SMALL SCALE FADING AND MULTIPATH

Department of Electronics and Communication Gyan Vihar University

Wireless Comes of Age

Guglielmo Marconi invented the wireless telegraph in 1896
Communication by encoding alphanumeric characters in analog signal Sent telegraphic signals across the Atlantic Ocean

Communications satellites launched in 1960s Advances in wireless technology

Radio, television, mobile telephone, communication satellites

More recently
Satellite communications, wireless networking, cellular technology

Broadband Wireless Technology

Higher data rates obtainable with broadband wireless technology
Graphics, video, audio

Shares same advantages of all wireless services: convenience and reduced cost
Service can be deployed faster than fixed service No cost of cable plant Service is mobile, deployed almost anywhere

Limitations and Difficulties of Wireless Technologies

Wireless is convenient and less expensive Limitations and political and technical difficulties inhibit wireless technologies Lack of an industry-wide standard Device limitations
E.g., small LCD on a mobile telephone can only displaying a few lines of text E.g., browsers of most mobile wireless devices use wireless markup language (WML) instead of HTML

Cellular Concept

The Cellular Concept

19-cell reuse example (N=19)

Figure 3.2 Method of locating co-channel cells in a cellular system. In this example, N = 19 (i.e., I = 3, j = 2). (Adapted from [Oet83] IEEE.)

What is small scale fading? Small scale fading is used to describe the rapid Fluctuation Of the amplitude of radio signal over a short period of time or travel distance. How is it caused ? Fading is caused by interference between two or more Versions of the transmitted signal which will arrive at the Receiver at slightly different times .This waves called Multipath waves , combine at receiver antenna to give a Resultant signal which can vary widely in amplitude and And phase , depending on the distribution of the intensity And relative propagation times of wave and bandwidth.

Multipath Propagation
Reflection - occurs when signal encounters a surface that is large relative to the wavelength of the signal Diffraction - occurs at the edge of an impenetrable body that is large compared to wavelength of radio wave Scattering occurs when incoming signal hits an object whose size in the order of the wavelength of the signal or less

Doppler shift:

Due to relative motion between the mobile and base station each multipath wave experiences an apparent shift in frequency. The shift in received signal frequency due to motion is called the Dopplers shift .and it is directly proportional to the velocity and direction of motion of the mobile with respect to the direction of arrival of the received multipath wave.

The Effects of Multipath Propagation

Multiple copies of a signal may arrive at different phases
If phases add destructively, the signal level relative to noise declines, making detection more difficult

Intersymbol interference (ISI)

One or more delayed copies of a pulse may arrive at the same time will create interference to minimize it Separate symbols in time with guard periods.

Factors influencing small scale fading

Multi path propagation: The presence of reflecting objects and scatterers in the channel creates a constantly changing environment the dissipates the energy in amplitude, phase and time. Speed of the mobile : The relative motion between the base station and mobile results in the random frequency modulation due to the different doppler shifts on each multi path components. Speed of surrounding objects : If objects in the radio channel are in motion, they induce a time varying doppler shifts on the multi path components . If the surrounding objects move at a greater rate than mobile, then this effect dominates the small scale fading.

The Transmission Bandwidth of the Signal: If the transmitted radio signal bandwidth is greater than the bandwidth of multi path Channel the received signal will be distorted, but the received signal strength will not Fade much over local area. The bandwidth of of a channel will be quantified by coherence bandwidth which is related to specific multi path structure of channel. The coherence bandwidth is measure of the maximum frequency difference for which Signals are strongly correlated in amplitude . If the transmitted signal has narrow bandwidth as compared to the channel, the amplitude of the signal will change rapidly, but they signal will not be distorted in time. Thus , the statistics of small scale signal strength and likelihood of signal smearing appearing over small scale distance are very much related to the specific amplitudes and delays of the multi path channel, as well as the bandwidth of the transmitted Signal.

Small scale multi path propagation

Other Multi-path Concerns

Apart from creating frequency select fading, Multi-path can also cause inter-symbol interference.

Multipath Propagation

Types of Fading
Fast fading (Changes in amplitude 20 or 30 db) Slow fading (Slow change due to environment Flat fading Selective fading Rayleigh fading Rician fading

Flat Fading(Non Selective)

Flat Fading is caused by absorbers between the two antennae and is countered by antenna placement and transmit power level. Here all frequency component of the received signal fluctuate in the same proportion simultaneously.

Frequency Selective Fading

Frequency selective fading is caused by reflectors between the transmitter and receiver creating multi-path effects. Affects unequally the different spectral components of the radio signal. This fading is usually significant only to the bandwidth of the overall communication channel

Effects of Frequency Selective Fading The dips or fades in the response due to reflection cause cancellation of certain frequencies at the Receiver. Reflections off near-by objects (e.g. ground, buildings, trees, etc) can lead to multi-path signals of similar signal power to the direct signal. This can result in deep nulls in the received signal power due to destructive interference Rayleigh fading occurs when there are multiple indirect paths between transmitter and receiver and no distinct dominant path such as LOS path. Rician fading a situation where there is a direct LOS path in addition to a number of indirect multipath.

K=power in the dominant path/power in the scattered paths

Two independent fading issues

Other Multi-path Concerns

Apart from creating frequency select fading, Multi-path can also cause inter-symbol interference.

When the transmitted signal has bandwidth much greater than Bandwidth of channel, then the multi path structure is completely resolved by he received signal at anytime and received power varies very little since the the individual multi path amplitudes do not change rapidly over local area. However if the transmitted signal has a very narrow bandwidth the the multi path is resolved by received signal And large signal fluctuations occur at the receiver due to the phase shift of the many unresolved multi path components

The End