Chapter 4

Review on Chapter 4: Microwave Network Analysis Solution Manual

4.1
4.1 Consider the reflection of a TE10 mode, incident from x < 0, at a step change in the height of a rectangular
waveguide, as shown below. Show that if the method of Example 4.2 is used, the result Γ = 0 is obtained.
Do you think this is the correct solution? Why? (This problem shows that the one-mode impedance
viewpoint does not always provide a correct analysis.)
Chapter 4

4.1

Sol. Using a transmission line analogy gives,

Z  ZA
 B
ZB  Z A

where Z A  k00 /1 Z B  k00 /2

2
 
But 
1 
2 k02    in both regions, since only the height b of the guide changes. Thus Γ = 0 from
a
above. This is obviously is not correct, as Ez should be zero for solution where   0, consideration of
only the dominant mode is not adequate.

4.4 A two-port network is driven at both ports such that the port voltages and currents have the following
values (Z0 = 50 Ω):
4.2 V1  2090 I1  0.490
4.2 V2 160 I 2 0.32  90
Determine the input impedance seen at each port, and find the incident and reflected voltages at each port.

Sol. V1 20 90
 I1 0.4 90 Z0 = 50 Ω
V2 16 0
 I 2 0.32 90

V (Vn  Z0 I n )/2
n

V
n (Vn  Z0 I n )/2
1
V1 [20 j  50  (0.4 j )] 20 90
2
 1
V
1 [20 j  50  0.4
j] 0
2
1
V2  [16  50  (0.32( j ))]  8  j8 11.31 45
2
1
V2  [16  50  (0.32 j )]  8  j8  11.31 45
2
V 20 j V 16
Zin(1) 1  50  & Zin(2) 2  50 90 
I1 0.4 j I 2 0.32 j

1
 Do you think this is the correct solution? Why? (This problem shows that the one-mode impedance
viewpoint does not always provide a correct analysis.)

4.3
4.3

Sol. Using a transmission line analogy gives,

Z  ZA
 B
ZB  Z A

where Z A  k00 /1 Z B  k00 /2

2
 
But 
1 
2 k02    in both regions, since only the height b of the guide changes. Thus Γ = 0 from
a
above. This is obviously is not correct, as Ez should be zero for solution where   0, consideration of
only the dominant mode is not adequate.

4.4
4.44.4 A two-port network is driven at both ports such that the port voltages and currents have the following
values (Z0 = 50 Ω):
V1  2090 I1  0.490
V2 160 I 2 0.32  90
Determine the input impedance seen at each port, and find the incident and reflected voltages at each port.

Sol. V1 20 90
 I1 0.4 90 Z0 = 50 Ω
V2 16 0
 I 2 0.32 90

V (Vn  Z0 I n )/2
n

V
n (Vn  Z0 I n )/2
1
V1 [20 j  50  (0.4 j )] 20 90
2
 1
V
1 [20 j  50  0.4
j] 0
2
1
V2  [16  50  (0.32( j ))]  8  j8 11.31 45
2
 1
V2  [16  50  (0.32 j )]  8  j8  11.31 45
2
(1) V 20 j V 16
Zin 1  50  & Zin(2) 2  50 90 
I1 0.4 j I 2 0.32 j

61
2
4.54.5

4.6

62
3
 4.7
4.7 Derive the [Z] and [Y] matrices for the two-port networks shown in the figure below

Sol.

From (4.28)
Z parameters
V1 V1 Z A (Z B  ZC )
Z11 
 
I1  0  Z  Z B  ZC  Z A  Z B  ZC
2 V1  A 
 Z A  ( Z B  ZC ) 
42(21  10.5)
  18 
42  21  10.5
 Z11 18 
 ZA 
I1   ZC 
Z 21

V2
  Z A  Z B  ZC   Z A ZC 42  10.5
V1 I 0 I1 Z A  Z B  ZC 42  21  10.5
2

Z 21 6 
 ZC 
I2     ZA
V Z
 A  Z B  ZC  Z A ZC
Z12 1    6
I 2 I 0 I2 Z A  Z B  ZC
1

V2 V2 ( Z A  Z B )ZC (42  21)  10.5

Z12
   
I 2 I 0  Z A  Z B  ZC  Z A  Z B  ZC 42  21  10.5
1 V2  
 (Z A  Z B )ZC 
Z 22 9 
18 6
[Z ]   
6 9 
y parameters
I1 I1 Z A  Z B 42  21 1
Y11 
   
V1 V 0  ZA  Z AZB 42  21 14
2 I1    ZA 
 Z A  ZB 
I2 V1 /Z B 1 1
Y
21   
V1 V 0 V1 Z B 21
2

4
 I1 V1 /Z B 1 1
Y
12   
V2 V 0 V2 Z B 21
1

I2 I2 Z  ZC 21  10.5 1
Y12
   B 
V2 V 0 I 2  Z B  Z C Z B  ZC 21  10.5 7
1
Z B  ZC
 1/4 1/21
 [Y ]   1/21 1/7 
 
Check: [Z] [Y] = [V]
1 1
Z11Y11  Z12Y21  18   6   1
14 21
1 1
Z11Y12  Z12Y22  18   6   0
21 7
1 1
Z 21Y11  Z 22Y21  6   9   0
14 21
1 1
Z 21Y12  Z 22Y22  6   9   1
21 7
Similarly for the T-network the results are

Y1  Y2
Z
11 Z
22 (By symmetry)
Y1Y2
1
Z
12 Z
21 (By reciprocity)
Y2
Y1 (Y1  Y2 ) Y12
Y
11 Y
22 & Y
12 Y
21
2Y1  Y2 2Y1  Y2

4.10 Show that the admittance matrix of the two parallel-connected two-port π networks shown below can be
found by adding the admittance matrices of the individual two-ports. Apply this result to find the
admittance matrix of the bridged-T circuit shown. What is the corresponding result for the impedance
matrix of two series-connected T-networks?

Sol.

5
4.84.8

4.9
4.9

64
6
 1
Z
12 Z
21 (By reciprocity)
Y2
Y1 (Y1  Y2 ) Y12
Y
11 Y
22 & Y
12 Y
21
2Y1  Y2 2Y1  Y2

4.10
4.10 Show that the admittance matrix of the two parallel-connected two-port π networks shown below can be
found by adding the admittance matrices of the individual two-ports. Apply this result to find the
admittance matrix of the bridged-T circuit shown. What is the corresponding result for the impedance
matrix of two series-connected T-networks?

Sol.

Y  Y Y1 
[YA ]   1 2
 Y1 Y1  Y2 
Y  Y Y3 
[YB ]   3 4
 Y3 Y3  Y4 
Adding [Y] matrices gives:
Y  Y  Y  Y Y1  Y3 
[Y ]  [YA ]  [YB ]   1 2 3 4 
  Y1  Y3 Y1  Y2  Y3  Y4

By direct calculation, we obtain similar results:

I
Y11  1  Y1  Y2  Y3  Y4  Y22
V1 V 0
2

I
Y12 1 Y1  Y3 Y21
V2 V1  0

Now apply to budged T-Network (Example 5.7 of Ist Edition)

Z  ZB ZB 
[ Z1 ]   A
 ZB Z A  Z B 
1 Z  ZB Z B 
[Y1 ]   A
D  Z B Z A  Z B 
Where D  (Z A  Z B )2  Z B2  Z A2  2Z A Z B 7
 Z  ZB ZB 
[ Z1 ]   A 
 Z B Z A  ZB 

1 Z  ZB Z B 
[Y1 ]   A
D  Z B Z A  Z B 
Where D  (Z A  Z B )2  Z B2  Z A2  2Z A Z B

 1/ZC 1/ZC 
[Y2 ]  
 1/ZC 1/ZC 
 1 Z A  ZB  1 ZB  
    
 ZC D  ZC D  
[YTOTAL ] [Y1 ]  [Y2 ]   
   1  Z B  1 Z A  ZB 

  Z C D  ZC D 

8
 4.11 Find the scattering parameters for the shunt and series loads shown below. Show that S12 = 1 + S11 for the
4.11
shunt case and that S12 = 1 − S11 for the series case. Assume a characteristic impedance Z0=50Ω.

Sol. For shunt load

From Table 4.1

 A B   1 0
C D   1/Z 1 
   
Convert to [S] using table 4.2
1  Z 0 /Z  1 Z0
S11 
1  Z 0 /Z  1 2Z  Z 0
2 2Z
S12 
1  Z0 /Z  1 2Z  Z 0
2Z
S11
1   S12
2Z  Z 0
For series load
Part 1

Part 2
From Table 4.1
 A B  1 Z 
C D    0 1 
   
Convert to [S] using table 4.2
1  Z /Z 0  1 Z
S11 
1  Z /Z 0  1 2Z 0  Z
2 2Z 0
S12 
1  Z /Z 0  1 2Z 0  Z
2Z 0
S11
1   S12
2Z 0  Z

9
4.12
4.12

4.13
4.13

67 10
 4.14 A four-port network has the scattering matrix shown as follows.
4.14
(a) Is this network lossless?
(b) Is this network reciprocal?
(c) What is the return loss at port 1 when all other ports are terminated with matched loads?
(d) What is the insertion loss and phase delay between ports 2 and 4 when all other ports are terminated
with matched loads?
(e) What is the reflection coefficient seen at port 1 if a short circuit is placed at the terminal plane of port 3
and all other ports are terminated with matched loads?

 0.890 0.1  45 0.3  45 0 

 0.1  45 0 0 0.6  45
[S ]  
0.3  45 0 0 0.4  45
 
 0 0.645 0.4  45 0 

Sol. (a) Network to be lossless, [S] must be unitary

From row Ist row
2 2 2 2
S11  S12  S13  S14  0.82  0.12  0.32  02  0.74  1
So, the network is not lossless.
(b) The [S] matrix is symmetric, so it is reciprocal.
(c) When port 2, 3, 4 are matched, Γ= S11
So RL 20 log  20 log(0.8) 1.94 dB
(d) For ports 1 and 3 terminated with Z0, we have
V1 0,
 V3 0 so V4  S42V2
IL 20 log S42  20 log(0.6)  4.43 dB
Phase delay = +45°
(e) For a short at port 3, Z0 as the other ports we have
 
V2 V
4 0
V3  V3
V3  V3
V1  S11V1  S13V3  S11V1  S13V3
V3  S31V1
then
V
(1)  1  S11  S13 S31  0.8 j  0.3 45  0.3 45
V1
 0.8 j  0.09( j )
 0.89  j 0.89 90

4.18 A four-port network has the scattering matrix shown as follows. If ports 3 and 4 are connected with a
lossless matched transmission line with an electrical length of 45°, find the resulting insertion loss and
phase delay between ports 1 and 2.

0.545 0 0 0.5  45

0 0.7  45 0.645 0
[S ] 
0 0.645 0.7  45 0
0.4  45 0 0 0.245

Sol. Signal flow graph solution

11
4.15
4.15

70
12
4.16
4.16

71
13
4.17
4.17

72
14
 V1
(1)   S11  S13 S31  0.8 j  0.3 45  0.3 45
V1
 0.8 j  0.09( j )
 0.89  j 0.89 90

4.18 A four-port network has the scattering matrix shown as follows. If ports 3 and 4 are connected with a
4.18
lossless matched transmission line with an electrical length of 45°, find the resulting insertion loss and
phase delay between ports 1 and 2.

0.545 0 0 0.5  45

0 0.7  45 0.645 0
[S ] 
4.18 0 0.645 0.7  45 0
0.4  45 0 0 0.245

Sol. Signal flow graph solution

S41S23 (0.4 45)(0.6 45)

T21  2
1  S33 S44T 1  (0.7 45)(0.2 45)(1 90)
0.24
  0.237 7.97
1  0.14 90
IL  20 log(0.237)  12.51dB
Phase delay = 7.97°

4.20 At reference plane A, for the circuit shown below, choose an appropriate reference impedance, find the
power wave amplitudes, and compute the power delivered to the load. Repeat this procedure for reference
plane B. Assume the transmission line is lossless.

4.19
4.19

Sol.

Zin (at
A) (70.7)2 /50
 100 
*
With reference at A: Let Z
R Z
L 100  then  P 0
100
V 45  30 V
150

45
I  0.3 A
15
150
1 1
 33 44

0.24
  0.237 7.97
1  0.14 90
IL  20 log(0.237)  12.51dB
Phase delay = 7.97°

4.20 At reference plane A, for the circuit shown below, choose an appropriate reference impedance, find the
4.20
power wave amplitudes, and compute the power delivered to the load. Repeat this procedure for reference
plane B. Assume the transmission line is lossless.

Sol.

Zin (at
A) (70.7)2 /50
 100 
*
With reference at A: Let Z
R Z
L 100  then  P 0
100
V 45  30 V
150
45
I  0.3 A
150
1 1
a (V  ZRI) [30 
30] 3
2 PR 2 100
1 2
PL
 a 4.5 W
2
*
With reference at B, Let ZR ZL 50 , then ΓP = 0
50  Z 0 50  70.7
   0.1716
50  Z 0 50  70.7
V ( z) V0 (e j z  e j z )

V (90) 30 V0 ( j  0.1716 j)
V0  25.61 j
V (0)  V0 (1  )  25.61 j (1  0.1716)
= −21.22j
I(0) = −0.424j
1
a ( j 21.22  j 21.22)   j3
2 50
1 2
P2  a 4.5 W
2

4.24 Use ABCD matrices to find the voltage VL across the load resistor in the circuit shown below

16
Sol. Using table 4.1, the ABCD matrix of the cascade of four components (including load) is,
 A B  1 50 i /2 0  0 j50  1 0  3 j 25 j 
4.21
4.21

75
17
 4.22
4.22

4.23
4.23

76
18
 I(0) = −0.424j
1
a ( j 21.22  j 21.22) 
 j3
2 50
1 2
P2  a 4.5 W
2

4.24 Use ABCD matrices to find the voltage VL across the load resistor in the circuit shown below
4.24

Sol. Using table 4.1, the ABCD matrix of the cascade of four components (including load) is,
 A B  1 50 i /2 0  0 j50  1 0  3 j 25 j 
C D           
  0 1   0 2 i /50 0  i /25 1 i /25 0 

0
V1  AV2  BI 2  AV2  AVL
V 6
VL  1   2 90
A 3j

4.27 As shown in the figure below, a variable attenuator can be implemented using a four-port 90° hybrid
coupler by terminating ports 2 and 3 with equal but adjustable loads. (a) Using the given scattering matrix
for the coupler, show that the transmission coefficient between the input (port 1) and the output (port 4) is
given as T = jΓ, where Γ is the reflection coefficient of the mismatch at ports 2 and 3. Also show that the
input port is matched for all values of Γ. (b) Plot the attenuation, in dB, from the input to the output as a
Z Z
function of L , for 0  L ,  20 (let ZL be real).
Z0 Z0

 0 1 i 0
 1 0 0 j 
j 
[S ] 
2  j 0 0 1
 
0 j 1 0 

19
4.25
4.25

20
78
4.26
4.26

79 21
 22
80
 0
V1  AV2  BI 2  AV2  AVL
V 6
VL  1   2 90
A 3j

4.27 As shown in the figure below, a variable attenuator can be implemented using a four-port 90° hybrid
4.27
coupler by terminating ports 2 and 3 with equal but adjustable loads. (a) Using the given scattering matrix
for the coupler, show that the transmission coefficient between the input (port 1) and the output (port 4) is
given as T = jΓ, where Γ is the reflection coefficient of the mismatch at ports 2 and 3. Also show that the
input port is matched for all values of Γ. (b) Plot the attenuation, in dB, from the input to the output as a
Z Z
function of L , for 0  L ,  20 (let ZL be real).
Z0 Z0

 0 1 i 0
 1 0 0 j 
j 
[S ] 
2  j 0 0 1
 
0 j 1 0 

Sol. (a) Using the S-parameters, the transmission coefficient from port 1 to port 4 are is,
V 1  1   1  1 
T 4    (V2  jV3 ) (V2  jV3 )
V1 V1  2  V1  2 
1  1  1  

V1  2   ()( j  j )V1 
j
 2 
Z L  Z0
attenuation  T   
Z L  Z0
at port 1 the selected wave is,
1 1 1
V1  ( jV2  V3 )  ( jV2  V3 )  (1  1)V1  0
2 2 2
(b)

ZL/Z0 attenuation (dB)

0 0
0.05 0.869
0.172 3
1 
5.83 3
20 0.869
 0

23
4.30 The end of an open-circuited microstrip line has fringing fields that can be modeled as a shunt capacitor,
4.28
4.28

82
24
4.29
4.29

83 25
 4.30 The end of an open-circuited microstrip line has fringing fields that can be modeled as a shunt capacitor,
4.30
Cf, at the end of the line, as shown below. This capacitance can be replaced with an additional length, Δ, of
microstrip line. Derive an expression for the length extension in terms of the fringing capacitance. Evaluate
the length extension for a 50 Ω open-circuited microstrip line on a substrate with d = 1.6 mm and εr =2.2
(w = 4.87 mm, εe = 1.894), if the fringing capacitance is known to be Cf = 0.075 pF. Compare your result
with the approximation given by Hammerstad and Bekkadal:
  0.3   w  0.262d 
 0.412d  e  
 e 0.258   w  0.813d 

jZ  jZ 0C j
Sol. ZOC jZ 0 cot  
  0 
  e  C f
ZOC C f
  (agreed with T Edwards, P 123)
e
For Cf = 0.075 pF e 1.834 Z0 = 50 Ω
This gives Δ = 0.082 cm
Using e 2.2 d = 0.16 cm, ω = 0.487 cm
The Hammerstad and Bekkadal approximation gives

 c 3     0.262d 
 0.412
 d   0.071 cm
 e 0.258     0.813d 

4.32 Derive the modal analysis equations for the symmetric H-plane step shown below. (HINT: Because of
symmetry, only the TEn0 modes for n odd will be excited.)

Sol. This solution is essentially the same as the analysis in section 4.6, Let d = (a – c)/2
 y  j  ax
Ezi  sin e
a
1  y  j1a x
H yi  a sin e
Z1 a

n y j na x
Ezr   An sin e
n 1 a
odd

An n y j 4a x
H yr   sin e
n 1 Z n a a
odd

n
B
c
Ezt n sin ( y  d )e j  n x
n 1 c
odd

B n
 n sin
c
H yt  ( y  d )e j n x
n 1 Z n C c 26
odd

where na 
k02  (n /a)2 , nc 
k02  (n /c)2
4.31
4.31

84

27
  c 3     0.262d 
 0.412
 d   0.071 cm
 e 0.258     0.813d 

4.32
4.32 Derive the modal analysis equations for the symmetric H-plane step shown below. (HINT: Because of
symmetry, only the TEn0 modes for n odd will be excited.)

Sol. This solution is essentially the same as the analysis in section 4.6, Let d = (a – c)/2
 y  j  ax
Ezi  sin e
a
1  y  j1a x
H yi  a sin e
Z1 a

n y j na x
Ezr   An sin e
n 1 a
odd

An n y j 4a x
H yr   sin e
n 1 Z n a a
odd

n
B
c
Ezt n sin ( y  d )e j  n x
n 1 c
odd

B n
 n sin
c
H yt  ( y  d )e j n x
n 1 Z n C c
odd

where na  k02  (n /a)2 , nc  k02  (n /c)2

The solution has the same form as (4.97):
a  
2Z C I I 
2Z kC I km I kn a
Am   k kma kn An    mn
Z n 1
k 1 CZ n k 1 CZ1a 2
odd odd odd
d c
m n y
For m = 1, 3, 5………
 & I mn
y d
 sin C
( y  d )sin
a
dy

1 for m  n
 mn  
0 for m  n

4.34 An infinitely long rectangular waveguide is fed with a probe of length d as shown below. The current on
I sin k (d  z )
this probe can be approximated as I ( z )  0 . If the TE10 mode is the only propagating mode in
sin kd
the waveguide, compute the input resistance seen at the probe terminals.

Sol. Following Example 4.8:

x, y, z) I ( z) ( y  a/2) ( x) for 0 < z < d 28
J (
4.33
4.33

86
29
 d c
m n y
For m = 1, 3, 5………
 & I mn  sin
y d
C
( y  d )sin
a
dy

1 for m  n
 mn 
0 for m  n

4.34 An infinitely long rectangular waveguide is fed with a probe of length d as shown below. The current on
4.34
I sin k (d  z )
this probe can be approximated as I ( z )  0 . If the TE10 mode is the only propagating mode in
sin kd
the waveguide, compute the input resistance seen at the probe terminals.

Sol.
Following Example 4.8:
J (x, y, z) I ( z) ( y  a/2) ( x) for 0 < z < d
y  yˆ y
e1 zˆ sin , h1 sin
 , Z1 k00 /1
d Z1 d
ab
From (4.119) P1 
Z1
From (4.118)
1  y j1 x
 A1 
P1 0
sin
a
e I ( z ) ( y  a /2) ( x)dx dy dz

 I 0 d sin k (d  z ) I0 d
P1 z0 sin kd P sin kd 0
  dz sin k d

I 0 Z1 (cos kd  1)

Kab sin kd
(let  d  z )
The total power flow in the TE10 mode is,
2
ab A1
P
2Z
For both + and – travelling waves, since A1  A1
Then the radiation resistance is,
 2
2 P ab A1 Z1 (1  cos kd )2
R
in  
I 02 I 02 Z1 ab k 2 sin 2 kd
Z1 (2sin 2 kd /2)2 Z1 kd
  tan 2
2
k ab 4sin 2 kd kd 2
k ab 2
cos2
2 2

4.35 Consider the infinitely long waveguide fed with two probes driven 180° out of phase, as shown below.
What are the resulting excitation coefficients for the TE10 and TE20 modes? What other modes can be
excited by this feeding arrangement?

30
Sol. Following Example 4.8:
 R
in   1 2 2
I 02 I 02 Z1 ab k sin kd
Z1 (2sin 2 kd /2)2 Z1 kd
  tan 2
k ab 4sin 2 kd cos2 kd k ab
2 2
2
2 2

4.35 Consider the infinitely long waveguide fed with two probes driven 180° out of phase, as shown below.
4.35
What are the resulting excitation coefficients for the TE10 and TE20 modes? What other modes can be
excited by this feeding arrangement?

Sol. Following Example 4.8:

y, z) I  ( x)[ ( y  a /4)   ( y  3a/4)]zˆ for 0 < 2 < 1
J ( x, 
From Table 3.2,
y  yˆ y
TE10 e1 zˆ sin , hy  sin , z1  k0 /1
a z1 a
2 y  yˆ 2 y
TE 20 : eˆ2  zˆ sin , h2  sin , z2  k00 /2
a z2 a
P1  ab/z1 1
 k02  ( /a)2
ab
P2  2 k02  (2 /a)2
z2
From (4.118):
1  Ib   3 


A1 E1  Jdv  sin  sin   0
P1 V P1  4 4 
1  Ib   3  2Ib


A
2 E2  Jdv
  sin  sin  
P2 V P2  2 2  P2
Since, the excitation has an odd symmetry about the center of the guide, it will only excite modes that have
an electric fields with an odd symmetry about y = a/2. This implies the TEM modes, for m even, will be
excited. The TE10 mode is not excited.

4.36 Consider a small current loop on the side wall of a rectangular waveguide, as shown below. Find the TE10
fields excited by this loop if the loop is radius r0.

Sol. By imaginary theory, the half-loop on the sidewall can be replaced with a full loop without the wall. For a
small loop, the equivalent magnetic dipole moment is,

31
 1  Ib   3  2Ib


A
2 E2  Jdv
  sin  sin  
P2 V P2  2 2  P2
Since, the excitation has an odd symmetry about the center of the guide, it will only excite modes that have
an electric fields with an odd symmetry about y = a/2. This implies the TEM modes, for m even, will be
excited. The TE10 mode is not excited.

4.36 Consider a small current loop on the side wall of a rectangular waveguide, as shown below. Find the TE10
4.36
fields excited by this loop if the loop is radius r0.

Sol. By imaginary theory, the half-loop on the sidewall can be replaced with a full loop without the wall. For a
small loop, the equivalent magnetic dipole moment is,

Pm xˆ I 0 02 ( y) ( z  b/2) ( x)

  j0 pm
 xj ˆ 0 I0 02 ( y) (3  b/2) ( x) V/m2
For the TE10 mode,
e1  zˆ sin  y /a
 yˆ y
h1  sin
z1 a
j y
hx  cos
k00 a a
ab
 00 /1 ,
where Z1 k P1
z1
From (4.128)
1
A1  ˆ x1 )   e j 1 x dv
(h1  xh
P1
Z1  2 z1 I 0 02
ab V 1
  hx  dv  A1
a 2b
These results are for a full loop-reduce by I/2 for half-loop.

4.37 A rectangular waveguide is shorted at x = 0 and has an electric current sheet, Jsz, located at x = d, where
2 A  y
J sz  sin
a a
(see the accompanying figure). Find expressions for the fields generated by this current by assuming
standing wave fields for 0 < x < d, and traveling wave fields for x > d, and applying boundary conditions at
x = 0 and x = d. Now solve the problem using image theory, by placing a current sheet –Jsz at x = −d, and

32
 A1  ˆ x1 )   e
(h1  xh dv
P1
Z1  2 z1 I 0 02
ab V 1
  hx  dv  A1
a 2b
These results are for a full loop-reduce by I/2 for half-loop.

4.37 A rectangular waveguide is shorted at x = 0 and has an electric current sheet, Jsz, located at x = d, where
4.37
2 A  y
J sz  sin
a a
(see the accompanying figure). Find expressions for the fields generated by this current by assuming
standing wave fields for 0 < x < d, and traveling wave fields for x > d, and applying boundary conditions at
x = 0 and x = d. Now solve the problem using image theory, by placing a current sheet –Jsz at x = −d, and
removing the shorting wall at x = 0. Use the results of section 4.7 and superposition to find the fields
radiated by these two currents, which should be the same as the first results for x > 0.

Sol. First Solution: (all fields and currents are TE10)

 y  j x y
Ez  B sin [e  e j x ]  2 jB sin sin  x 0 < x < d
a a
B y 2B y
M y
 sin e j  x  ej x
 sin cos  x 0<x<d
z1 a  Z1 a
This satisfies Ez = 0 at x = 0
y
Ez C  sin e j  ( x  d ) x>d
a
C  y  j ( x d )
H y  sin e x>d
z1 a
at x = d, Ez is continuous so
2 jB sin  d  C
At x = d xˆ  ( H   H  )  Js or
C 2B 2 A
 cos  d 
Z1 Z1 a
Solving for B, C:
z A
B  1 e  d
a
 z1 A 2 j d
 C (e  1)
a
Second Solution: (Using (4.105) and (4.106b)):
Ez due to Jsz at x = d:
 z1 A  y j  ( x  d )
Ez  sin e
d a
Ez due to –Jsz at x = −d
 z A  y j ( x  d )
Ez  1 sin e
a a
For 0 < x < d
 z A  y  jk ( x  ) e j ( xd ) ]
Ez  1 sin [e
a a
2 j z1 A  j  d y
 e sin sin  x
a a
For x > d
 z1 A  y  j ( x  d )  j  ( x d )
 Ez sin [e e ]
a a
2 j z1 A  y  j x
 sin  d sin e
a a 33
These results agree with those from the first solution.
4.38 A 4-port network has the scattering matrix as shown below. If the port 3 and 4 are connected with a
 z sz
Ez  1
sin e j ( xd )
 dz1 A ay j  ( x  d )
Ez  sin e
Ez due tod–Jsz at x a= −d
Ez duetoz A–Jsz at xy = −d
Ez  1 sin e j ( x  d )
  z1 A ay j  ( x  d )
a
Ez  sin e
For 0 < xa < d a
For 0<z1xA< d  y  jk ( x  ) e j ( xd ) ]
Ez  sin [e
z A y
Ez  a1 sin a [e jk ( x  ) e
j  ( x d )
]

2aj z1 A a j  d y
 e sin sin  x
2 ja z1 A  j  d y
 e sin a sin  x
For x > d a a
For x>zd1 A  y  j  ( x  d )
 Ez sin [e  e j  ( x  d ) ]
 az1 A ay  j ( x  d )  j  ( x d )
 Ez sin [e e ]
2aj z1 A a  y  j x
 sin  d sin e
2 ja z1 A y
 sin  d sin a e j  x
These results a agree with those a from the first solution.
4.38 A 4-port
These network
results agreehaswith
the those
scattering frommatrix
the firstassolution.
shown below. If the port 3 and 4 are connected with a
4.38
4.38 lossless
A 4-port matched
network transmission
has the scattering line with an
matrix electrical
as shown length
below.ofIf600 find 3the
the port resulting
and S21 magnitude
4 are connected with aand
phase delay.
lossless matched transmission line with an electrical length of 600 find the resulting S21 magnitude and
phase 0.3
delay.
  30 0 0 0.8  45
0.30 30 0.70 30 0.6 0 45 0.80 45
[S ] 
[S ]  00 0.7
0.6  45 30 0.7 0.6 45
  30 00
0.8 0 45 0.60 45 0.70 30 0.3 0 30
0.8  45 0 0 0.3  30

 0.3 30 0 0 0.8 45

 0 0.7 30 0.6 45 0 
Sol. [S ]  
 0 0.6 45 0.7 30 0 
 
0.8 45 0 0 0.3 30 
T 1 60
b1 S11a1  S14 a4

b2 = S23a3
b3 = S33a3
b4  S14 a1  S11a4  S14 a1  S11 (Tb3 )
 b4 S14 a1  S11T (S33 a3 )
 b4 S14 a1  S11TS33Tb4
S14 a1
b4 
1  S11TS33T
S23TS14 a1
b2 S23 a
3 S23Tb4  b2
1  S11TS33T
b2 S23TS14 (0.6 45)(1 60)(0.8 45)
 
a1 1  S11TS33T 1  (0.3 30)(1 60)(0.7 30)(1 60)
b2
S21   0.397 150
a1
S11  0.397
Phase delay = 150°
34
4.39 An engineer purchased a device that comes with the S matrix as shown. However, the S parameters are
given in terms of dB and Phase angle
 1 11 33

b
S21  2  0.397 150
a1
S11  0.397
Phase delay = 150°

4.39 An engineer purchased a device that comes with the S matrix as shown. However, the S parameters are
4.39
given in terms of dB and Phase angle
 43dB66 3dB53 3dB  143 43dB80 
 3dB53 43dB66 43dB80 3dB  143 
[S ]  
 3dB  143 43dB80 43dB66 3dB53 
 
 43dB80 3dB  143 3dB53 43dB66 
(a) Is this a lossless network?
(b) Is this a reciprocal network?
(c) Is this a symmetric network?
(d) What is the input return loss if ports 3 and 4 are properly matched and port 2 is opened?
(e) What is the function of this device?

Sol.
 43dB66 3dB53 3dB  143 43dB80 
 3dB53 43dB66 43dB80 3dB  143 
[S ]  
 3dB  143 43dB80 43dB66 3dB53 
 
 43dB80 3dB  143 3dB53 43dB66 
Connect above [S] into non dB matrix.

(a) Network to be lossless [S] must be unitary

From Ist row
2 2 2 2
S11  S12  S13  S14  (7.08 103 )2  (0.7079)2  (0.7073)2  (7.08 103 ) 2  1
Hence, lossless network (as all row satisfies)

(b) To check of network is reciprocal

Since S12 = S21, S13 = S31, S41 = S14 as Sij = Sji
This is reciprocal network and [S] is symmetric.

(c) Yes, this network is symmetric network.

S12 S212 a2
(d) in  S11  2  1
1  S22 2 b2
(0.7079 53)(0.7079 53)
 (7.08  103 ) 60 
1  (7.08  103 66)
in 0.51105.8 or 5.85dB105.8


(e) The function of this device is 90° coupler (or) Branchline coupler.

4.40 For a 4-port x-network, write its 4-port S-parameters and determine the reflection coefficient at port 1
when:
(a) Ports 2 and 3 are open-circuited and port 4 is matched
(b) Ports 2 and 3 are loaded with 50 Ω each and port 4 is open circuited
(c) Ports 2 and 3 are connected to each other and port 4 is loaded with 50 Ω
Do not solve the problem using nodal analysis, and solve it using the S-matrix and boundary conditions.

Sol. (a) Let 2 & 3 are open circuited and port 4 is matched

35
 (0.7079 53)(0.7079 53)
 (7.08  103 ) 60 
1  (7.08  103 66)
in 0.51105.8
 or 5.85dB105.8

(e) The function of this device is 90° coupler (or) Branchline coupler.

4.40 For a 4-port x-network, write its 4-port S-parameters and determine the reflection coefficient at port 1
4.40
when:
(a) Ports 2 and 3 are open-circuited and port 4 is matched
(b) Ports 2 and 3 are loaded with 50 Ω each and port 4 is open circuited
(c) Ports 2 and 3 are connected to each other and port 4 is loaded with 50 Ω
Do not solve the problem using nodal analysis, and solve it using the S-matrix and boundary conditions.

Sol. (a) Let 2 & 3 are open circuited and port 4 is matched

b1 = S11a1 + S12a2 + S13a3

b2 = S21a1 + S22a2 + S23a3
b3 = S31a1 + S32a2 + S33a3
b4 = S41a1 + S42a2 + S43a3

b1 a a
1  S11  S12 2  S13 3
a1 a1 a1
b b
S11  S12 2  S13 3
a1 a1
b3  S31a1  S32b2  S33b3  b3[1  S33 ]  S31a1  S32b2
S a  S32b2
 b3 31 1
1  S33
 S a  S32b2 
b2  S21a1  S22b2  S23b3  S21a1  S22b2  S23  31 1 
 1  S33 
S S a S S b
b2 [1  S22 ]  S21a1  23 31 1  23 32 2
1  S33 1  S33
 S S  S Sa
 b2 1  S22  23 32   S21a1  23 1 1
 1  S33  1  S33
 S23 S31 
 S21  
1  S33  S21  S21S33  S23 S31a1
b2 
S23 S32 1  S33  S22  S22 S33  S23 S32
1  S22 
1  S33
S12 (S21  S21S33  S23 S31 ) S S S32 (S21  S21S33  S22 S31 )
 
1 S11   13 31 
1  S33  S22  S22 S33  S23 S32 1  S33 (1  S33 )[1  S33  S22  S22 S33  S23 S32 ]

(b) Port 2 & 3 are loaded with 50 Ω each and port 4 of

36
b2 
S S 1  S33  S22  S22 S33  S23 S32
1  S22  23 32
1  S33
S12 (S21  S21S33  S23 S31 ) S S S32 (S21  S21S33  S22 S31 )
 
1 S11   13 31 
1  S33  S22  S22 S33  S23 S32 1  S33 (1  S33 )[1  S33  S22  S22 S33  S23 S32 ]

(b) Port 2 & 3 are loaded with 50 Ω each and port 4 of

Γ4 = 1, a4 = b4
0 0
b1  S11a1  S12 a2  S13 a3  S14 a4
0 0
b4  S11a1  S42 a2  S43a3  S44 a4
 b1 S11a1  S14 a4
S41a1
b4 S41a1  S44 a4  b4 S41a1  S44b4  b4
I  S44
b1 a b
1  S11  S14 4 S11  S14 4
a1 a1 a1
1  s41a1 
 
1 S11  S14  
a1 1  S44 
S14 S41
 1 S11 
1  S44

(c) Port 2 and port 3 connected with each other and port 4 loaded with 50 Ω

0
b1  S11a1  S12 a2  S13 a3  S14 a4
b2  S21a1  S22 a2  S23a3
b3  S31a1  S32 a2  S33a3
b3  S31a1  S32b3  S33b2
 b3[1  S32 ]  S31a1  S33b2
S a  S33b2
 b3 31 1
1  S32
b2  S21a1  S22b3  S23b2
 b2 [1  S23 ]  S21a1  S22b3

37
  S a  S33b2 
 b2 [1  S23 ]  S21a1  S22  31 1 
 1  S32 
 S S  S S
 b2 1  S23  22 33   S21a1  22 31 a1
 1  S32  1  S32
1  S  S  S S  S S   S  S S  S S 
 b2  32 23 23 32 22 33
   21 21 32 22 31

 1  S32   1  S32 

S21  S21S32  S22 S31
 b2  a1
1  S32  S23  S23 S32  S22 S33
S31a1 S  S21  S21S32  S22 S31 
b3
  33   a1
1  S32 1  S32 1  S32  S23  S23 S32  S22 S33 
b1 b b
 
1  S11  S12 3  S13 2
a1 a1 a1
S12 S31 S12 S33  S21  S21S32  S22 S31  S13 (S21  S21S32  S22 S31 )
 
1 S11    
1  S32 1  S32 1  S32  S23  S23 S32  S22 S33  1  S32  S23  S23 S32  S22 S33

38