Manage Schema Objects

Copyright 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.

Objectives

After completing this lesson, you should be able to do the following: Add constraints Create indexes Create indexes using the CREATE TABLE statement Creating function-based indexes Drop columns and set column UNUSED Perform FLASHBACK operations Create and use external tables

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Copyright 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.

The ALTER TABLE Statement

Use the ALTER TABLE statement to: Add a new column Modify an existing column Define a default value for the new column Drop a column

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Copyright 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.

The ALTER TABLE Statement

Use the ALTER TABLE statement to add, modify, or drop columns.

ALTER TABLE table ADD (column datatype [DEFAULT expr] [, column datatype]...);
ALTER TABLE table MODIFY (column datatype [DEFAULT expr] [, column datatype]...); ALTER TABLE table DROP (column);

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Copyright 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.

Adding a Column
You use the ADD clause to add columns.

ALTER TABLE dept80 ADD (job_id VARCHAR2(9)); Table altered.

The new column becomes the last column.

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Copyright 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.

Modifying a Column
You can change a columns data type, size, and default value.

ALTER TABLE dept80 MODIFY (last_name VARCHAR2(30)); Table altered.

A change to the default value affects only subsequent insertions to the table.

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Copyright 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.

Dropping a Column
Use the DROP COLUMN clause to drop columns you no longer need from the table.
ALTER TABLE dept80 DROP COLUMN job_id; Table altered.

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Copyright 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.

The SET UNUSED Option

You use the SET UNUSED option to mark one or more columns as unused. You use the DROP UNUSED COLUMNS option to remove the columns that are marked as unused.
ALTER SET OR ALTER SET TABLE <table_name> UNUSED(<column_name>);

TABLE <table_name> UNUSED COLUMN <column_name>;

ALTER TABLE <table_name> DROP UNUSED COLUMNS;

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Copyright 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.

Adding a Constraint Syntax

Use the ALTER TABLE statement to: Add or drop a constraint, but not modify its structure Enable or disable constraints Add a NOT NULL constraint by using the MODIFY clause

ALTER TABLE <table_name> ADD [CONSTRAINT <constraint_name>] type (<column_name>);

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Copyright 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.

Adding a Constraint
Add a FOREIGN KEY constraint to the EMP2 table indicating that a manager must already exist as a valid employee in the EMP2 table.
ALTER TABLE emp2 modify employee_id Primary Key; Table altered. ALTER TABLE emp2 ADD CONSTRAINT emp_mgr_fk FOREIGN KEY(manager_id) REFERENCES emp2(employee_id); Table altered.

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Copyright 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.

ON DELETE CASCADE

Delete child rows when a parent key is deleted.

ALTER TABLE Emp2 ADD CONSTRAINT emp_dt_fk FOREIGN KEY (Department_id) REFERENCES departments ON DELETE CASCADE); Table altered.

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Copyright 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.

Deferring Constraints

Constraints can have the following attributes: DEFERRABLE or NOT DEFERRABLE INITIALLY DEFERRED or INITIALLY IMMEDIATE
ALTER TABLE dept2 ADD CONSTRAINT dept2_id_pk PRIMARY KEY (department_id) DEFERRABLE INITIALLY DEFERRED
Deferring constraint on creation

SET CONSTRAINTS dept2_id_pk IMMEDIATE ALTER SESSION SET CONSTRAINTS= IMMEDIATE

Changing a specific constraint attribute

Changing all constraints for a session

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Copyright 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.

Dropping a Constraint
Remove the manager constraint from the EMP2 table.

ALTER TABLE emp2 DROP CONSTRAINT emp_mgr_fk; Table altered.

Remove the PRIMARY KEY constraint on the DEPT2 table and drop the associated FOREIGN KEY constraint on the EMP2.DEPARTMENT_ID column.
ALTER TABLE dept2 DROP PRIMARY KEY CASCADE; Table altered.

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Copyright 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.

Disabling Constraints
Execute the DISABLE clause of the ALTER TABLE statement to deactivate an integrity constraint. Apply the CASCADE option to disable dependent integrity constraints.

ALTER TABLE emp2 DISABLE CONSTRAINT emp_dt_fk; Table altered.

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Copyright 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.

Enabling Constraints

Activate an integrity constraint currently disabled in the table definition by using the ENABLE clause.
ALTER TABLE emp2 ENABLE CONSTRAINT emp_dt_fk; Table altered.

A UNIQUE index is automatically created if you enable a UNIQUE key or PRIMARY KEY constraint.

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Copyright 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.

Cascading Constraints
The CASCADE CONSTRAINTS clause is used along with the DROP COLUMN clause. The CASCADE CONSTRAINTS clause drops all referential integrity constraints that refer to the primary and unique keys defined on the dropped columns. The CASCADE CONSTRAINTS clause also drops all multicolumn constraints defined on the dropped columns.

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Copyright 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.

Cascading Constraints

Example:
ALTER TABLE emp2 DROP COLUMN employee_id CASCADE CONSTRAINTS; Table altered.
ALTER TABLE test1 DROP (pk, fk, col1) CASCADE CONSTRAINTS; Table altered.

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Copyright 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.

Overview of Indexes

Indexes are created: Automatically

PRIMARY KEY creation UNIQUE KEY creation

Manually
CREATE INDEX statement CREATE TABLE statement

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Copyright 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.

CREATE INDEX with CREATE TABLE Statement

CREATE TABLE NEW_EMP (employee_id NUMBER(6) PRIMARY KEY USING INDEX (CREATE INDEX emp_id_idx ON NEW_EMP(employee_id)), first_name VARCHAR2(20), last_name VARCHAR2(25)); Table created. SELECT INDEX_NAME, TABLE_NAME FROM USER_INDEXES WHERE TABLE_NAME = 'NEW_EMP';

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Function-Based Indexes

A function-based index is based on expressions. The index expression is built from table columns, constants, SQL functions, and user-defined functions.

CREATE INDEX upper_dept_name_idx ON dept2(UPPER(department_name));

Index created.

SELECT * FROM dept2 WHERE UPPER(department_name) = 'SALES';

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Copyright 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.

Removing an Index

Remove an index from the data dictionary by using the DROP INDEX command.
DROP INDEX index;

Remove the UPPER_DEPT_NAME_IDX index from the data dictionary.

DROP INDEX upper_dept_name_idx; Index dropped.

To drop an index, you must be the owner of the index or have the DROP ANY INDEX privilege.

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Copyright 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.

DROP TABLE PURGE

DROP TABLE dept80 PURGE;

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Copyright 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.

The FLASHBACK TABLE Statement

Repair tool for accidental table modifications

Restores a table to an earlier point in time Benefits: Ease of use, availability, fast execution Performed in place

Syntax:

FLASHBACK TABLE[schema.]table[, [ schema.]table ]... TO { TIMESTAMP | SCN } expr [ { ENABLE | DISABLE } TRIGGERS ];

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Copyright 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.

The FLASHBACK TABLE Statement

DROP TABLE emp2; Table dropped

SELECT original_name, operation, droptime, FROM recyclebin;

FLASHBACK TABLE emp2 TO BEFORE DROP; Flashback complete

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Copyright 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.

External Tables

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Copyright 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.

Creating a Directory for the External Table

Create a DIRECTORY object that corresponds to the directory on the file system where the external data source resides.
CREATE OR REPLACE DIRECTORY emp_dir AS '//emp_dir';

GRANT READ ON DIRECTORY emp_dir TO hr;

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Copyright 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.

Creating an External Table

CREATE TABLE <table_name> ( <col_name> <datatype>, ) ORGANIZATION EXTERNAL (TYPE <access_driver_type> DEFAULT DIRECTORY <directory_name> ACCESS PARAMETERS ( ) ) LOCATION ('<location_specifier>') ) REJECT LIMIT [0 | <number> | UNLIMITED];

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Copyright 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.

Creating an External Table Using ORACLE_LOADER

CREATE TABLE oldemp ( fname char(25), lname CHAR(25)) ORGANIZATION EXTERNAL (TYPE ORACLE_LOADER DEFAULT DIRECTORY emp_dir ACCESS PARAMETERS (RECORDS DELIMITED BY NEWLINE NOBADFILE NOLOGFILE FIELDS TERMINATED BY ',' (fname POSITION ( 1:20) CHAR, lname POSITION (22:41) CHAR)) LOCATION ('emp.dat')) PARALLEL 5 REJECT LIMIT 200; Table created.

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Copyright 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.

Querying External Tables

SELECT * FROM oldemp

OLDEMP

emp.dat

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Copyright 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.

Summary

In this lesson, you should have learned how to: Add constraints Create indexes Create a primary key constraint using an index Create indexes using the CREATE TABLE statement Creating function-based indexes Drop columns and set column UNUSED Perform FLASHBACK operations Create and use external tables

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Copyright 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.

Practice 2: Overview

This practice covers the following topics: Altering tables Adding columns Dropping columns Creating indexes Creating external tables

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Copyright 2004, Oracle. All rights reserved.