = y21e y12 y12 y12 e22
→ ⎨ 21 11 −γl
→
⎪ y11n12 + y12 n22 = y12 / e → n ( y21 ) 2 + (n − n ) y21
− n21 = 0
y21
= −e33
⎪⎩ y21n12 + y22 n22 = y22 / e −γl 21
y22
22 11
y22 y22

4-39 微波電路講義
⎧ e10 e01 Γ 1 b − Γ mx e10 e01
⎪ mxΓ = e00 + → Γ = , ( b = e00 , a = e 00 − )
⎪ 1 − e11 Γ e11 a − Γ mx e11
⎪⎪ e23 e32 Γ 1 d + Γ mx e e
⎨ Γ my = e33 + →Γ= , ( d = − e33 , c = − e33 + 23 32 )
⎪ 1 − e22 Γ e22 c + Γ mx e22
⎪ e e e 1 b − Γ mx
⎪ Γ mT = e00 + 10 01 22 → e11 =
⎪⎩ 1 − e11e22 e22 a − Γ mx
b − Γ mx c + Γ mx b − Γ mx 1 b − Γ mT
⇒ e112 = , e22 = , e10 e01 = (b − a ) e11 , e23 e32 =( c - d ) e11
a − Γ mx d + Γ mx a − Γ mx e11 a − Γ mT
⎧ e10 e32
S =
⎪ 21mT 1 − e e
⎪ 11 22
⎨ ⇒ e10 e32 = S 21mT (1 − e11e22 ), e23 e01 =S12 mT (1 − e11e22 ) ⇒ e10 , e01 , e23 , e32
⎪S e23 e01
=
⎪⎩ 12 mT 1 − e11e22
1 b − Γ mx m
⇒ Γ= ...(also for e11 selection), e − γl = m11 + 12
e11 a − Γ mx a

4-40 微波電路講義
4.6 Discontinuities and modal analysis
• equivalent circuit components
Δ E ⇒ C, Δ H ⇒ L
constant E (V) ⇒ parallel connection
constant H (I) ⇒ serial connection

Discussion
1. Microstrip discontinuities
Cg

Cp Cp
Coc

open-end gap

4-41 微波電路講義
 L L

step
L2
L1

C L3

T-junction

L L

bend
4-42 微波電路講義
 2. Microstrip discontinuity compensation

w a
r

r>3w a=1.8w

swept bend mitered bends

mitered step mitered T-junction

4-43 微波電路講義
 Solved Problems
Prob. 4.10 Find [S] relative to Z0
Zo S11 = S 22 = 0
(a)
S12 = S 21 = e − jβ l
l V1 Vo+ e jβ l + Vo− e − jβ l 1 + Γ (0)e − j 2βl
Z in = = = 2Z 0 − j 2βl
I1 1 + jβ l − − jβ l 1 − Γ ( 0 ) e
(Vo e − Vo e )
2Z o
(b)
2Zo Z o − 2Z o 1
Γ (0) = =−
Z o + 2Z o 3
l 1
1 − e − j 2βl
2 3 −1
Zin 1 − j 2βl
1+ e
Z in − Z o 3 1 − e − j 2βl
S11 = S 22 = = =
Zo 2Zo Zo Z in + Z o 1 − j 2βl 1
1− e 3 − e − j 2β l
2 3 +1 3
1
1 + e − j 2βl
3
-l 0
4-44 微波電路講義
 + jβ l − − jβ l Vo− 1
V1+ V1 = V e +V e , + = Γ (0) = −
2Zo V − Zo
o o
Vo 3
V1− 2
= V1+ + V1− = V1+ (1 + S11 )
V2 = Vo+ + Vo− = Vo+ (1 + Γ (0))
-l 0 = V2−
4 − j 2βl
4−
e
2 1 − e − j 2βl 2 3
(1 + )
1 3 1 3 3 − 1 e − j 2βl
Vo+ (1 − ) 3 − e − j 2βl
V2− 3 3 3
S 21 = + = = =
V1 1 1 1
Vo+ (e jβ l − e − jβ l ) e jβ l − e − jβ l e j β l − e − jβ l
3 3 3
1 + S11
1
1 − e − j 2βl
8 3 1 8 e − jβ l
= =
3 3 − 1 e − j 2 β l e j β l − 1 e − jβ l 3 3 − 1 e − j 2 β l
3 3 3

4-45 微波電路講義
 Prob. 4.11 Find S21 of [SA] in cascade of [SB]

S21A S21B S 21A S 21B

S 21 =
S11A S22A S11B S22B 1 − S 22A S11B
S12A S12B

Prob. 4.16 ⎡ 0.1∠90 0 0.8∠ − 45 0 0.3∠ − 45 0 0 ⎤

⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 . 8 ∠ − 45 0
0 0 0.4∠ 45 0 ⎥
⎢ 0.3∠ − 45 0 0 0 0.6∠ − 45 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0.4∠ 45 0 0.6∠ − 45 0 0 ⎥⎦
2 2
(1) S12 + S 42 = 0.8 ≠ 1 → lossy
( 2)[ S ] symmetrica l → reciprocal
(3) return loss at port 1 = −20 log S11 = −20 log 0.1 = 20 dB
( 4)insertion loss between port 2 and port 4 = −20 log S 24 = −20 log 0.4 = 8dB
phase delay between port 2 and port 4 = 45 0
4-46 微波電路講義
(5) Reflection at port 1 as port 3 is connected to a short circuit

⎡ b1 ⎤ ⎡ 0.1∠90 0 0.8∠ − 45 0 0.3∠ − 45 0 0 ⎤ ⎡ a1 ⎤

⎢b ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ 2 ⎥ = ⎢0.8∠ − 45 0.4∠ 45 0 ⎥ ⎢ 0 ⎥
0
0 0
⎢ b3 ⎥ ⎢ 0.3∠ − 45 0 0 0 0.6∠ − 45 0 ⎥ ⎢ − b3 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎣b4 ⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 0.4∠ 45 0 0.6∠ − 45 0 0 ⎥⎦ ⎣ 0 ⎦
b3 = 0.3∠ − 45 0 a1
b1 = 0.1∠90 0 a1 − 0.3∠ − 45 0 b3 = 0.1∠90 0 a1 − 0.09 ∠ − 90 0 a1
b1
S11 = = 0.09 j + 0.1 j = 0.19 j
a1

4-47 微波電路講義
 Prob. 4.18 find [S] of the junction

Zo1 V1+ V2+ Zo2

V1− V2−

V1− / Z o1 Z o 2 − Z o1 V2− / Z o 2 Z o1 − Z o 2
S11 = = , S 22 = =
V1 / Z o1 Z o 2 + Z o1
+
V2 / Z o 2 Z o1 + Z o 2
+

V2− / Z o 2 2Z o2 Z o1 2 Z o1 Z o 2
S 21 = = = (p.63 (2.51)?)
V1 / Z o1 Z o1 + Z o 2 Z o 2
+ Z o1 + Z o 2
V2− Z o 2 − Z o1 2Z o2
∵ V1 + V1 = V2 → + = 1 + S11 = 1 +
+ − − =
V1 Z o 2 + Z o1 Z o1 + Z o 2
V1− / Z o1 2 Z o1 Z o 2 2 Z o1 Z o 2
S12 = = = = S 21
V2 / Z o 2 Z o1 + Z o 2 Z o1
+ Z o1 + Z o 2
V1− Z o1 − Z o 2 2 Z o1
∵ V2 + V2 = V1 → + = 1 + S 22 = 1 +
+ − − =
V2 Z o1 + Z o 2 Z o 1 + Z o 2

4-48 微波電路講義
 Prob. 4.30 find P2/P1 and P3/P1 a1 S12 b2
Γ2
⎡0 S12 0⎤ Γ2 P2 b1
⎢S a2
⎢ 12 0 S 23 ⎥⎥ S12 S23
b3
P1
⎢⎣ 0 S 23 0 ⎥⎦ Γ3 P3 S23 Γ3
S122 Γ 2 S12 S Γ S a3
b1 = a1 = a1Γ in , b2 = a1 , b3 = a1 12 2 232
1 − Γ 2 Γ 3 S 23
2
1 − Γ 2 Γ 3 S 23
2
1 − Γ 2 Γ 3 S 23
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
P2 b − a2 b2 (1 − Γ 2 ) S12 (1 − Γ 2 ) S12 (1 − Γ 2 )
= 2 2 2
= 2 2
= 2
= 2 2
P1 a1 − b1 a1 (1 − Γ in ) S Γ2
2
1 − Γ 2 Γ 3 S 23
2
− S122 Γ 2
2 2 12
1 − Γ 2Γ 3 S 23 (1 − )
2 2
1 − Γ 2Γ3S 23
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
P3 b3 − a3 b3 (1 − Γ 3 ) S12 Γ2 S 23 (1 − Γ 3 ) S12 Γ2 S 23 (1 − Γ 2 )
= 2 2
= 2 2
= 2
= 2 2
P1 a1 − b1 a1 (1 − Γ in ) S Γ2
2
1 − Γ 2 Γ 3 S 23
2
− S122 Γ 2
2 2 12
1 − Γ 2Γ3S 23 (1 − )
2 2
1 − Γ 2Γ3S 23

Suggested homework (due 2 weeks): 9, 21, 25, 28, 29

ADS examples: Ch4_prj
4-49 微波電路講義