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DR Gater's Key Equations and Data

This document contains key equations and data for thermodynamics. It lists conversion factors between common units as well as equations of state for perfect gases, liquids, solids, and mixtures. Simple thermodynamic processes are defined including polytropic, closed systems, and heat engines. Properties of water, ice, and air are provided including specific heat values and phase change properties.

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61 views2 pages

DR Gater's Key Equations and Data

This document contains key equations and data for thermodynamics. It lists conversion factors between common units as well as equations of state for perfect gases, liquids, solids, and mixtures. Simple thermodynamic processes are defined including polytropic, closed systems, and heat engines. Properties of water, ice, and air are provided including specific heat values and phase change properties.

Uploaded by

gmstrollo
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Some Key Equations and Data

UNITY CONVERSION FACTORS


kg-m 32.174 lbm-ft N-m = W-s = 10 bar-cm 3 =I 1 013 bar = 103 cm 3
1 = = =
N-s 2 lbf-s2 J J J atm liter

3.281 ft 2.205 Ibm 27.69 in-H20 778 ft-lbf 550 ft-lbf 105 N/m 2
=
m kg Psi Btu hp-s bar

1055 J 0.1 bar-cm 2 = 14.696 Asia = 745.7 W4.448 N _ 7.48 gal


1=
Btu atm hp = bf ft 3

TEMPERATURE CONVERSIONS
1 = 1.8 R/K T(R) = T(F) + 459.7 T(K) = T(C) + 273.15 T(F) = 1.8 T(C) + 32

SIMPLE GAS (PERFECT GAS WITH CONSTANT SPECIFIC HEATS)


pV = CT dU = CvdT H = U + pV TdS = dU + pdV

SIMPLE LIQUID/SOLID (INCOMPRESSIBLE LIQUID/SOLID WITH CONSTANT SPECIFIC HEATS)


V = CTelp. dU = CpdT H = U + pV TiziS = dU + pdV

POLYTROPIC PROCESS
General: (p 2/pi) = (V1/V2r If pV = Cr: (P2/Pt) = (T2f1 1)M° "1)

WORK INPUT FOR A CLOSED SYSTEM


W = WpV) when? W = - A(pV) when? W = - pV In(V 1) when?
n-1

GIBBS PROPERTY EQUATIONS AND SPECIFIC HEATS


Tds = du + pdv Tds = dh - vdp c, = (au/aT), cp = (ahlaT)p

2T HEAT ENGINES
i th = 1 - TL/TH when? COPL = Tij(TH - Ti. ) when? COPH = TH/(TH - TL) when?

SUBSTANCES IN OR NEAR A TWO-PHASE REGION


xfg = mg/(mf + mg) xfg = (re - rtf)/7rfg (n = v, u, h, s)

Equilibrium: sfg = hfg/T, Clapeyron Eq.: sfgdT, = vfgdps

Modified Clausius-Clapeyron Eq.: In(p, 2/p, 1) = [hfg/(ZegR)][(1/T,I) -

GENERAL EQUATION OF STATE IN TERMS OF Z


pV = ZmRT = ZnItr pv ZRT pv = ZRT p = p/ Zl

rv, Z Tr (reduced parameters: I), = pipe, Tr = T/Te, vi. = v/(RTe/p


p

R 11/M R = 8.314 J/gmol-K = 1.986 Btu/lbmol-R

TWO'S RULE FOR PERFECT GAS BEHAVIOR


2 x pr and Tr x 2 pr(L2
IDEAL SOLUTIONS (yi = mole fraction, xi = mass fraction)
= 2 yi iti = e.„, = E yi p; - R ln(yi)]

Yi = = xtRi/R M = YiMi R = R=
-
Kay's mixing rule for gas mixtures: p c = E yipv , Tc = yiTc;

PERFECT GASES AND PERFECT GAS MIXTURES


Constant Specific Heats

Au = c„ AT Ah = cp AT cp = + R cp = y R/(y - 1) cv = R/(y - 1)

y = cp/c, As = cv In(T2/Ti) + R ln(v 2/v1) As = cp In(T2/Ti) R ln(p2/pi)

Variable Specific Heats


Values of h, u, s°, and s' are tabulated as a function of T, where s'and s°° are
defined by: As = As° - R In(p 2/p1) and As = As' + R ln(v2/v1).

LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS


Av/vi OAT - aap Au cpAT Ah cpAT + v iAp As cp ln(T2/T1) cp cv

MODIFIED EULER AND MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATIONS FOR A SIMPLE OPEN SYSTEM
W Eh[ 2 v dp + A( V2/2 + gz) + Mt pAV
fiz •
Tds Q/th

W (v Ap/g + AV2/2g + Az) + mg h i he= lig

THE BASIC OPEN SYSTEM COMPONENTS


Nozzles & diffusers: neglect heat transfer, shaft-Work, and changes in PE.
Turbomachines: neglect heat transfer and changes in PE & KE.
Throttling device: neglect heat transfer, shaft work, and changes in E & KE
Heaters & coolers: neglect shaft work and changes in PE & KE; A 0.
Heat exchangers: like heaters/coolers, plus neglect external heat transfer.

ADIABATIC EFFICIENCY
= Ah/Ah' for nozzles & turbines

rl = Ah'/Ah for diffusers, pumps, fans, blowers & compressors


Note: Ah' = v i Ap for incompressible flow (constant-density flow

SOME DATA FOR WATER AND AIR


Air: M = 28.97 g/gmol, R = 0.287 J/g-K, Tc = 133 K, pc = 37.7

Air (perfect gas at 300 K): cp = 3.5 R, cv = 2.5 R, y = 1.4


H 2O: M = 18.02 g/gmol, R 0.4615 J/g-K, Tc = 647.3 K, = 22 1 bar

H2O (liquid-vapor): hfg = 2257 J/g and Zfg = 0.984 at 1 atm and 1 i w C (373 K)

H 2O (ice-liquid): Il se= 333.4 J/g at 1 atm and 0 C (273 K)

H 2O (liquid): o f - 1.0 cm3/g, cpf - 4.19 J/g-K

H2O (ice): v, 1.09 cm 3/g, cp, 1.95 J/g-K


H2O (perfect gas at 300 K): cp = 4.04 R, cv = 3.04 R, y = 1.329

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