Multicultural Odysseys

Navigating the New lnternatonal Politics of Diversity

WiIl Kymlick

OXFORD

The Forms o Liberal Multiculturalism

'thcre is Do trivers.lly i.ccpte.l dehDition o'li)claL nulliculhaisn, and atry artmpr to phvide sinslc dcnition to en.oorpass tl o s diflepnt Irns is ikrly to bo to lngoc to bc 6elu. Wc.onld siy, nt rxamph, rhat libcil nrllaltulisn ir thc viw tlrat stntes shood not

o.ly uphold the fdilirr sct of.oftnon .i!il, t)olitjcal, and ril riShts p(need nt all .])nstil(lionnl litFral denrd.(ies, but iho ldopt v ,ttr,s 8r,t!sp.(ilc ighr5 or ponj.s that ae i..ded to (coSniuc and ac.!modte thc distctiv( idetrrilie rnd aspi1ion5 of etl)noellura goups. llis <lefrnilnr is fair cnougl, s f.r s it goet, but dNn1 he us very a. A n'ore hclpJulapp()ach to nd{slandnrg ihe lo8.oI llberal multiol tuairn is to nddttal what it as $porse k,, owhal i is readion
of .jIizedship rhat arc

lhe state to privilcg iis nhniity, lanSunge, hislory crlur., llielure, rnylhs, eligion, r.d $ on, .nd whi.h dclincd thc rtc a\ lF erpc sion of ils nationhoo(l. (lhis .lonrinrnt groLrl sis u,rUy the mriily ,trop, Itul ronetnes r ninorily ws abh b cslnhlisb dotrinan(e e.B. whiLcs n South dc thc rFrLhf rc8inc, or .ridlo (liles ^frica.otrnkis. Anlo.c irho dirl not klong lo in som. lnrii ^ncri.an

!8ainst. Al sr88lcs f(tr multi.ultulisrb slrn connon a rcedion of carlier nxlcls of lhe uiitv, honlogenous nation sltc. rn ode to urdeistand rle idea o a libeal nrulticurtril denrocac, lherltorc, wc nerd l^t to undcFtard d'is older mxl(l of a homogcnos nti() slte, nd wh il has l,cen.cjctc'j. Unil rc(entl, hdl slatcs .rdnd th( wold hve spcd lo b.'natldr riatc. lr his mod., tlr slat was i rplicitly (and soncties cpli. itly) scen at lhe Frs'ssior o domnnn nalionil gotrl,, whi (sd

l. Makinq Sente of Liberal Multculturalit

le

Forms of Libe.al Multiculturalism

this dorrinart national group wns subject to eith.r assimilation.rr

Therc is nothig'natura'ibout such nation-sttes. Very few courtres around the world are hisloricaly mono nxtional (celand, Portugal, and the l(orcas are the most fteqentlycitcd cxamples). L most cou tries, this ideai (or ilusion) of natonal homogeneity had to be activcly constructed by the slate throuS a range of'nation-buildi'g'policles that encou aged the p.efered national identity while sppessnrg any alteDative dcntitcs. t'ubic poicies {ere oscd to pronote and consolidnte con mon ntional lngage, national hioryand nyLhoo8-, nationa heoes, nationa symbols, a national teranrre, a nrtional educaLion sysen, ! national mcdia, a national miLitart in sonc cases a nationa relision,.d so on. Groups shich resisted these nationi lizing policis were subiect not only to political disempow.met, bt aho, typically, to econonric discrimination and lo various forns of 'dnograph ic engneering' (e.9. Pes_ suring memres of the goup to dhPe6e, and/or Pro oting setdemcrt by Drnbn of the domani 8roup n the homeland ofindigenous/minoriLv groups). Tlese rnd other poicies were ained at construcling the idea of The prcise character ol these nation bilding polcics has viied to .ontrytocountry ndrego. to rcgion.In most wstern conftes, there

the ccnlralization of politica power elininating pre-existing forms ol ()ca sovercignty/utonomy en joyed historically by minorily g.ops, so that all important dccisions are made in a forum wbere the dom nant group fons a nLajodly;

the diffusion of re dominant groupt lnguage nd culru.c through national cultlral institutions, incxding natjonal public meda and

thc adoption ol siate tynbols cclebaLing th dominanr grop5 history, leroes, and clrc, retlected fo exanple in Lhe choice of nationa hoidays, or the nanring of srrccrs, buildings, nroulai.s,
the consuction of a unjled legl and judicia s)5tem, opratins in tle doniant group3languaSe and using its lgal traditlons, and th boition ofary pre exstiDg eSalsysiem5 used bynnority groups;
the adoption oi settlement policies which en(ourage membels

ofthe
Sroups

doninant national group to settle in

areas wrere

minoriry

havc historically resided, so as to swamp tle minodties ever in their

ha!been a siDge dominant ethnonational 8loup, forming clearmiorily oithe populaton (e.9. the Geeks in G.ece, the CastiliaDs SPain, etc.), and nation building policies have been used to inpose this dominnt group's language and cultrre on dre rest of the Population. Sone oI lhe policies adoplcd to a.hieve this Soal incude; the adoption of official hnguage aws wlicl deline the doinnt goup's largage as the only offrcial'natonal'an8!ase, a d which require th't to be th only lanSuaSe used in th burea.racy, couts, public seices, the ann, higher edcatoD, etc.; the conshuction of a nationalized systcm of.omP!sor), education pomoting a andardized (iculum, tbsed on tcachng the dotn irant soup's language/literaturc/history (which arc rcdef'ned as lhc 'ational' languaSe ind lteraturc and history);

the adoption of mmigration polices that quirc knowledSe of the 'ntiona' anguage/history as a condition of gai. ing .i tizen slip, and that often give a preference to inmigrants who share tle same la guge/ religion, or culte as the doilrart group; th seizure of landj, fores, and litries which ltcd to belong ro minoity groups ad indigenous peoples, and declarig them to be 'mtional'resouces, tobe used for lhe berelt of the nation. This is iust a snple of the poicies adopted n westcm states: onc coud qickly expand the list., But thc intended outcome of these policies is clear to cenftaize all politicl nd legal powi in lrums dominted b), the naority group; io privilege lht goup's language and culrur n al public institutiotrs, which ae then diftused throughout the terriory of the state; and to mke minority langages and cutures invsbe in purljc

I Th cxchion ould tale rhe orm or cxcNion fit e ha15 o powe withn dc stric (c.a. ihush deiat o the votc, or othL lon s ol rolitical dNmpowcrn.f,t), or it
coud itcraly invorleex.lusion fiom thc

Similar policies havc been adopted in most posrconnunist countlies (e.9. Romania, Croati), nd in most post,colonial conlcxrs wtre thre is a numeically dominant thnic group (e.9. Maaysia, Thaiand, Si L1rka, Ethlopia, Sudan). The situaton s romewhat dlffcrcnr in those

tcibr!

ot the nate,

thoqt

.aoal

uttions

on

ro

a oro. detatled ..

tn.lxirs .t thcimsrnd

imntin, or throq{h elhni. clensg.

netlods n,{)n buiding, see NomDn

Makinq Snr o Liberal Multiculturalnm

Th o.ms of Librt Mutd<tuti,

a

posi-.oonill stater wberc no riDgle grcup forms

fluneical rnaidity.

lD

ne colonial anguagc is often chosen as th. ofii.irl dational langug, and the (olonal legd fuaditon forms thc basis tbr he natn)n?l lc8l system, to the exclusion of all di8enous la8ua8et nd legal tditions. Yet cven iD these contcts, nlion buikin8 policias opcrate to constnrct a honroSenous ntiona cultte, reintbtcd by tlc Gntallzation oI p'rwe, thc ntinalitiod olth lc8l systn nd edtion rystcm, the dcvclopm(nt ol dtiona I medir atrd ntkralholidrys,

lrcb

cases,

the

io

It is dili(ult to ex88ate the pervasivc.css of thesc ndtbn building pol.is. whc.5rtes pcriodnllly en8a8c n pni.{la rly virlcnl or intusive ons of na ti')-buiding, thcre s otc. some nt.rrationalpubicity rd p.olcsL. aut tbe more everydat'n's of Da tnrr -h' il.lirg--what Billi8
clh 'banrl nationlsnf, irl which pbli( insritlrli's a.d pubic spac Jre impintd wilh n pani(ul.r national ide tity{ttcn 8o unnoti.d or unem.rkcd upon (BiiliS 1995). \atbn'buidiDg I,oi.ies havr be.onrc sucl ! pcrvasjve itatu or modcir ife that moir people trcely cv.n

vi.tully flert Wste.R dcrdacy has psued lhis ideal o natnmrl homogcncity ai onc pon or anothcr, as hvc vally a ponconiist ind post coonial states. As I dncu5s Dclow, an in.rearinS nunber of wen dcnrocc(s hav. ab0ndon&l lhis E@l n farou o a morc multicultural model ot de slalc. But at onc pn or another/ v.trlly Ney weslcni democacy har sfl'8ht t dnne rselfs a mo.o" nationl ate. The o.ly.r.cption to this patreflr i. thc wcst that I know o is Swilzelo.r. Swirzcland neve ttempled to try to.onstru.t r singe natioril dnguaSc on the tciitr)ry of thc rtate. lt hs ah{ays rc.cptcd fhat dc Frcnch and ltiian spcaking nlnotities would.ist $ dishnct lilSuisti( 8rops nrto lhe indn ile tutc. Bt evcry olher Wcslern demo!._v includingron)e tht aR verydiveBe, nd lhat trowpridc llcmlelves oo thcir diversity, lke Cand,l bis al s e poirt or other
h.d
pu

ideologics $scd to jttif) naln,n-buildir,g. tr ecd, nnoitesre typiGlty lh n6t ra.8et of thcsr poticics, sine ttcy are rhe grc.lcs obacle lo the goat (or myih) ofl uniirt nitjoD-alc, and hcn(e nosr in Deed or 'nationliztid'. 'Ihc rcsult, ovcr tire, has bcn th .rcario. ol nrttiplc ud deply rored dm1 of ex(t!on and {bordination ro miooriries,

havc ben incruovcn, bur e rame etnrenrs eftr rcpealdty in e 'stories of pcoplchood rhat dominanr groLrps rc thcnselves r; iustitv their poj14s of nationa horolcrjzation (Smith Z00Jl 1his ddo0tion of rhis modcl, and irs a.(orrpanyinS noti.iesand undcF lynrg il,siicationt, has had profourd efcds oD subslare g.oups. within tle lsjrory of mosr ates there re nany Sroups polscsrinS thc own lanSug(, thc own hiory rle {rwn cLrlture, their owr hci(s, thci owd svmbol' Such 8oups ae oreo excludd nli(ty b, rl p(rcs o naionbuildh8, o ircluded only r the prji.e of acc(pting assinilatnn 0nd se.ond{a$ ittus, stigtrtz.d bv thc racatist rnd ethnoc.ntri.

!pa.e in th. way thsc SecpolkI, e@nomi. and i(teotoSi.ar aSumenls

indiSenos poples wcr ba.kwrl a.d infeor, ifnor bbar(.. trnwoth! , ri\t,F.r or p ntpctior'. rnpc t5 drd.\lei,, r,,rrrr,r drro5. rinr,, rn,t

.ultual doriiation.
a

olten.onbintg politi..l rnargnrli2ation, ccoDonc djsadvantagc, an.t

r<lt,

thc go of inculcatng a corroD national ln8u.8e and (ulturc.

o Dationa I h omogencity. somc cntexts/ il wasar8led rht the nccdcd to be moc unfied inod roetlcctivflydeferd itselfagai't cxteral or nt.rnl eneinies, or to boild the civi. solirity nccd.d for

^ isuit

sidc n8 o iustilotions hlc lpen otfcrcd hiorically for thii

rte

welfe slnt Or hat a.ultrally nilie( stlc ws ersier lo ldministc, and would hve a moe cll.ifft labor But these sorts o blil'rnrlet. catjons wee.lso typkally butc$ed by racialist and cihno.enhc d.ok! Bictwbich !ted lhl the rn8a8c rnd cnlturc o rDinorily 8Nps aDd

^s Jlr( hono8ns ntion,buitdinS sr rcs, rod have:vqatrd itrted a moe rultctrtura D)det of e state.r Whrr docs n rn!trcutturat sral( look ikr? lhc precse det.its vrry iiom country ro.onrryi for leasoos I dis.u$ belo*. Tbc rori ot cionDs demandt bv n rhe lrn,l(l \taF\ rt'fl.F d.nrrr,.d||) tro th" rct,!,n\,1c rnn..ed ^trn?n ^m.i.,nr by i.digcnoLrs M.o ir Ncw Zcrtod or by Chiiese imniBrints i. Cnada. llowcvcr, tllcre are somc Ben.rii principte thnt rre.onnon kr thqr dietunr srnrSSts to . mutticutromt jratc. Fksr, a 1lllri(t tural statt involvcs thc repu{tialbn of thc old. idcJ lldr de sbre n a possc$nr of a ringl{, nationt grcup. hrsrcad, the state nusr br rc. rs beonEing eqally to aU (itiarns. Second, s .onsequencc, a ut tjcrltual stnlc repdiatej any Dtion-b(itdin8 poln.is thar ssnDitte or exclude nenrbB of minority or no.-dotrinanr {(nrps lrstcad, ir Jcccpts thJl lndivduals \houtd b! nbie to a(.c\s srare rirutio!s, an(t lo !.i s tll and equl . izens i Ftilicr ti(,, s hour hnving to hdc
rro(pr n'ay dd(rd

vari{)us rubsrat g(rps have conresred this rtent t(on.

rlhrrus!10h4rrtw.rysher..ndrerlijrrnni,tornuLrtultr,rlirm,,Md!jn, oj(r l'c !r r.r esa da.u!5cd b!t.k. rrqt his r sn nLud

lG|(',h'n,'1ntni4rk

Making sore o Liberl Mlti.ult(ralish

he Formr o tiberal Mrlti.ulturalsm

or dey thcir cthnoolttral idcDtry'lhe statc accelts a. obLiSallon to a..ord re.ognilion and c.omnodaron t thc histo, lx.8!age, and culnonor domi.rt8rops, asitdoeslor lbe donnr. t SrouP lhird a mrltic tural state a.knowlcdges the historic iriustice thal was doDe ro minority/non domnt 8roup5 Lry thsc Pol.ier of 11{nlrrin xnr exchbior, ad nrinilsts wllinSress o oflir some tt ol rcmedy or

rccriicatn turllcm. Tlcse thr.c int.rco.neded idcas icpudiatin8 thc ide! of thc stalc a5 LrclonSing to th dominan groupr rcPticing asstnila(ionist nd crtlu sioniry natntsbuilding I'oli.is with Poli.ies.f rccoSniuon and a.com nodatjo.; and ckostedSn8 hisloic rj\h.. ard olleng cnds tor it arecomnor tovi(oalya real Nolld stuSljlcs lr 1uti.ulturathn'

to suslai lhcmschcsas disti..t socities Considcr tl[ coDstitio.al armation otAbolignr.l rigbl\ in ihr 1']82 Canadi Constitrn, a.)n8 wh the atrlishncnt .1 a irnd ctiinr

llowevcr,lh. hasbccna drnirtic cve\al in lhese poli.les, startinS in 1970s. Toda ll oI thr .ounties I jstentioncd c.ct)t, ar le.st nr fnn.jplc, the ide. th.l indigcnous t)ropls{illexis inlo lhc n.onnite lufure as disti.t socictics within the lar8r (nmtr and .t ttey mu have lhe land cl.inr, cullurnl riglrts, arxl seif ljoveflrmcrt .ights, nee.ler
hecaly

.onnssnrn and tle sig.ng ol new treaties; lhc r.vival of ealy rights thro8h the Treaty of Waitang n Nee Zealand; th. ..o8nition ol land
rigbts fo^bori8inl in theMdo dccision; theceation olSanri ^urtaians Parlanents in Scandnavia, the evol(tion ot'Hon ue'for tbe l.uit of Geenlard; and the laws ind cout cascs upholding self dctnntion riShts fo1 nerican l.dian lribcs. Ir xll of thes counftcs th.c is a gradual bt tlil ptoces oldecoonizatiod tknr8 lrjaG, !s indgcnous lFo ples rgan rights cgardng lhcir lan, lcld nors, and sell Sorcnnenr
I willcall lhis i slilt lowadsi orc lnultdtur i I' ipproich, ilthouSh lhis t is .ot typically rd by trliSenous pcoplcs cns.lves, who pcr thc ternnrology of lef deteninaton, lleaty rights, and aborig nlity o. indiilenet, fo rea5ons explored in Chapter 7. My co le.guc Keith Eantins and I have developed . 'Multiculturalism ftnicy ldcx,

Varitie5 of Libral Multicultural5m

Tlese points

ofconmonality r voy abslract, dd as soon as we look at tlc dclails of spc.il. countiet, enonno(s diIIeences cmerge. rhe Prc.e way n which m rori(y grorrPt wnh tobc rccogniTed and accommodtcd, o to hai the hirtoric injftices anrc.dcd, vaes greaLll from country to .ouotry well as belveen diffcrcnt minoiti.s willin a single

diferent

fr lh.t multicultlalsn cn takc, bl for the purposes of llGtratbn, lrt nc tocus o thrcc gcneal tends withio wested dcnoc
(d)

It woutd be inpos5ibe to Prov(ie a.otrehensiv olervicw of the

which atlenpts lo neisure the cxlcnt of tlc siift (Banting ind (ynlicta 2006). w nst can up with a list ol spccih( anicies whi.h crn bc taken.s emblcnalicor rcprcs.ntati!. of the ncs nuliculturl approach. h rhc casc ol indigcnous p.pes, thi\ irt incudes lhc lollowng nine

ndirns.nd lnuit nr (nada, the Peofes ^boriSidal Maori ol Nes Zeaand, thc Sani of S.ndDavia, tlc of tbe ^ustralia, lnit of Crccrland, and l.diin trjbes in th Urited States. ld the Pas!
peopes,

Ltt\ctous Pco\tts

I\e

ntst irend con.crns lhe treatn.nt oI indiSnous

ich

as he

ecoSnition of nd .i8hts/ttle; (2) e(ognition of sef gov ment riShts; (3) uphokling historn: teatier and/or signing ncv tr.ati.s;

(l)

pcoples woul.i.vcnt(laiy disappcar as dhtnt co.unities, as i rcsull ofdying out, o toniflalje, o assimilatior. nunrb.r olPoicies wcrc ^ adopted ro specd up llis PrGe$, such as riPPing nldiSenous Peopl.s o thr r la nds, resticting e pract(e of thcir traditronal tultres, lanSuages, ndelgiors, a .lndcmjninSthnnslitutontof sclSovennent1

all ofthese.ounlrics hadthe sac 8oa and rpccralion drat ittdiScnous

(4) recogniionor.uha,ights (l.nguagc, hudttg/hslin8); 5) recognition of cuorary lat!,

(6) glarartces of rcprcscnration/..nshatbn

in the central govunot thc disth.t statut ol

{7) cnstihrtiona o legislative armaton

nrdigenos popes,

(8)
(9)

\uuot/atil.atun fo nte.natjonal inslrunrcdts or rli8enous afflnilivc acljon for (hc ncntrcd ol ndiger.us communities.

Maling5cn\eof Liber.l Multi.luhlkm Wc er atttrIptcd to i(eniily wlich of thcse Poh:es wee ! foce n which weste demo.acies ii the Pid 1980 b 2000, ind od lhat baiii placcd counties in ore of thrcc cte8ori.s: tlose tt had dcchvey shiftcd lowaftis a dulliculnra aPpr@chi bv idopting sir or more of tlre rn. Poicies; tlose that hdd ade tlorc modest but still siSDih.ant shilt, by adoPring betwen tlre:nd liv. he nnr. poli.ics; ind tsc th.r had bicly slifted in t1 dire.tion if . a with two o. lewe oi these Poli.ics. Of the rnc westedr dcdoicie! with ndigcnous peoPlcs, we concudcd rat ft)ur could be cat.Sorized as stongly multnuhrral (Canada, DcrD.rk, Nw Ze.land, Unitcd Slaet)' thrcc wcre modstly nuti.ltural (Aostraia, Iland, NoMy), a.d only -lhh is admittedv r.the. two had barely ntiltcd UaPrn, Swcdetr).5 crudc wy of trying to eilre the cxtent o which westen deocra (ie\ have adopted tlorc muiculturai apploach lc8irdin6 indiScnols
poples, bl

hc Formr o

Libral

Mtrlti.uin'rlno

regnha sell governDent, and cn.ouraAin,l members oi thc dorrinan 8oup to 5elte in lle noity gronp's homeland in an ellod ro otrrrrum ber tht mxrity even in iti tradtionl tcrribry. Hseve, there his been a dra!ati. r.vesal in the way westod coun tnes dea with subate na lionaisnN. To.lat all ol rhe countries I havc iusr dcrtned hav accepled lhc prin.i thar suhnr ntional idcrtftier wi en{lure iolo lhe irdchnitc futrrre, and that theirscrsc ol.ittunhood and nationalisl aspirations nbt be aeommodated ii sonc wry or orher ]hh ac.onlnodatior hJs typirly taten lhe lorn oi what we can cilt 'multiDilion and ltilgul federairm': hat s, (.ating a feda o

qus ledeh rbrnt n whicl th. d(}nty8oup lons a local diority, and can lhcrcby ccr.isc eaoi8tu1 ormr ol scl!8ovcr.Dc.t.7 More over lhc group\ loga8e is typicay recognizcd s an f6.ia sre lan gi8., t lcast within thir feden subnil, and pcrratrs thoughou lhc
At the beginning ofthe twerlieti ccnhtry, o.lySwitrcraDd and Canada had dt)tcd this (rmbination of leiloria autodoy and ocia lan 8lje staiu\ o subsrak nrrionaL Sroups. Stu(c thn, however, virrrll all Western democracies rhat contain sircabe substate nationilist dovements h.ve moved iD ttis di.c.tion. Te ist in(ludes tle adoptio. of autonomy lor thc Swedirh'spekinr land lsands in Iinlnd afterWorld W.r l, a(tonony fr Sutl Ty(n and l,ue.to Rjco allcr Word Vla t, ldda utdrcmy fo aitaonia and tle Basqc Curtry n span n thc 1970s, f() Fnders in th 1980s, and most re.a.tly devourion ior S.otlrtrd and Waes in the r990s. Irded, fweresti(t our focus to sizciblc and tcritoillv rucentri led rati{u minodties, this trend is now csc.tilty universi in the Wc(. Sroups over 250,000 t1at h.v. d.rurstrated a desire Ior teriitori
autonomy or

it

does

livc

sorne indi.ation

of a widcspied f nclcn

(b) Substdtelni otiq ,/tDt,lisnr 'l he s.od trend.onccfls the teat lncnt of rubstte tationali gro(ps, such s the Quhcois ii Canad4 thc Scots an(l Wclsl r Bitai, lhc C"talans nd Basqes SPai,r, the Fl.mist r Be8iun, the Ceiln.jpcking mnorily in South Tyrol in Itlt and Pueto Ri.o i the UnitedStates.6 ln all of tlese.ases, wc lind a reSnrlly .orcentrtcd SrouP that...cives of its.l s, nati{}n within

alagest.te, and noLrilizcs behi nd nation.list Polii. paniestoachicve recogrition of its nationlood, either in the lom ofad indePenden rtare o. rh(r8h teritoia utodomy wit i thc lal8e rttc ln l he Fst, l Dl

d lo \Llf'r'\\ erpre$nrI with a se.se oi djstin.l a thret to te stat, plting into qucion the ntionhood war sccn as al ot its erdtory a.d poPulatin Vrous strc's egitimate right to ^re ciorts were nadc lo elode any snsc of<ltin.t nlionhood, Dftcn usjnS the sne toob tht were ud gilrst hdi8e.os PeoPles nt cam ple, rerictlg minriry language ights, abolishg taditiona fdn o
'

i ur'rri

\ hd\r

dr . rr'Pr,

oisubstrt nationiljtm

T() havc a regjona Sroup

^ll

isred d6c

scfrs, nd de

onpli

i3and(}trjickJ2m6:ch]p2'
6
theY dnPhy

dc enrift .onnry, but mat.d qGsi.Lneral rorns o1 Ernbni iu rnd wrlcs a imia qudicdsar aLno t iie exir lir ibc s ccrnab h so'h )ior. aid or r tu qui r{e.rr forft of auiononr. x
aronr
y

' lo spaiq tclsim, aamd, anJ rwn,lnrn4 krnonr don'dl,ycnrbnlnil

a n.tinl'(o

ideBl hcr', rldrou8i

or

inflrt

ro

other lcrleal synsns w

as

8o!en'rert, ru

thc.on
ubuns was dNSned

b( ,r (u . vturly er dhd toni nn,on'v tn thc rtj) and.lcblrr$Jge noj Har i:derliTntion d nn!tr sultn noi lk. pa ol thci
loms
or

rl

lcdsatm,

tynlickr 20iI, chap

Mling 5nre o Liberal MulLitulturrlkm

h Frm(nf I iherl Mlr i.ln,rrlkm wcllas m.ny smalle gro!

Ps

autdomy now hnve it in thc we,

as

as

('h

rrtionrl
has

thc German .inortv in Bclsium) This, then, is the se.ntd r.lo treod: a shift from suPPrcssins lubite ntionalism\ to ..connodalinS thenr throuSh rcgiona eutonomv 'd the Wesleflr democraces with iiTeblc of6.ial lan8urg. i8hts. ^nodgst nioda mi noritics, onylrancc is an exc.Pton totiis trend in s retusal o llmt autonody to 1s nanr nrbsrate ntiorali\t SrouP in cosica livr here, however, jeSislation wb rccenty adoPLed to accord autdomy t() Corri., lthough this $as stru.k down by a contrcvcrsal ruing of the

gtuups is Grcccc, whrrc thc once size.blc Maccdo.ia. rno.ity row boen swrnpcd n its hadrional homeland.

Hcr. aSan, I Lll lhis i shilt towards a'nrullicull(.l ippoach to sbstat. national gops, allhog| this lerniolo$ is acly rs.d by cse groups thcrsclvcs, who prele the linguage of n.tio.hood, sclfdeterdination, fcderaisn, an,l powe slaring. To mcasr. thc ctcnt of th ir shift, lanti n8 and I idcrtiicd thc iouownrg six polici.s as .hltematn: ofa nutic lturalatlr.ht sulrltte nJtioDal gpsl
(
I

Conrtituliona Courl.

fedci I or quii federal territorial autonomt;

'e ac some othcr Potential .xcePtntrs No*he leand n diflont lo.ategize, since ctholics ae clcaly a nationa minorily, but rc not tcrritoially.oncentrtcd, and r thc mode ol !ultination idealisn s dor avaable- Iven hec, howevei wt see cear dovemrt in the dir'c tion of 8atr reco8. ti on of minoity !.tionaism N.th.r lrelandhas tuccntly adoPted a Pn. agteenent tlat exPlicitjy ac.ods Cahoics a
i

(2) oliriil lang(age status, eithe. in the reSion or nitioDilly; (:) ruaanteer of reprcscntation n tlc ce!lral goverxn.!t or od.onstitutiona .uts;

(4) pblicftrndnSorminoitylanguageunive15jties/sclools/meda; (5) constituDdl or prrliarc.try if 6nation of !ultintio.alirnf

;

nunrbe ofguarantes in terms of rePresentatoni i.da.knowledges thcir i.icn(iicatd wth co natonils in hand AnotheL corplicated .sc is the Nethlands, whee thc sizeabe Frisia minoity 4.!s teitoriil iutonomy o1 58!incant lanS8c rights' lthough thjs is lrgely bca6c (vtually alore amongst such sizeabe natida ninoitissn the West) thcgroulhs not in fact mobiizedalonS ntionait iines to acqire such ights lt s not clearthtthc Nethelnds 3 woudrei{t such.ains ifceny suPported by n6t lhians .nly country that rcmants Amon8st Westem .otnties, PerPs the shongly an.l idcologicay opPosd t th. oi.il rccognitod ol substate
ih.ml{rlcRn lroniof vie, roc
hisb o!r5 o LpPon

(lj) a..ording international p6oDaity (e.9. allo$n8 the sbsLate region to sit oD irterrationa bqlies, o sign treatiei, o have then wd olympic lem). Oftheetever W.sttr dcdocracies lh.t conlair sizcablc natioral niinori ties (ove. 100,000 pcoplc), we concl(ded thit eiSht hail ovcd n this diecion, hve ol thc'n strongl-v, nd thrcc ol thcm morc no<lcstlt rh.
sl

rongy mo lticultua ('untries i Belgi, Cinxd,

Switzrlind; the modestly rnulti.ultrJl .ountrics ac ltj, the United Kitgdon, and the Unted Stater, whie the three hold{)uts ae fan.e, Grcccc, andJapan. Eere ignn, we 5e a cea tend, but with inrpotanl
vaiations

[nt

d, Spanr, dnd

its dcplh o scope.

diN
,

rtu{r.d or ttui,pL ,n ;onrindilv -nL\ r !r -nfrr i r '''''h ,'d .1'; ;A

" n.iiDlin oni.s;cs,

ork'to;l onodt e

kf l-ljticrnJ

havclcnneropo,
or

lor!'r

tho i.

-."'''r'''
h*;d,hi-'-"r ',
Lh

,.,"

',, ""i f. nh J r,;.rrh

"!Fn.' -.;i,* r r' .,. "* 'ddon\ u; h- b..n,r.5{.'r a,-" t eioiil utono an orfidir
'
rrngasc

rpi

b.* o r-.--.0*

ttur

k) Inignnt yo ls A thnd trend concerns the treatment ol imniSrant goups. Hhtoricallt the nost importani'.ountries ol immigation' (.e. usialia, Canada, New 7eaand, and the ltnited States) had a. a$imilatiorist ppro.h ro innri8ratio.. lmmigrant5 wee encouraSed and xF.ted toa\siniat tothc pre dis8socieg" wilh the hopc lhal ovcr time thy woud becon rdntn8Ghblc 1o! ntivc Lo) citizc.s nr their speech, dresi, reoeatiod, voting Pittcrns, idd wy oflife 8tn(lyArygroups lhatwere seen a5 incapable ofthis srt of.lhrral assitriatnD wcfu prohibjtcd from emgrating in the 66t place, o from be.ominS and citizcns. Thh wis eflected in aws tht ex.uded ^fn!n\ ^sians hoh e.tcrng thcsc conlries of imnjgation for much ()l the twentieth centu.y, o fiom dtalizng.

Ma*ing sns f Liberal Multi(ltulish srce lhc late 1960s, howcvcr, we have seen a dramhc (.hangr in this approach. Thr we.e two rclated.hanges: lrst, tlrc doprion ot race reutal adissions .tteria, so th1 immiSrans lo thcsc counrrie5 are inoeingiy fin n.n l,uropen (nd often non Chrisrin) sEiet'es; and second, thc adopti{}n of a norc !ulticutu ral' conccptin of intesEtion, one which cxpc.ts that many imnigrantt will visiblyand lroudlv exprcss thr rlhni. identity, and {hi.h a..epts an obligitid on lc parl of publc rstiftn r (ke thc poliG, s.hooh, nrcdia, mu\eums, crc. to accoodte these ethni. idnties. Thcsc twoldd chaag.s havr rxrtred, lo rrynr8 deg.ees, n aI of th thdlional contiei o immgratid. oi tlc hav. shired Iiom dis ^ mnitory to .a ne(lral admisrions and Datratizatbn poli.ics. ,{ d al oi thm have shiltcd fom an ,ssriltionist ro a more nuhicultua concPton oI inte8ralion. Tee are imlDntdfferences ir howoil{:irl or forhal this shIt ro rruticulturalis has been. tn Carada, ^usrrllia, ind New Zealand, this rhift was nri.ked by the decaratior of aD o .ial rltieltual policy by the ccnrra govenmenr. ut cvn in the U.tcd States, wc see stnilar .la.gcs on the g.ound. Ttc Unired States doer not havc xn ofida pollL-y of trulticulrurilsD ar the federa levcl, lrut if we l@k t lower levels f govenmetrl, such s srates or.ltics, we ole! lnd a boad mngc of m!riculttlisD poicies li wc lt t 5tate lcvcl plicies egardng the educalion .uiculm, for cxarpe, or citycvel poicies regardirg picng or h6pitls, we,l olrc tind thar hey arc indistirguishabc f()m the way provin.et aDd clics i. Canaila or Austli dea wlh ses df immigrant ethn.{!hrral divcrsity. n ^j Canad., they have lheir ow. diver sily progranner a nd/o equity o.e. As Nathan Cl.zcr puts it,'we aeall mlticulruralists now,(Cta?et ]'s97), ilthouSh this pcrlaps u.dertatcs thc .)nsidelalrle variation a.oss crics and stats ir th. US ther conriitmen ro mllriclturalitm policics.e

he rormt o Libral Multi.ulturli(m the 5anc lwofdd .hangeadopti.,j race neulral dmissions rd nar uizilio. Ifutn:ies, and inposnrS on putrllc rstirtions a durv io ccomnDdate nDigrant ethDocrlturl diverry altt)ough thc de8,ae and lodnil r..ogntion of lhc lttcr dranSe lary f.om country o
'j

j..
l
I

:]

l
I

l .l

but there g.oups {. nor admi(ed as pirt of a delibcrtc immigratn polcy. it lapp..s, even rome oI lhcsc .ountries halc dopted aspa,ts ^5 of a 'mulicllhtrl' atrprcach 1c.9. Swcdcn and le Nctte.nds). But in Scnera, rre lrend frn a\\imiation to nulti.!u"lis. n one that has taken tlace nosr strorgly wiihin cotrtis oi imni8ratnr
wha t arc the speci fic policics ttrat
eR

'is ftcdd pplir tlimariy to courtner ol inrnigdtion tharis,<nrn t.ies wh.I legaly idni nnig.nrs a5 pernancrt csidenrs nd iutur. (ltz.ns. ,{tron85t nr.h countries, the miin c.ephon ro 0is trend is r1in.c, slid retains an assnnirtionist conccptnr of lcdch republican cilizcnnip.i rt it i dirlc.t story hosrvc! ii thos co(dtri{s thai do not lcgally adn it i mnigra nts, su.h as nrosr coon lri6 of n olrhon tu.opc. 'lhesc .otrntier nay well .ontin arge numbcB of /oreignc6,, iD . tbrd ol iega econoi. nriSants, asyr sckes, or ,gutst wo!kes,,

and I id.rtid the lollowirg cighr poicies as re most emblcritc fornr oI irnmigrart nunculrL!ralis:

e(

rrs shift n appoach? Bnting

co!.on

j
.l
,1

Smilarlt

'rn through lh.ir'ce.elations'poli.y.rrrAll of tcsc.ounties hav. a..rpted

.llmi w hor
, s.i ale Joprrre
sbo not lrr beins Mreo .D rlt forehcrd or
2012,
rhe

in Britai!, whitc there is Do ntion-wide mlllrultut[)olicy, ny of the saoc basi. ideas ard prh.iples are pu6rr1
n
t Uoppkc 2002: 2r0). l]prrs hc tunr$

l
I I
tri

(1) .orsttuma, lrgisiative, o pa.lianerraiy f6trtion of nuti.ul turaism, atthe.cnha add/o egjonl and duri(ipil levcls; (2) the adottior ol ultnulhraism in schol orncula;r, (3) the ircusion olctlnic epresentatio./sensitivity i th. nanditeof public rc.lia or nedia icensng; (al ieDptioos fm dre$ codcs, Surdy cosrg lcgisttbn erc. (cither Lry statreor hy coud cisct; (5) illowing dual citizchipj (6) he ftrnding otethnicgroup oSanizaions to supFrt cutruril a.tiv

thc poplra i'4nRrion.

nll''n']o'''l''' For n m

i
. 1

'hrr

''c t!\on il

ihev werc in

l].r

ke^ {r flr !t or prpn! than bs n' 6duny), on thc sn\io

'['\'lU'L]''i''tr| b rcrd

ro iheir

.l
.i
.i

.onD.daL!(htri.dj!c't-vas

ul!ln'n !oli.i$

. poi.is l

;l
71

Mdking Snre o Liberal Multiculluralih

h rm( f I ih?rl

Mu

lri.ulturlkm

(7) th.lundn8 ofbiingua cducation or motheFtonguc ins(ructnni (8) af6rratile aclion fo disadv.ntagcd immiSant 8ruPs.13

th lradlional Nes wodd co(nt.ies of inmiSration, it h.s bcen arSely reectcd chewhe.e, and thc aie seveal hiShrrohle cas.s oI a '.etreat'

tenrpted t(r detcdc which countries hid lled in drt dectnD oi these poli.ies, cithcr ro.8ly (by adoPtrg six o nore of the eiSht policies), o. modestly (by adoPtn8 the to ilvc ol lh eiSht poli.jet. By or c.lcuhtut, all four ol lhe traditntl .ountrics ol rmi$a )n hv. nade this shiit, <r skor8ly (^srralir, canada) and otrers nn)destly (N.w Zealand, Unted Stalcs). lowvr, if wc looli bcyond there trdition.l im n i8ratnn .ou.iri.s, th remaining sevcnteen western de oacics in our stlrly off.r a dilcrent Pictrre. Ol thcse, none

tlo

fro! ricuturaisni, to which will rn. n tle nxtcrapter

In onc scnse, it \xuld not be surpisin8 that th. idca oI muiticulha n 1r mi8lin conx.rnilics has not take root oolside the traditiona ontrics oI immigation. Alt aI, the nlea f adoptng a nntltialhral con.ettnr ol cilizenship prcsupposcs hat the nw.od.s alc iD lact 'citizns, rathcr lhan !implv 'Sursts', 'vistos', or 'f.rcign{J. \tt tlis is plccisely siat llas contelted in many .ounlres of rr)nhrental [,uroPc, lntil re.rty As I ooted eanier, posl wi1 ni8ants t lrpe w.rc nol llp(y admitlcd as Petrrancnt rcsidents and tun'n' .ili/.ns rlnder n cxplicit nnriSration policy. {athrr, thcy entered und(. r vari.ty ol orher n) guiscs. Some nigants entred a .untry illeSaly (e 8. Nonh

st!n8ly tow.rds nutiotualist, and only four hatc nade a rodcsr shift (Ilelgirn, Thc Nelheran<s, swcdcn, Uni(ed Kingdot, whic thc va majority havc csscntally resisted th. trend (Astra, Dertrk, Innnd,lranc, Cetr n Grc.ce, Ileland, lta laPrn, NoNay,lbr.ugal,
hs slr ifted

So thr shjtt to trNlticultlralisrn i. tlit .ontcxt is obouslt rtoru cootestcd an in the .ase f indig.nous Peo|les or mbstale natjonalist l,av ,.1. erhc i 8roups. Whc.eas tlre majoity f W.stn courtie\ decsive or mo.lcst shift towads a mltiddtral aPt(a.h lor thc'old' inoritie5, the evidcncc is moe mixed f nD8rant 8oul. Whilc cre is clei tend towards a more nnnlnultral aPPo.ch in tle casc ol

nis pcoplc \is{ J Plo-immjsnon Po asumpriorliionlya m.y th

adnijns ra4e nmhc or

6dnl|udnsaninthpali.ybily would volntrdlv ni8lin trnv r

^tsi.rns Italy), olhetras riylun s.eker5 (e.9. (sovis n switzerland), andyetoth' cs s udcnts o rSuc worle6' who eno{cd (or overlayed) their nitial visa (e.8. rurkJ inCennany). Whcn thel enteed thc cotrnlry lhesePeoPle werc not .on.eived or as l(lture citiTDs, or cltn .s lonS term re\nlents, and dccd lhey wodnot lave leen allowd to.nt.1in lhe l6tPlace if thy had bccd sen as lFrrrxdcnt rcsfteDtt aDd tutr. citizcos. However, wharevcrtlc inilial expe.tdtio.s ard oilcial rules, thcyhalc seltled more or le$ pemanc.tll. ln pincne, and lo some extent n p.cticc, some of rhese mSrants ray ice the tlret ofdcportation ifthey ar. detectd by thc authorities, or if rhey are convnted of a cioe. But thy nonthelcss foxn sizeLre (rnnuiLies iD certai. .onlries, enga8e in todte fon ot enployment, Ie8l or ilLeSI, and narry and lrt familier' Borrown8 a tr lom Alcient Grccce, Waze..ah thcsc grouPs 'nretics' that s, &

or noc ope rds: they ar happr rhc porr{lon, bt lmplYoPPo

mulurxlb.rii. is..mpd. sonc

r
]i

fltr id. o gr

cr

cd d ra(rl divc6itt
is

Iar. longcd

esiderts who are no.ethcltss cxcluded from te Plis

dircrig ih.nsh

n.rr!alrso
ui
were

po Iitr

inilglhelu!'l.n.wjnr.ig
il,c hedins o inc

uthlttriri! lolris
iulnm

anor3 ltudirns deFt.deri on nrdt

(latioot

pd

nr

of J pJ.ra,re which drc sore

noli.tr

adopld in rh. rtToslun{icr

do

imnigna
to

i8i8Jtin ms

fo' ll! (].ihhcm

sccn as

undcnnrnu

,e

.n.s

sprr

tn or u (rd. 200s), 'hn d witb crnnr, sen ir.4h Llr. dmc I

c*c ro rdn'ii

8rops move out f oe categoy of te Porary foeiSners a d toft nto the categoy lPcrnaneDt etideDts and citizens,! $h.h is ind.e. what dany ol there lrorps have souSht. lut tlis las not been an esy tr.ns hod to rake. Some.ontrics have no stablish.d Prdess or infrastru.ttrc fo egrating immiSants, and so e5irt accePting lhat they are now /e td.t, 'cou.lries of nrnigration'. Morover, n.y ol ese neti6 have

]e

is\ue of adopting multiculLurallsm can ba.ely arisc until sucr

tF (lonnly)
n'3ees, nd

p{Pl.

rmisrans o

'r ^r d.kn in

n.

12, J

ro'r

r p

r.ountryofoligin,Ful

be ttmmt o nrmgani soupr cishr Pol(jer iiln bovc

1 r'.dr! ',1 ..'r'.^. {

r.3'r'o'
75

Matng sens of bral Multi.ulturalism eithe brcken the w b ente the coun try (ilegal imtn8rao ts), or irc sccn as reneging on their promise to ret n io their .u ntry ol oriSin (studcnls, gu.srworkes, asylutu-see(e6), and !o are not viewed as wolthl of citj

Th rmr Libral Mult.ulturalism

as le8 m miSradts, and areallowed to folow thc nnnigr.rt path to lcgra(io!.ln somecses, this i.tegralion pro.ess has ben revised n ore 'mutiotu.il' dirc.tion Sweden a Prooincnt case, declaing 2006 lo br 'the lar of Mltciiuralism-thouSh this remans umrmton oulside the traditional co(nlries o immiSation

if thcyhad initiauyarivcd

zendip. Moreove, counti5 with no adjtion of accepting newcomeLs e often nbr xenophobi., and Uone to e{ all rorcignetr as pote.tial secutythreats,orarpotentialydisloyal,orsinpb'isuDalto.bly'alien'. ln these countris, ofwhich Aushi! and Switzcrland arc rhc bcsrknown exanples, the oltcal poli.y has nol bccd to try to tcgrtc tics into he natonal commu.ity, buL lo 8ct trn to lcvc u.ountrt either through expulsion or votuntary re((n. I! do.I, tbc bopc ws lhal iI ntics wele denied ctizenship, so lha( th.y only hd pre.aios legrl

hree Key Features o Liberal Multiculturalism

tn rlaon to irdiSenous peopl.s, tbstate natidtl SrouPs, and iinnl g.ant\, th.n, rh hs bcen r shift away from histi. poli.ics oI issl ation o..Iion towardt a nxr tlticultural aPProa.h thit rc.ogrizcs we sill se in I'at IlI, ea.h of thcsc and accomsodatcs dvelsity shaPd encrSitg jnternrtionl nonni_ rcnds ha5, b vryir8 degreer,^s
most stron8ly nr the case ol indi8enous pcoples, moe nodestly rcgrd'rr8

.tus witr tle country and ifthcy wcre told r.pctedly that thei real homc was in rhcir contry of orig, d tht th.y we.e not wanted as ncnlrcrs of thc socicty, thc. thy woukl eventuallv go home. B(l it is ircrcasir8ly rccoS.izcd tht this ppoa( h ii not viblc. Metics who havc livcd ir a courlry lor several veas a unlikly to go home, even lley lave only a pccarious logl sttus. This ii prclly true il lhc nclics harc naticd Dd had childen in the a.topted .ountr_a At this pont, it is thir.ew .ountt not their contry of or8n, ricl ha5 be.oe thi'hme'. Indeed, t may be the only home til tle nrctic children and Bandchiden know Once tley have setUcd, lorndcd a fam, and staned EirinS thei childrcn, nothing shon of cxplsion is I'teh r gpl mpr r \ ro rel.'r '' ro 11.." . uL4lrr ol or i8i .
polry based on the hopc ol voluntay rctun is n.reaistic. Morcovei itendaDge.s the largcr s(ictl. lor the l ik.ly rsujt{)fs.h a DIl j lo.calc a pcnancntly dherfr.chsrd, alienated, and acjay or ethni clly dcncd udd.rclass. Mtics y develop an oppositionilsubculture in whi.h tbe very ide i tu.suin! success n miinstrcan inlluons is
So a

sbate national 8ro!ps, anil quite minimally rbr imm!8ant !mps. varioui aspe.rs oL lhis shft {il b cxPlored thii)ughor he volltrc, bul Ior our nnediate prposes, thee Pots are woftl hitjhi8ht8, in ordcr to tb.esrall risu.dcslaDdin8fist, aboul th diffeent cte8.ries ofdrnoites; seond, bo!t lhc contentofthc riShts lhtneac(oled t() tes. iorities; nd thd, abot the elationship bclween multicut r alism r.l nation buidr8. lst, ar thn biiei aNey suggests, libca I mulin:ultuilisd i th.wesl is
highy 8rpdiftrertiated, or to se the termnol)gy I irtrodccd crier, it s hiSh Iy 'targetcd'. Lbea mhi.nlturalism Sua.ants..rtn! gcdcric minorityri8hts t all cthnoculrua goPs, bul talso elabtes a ru.bcr oftargeled <ategorics oi riroity rights. Thc prccne cateSories diffr fronl con.lrl lo.ountry but thty tyPiciyfal Drhcs.mebasjc Patten The mo.onmon d!stinctid is bctneed 'old' tri dorilics, whowerc se11edor th. tritoy pior to it bc.onring Part of larg indeFndent court d'ncw'minoities, who were adnittcd to a.ountry a! imniSa ts aft it a.hieved le8a indcPc.dence. But within the ate8ory o'ol.' Dinoiti.s, luther din.tion is lypicay dwn bctwecn 'irdi8eno!6' ,n1inl miniti.s' or groups and othd histoic mriti.s, otlen caed Wc see lhi\ basi. tieclold Patter n se!'eral we\ten demo.ra.ics. Inand, Io! exanplc, c.ords diften righls to the sami, as n nxliSc nus peope, thn to the swedes, wLo arc a tFditirral $_bord$ nrtiona 1 !inoitt and both oI these 'oU dnorlie have a di ffernt sct o rnnrity rights fom thos. ol'nr$ nnontes' cstablishe{ though r(cI

can ivorc sor. of poliii.l lienation, ciminat, and religio(r lu.danentilism nongsr the dretia, paicullv the second generatjoD, rvhicl ni tn leds kr in.r.td racial tensns, evn violen.e, rLouglool lhc socicty. loavoidthis, there s an rcreaslng lr.nd Wes lcin .loio.racnrs, ev.n vwed

$ith rurticon.'lhe predjctable.oDscq(enccs

mixh

in .on immigraot couDlries, to enabl. mrtj.s to (8lrize thei

5tius

rd to naluraizc. Asylunr scckcB rhose rfu8e clinr are a.cepted re Sranled pernincnl icsjdc.cc .d ..4s to citizenrhif, and no reqied 1o eld io lleir countrt'of ori8in .vcn shen the dange of irdseirion has pisscd. Grcst worLs wbo hve renewd (or.ve$tryed) hri vjsa a'e oit.n ablc togah pcnrnertt esnen.:e leiod ic amnesties areolhrcd lor illega trigrants. i effct, n)nB-settled neics are nrceasngly rcalci is

Mnling Sn3 o tibrl Multiolturalitm migration. Sinialy, I)enmark distinguishes rhe nghrs ol rhc ndignu\ lrnrit id Genland from te dghts of the (co$ border) cmn nariona minority, nd distn8ui5hes both ol these fron the righrs of ncy nni8rants.L5 Cnada distingujshes the iglrs of the indigenous Alrorignat peopl.s (lddians, nuit, and Mtis) Iiln those ol rhe historic lrnch .oonial s.ttlers of New lraD.e (Quebcl whose preser.e predted the British .oloniTaioo of Noh Aerica, and dhtingushcs both ofthei," old nnbities from the nrlticttural rights accordcd (octl!i.8roup5 ornc{l L,y nmig.ation lo thc.oudt.y. ln the Unit.d Stitcs, i.digenous lndiin tribs have a di{fererl lcgal stals fron the histori. Sfanisb coLonial scttlcetof Puero lcoconqured bythe Americars in 1898, and borh of thes ae dtinguiscd ftom the lesal status accorded ro immiSrant
Ot cou6c, not all counies hive all thr.e types of erhnoc!rurl dncr, nd NcwZealand, fo cratuple, have both indigcnous p(l ples nd imrnigrint ethnic goups, but no sblhte n.lionalist groupt. Belgium, Switzcrland, Spain, and B.itaid, by .ontrasl aU havc issucs f slbstatc lati.lism and immigration, but no nrdigeous pcoples. In al ofbesc c$s, howeve, the famc{ork oflbeai nutic1trlisft .emains gorp-ditrerentiated. llr.in, for dmpe, dist'nglishcs the igbrt of its listori. sbstate 'n a t'or (rhcS.ots, Welsh, and lrish) froh its imnigFnr

The Formr of tibrl

Multi.ultrlirm

aong tle diiierent (Fckl. cou.try .n b. a trail-blazer n ooe modc of m(ltic(talism wlilc a old ot i. nothe. Ior example, coDparcd to its Nordic neighbours, Swden has be. unrsully suppotive ofmulticul hrilism i imnigrants, b(t uduaLly resist.t t lad claims.nd scll SoveLnmen riglls lor tle ndiSc.ous Sari. Switze.lnd hasbeen a nodcl tor thc ac.omnodation of substte .ltionl minortier tlrrough olcial langu.gc rights rd rcgirl aukrnomy, but has been perhaps the most cclusioury.ou try in Eu.pe in its nratment ol imnignnts. Coties .. bc advrn.inE ar8 one tra.k, rvhe reheating.lodg noth.r. It ii quite surpisdtj how littl inteaction o spilole therc is trtwoen

titl. Auraiia

thcsc difterent policy tracks. when the vaious rugglcs ior ul ^nd ti.lturalism do rteract, they ar as likely to con0ict as to copcre. lmmiSans, .ationa minorites, .nd irdigenous p@plcs Duy all seek to chalenge lhe hstorc subordinatiod to ihc donnt gnp, but they don't ne.cssarily rpport cach ot.r's srugglcs. InmiSaDts mav not isurctirly spport dcmands by indigenous pi)ples aud rbsrac nalonal Sroups for Sreater sef 8ov(n.cnt, and these l)istoric minorjues id tn nay not itnctivcly support domnds by iighnt groups tr rulticullural citizc.ship (Medda-Wnli\cher 2004). Libeal multicrlruialhdras ithas cvolvcdn the Wst is the out.lme of mutple slr(ggl.sby diffeeot typls of thnoeltual groups, mobiizing aong ditocnt leg and administative hckt, nd not a silge unilied struggle ir the nhe We ci.not hope to undedtand lhc thcoiy and prcti. of libea mutjculturalisn without coming ro Srips with ls tarSct.d or Sroupdiflecntiiled characte. Any altempt to artiolatc libcnl multidltualism as iI it wccp(lcll a naltcr ofgcncri. ri.ority dghts isdored to failure. Th. ogi. ol ibcral uti.ultrtrlistr cannot be cpturd i. the form 'all dnoitit hvc a riEht to X' o'all pe6onr belongin8 to minorites have a ri8ht to x' l)ifferent tyres of minorites rave lought lor, and 8ined, different \?es of hinority rightu, and thh group differentiatcd largetng both ro undestnndng he challenges volved in adoptirg liberl nultculluralism and to evaluag its rcccsscs and ftnititi6 to date. Unfotrnatcly, as wc wiu sce i Prr tI], n.mtinrl ganzations, to r.asoDs ol botb prncipc and .p.dien.y, hvc ld dif6.ulty ackowl cdgirg tle ta.ted Dahrre of liberl ftnltioltu.alish.
s key

clhent of targeted rirority .i8hts. Morcver, this rargeted ehmcnt n tot marnal or pcripherl- On the contrry, the entire inlnsttucte i libera mltddttrlis is often built around it. ln most corntries, the djfferell 1o.ns f ethno.ulturrl divesity ar g{rvened by different pi<es ol legislation, which lre admnisted bv diferent govcr.nent depart ncdti, usinS differenl concpts aDd principlcs. Indignous popLcs, sbate ntiorali$groups, and inrnig.anrs all form lhcirown polcy,rracks,, .d one of the most sfuiking aspecrs oI liberat nltictualism in thc
Wst is how separatc these tar8eted rracts are liom each orhct dini\tahvey.nd lcglly.16 Contries can an.l do inove at very diiret Teds

Indeed, l1n not aware of any WeslQn dco..y that rcies soicly o. 8eric minorty riShts t 8vem its ethneultrl divesty, witot ny

UJ's'a']''dlgr''.''n.n''nJ ,.!.n ro uldl'.n d'r)

7A

nuli.drulnD,. te.nit, irs

and rle nnr n&pn ured n

\rr.mh

Id;,r,.aJrr.

irandp.*iQr :ep

itj.i (r

Makinq 5en5e of tibcrl Multiolturalkm

Th

foms of

Libera I M u lticultura lism

'lhe secodd key poinl I wanl lo emphasize concerns tlre.o.tcnt ol the nrinoiiy riShts fomd withn wcsln libela multi.utratisn. Mary coodcnttod dhc(ss mulicultualisn as if it wer. pDarily loclscd on issr6 of syrbolic reco8oilion, and hence disonDected frot issucs
reSdrdinS Ore distibulion ol marerial resourcet or politic powc. Il is for ea!ple,lo say llal multi.ulturai\m rcfler1s'tl)e Politic ol rccogDi&ri/ as opposed to lhc'poliics ol rcdistribution',7 o to say tht it pusuer'the pol itn:s of idc.tity as opposcd to the'poltics of n'teestJ.

(ornor,

i gnuine nkring of powe-r\ we as givin6 non domianl enhrn.ed a(ess to stare institutions. Sroups 'his ikrg f id.rtitics nd intrsts sithnr rrultnrturalsm policics \hold not suruise us, s.e it mors the way identities and irtercs a inked in the mtiurbnildng policis to which ruriclhnalsD is a espnse State nalbukiin8 is not iust about e.o8nizing a parlicular maiorif denity althou8h i s indeed .n exnmpl.ld, .x.tlLrd of tlrc 'polilcs o identiry' but aso bout bolding publc insli((tions arurd
.lose to
Lhat idcntily, so lhat it beconres a sorce oleconomic oppo rnity, polr .ai powcf, aDd so.ial prestiSe ,ibeal mulliculuralisn has thc s rc ispiralion lo iDk identries and inrerests. ll not only iccoSnizcs IrF ticular mnority idenlities, tl sccti lo tra!orn llc ccononi. opxtr-

lhese d5tindtuns bctwce. lccogniton

.nd tdistribution',

between'lntties'nd'irturcsts', rc usclul lo! some aDaltrtjc puxrss. But i siould he clcar tht libc l tulticlturaisD is it has evoved lbe west is not .ertictd t() quenions of sl'nbolic r(ogntion o! i.lenIity politcs. l.ibea mutn:ultrlisn aso ddrcsscs is'es ol Powe and rcsor.es. Ihis it pati.uarly dear in eation to datioral miorities and
indigenou5 peopes, whcre states hve l)cr rcstrlcttcd 1o create new poili.al !nits tha enable nnrity selflovernncnt. In relation to lhese uroups, wen dcntr{r.ib have oved awa_v lonr older modei o unilary, ccntraized natn strts, a.d rcpuditcd olddidologics o'one statc, onc nalion, oie langra8e' 'lidalr vtuaUy ll Wcstco statcs lial ntrir diScnous peopes and nrbstat ntional 8(rlx havc bccont

turitics, poliri.a pows,

ind

social sia(us alailablc to bcra6 of that

1nltialion'stalcs, r.cognzing thexntenceof self-Sovemn8!peope

r'dr or. srrl,ir'l.bou rd,"'. or lhp'l,,lc Il'\ rF.i,r" lr{' r''b 'n'l le\ted tr a ra.8c ofnnorilyand indigcnous rights hat rnclude egnrral autonnt, rnd ofhcial lanSagc status for nilional minoritjes, and cus krmrry law, and daors, Dd sll govcrnmcnt l irdiScno(s peopls. ln the Qsc of nng.ants, the.hr8cs dy bc lcss obvious, since we do nol see lre same tyl ()f devohi{r o fcd.rlization ol atc powcr if sc etun to tlre list of i Lo niiorily controled I'olitn?lu.its grar mrltic!lloralism policies in the 'rt (see p. 7:l ahrve), sev.ral r. wes intc.dcd to erh.n(e access rostae poser, publn:\eM.es, nd e(romi. opportunirles. lhese in(lrl afimative a.ion toli.er, n(hnlsnr fo political parlicipirion an.l.onsrlration, and the dvekrJnrt of helth carc and so.lal scr.c delivey nrodeh lhat are adapted to the needs of Takr tolethcr, thcsr hcnds (pcscnt a draa 11. lia !s1b!a lion

Thc prccisc wats nr wh.h 'recognition' and 'rcdhtributior', o 'i.len tity' ddd 'intlrests', rre cobned vries Iiod on. nticltuals'n pony to a.otlcr, and iom one Sroup 10 anothcl. tl i('s a oris(.le to tpat nultnulhnlisdr as pr.ly. natt.r ol synboljc rccognithn, it {oukl e!uallybe r mistkc to trct it as lfuey dnguis.d nt ofrl$ poitcs. whie it is.omnn ft oinoritirs to ruffcr snnultarcobll, om polili cal, e(onomc, and .ultual cx.h6nn, tho inks between these dlcn( lorms ol exclsion ae (omfiex, and mulli.uturli5m policies traci< lhir sonc goups, lkc indgenous pcoplcs, arc dispropollionalcll' .oncen' trtd vlicrablc ccononi. posions, pollically rargiraizcd, and

ir

(he

relatnshit hetllccr rttes rdd rtltni. 8r!ps. Thcsc ch.ngcs irc Dol prely ioken ort) drti.. On the cntry, they otcn nvosc a siSdilQnl rediriLrutrn ol e.ononic rcsou(cs r'rd politcal pow( soclhiig

sr )iect to d.rcadn8 oi silcn.irg cltural rctrcscntalio.s- i d their .lannr addcss tlcsc dhltiplc iorrs of slbordnrtion. 3ut there e othe. 8rcups thr .orin .arlturl ard tx ti.al c.Isnt $itl' e.onomic privjlege srrikin8 exanpe il (iinese minoiier in South-ln5t Asan counis lrch as liesia, Maay5ia, 'hippines, o Thairnd ln ea. of hese (ontres, th Chines. dnbily nr i smll lreentaSe of the potuation, yet oft-"n owns a lalie [,art p.lirp! ven the doninant piL oI lhe onony. ln ndonesia, Ior eample, the Chnese minoriry lrs around 3 pr cent oI the poplilion, bur is esrjmared ro contol l0 t)cr.c.t {i lhe priva(. ccoron_v Yc(, despitc lhel ccononic priri kgs, th.y ryc lccd sioLr coltrat crclsions. Unril r.ccntlt', ChncrlarsraSe d..tio. was rcstriclcdr and it was lorbiddcd to pulrlish n Chncso, o to put Chincse .harnctcrs . op si8.s lr Tlrailind, t|c a:h!e, wee t)Asu..|t adopl Tlai ntr.ancs. Voc gcnlly, Chinese {{ps in rlp egnn re otcn stil d.lin.. xs 'ircigncrs' wlo do rot really

Mrling 5nre o Libcrl Mulholturalkm

bclong, cvc ifthey havebeen livingnr the..uny forgcnsalio.s; thcy arc iovisjble in the pbli. sphcr!, i.d exclude. hom sate sembots Jnd

Ihc Formt o

Lihra

Mrlti(ulturalkm

lhe .asc of ccoDoni.alI prvilegcd but crltrally rr8m.tizcd trads ay seem lilc a pc.rliariry o the 'cony capitalism' found in a(thoritaF
ian regnD.s (Chna 2003, Riggs 1994).

ut ihee

are

ant

cascs

withil the

^meiens, n.one, but are clltrally n)!.ginalized or stigna(ized. They are rypicalt)' tvisible in publc spacc, xcept wheo pcscDlcd id the nredia o Holy wood as lerrorists or rrli8i{ru\ fundanentalisis. Or cons'd. srlsrate narionalist dinodty ikc th CaLal.ds. Thcy njoy the sarnc a.dd of livn8 is thc nraoity in fact, somcwhl highr ycl thcy have suffercd from coltural cxclusn, as lrcii l.!!e and cultuic havc lreen igmatizd as i erio.by the maorily. Thry esent the way their langa8e and lraditions have been !argiralized by rhe cenkl 8ov ment, aDd havc nolrilzcd lir eSionalatronony (rr even
So ndr all olli.ulluralist claims nvotve . dc rnd tr ecooomic rcdistribution. But even thcs..aser, multiclralisn ir not pre1y 'synboic' it still .enlraly i.voves issues ol politicrl Bwer and repr. sntation (such as lhc catan demand ior aro^ony). 'lb be rrc, is fe wil see next.haptcr, the.e ae poitical actols wlo wouk like lo icd.e multiculurilism to ee symbojsn. l. drry .rses, polilical ctites and Sovernncnt olcals may havc hopcd nrl expeded that token efims woold bc suf6.ient. Thev nay l[ve hoped that it would bc enough to put a few wo.ds ol i i.oity lnguage on lhc sttc (renq,, for cradte, o to put an indigcous hisroic.l flgurc . a postage srrnp, and this would satisly aspirti()nr for 'tccognitnnf. Hoserer, what.vcr
the ong nil irt.ntion lgokrnmenl oliciah, rondomirant groups hvc

cablld Wesiern deno.raccs ofgn)upr thar re c!truralty stigmariTed without rfe'n8 e.ononic cr.lusnh. non ethf. cxarrtte i5 rhar ol 8ys rd lesbians in non Wcst demo.nci.s, who.njoy simiar pe capita l.vels of income or cdtr.atbn as hetero5ex!.h, bur are tarses oI hontkn)ia Sone wellcstal,lislled imrniginr or rclignnb 8i.mts, likc Aab cdioy higheFthan avel.8e lclcls ( ldu(aiion .nd

drinrralisn wil bc rvuatcd in Chapter 5. lrur (n !oB, tt[ ky poior is that mull&llalim s rmt irher.ntly alrout recognilio. ather rhan redislribuliodorid.titierrarlrerthaninreesrs thrsorrsofpoicieslisred r tlh.haptrr cut a.ross hcsc distincrions, addicsn8 les of lcgl rlghls, politic de(jon raLi.g, e.onom ic rcsors, and pubticsci.s. Indccd, thir is wbt, mulli.ult&lism in its various forms his bcc. jo contovrsial, hoth n the lvcst .d in the rest ol the wotd. wc.a.,t hp to nde6tand thcsc.o.trovesis il wc assune in idvan.c rht

used nollicrltural runrnh a5 a sprgbod f..eSoliatig siljnilcantty nhanccd i..css to pubic rsoucci, powrs and 11.es. 'lhe succe$ ol thcsc itrtrljgles tor a doe subtr.nlivc iotrD ot mrlli

repr..lr.

! or

niionJt

hLtory

eit{Moar)orrthc

^ multiculluralisn nd nti()n building.I sai.lealie rhar mlriculruraism, in al ot ils diliocnt lns, invoh'cs a rcpudation of olde nxles of hono8encus nitorhood. On. miSbt.ssume, thretbe, thrt.utti.l tualirm and Datonalis re edcnics ard inherenllycontadi(lory ideologcs, and that suppot 'ron cntals repudi.Uor ol rhe other On for onc lhis vics, thr is a 7eo sur relatiorsr+ bers(e nnrltidttil poljcics and latnLbuikijng policics, rch tha nuric(lrurasm can onty tak. root nr a 'F)\t naton.l' atc rd 5ocierv. tn rcliry, however, thc sort f nulti.ultualisn that hs emeged within the We has ra.sfor.ed nahon-buldinE, nol rcpl.cd i. Westcrr counes cooriruc to adotr ^l a range of poljcics to .ukate overar.hng national idenr ics lrd krya' nes, irckrdjig thc randtory te.chnrg of the narjoD,s langurSei hisrory and nrstitutnrs rch@ls, largge tesrs ror cilizcnship, rhe n!ding ol natnrJl media an<l .uscutrF, and the dillton of national sl'n bols, flaljs, anthens, and holidays, to narnc j few lhis is as tme of {{nries that qalify as '\tron8y' nnrlti.ulrral in my isrs above as of countes that have ddc little if any ll ni nNttn.utr!l dc.: tn. owever, wlerc nmltctuaism policics hve beer idoprcd, ttFy operaie to suppcnc.t n(l ta.sfom thcsc nrrio. building poli.ies jo thit lhc lrter arc lss i\ey to mi{iDlize or sri8mirizc nnoitietsfol exaorplc, by er\uring that nilion buildng polices do notctude metjcs and ra.ia.aste Soups, or co(cively as\inrjale imnigars, oundernidc lhe sf-8overnmnr oI natio.l minorlics and hdiSerou\ peoplcs. In sc W5tem colnnes thal hav strongy movcd in the dclion of
tNlti(!turalism, thc rcsr ti.8 ptoich is bcst des.ribe.las one ir lhich (rbust forms oI naliod bildin8 ae combtcd anl onsr?ined by robst foflns ot rirorilt rihts.

dulti.ulturasm is ist about symbok. thid polertial risr.dtanding co.ccs rhe ink bctw.cd tiberal

82

3l

Making Snse tiberal Mutri(utruratkm

The Forms of

tibcrlMulri. lhr:li(m

My assessmcntol rie stengt of nlricutrulalisn in varius count.nrs thcrcfore docs not r6c( the etontro which rhese stares lrvc reDU.i,rerl

'.rrtrr t!oo.med in a more plu.atisric decron. In this rcspecl,,l (,r.cptn)n of lh. difiercncc betwccn to.g,, imodest,, and ,weak'mrti.llluratijn
diers
t

r'dlior' I,Lrlcl'8.I,u

.pt,r!r lo$t.rh.,drru,,burt

r8t,,.,L,,.1

is not beh{eeo n.tioohood .d uticultlmllsr, but berween ditlirnr pactaSes of polcics that conbe the endurn8 aspatnn ind ic-

tional needs fo nation buildg with the egually cndunrg denands r

.1{mmodare

diveE7r

fo.

tJr, "l\ \"nB ri\l'e\ .rw er . trtinEF..,r,d r,,t. t,,m. ot r.,u., .utuaisn, whi(h hc labeh ,radn:a t' add ,nodatc,. Brron his vieh,, Jad ical' nu llicultura lisrn nrvolecsa cooxo'tmenr to ac.onxodai ing ni.ori lics rithot snut.ncostv pronolnB an overarcbing {lcnril.aror wih (ind byally to) de targc potitical cornnunily r{t,larc (Mitcr 1995, chaf. s, 2000r 05 6, 2006). He dhtnSuishcs thj5 llon r 1o.I.are nulticulluraism lhr {:onbncs'nutiell!rnliyn wir .arion_buitdn! po,, rp\ rhnr \ee! ro rni Lhdrr dr oL.,dr hiriS t{{ tit..t ..rnti,, Jr it o\ .rl r ln rlr l 'rnr,,,n,-rt, to .\.rrtt,,. mo,j.;.rr. -,,. tr uit ,r r,.n koulJ tel cnizcos that tlee fue rnany different an.l iegirare way, of ,bcg Bntirh', ard thit tJcinS Brtish is nor inconsistcnt with rhe pubti.eapres sn .nd a..onnodatiod l orl. identitics, i.c!dn,r ,trc! Mu;tn!, \.o'ri.h. k||.r.i. rJdrd m rtrtrJtiLr..ti.rr wo,,ti dh\o.1, ul "L.inA discotrrage nnbnries fron adoptinS su.h pan,etlrric s{Irr ordnak ror'rnF Jndl\tr p,Ip..e\ orr dtr.rir,,J \ rin, to ir\r, rn,rl tj tilturalisd in rhc Wcstern dcmo.ie, qualify a,lnodcrareii. Mitcr,s scJ, operatin8 to tran\torn rarher than repudiate.ation b(ildinS No Wasten .lernocraq ha\ aban{toncd narion buitding t)oticics, wherher nr dre lcld oi oth.'a langa8es, .e cicu in s.hooh, .rizcnstr r.!rircnrenb, slate symbols, putlic media, and so o . lJ! rhese natirbu,d r.t toi,, i.\ hdr.. tu \r\ir p\r.rit. r- l| i1, r I
qualihd and

\JI

the way rhcse tems are sortimes uscd. David

Mit.r rr

Ir short, liberil nulicllrlism 5 a moF corpicdred phenomc.on than maDv people lealizc. It is not a sirSle principl or t)olicy, bur an umbreli ol ighly group<ifferentated appro.hs eich of thep ^nd atploichcs is itsclf rultidnnensiona, incorporrtinS e.ononc, politn:at .Dd cllral tlcDcnts i different wats- !.ch a, has ls own .mptcx links 10 poli.ics dnd practies of ni(iod bildng. Ihee js i natu.at ten dencl to win lo sidplly ttrii (nplexilv, idd to reducc mlliictrtrism to a singlc prh.idc or dinensnnr, as iiit was all aly aboul, snl,, ,tn)tecr r8cnda.gered.utua radition, or'vlidaring iSmarizcd idcnijes,, or lepudiahn! nationalism'. Brt w. need b avoid llrcsc rimpi,ling pr.supt)oritions, and to eximnc n a noe open nndcd wr) why thcsc vaiot poicies eorerged, rhJt thcy wee in(cnded to a.lieve, aDd how thcy are ofratinS n prac(ice.

r,tL

Thisdistnctn)n bctwcen radi.! and o.ter. rc huricrlturatsn nrav b.

i.

ta.orni.d

what we scc in rhe lcat world of libra denda.ics,, terclr, is a compex diale(ric ol state natbn bi.ling lsrat. .lemandr oD inod

by nulticulruralirm pot.jes.20

Id this.haAter, I have tied to outli.c sone of the main lords of iberal drulti.uturlism in the wesl. I hivr not 'et rhown rhir rhcy are,liberal, in aDy meaDinStu sense, b.yo.d the la(.t thar lhcy c'ncrged wirlr llc framework oi wcslcd libcral dcrnxa.ie5 lb nDw this requi rcs examn ing the nature oI thc nobiliztbn hal gavc rsc to thclc eonns, ind tlr! acl(al cllccts (ntcndcd ard unintended) oi adoptg tlem. Thil is nry goil n thc dcxt tw. (ht)te6 Dcicndcrs of tbese ref(rms have argftd that thev are re.dcd t() over .nc dcet.5erted font ol exclusio. ard stiSnarization, tclpiig Wcsrern demo.a(ies to Lrecomc lrccr, tn, moE incl$vc, ndd indeed arorc

snarFr

n3 fle

qitimri.s..

tict

and

nnrity right\ (ndriry

dcmands on rhc strel The .hoicc

".,-.*. , t'"...,
.,
r r. TLn
d

,J.1 dina o nntuuuurl isht trr|. ,I'r|e.n d .ply ,prndcsls, cowetry, ucft it nt for rlrc ffede or nnonq i{hLi, nrnr

SriJr untar

rdr,lijon( ]\crl,

wccnd'\

1a,r. n .
1.

1,,. mdqn!, r.id.b, rtsbrernd

ri*,.,, r; r.._.. r,r. .., ..ir,r;r. ..df.,;

!rcn,LedI irdvrn4d. uorcss lrfinncried dd.onnld uiiid buidq rker b rr oori.si!.nd ujui
b

or! glrlL

rh rtu

bre te!lj \

Maki.g Sense tiberal Mutti.uttu.ati,m demo..atic soc.ties.Il ison thc bsisol thn peception rhatvao!s irr na(ional orgadizariooshJvepubtcized thetheoricsand,bcstpracri..s,ol libera mlLi.uitraiso as a modct forothrrcounrrjcs. I hoE to slow, whilc tnere arc 8ood Srounds lo defend lis opliristi(. ^s pcrccptioa bour the cffcds ollibeal nmtti.ulturalisn, hcrc ae also Srounds fd he5ihtion

4
The Origins of Liberal Multiculturalism: Sources and Precondtions

about it\ exPortahiil_a.

Libe.al nulliculluraljsn did not ner8e out of hin aiL It has been buill upove time, drawirg on a rnbc of roce5 and f.cilihth8 .ondjiors tha enabled l lo lsc out of what John Kqdon famously eled rhe seous efforl lo pronxe ib 'rimeva polcy soup' (KDgdon 1997). eralmulicullralsn nccds to attend to^ny 5olrces ar.i Dre..ndirions these And yet wclrow sulisngly litleabout tlcm. One prpble n that mu.h of th literatrrc o. is i$ue sufl6 lro lncthodolollical naftrnaljsm' (Winncr .nd Glick S.hiller 2002). Whn eplnrin8 the eme!8eoce oI moltictturlism poicies, comm.ntator5 tnd to focus on. p.rcular urtry and then invoke lcts tht e spe dl. tothatcountr slch as prticualesonalites or high proile venti, th stlategies o{prticlr org.izations or polirical paties, the narure of the eedoral systcr, and $ on. lese facrors ac ndubtedty imporranr in explainhg the details of lny parlc(lar casc, Lt once we r(ognizc tlc pcrvdliv natue ofthe treDd lowar.ls ultitutualism, itscens cer thatthe !ain xplanation n Ic ni f{.e\ and nani thatar. fo.d cros5 many Wester! denoacics, rthethan fa.to6 specilc to panar

li

drntne\. l hee n ust be lndoyi.g stru.tu.al eutet rhar cxptan wht, oany weste.n demoacics have noved n simil.r directiors, dcspite rheirdifferenl electoral nd prty syrtems. l,ui schcmaticallt we need o explain both why su.h brcad range ol ninority Sroutls have beconc norc asscdiv i advan(in8 li8hts claims,:nd shv such d brcad nngc of
la

.o.tris have beeme morrwilng toa.cept tbese claims. I do not beieve that we h.vc a.lear nndersianding of what there rderyinSauses aF. l towever, l will try h thsdapterto identiyscveral ethn@tu.I
faos that have made the ticdd towrrds the 8eater a..ornodatnrn of dvcrsi ly possiblc, and perhaps even incvitablc, i the West.

86

Mtitrg Senre o Liber Multiculru.atism

Th Oriqnr f Libcl Mult<ulturalsm

prcriled lut lhc hunan rights rcvoutio. uneashcd

will start$ith thc trDs irportant ideologica ictor-namet].i thc ris an rights culture, and rh resu t1ng .lelliriDa tnn oft.aditional ethnic nd raciil hicrachics As I ,ll lry to show, huxtan righrs idcals have.ot ony hcbcd b inspc and rsty {laims tbr nlti.u rnliso, but nlso have stlongll, nfluen.ed how lhcs. la'ns rc frned, char, Deliog and lrerng thm ro a.rd wilh the underlyng values ot int.F ra(irl hunin rghts norlr. 'Ihc.c is an obrbus iro.y l)cre. s Be saw in (:haptur 2, $en hunan rghts .orns wcro inirll) .odi6ed bf the UN .tl( W(trkl war U, they wcrc scen prc.isrljr ar an altenative ro the inrel w systen ol njinojry rights, renderig the lil(e urne.essary. foj sNcral de.idcs aftcr world Wa I, lhc ssurnflion ttrar h!nrin ^Dd Fpla.. minoity rigbt\ r8hts
I

ot. hu

hunran riglits idcais. Indccd, hc trcnd towards litlrrl rnuti.ultualisn only bc ndctood as a .cw st8c nr thc gradual woLE out of thc loSic of hdan riShts, and id particul the lo8. of the idea

.a.

of thc rcr.nt equility of hurDn t{rgs, both as indduals and

as

With thc adoption ol tic Univosl Dcclrtio of Human lgts

(UDHR)

tr

1948, thc

n.atio.

ordcr decisive1, pudiatedoder ideas

h 1919, whenJapan pruposed that a (lause on rcial guaity be in.ludcd ir th. .vena.t of the kguc oi Ntions, this las Fundly ree.ted
by the (Jnited

of a ra.ial o cthric licrar.ht accordn8 to whi{:h some peoples werc sute ) kr othes, ard therpby had the li8ht to ule ov. rhem. It5 imptant k) remember ho$ contested tni5 nea of human eq(rity was.

serofidcsatnur

eth.ic and raciil eguaily, rnd a sel of potiicat novemenrs contesting

cthni. aad racil hier.hirs, rharcd raturally locnremporary stru,tstes lo 'rIl ! rlrJrr'Fn,..d uril\ ru. rt\ t1 rh,\ ,,{ I,rnpo rj) \;rJg ges, nlilc rter wa! ideas o mitI prot..tion, mijority ri8hts are hghty nrtwover with human n8hs idc.ls. lhe ..s,rltg model of truticulluralism is proven to bc n attrcrive vehicte for converr.8 hi\toric rektnrns of hierarchy or enmiiy irto retations of {enoti. B(l havinS in ittra.tiv or.ompetlng drrat ideal is raely enough ro Sencrite (onsensus on signit.ant poliricl refons. I rilt thercfore aso mk t sone ot the noc prudentia or jtraregic casons why domnant
grouPs and sltcs have becn wiin8 ro supporl, or at lea a.quies.e ioi thc adoion of nrlticul u.al .eforms. Th$e iDclu.lc.hangcs n the Aeo

l i i

DwLrrJl

\.turitr \h'dr,o vt ttp W.,tFrr,le,rro,

a,

the nature of the gobal..nomy. 'lhe.e isno way oI d.tcrnining thcprecsc rclatve rvejghtsofrhe,or. pincipcd esors lr adoprirg ntricturdisn, as .ornpared to the moc strateSic reaso.r. lrll I bclieve rlat bth h.vc rdeed Dlilc{ I vt rol, ir hp r\c o, rn.rlrr . r,,"r-n' rn'tr,, We",,,u,,.,,,,,,,,p",,".,,1.

1,1,1

.',,,,*",,,

.!
:'

bolh rc cruci.l to

assessng

tbe prospc.ts for irs diftusion arou.d the

I

The Human Rights Revolution as tnspiration the ntsl ictd to consner is thc human riglts revo(or. Ttre adoprion of lileral ulticulturahm has bcn Lrotl rpied and.on\rrancd bv

,i

Stater, Cadada, and othe weriern powe6 (M.cMillan 2O0l: J 2l). about a hie.ar.hy of peoples scc n fact wideI accepted ^ssumptionthe wert up unt'world W! tl, whcd Hitle/s throu6hout inatical and muderous polices disoedited them. The wholc systen of coloiialsr was premised on lhe assdption ol a licrar.hy of pqte\, .d tlis suplio. was llrc cxpli.il bisis of both doncshc poli.ies and irtnational law lhroughoul c ninclcenlh .crtry and the lt halfof th. twenticti ccntery (includinS the rcilly ex.l$iodry immigation lws fourd n al thcNcw Word scttlcr stats, mntionedin thepevious chaptcr). lr slro( prior to World War I1, 'raciim aond he $ord was lagely 5odally a..epted, pdlitically buttretsed e(onomicay supporlcd, ellechrally irDtined, and elJally toetd'(lnurcn 1996: 1.14). Since 19,18, howeve, we have heen ivin6 in a word where lhe den of hunaequaity isunquestioned, at eastocialt and ths has genitcd a series ol poitical moenents desigDed to conlesl e lingoingpN.d.e or cdd(rng.flccts ol old c(llic and racial hierarchics. (lt has also inspircd !ovccnls to contc othrypcs ofhicrarchics, such as Ecnde, disabilitt add scl ori.rtation-) In .eton to eth.ic and {:ial hien.chies, we can identify a sequcncc ol sch .ovements.'lhe fi6t was d{ooniation, fom roughly 1948 to l9. Some Westen contris that si8ned the U)lR did not believe at endoring the pdnciple of the equaliry of p@ples would reqrirc rhcr to give up thei colonies (e.9. Irance, Spair, Portgal). ut this positn ws unstrirblc, .d thc lirk bctwccn .qulity nd d.otrization was nade expli.it tlic UNs 1960 Gc.eral Ass.trty Rer)lution 151.1 on

A se.ond stage was ra.ia dcsc8.cSatnn, fom tuu8hy 955 to 1965, riiated by th cri.. .ivil riShts stru8ges, and partia_v

^fri.Jn-

89

Maling Scnscof Liberal Multielturalirm inspircd by de.l()nizatn)n stNgges I when the Unilcd Slalcs signrd the
UDHR

Ih oriqint or Liberal Multiculturalism

1944,

it did not

prorenrs. Bt the fom thse Poleclions take is not solely anti

beleve that this

its segregrtio.ist ]ws. Btrt this po\itbn lhc li!( btsc.n clulity and acial dsoiminalion was nadc clplicit in lhc UN\ 1965 Corventioi on the Lririnion ol All Fonns ol Racial

alJndooirg too becane !r5uai|ablc, and

wo(ld reqrnc

disc.iminatnD nd !ndiffeentitd cilizenshiP, but rath.rvarious gro(P differentiatcd niDoity rilhts. lr the Canadiatr conlext, tr examP,
these

indud. bilinSuaisn and provncia autonomy (for lhe

Qbcois),

landdansnd trearl. riShts (f.AboriSiral PeoPler, rd laiious sort5ol multietur a<ommodations (br nnmiSmnVethni. grotpt.'?
Thc strrSije

(ivil righls slr!8glc sbscqu.rtly inspied his Thc ^frican ^menn t(icay 5ubordDated ethn(ullral groups rornd the w..ld to enEa8e in their own foms ol (ggic agrilNt thc lig8 I)rerence of ethnic dnd ra.ia hierarchiei. we ciD sc. this in thc wy r.li8enous peopes dotted the rhetoric ol 'Red Pow.r', or i. ttie wy nariona minoj ties (such as lhc Qibicois o catholcr in Ndthem l.eland) called
themselvcs 'wiitc niggc6' ffdlliers l97r), o in the way Caribbran iDmigrants to thc UK adoptd the .hetoric and lg!l straregcs ot Ancr ican blacb (Modood 1996, 2003). of these lovements wcrc po ^ foundly nherced by Anern:an ideas of cv righls liberalism, nd its comDilncDl to dcldd cquJlity fo diradvantaged ind stigmatized
Howcvr, t civi ighrr ljbeaism spcad, il also ha.l to adpt t the .t chalengei fa.ing diferenl ivpcs ol minorities round the wold. For thorists, deas such as'.ivil rights' and'egility' have ^mecan been interyreted through thc lcns of rti-dis.rninatn in genen, ind acia descgrcgatio. id particlr For most American theorists, the sots o rjgbts lhl civi righrs liblish ftust defend are therelorc riglLs ro (ndIllcntiitcd.itizr.sliD sithin a'civic naton'thit tr"ns.cnds ctlic, racial, a.d rcligtuus differenGs. Ir nstcounties, however, the silLrilion ofDiroritirs redin8 prorec

f{

thcse diffeentatcd

mnot$ jghts tust bt tndQ

stood, beieve, a! a laladapta)n of citl riShts iberasn, n.d hcncc rs a ncw sraSe th. unlolding of de hunan ri8ht5 rev.hior. lrdt s dccoloniT2tn nrpircd lhe struSSlo lr riciil deteSeSatnt, so rr.i.l .leseglegation nsPired lhe stnsse lr minori\' riEhts and rNlticlt alism. lli5 thid st8c is inspid hy thc civil tiShts litrearn of thc se.odd nage (as well as tht decoloDizaton rtnrggles of the l6t srage), shares its commitment to con(cing ethni. nd r.cial hierar.hies, and seeks t apply this.ooditc.t more effe.tivey to lhe icnra an,je of excuii s, stigmatiTatios, a.d iquaities that cxist in Western demo.rdcics. Iew Nuntrios tlal si8.ed the UDHR cxPected rlrai endors ing the prnciple oI the equality oI peoPe! would requirc ac.epling norms of multi.ltur.lisn and nnority ti8htt 8ut tht Position too has Lrc.ome unsnrtinable, ind the linlbetween equality .d nulticlttal isrn has been madc cxplicl the UNs 1992 Declaration dn thc RiShs

f Pcdons Beonhg to Nationa or Dlh.ic,

ReliSiou5 and Linguisti.

In all tlree staget f this struSSle aganst cthnic .rd acial hierJ}, wht ratlers is Dot the changc in nternatiol iaw lcr r., which has hd lift nntact on nost peoplct cvcryday lives. Thc real chanse ha\ bcen

their nferioity or baclardncs. Thcy

tion dife5 from that ofAic.n Amicans, and so too do the sorts ofcivil and political rlghts they r.qirc. 1i.n-^men.a.s were involu.larily seS.egated, solely on the basis ol thii rce, excudel fronr common insttutions and opportuDilics to whi.h they often wanted acc$. Many mino.jties, however are in thc oppsit l)orition: thet have becn inrol uDtarily a$iDilatcd, sdpped of thi own llngoa8e, clltlc, an.l selfSoverning stitutids. They kJo have faced opprcssion at the bands of thcir .o-citizers, and have had their .vil rights dcdcrl to thenr, often hith th enthusia$i( backng ol larSc rajoritics, n the 8ourds ol

in peopl.5 consciousness. Mc!bc6 of hi5toriclly rbordinated gouPs todiy demand cqoaty, and dmand il as a,itr. Thcy bclicve they ae cntitled to equlity, and entited to it ,or, not in soc indennie or
This sort of thtsconsciousness hs beconre ich a Pe^'asivc Latre of modonity lhat we havc troulle magi n ing that il did notawalr'sexist lut if we exnnre the hstori.l rcrds, we lnd tht minorjties in the past rypi(ay lustilcd the clanns, nt byaPpea o huan riShts o equaity,

ttu

red .ounte rajorjtaian ntnnnciviiglr6

butbyappcg to the gen.rositt ol rulers n ac.ordnrg 'pivileSe, olten n return f{r p loyalty an(1seNi.cs (S.lwittay 2003). Todat byconlrnst, groups have a powcfll se.s ofrntillcncntto equaity s basic hut.n
': I dev!op n nciprchton oii n,ndhmrnigh6nonNjl@

!ruaqrer,

ar vo. Ehm

l997r.Andcfon 2rr.

9l

Making Se5c of Liberal Multi.ulluralism

he Oriqi! f Liberal Muhi(!lturlirm civil rights libcralism, and dc!ocratic .rtstitu(ioialism, with thir gal antes of Scodcr equaitt rcli8ious lree.on, raci1 non dirnnnItion ga ri8hts, dc po.rss, a.d so on. l hc ..d.r s of nr ritics .an a ppe.l ro
the ideis otliberal multiclnrraism to.halleoge their historic cxclusion and subordiration, tul llose very ideals iho inPose tlrc duty on thcnr o
be

ri8hl, not s favour or charit, and are angriy impatient s,irh.ny

ljrSerng !rifestation5 ol old.r hic.ar.hies l Of course, tlctu i, no.onsensls o. whar '!egulity'ncads (d,

.u

veseltnoasrfcmentonwhiIsortsof actbnsorpracliccsareevid..of 'hiercby'). Peopl. who agree od the general prin.iple of the eqait,v of peoples ay dsa8ee aboll wh.thr o when thh rcqus o.ial biljngoalisni, fo example, or.odociatnrnal poser sharnr8, . eigious cconxodtior\ lut her. en be no doubr thil Western deno.a.ies
hsloically pivieged a partculr nationalgroup ovcr orhcr groups who

w.r srbicct to assimiatioD {rr.clusion.'this hisloric tricra:hy

was

reflectcd n a widc range oI policics and inttiturjons, lron tte 5.hools .d silc syrbols to poicies rcga.dnrS an8!age, nrmigr.rr, niedi, cjr zenship, tlrc divisi{}n ofpowc$, a.d elec.lsystenr. So l{rg as eaders ol non dotri.ant groups can idertil (or conje upl rarifertations o{ hse hhtoi. hicrachie5, lhcy ill be abe to draw upo. the poweul rjghts .onsciousress ol ther mtbcrs.

The Human Riqhts Rvolution as Constraint

15

lhe hunio righs rcvolution is iiportant in anorhc way. lt.onrrains wclis trpires the pursut oi diultn:urualisn, and rhis ontainjnS

tunctron belps to cxplair Nhy slales a.d d{rnnrant groups havc bc.one
moe willing to ccept minority.lanns. States arc u.likcly t() accept strong forms o minor y rilhrs if rtey tear Lhq wil cad to isands of local tyanny sirhi a Lrader demo .rauc arc. The likeihood th.r ulticultu"i reforms wil Sain populi elpporl dcpcnds heavil, thoclrc, on contderlcc rhr these reror Ds s,ill Dot ropi.lire hunan rEhs and liberl de Doa ti. vlues. ere, rh. ^.d hunan rigrts revolution hns scrvrd d dual Lrnc(ion. Ifit bas hehed to inspirc nitDntie\ io push lor rulticlruram, t is cqually rue rbit c h!ma. ri8hts evolutjon corstr.iostheway ir sl.tr rrifttriries .rrc1a tc and puAue thejr minority iehts. n acr, thc hunD. riShts revolrjon is a 1{o rdSod s$ od. I t has cca tcd plirica I spacc tor cr|n.ndtura I Sroups to co.tc inheited hicra(liics. Rut it ilso requncs 8rcp\ ro adlince rhcir chnns rn aretrslEclc langail nimelt thc lnSuage oi h! an righrs,

mere fa.l Lh.l minorily grolps ai.rlat thcir .lains n the anguagc o h{nan ri8hts a.d ljbeal conllutionaisn is.ot, Lry itself, !li.idl to genetc coolden.e tl'al t|cse val!e! w lr uphcld. The use of this lan,ruag. miy be merclf s(rile8i., adoPted Purcly ior publicco.supto!. Thc tradtona leade. oii ninorit) iltuuP nrat wsh to conte tl.ir subordi atc slal!5 virai/'J lhe domina.t 8ouf whlc still bopn8 to nrantain tltrir orvn domanct over women, (ligioos r''i or. 'P. T 8',.nr' "$r '.' r' 8 u"n J' J o^. So the q.siion tr whcthc hese va[cs will be te5Pe.red n pr.cicc. And in tre ltablisied Wcstcn denroca.i.s, tl.rc iLe so.d 8Ju.ds lor conl{len.c on lhis scoc. fhis .onlidtncc ari5es f.onr t]lo nrces: the cxistence of rob(st egal drcchitisnn tu Protecl hunrn ights, ard lhe cislen.e of a co.sensu! n iibcialdenxr.rati. valLres that .uts across cthnic lins. Ir s!Py, ttcrc is no legal sprcc for min(ities to stt iside hnman .ights norns in te d.t. ol mululturallsnr, and, ir dre c5t ol \r minoitics. lhei! i5 no vish to do ro lrom i le8 poinl ol viN, Idicics ol multitulturalilD oPerte withn thc lry framewrlot libeal.nrLittttionalisn nd as lch anv pNs {levolvcd Loiutonoros in.rity ilrstil(toni arc t}pic.lly ibje.t to dIc samr conon standrds ol ksPe(l f{t h!man i8ht\ rnd .ivil liheies rs any othrr pubL. instihrtioD. ln vi ullly cvcry .ase of nullinition ledcF lism in tlc Wesi, fttr cridPle, !statc governnrnts ac subiccr to the satue constitutional .onrtrrns as he ccnril Sovenment, a.d so ve no legal.pacilyto estri.t i.dvnnral i(cdotrs In th. nn.l m.intanl lng tualauthenticitt leliSiou\ oriltoiox,!, o (irl Puiqr h nanv cases, tlicy ale alF subjccL to egirnl and neatioial htnan n8tr nonitord8, ard no.egc^oalllare int.lrat.d fo a dcnst wcb oirjShts_ protectnlj cchinisms (nchdif g.onitulioniL courts, hutan shts

iu\t, tdcrant, and nrclL^ive.

Of..usc, tle

rlsrd

ru iits

adopt

f0 L

a[r' i'x.r!trsn6s

nfhrr

np

diNnDt/rLr d. DDtobie.l t dr i!

b l,imrrhtrmm nsrh

92

Makn9 5nie ol tiberal Multicltualilm

The Orgins of tibe.al

Multiolturlism

.onmssons, obudsmeD, et .). Pcople sho ive in rhc uto.onbus entities olscotland, Catalonia, or Qa.b{ have access lo sor. of the mo5t advan.ed rystens ofhunan rights pot(tior the world. only is ir lcgIy nnDossble t ninritics n the We t csrablish ^_ot lands of illiberarule, but in manycascs thc cvidence su8grs that cy hav no wish lo do so. I the.ase ol national mino ries, Ior ca.dn!, as we will scc n thc net chapter, .ll of the evnlenc sggcsts that their membels.rc it cast as \tronSly cotritted t(r libeFl dcno.ati. vatues a5 nembcd of donnant grops, ii not noe so l hs renovs one ol the .entra {cars thtdninant 8rolps rxvc rbout minorll sctfgovctrent Irr Envpirtsolrhc world, thee is the fcartharonr! national Dnroitiet o ndiSenos ptoples aque sel govcrnin8 lower, (hry wtl use ii ro

'hi5libera epectan.y rests, i prt, or rhe as\umprior lh.r thc public structres and principles ol a libcral dctrro.racy ere( a kind of'Sravir tinl pull'on de beliefr and priclces oi cth.ic and relgous groups (Glstn l99l: 292). A5 Rosenblun notcs, this ctathor ofgravitational prl+n all pNasiv but lnvjsible lorcHbscurcs .arhe than rclcals the dual nechanisms at workr and indccd fuady dis.ussions of rhc librrl expectan.r have a sonewhil trlstunus xir to tem. llorlcvcr, thee is ()n\ideable evldencethal sch a pro..s has ndeed oprilc.i histdical1. When Catholics and Jews st slartd ving in rhe U.tcd Stats in rne nineenth ceoh$', fo! exanple, it war widcly b.lieved thal tlcir.onsF vativ. rd paiiachal beiels and atoriti.iar practice5 precded thcnr fom truy eDbmcing liberal denocy. Ard _\ret no religous grcups in nerica have becone ibcrali2.d, gradnaly in.orporitg nnr of indjvidual treedon, tolcranc, and sual equaity nto tle oirn sel
understandngs. Snilarl thcrc wcr doubts abontwh.thcr carlicr wavs

rl a

pereclle, dispossss, e{pe, or lill anyone who does not bebn8 to rh minorilygroup In theesrabnh.d h'estern dem(6cics, hwever, this is a

non hre. Th.r is.o fear that scllgverninggroups will use thei powers to eslablish lands of ryrannt or dre@ary Morc sp..ifi.at the is no feal that ncdrbers ol the dominrt gnup who lappcr ro ivc in rhe terilory ol the self governinS mnoriry wil be 5ubjc.t to persectio. or expulsion. Thc hman riglts of nnglish residents of sctand arc frnty prolcct.d, rot only by Scoltish nstiturional aw, but lr bv Europcat aw .nd this woud be lfuc crfl Scotand seccdd fom lrilanr. The hanan ightr of arglish Candin residerb ol Qubec, or ot !srilian rcsidents ofCataonia, arc tully protected, no rattr wha polilical stts Qucbe. or Cataonia ends up hang.

i i i
1

of nrjgra.ts to ue United States and Ca.ad. om sortlen o ea ern Lurope, wherc liberal dcnocraq bad neve taken root, .oud truy inlernalize Lberal cnocratic vlus. Yet todav tbese $oups re often seen as sorc ol thr nost loyl dfendes ofco.ilulional p.iplet And
some rbslac nationlist Sroups drat had eariel Uirted {ith authoira.it idologics, m.h as Qreb( beisen h o woild wars, have un<leonc

: t

dranntic liberlizattu..

Of &r5e, thee are illitPa rtrands with miroriry nariorli

llcrnish narionalism-as therc are qiin histori.2ty dornrnt grts A.d the evel of spporr fo tibraldcno.raticvaues whin sonre imm' E.ant aDd indgcdous ljrcups s evc. rxr conrsred. Tlr(e i! awaF the
tle nanre oI llbcrt mlticulturalis wi be captured by su.h ilibel elccdtr. 'll rei(r to this risl in the next chapter, wher I dcuss how w shoud evalatc iberal ntulti.ultu.aism n practice. |ut the adoption of liberalntti.ut halisri rsts on wh.l Nadcy Rsenblm calls th ,ibel cxpcctdn.y' (Rose.blum 1998i 55 6l) thtis, rhe hope .!d .xpe.tarioo lhat libcratdemoc.ati. vaues will gros over time ind ralc frrm r@t across crhnn:, lacial, nd reigious lncs, withn roth nijority and minorltgrorps, and that in thc neantime there arbust mech.nissin plce rornsr.that nlicultura pices ard institutions canooi be caprlred and misused
isk

i
1

rov.nenrs<onside thcrcistand anr inni8ant

winSs or Bsque and

thii instittions and progradrnes

estalrlish.d

i.

r
c

.!

t
I
;

Thcsarlierexpnen.s ofthe lberal cxpcciancy in a.tion have lelpcd multicujturalism can bc salily .ontained w hr thc bondarics f libral-dmocratic constituliodalisd nd human.ighis rors. I. seiety prmeatedby a rong beliel n this li]a expectancy, .itiz.ns fe con6dentthathowverlsses ol nllticultua i5m are s.rled, then own basic ci] and politicil righh will b rcspe.ted. No naitcr how tbe claims of ehnocltral 8tuups are resohrd ao attcr what angu.ge righrs, self govexent riAht\, lanrl rists, or multidlturai!m policies ae adopted people car r ssured that th ey won't bc strippcyl of their cllize.ship, orsrbicct to ethnic {:leansinS, or lailed without a fai tria1, or dcnicd thdr rights to free s|'ee.h, associilon, and wornlip. Irur sinply, thc .onsedsus oD beal democralic valucs clsurcs tar {lebares ov ac.omodating divcsit,v are not a aller ol fc and death. A5 a rcslt, dornant Sroups will not 1l8ll to tlc death to rsist mino.itv
Scncrate .on 6deD c that

' rn6 ( rn ipdr r rtu. {?n i frpl r'bcnkd@ati. vrhs . hr.in

r{jh. ndecd, n .rn

bc

cs|anry npofrni

:l

Making 5n5e of Lib.ra, Multiculturaliim

The Originr of

ttbcr.l Multi.ulturlism

'his dual rolc of human rights both as insPintbn nd co.sliirt nis been pivotl i. en.blnrg the adoption and a(Ptarcc ol lteal muhi.lturalis!. It legihmizes thc claims of histdically disidvantagd minoitics, yct reass!res membe$ of thc dominant Sroup .1 oo matter hoN dcbtcs ove minoritl riShts xrc rcsolvd, basic hurnad ghswi b!

libera dcnocratic cilizcnship in multiethnic atcs is .ontestd Indeed, mo comrnenlilors witnrg n the 195 and I960s wonld have reeclcd thir ide, fearing that ir wold snnply rep(xluce .larions of edmiry o hierar chy llot we now havc closc to forty ya6 ol experic.cc in the wesr with vaious modes of libcril uiticrltualism, and, as I dis.uss in rhe next.ha|ter, hee is growng cvidc..e that these modch can indeed

ultcutuhlnd nr the west can b. u.derslood as of 'citizc.izatoo,, in :ntgical FrSon Historicaly, cth.ocul ruil nd eigiors dverslt has ben chracleLiTd by rdgt of illibera and undrno.r.tic relation.lud8 relatons of.onquor and conqueredj coloni2 .Dd cooniTed scttl.r and indi8rus, raciilized and urmarked no.ralized ind deviantr orurodox a.d hereti.; .ivilized and b.ckward; ally .d cnemf nste d.d slave le tsk for all liberal democncies has bctr lo lrn thn.atabgc of uncivi relations no rela ioDships of libcral democrati.: cihzcnsP, in term! I boih tc vcttica .elionship betwccn tle membes of ninoities and th. itc, and tre honzrtl rcllionships amo.Sst thc rember of difcDl grouPs. l. the pa, it scd to be arttrred tlat e only o best way (o cn8age this p(res of.iuzeniarion wai t npose a 5inlle undiffer.nliiled 'D nodel o dtizcrship on al indivnlual5. B1 liberal mutnrltu.nlsm slirlt
lD

thi\

way, libal

a pro.e55

Vulric!lluralsm is not the only example ol this pccss of cirizeDta

ton. OD

lhc.onlrary

thc risand spead o ibe I nnlti.xruralism iD rhe

lro. the assutrion lhat tlris comPllx hhtory inetably a.d

JpPrc

as a lhird sta8e th. hrnan ri8hl5 Jtn88le a.ia hicrarchy, scctsto dd. h ry vicw, the ac.eptancc of ibc.I muticultu.alrn in lhe we\t, nd its atladveness ar ddcl to tre diftused 8lob.1lt is ce.tay h.i to this p.o.e$ ol citize.iztion. The idea dt multi.lttalism can rlc as an efedve vehi.lc lor crcating ar. co.solidaling relations of

priatery Senratcs grop differ.tiared ethnopoiil.a .laims Th. kcy to cilizcniTaion is nt to sppress theie diffcrcntial clams, but hth.r to hlto and Iranre then through the an8urg. ol hutan riSht\, .ivil lib tics, and demo.ati. a.contalriq and this is Prccnery wha libetul

west has lo be situated wrhb th mu.h boade! prdcsscs f ibeaiza tion aDd demoaiatior that .orrcd acoss virhiilly thc ..te ranSe ol s@ial poli._v starlig n thc 1960s fo xample, ibniizing .efroductive rights (abodion laws, .ortrcep)n), liberalizing <li!orc. aws, abolish ing tle dcath penalty, prhibitin$ gender and rcligious discrimin.tion, decrinnilizing honosctuality, amonS nany otirer sucli rcformr. All ol thesc wcrc inlcndcd 1o tuplace ealie. lncvl rciatio.s oi dominancc nd int.te.anc! with newer clations of denrc.ratic .iizensip. And rhese legal .nd poicy refonns, t tu, refleded wider processcs of litrerlza tion n civil socicty and pubh: opinion, with ihe drarti. di\pla.nent ol conscNalivc, pal.irchI, ard defeenti attitudcs *ith moe lihril, cgaLilarian, and autonomous valu5 : le .jse ol dn ticultuaism is onc dincnsio. of this b.oad{anSing stfug8le 1o libcrlize r.iery and lo inplcmc t th. idels of te huran rjghts (volutin and of cilil ights

nultic!lloaisnr, undstood

a8nst cthnic aDd

Multi.ulturalism and tibralization

le

ac(ount l'v gvD so lar shouldrt be srtrhng. Iivc csscntialy just said that liberal den(acjcs ir lhc West have adopred a tibrnl,

l ihc scb5 n KoJsr) ) n . contcxt, t m.r { ryfcrna .r t rrvotc huomnsht' grunds d ci!.ns uron It dI srcrnmcnt bur

fcr,nhd

demo(atu .oDceplion oimllicultrralh . Surlythatiswhatolc woud expect, barLi!8 cear evidcDcc to th .ontrary And yet it h rcDaLable how le{ connrcntators ar. silnrg to contemplate the possibilty tht nulticultlilisD n a bcraldcratic phenomenon, .nd how mu.h

inteil(lil cn.gy has bccri expnded in lndng or t!!tn8 any nun be ol allc itic ccou ts f the intedual londitions rnd moral
I
tbrn

ebh.dnil]s
En, n

or

dcno.r.

dtt{rr
dud6
i5

lo{nbn or.on5titurio.r n'qualry (.s..xdurior on' !

ie

mrrof

Ro

Mking sense of tibl Mult.uluralirm

h Originr Libcral Mukiculturliim

ch.ngc. Thcsc 'authcnti.' prcli.cs rc sid t bc .sscntil i th ideDtil_a of lhc grorp, and hc.cc to thc idcntity f ils nrdniduJl nrenbert lhis link bclhcen clltre and identily is thorght 10 bc palticulrly stronS if llc cullrtra pra.licc is lradilionil' that is, dccply rootcd in a people\ hslory and nol i! th erll ol rccenl adaptaliois or outride influ ences. On this lirq cuital iiSlh and policics ol c!llral n.lusion are prcscntcd as prnnarily or cxclsivclt nrcndcd to protc.t such'authenic' drltural pra.tirs fon prcssurcs to chanSc. On thn vicw, trn ticulttral .lair rc nrt.rprcrd th( 8haletofde.s (lating to culural authcnticity a.d group idc.tity. 'Culture' is qpicay irtcrprcbd ni tcxDs oi(or rcduced to) set oldiscretc pr.ti.s, peleriby 'badiirl' nd 'trthcntic' prr1.es. Trse tra.ti.es ae then said to be essential kr th g.oup! idcrtiiy, and hence to the i{lntity ol ndn'idual membes, andso must be a..ommodated and te.td bI mlllclLal ya SD .as the /.ommunitian' or Thr j5 ve\ion of what /.onsrrvtiv.' appror.h to rnultiLulturlisd (UNHDR 2004), or u.hat we ^ma

i notcd earier, soc comnrentatod have a{jucd tial e verv idca ^s of multifulurali5m is at odds with thc lo8ic of libedl dcnrocacv, add thar thc shifttowrds recognizing group differcntiatcd riShts rprcscdls a ea.tion a8ain\t huxa li8hts and libilization On lbis eq thc iilst two siaScs iD tte poslwar struggl. gairst ethnic and ncial hiera(hy .lecolo.iz.l ion and raci.l deseSegtior wee insPirci by rniShtenncnt ibe.ais, but thc third a8e rePernts a deviatioo lrom, and .ea.tion
a8ainst, cn'il LiShts ibcalism

l
.:

ih.Netzs.heanreiedionof rtionalsmwithitsnotio!of univcsaltuth

Contrncdtalob disagrcc about thc lrccGc nare ol this deviairon. i.adeni. lililu i! tul ol tarious farcilrl theories bo( wh.rc.nd hos rulticulturalnn dcpa cd lrom the libera tFditnD Sone 5ay tht ulticuturalism is Lrased or r cltura eativisl reaction agairst !ireralisnr, rooted in r.tecDth .entu.y Germin rcmrticism. c.ordn8 ro r_jnkelkrari, orexa p., th ist iwo sta 8es wer '.on. tilcd nderdr. iDpli.it patronaSe of Didot, Condocet r Vollae', whrrcas the thd slage s div.n by the chauvnistic aod reativislc tbinking df Herder and Spenglr {IinLelkaut 1988: 54, '1) Othc arSue rhr ull.utualisdi is ba5ed on a Post modernist aod de.onrtruclionitt rej..ion of ibeal' to Richad Caputo, f( ism, oohd Nielzschead s.ePricism. ^..oding cxanrde, troponenh of ultidltunlm tedd io acce and brild uPon
nlccd, lhc
and justjce' (caPto 2001: 161). Wtic there intcrpctationi a.e faniliar ones in thc academn: litcrature'

l
I

mi6ht snply .all a'traditi(alist'appn)ach.$ It should immed(cly bc

:
J

I snnply don't belicve tlere ny ftedibe dence tbr them, t lc. within the Wesiern dem(hcits. I have read litcrally hundeds ol posi
tnr papers and Policy dduments prod(ced by th. rarious la icipanh in thc policy netwrb on mulh.ulturalism 8ovncnts, Profesrion.l a{lvoccy 8rolpsi philanllroPi. orSanizalons-s well is llre esultn8 laws and corrt ca5es, and I have yet to ind a !8le dis.o$jon that extrcses any sl'ml]try fr .ilh stengler or Nic(zsche, eithr implictv

hope, tht th a.:count is not onI differert from, but daty n conr.adicton to, the ibeal accoun I have developed. Ihc ljb.ral view oi nlltcullraism is jnetablv jntention.lly, and dpolgeti..lly (ranslornnronil of peopet c!lural tadtions. lt dcnands bth \ul,o,di ,. r.l 8,o,p roi,BrB.i, nrkp,r do,'i, d,,o l,i.ro,i. ',', 'll) ticcs, lo cnto ncw clronslps, and to crbrace .cw n.epts and dis.ourscs, il o wlicl proiourdy tradsfoin pcopc's identities and
clear,

.'

This is perhps mst olJvious n the rase f th hi\torny dominart Dati(m in a.h .ountry whi.h is requied to e.ou!.e finlasics of ncia lrpeioity, to elinquish claims to excusive osneiship ol ur. state, and to abandon arremptr to falhion pubic inttitutions solcly n its

maidiq

whn thc pubicdebatt, wean lnd ytanolhe, more snple, x|_ tiou lor hoh multicuhurlism his dive8.d lron libeaiv Mlton tualhm, it is said, is arout'tultrc" atrd dlture (at least i. th cntext o eilnc groupt n iundame.tally .bout anceral 'lraditions', so lhat
nodating cultu.al div.diy' is essenhally tratter of J,reseivnrg lr.dilionalwaysof lle' lhisbasicidcicanbeelaboraledinvarrsways ODc lniliar fn arSues that shile some d8rce ol culnral chadgc s nr.lilable, rhe arc cerain P.!.ticcs t are vital to lhe 'authenticit-v' or'i.tegity' f i .!ltue, and which trrst thtrcfoe be Potect d lron

r'J
arir

ii

r0n3

'dn3psri8e rn, e7(\r.d 930ssinph rooli r.3rnRr

lded

d'dftnrnr
n s
dmandcd by

'a..o

-|

o. r
rnd

radijonar rur'onrer rd
ther

t.
!]d (

rrhrd'ilbn.
1989;

tu!l

[u'Dn

nShL' and dvil ishn b qu!on .d di.es Ml.lrf scc, c.s.,

rd in auioiq nn'drcs

vm D$

Johr{o.

MdbnU r99;

Making 5ente of Libral Multiulturalirm

he Oriqins of Libe.al Multi.ulturalirn

own national {typiGlly white/Chnsti:r) mage. ln fact, much of ulti culuraism's'lo g arch th.ough thc insrituhonJ .nsts plecisev nr dentifyin: and attacln,r thosc dccpty ooted hdilions, customi, nd syrbok that havc historically Qxclded o. ttiStizcd minorities. Mu.h his been written atout th trnsformation\ ir taiorny identitis a.d practces this has rcqlired, an.l ihc bacldash it.n ceale.' B( lrbeal mlticoll!lism is qnally trahtorativc ol lhe identitics and practjcer of tinorly SrouPs. Many ol tles: groups have lheir or risores of ethnic and racial prciudicc, ol anti setrtis, ol caste and gcnder ex.usion, oL rel8ous triunPhlisn, and of polilcal authoitaF ani5, rll of whch ae deleitirizcd by rhe nodns ol libera denocrati. multicuturalist and mloity ri8hts.r0 Moreover, ctcn whre the trrdi tional pradnes of nirorty grouP rc lrce of th.se ilibcral o lDdenx! .ratic elements, sorc of lhese Pactic.s may have emrgcd as a es[trnse t the experience of discrmiDatbn, stiStatization, or ca.l6ion at the hands oI otle6, and nay lose the. ttraclveresi ar diat notivatinli .perience fades in Pcople's mtrrodes. Some minority groups devebPd distinclive norms iscf help, endogany, and intenal .nilicl rcsoti( be.ausc theywere e.ludcd 1on o dis.riinated wrhin th inrtitlons of thc larg society. 'fhosc Dorns may o* their ationale as.tlxic aod r.ial hicrarchies break down, and as 8IdP ncnben leel more co!Iorr able interactnE with debcrs ofothe groups and ParticiPahrg nate institutnr*.Ir lrom guarntecing the Prcte.tion olthe tadinonl wys o ljfe of eithcr tie majo.ty or minoritiet, iberal mllucuturalism poscs
muhple .hallcnges to the.
So the tradilionalist

re.liry, howevei, studcs repeatedly show that to cilled lraditional

lnly recent, o.rthemseves the po.luct olearlier culturl intechanges, and sonnes eecn 'irvcrtcd'by .lires kr e8itimize Ltrcir
practices are

tl

position D So idea5 of'c!llril authcnticity' or '.xltural purityrie oltc anthopologically !ave. TIey arc aho politiclly dangebu' lhey nnpy that there is somerh irg abnorral and rcg(ttabe but cultual evoltion aodcross cult!rilnilencc, wh.r n) frt su.h.hanges and in,llenccs are oormal, nreli{able, and esscntial t th p.ess of hmn developrrcnr. tl s.llliil hfbridity, not tultural purity, which is the nornal ate l human ilii6, aod lrl.scs ol cultura purity can ony De maiDtii.cd by alcialy curr'ng off grops irom iit.ractior wt) thc lager woild, and by instilin8 xenophotrc lcar oi oth.s (Waldron 1995; Cowan ct al

2001).t
(2) Th. tditioralist .onception ssumes tha th(e is a ncuta or obje.tive way of deteninin,l which pr.ciices arc aathc.tic'] to a g(m!. ln eairy this is a matte ()f poitcal conrestation ,tlhih ttu gtuup iL'.lf It is oft.r conservtire ites witbin the group who clarn thc lthorit_y to jrdS wht is autbcntic and tradiliona, and thcy do so preci\ey to suppe\t demands fo chan8e iro! retordc6 witn tre 8roup. Iactices dathistoicalymay have been variable, evolvn8, contcsted and ottonal are declared by conseNative elites to LJc 'sa.rcd', a nat-rr of ligious or culturaL obliSarion, and e$eDtia to gup dnbership. lo in(erpict multi.ulhaism is potecting lraditio.a or ath.nt. pa.tices hs lhe effe.t ol rewadi18 such consenativr clit.s: it givri powe to those who can claim lo le the Su.rdians ot a.cicnt trditins, while imtlyinS thal thosc pcopl. who wish to chll.nge thes traditnrns ae Dot truc or 'propcr' ncnbs ol rhc Sroup {Prekh 2000). In this sense, the cons.rrativc ncrpctation of dltid tualism is more acorrately desibcd, dot as ..ordg pcop!. dtural.ipilr, bur as impositrS cultural,/xier tlat is, the drty to maintair one's dltue, wheder onc wants to do so or ot.- nd hen.e s . bndgmnt noterpansion of indi!'dual fr.edom.

(rr..ption oI muti.ultralism

staDds

in

shary

contst to thc libe.al con.eption, wth dfrent Soals .nd ratnrnalcs Ideed, fom liberal lEsPdtive, thc traditbnList approacr to multi_ culturalisD is dc.ply itPlausiblc n.t unattF.tivc, for s.vcrat easons:r

(r) c tradilionalst corccption a$umes that lhe culru.al Practi.cs ior which atc reco8nition is being sought re 'timcLes or 'authentic'
or'l,ite brckla iJohnMcyeIh..otdnowonlempol.y.ldckorifuona

'

Ior d.csrion

(3)'lhe traditionalhl claitn lhatlhcis a riSht t presNe one's cultural tuadtiols has b.cn nerprctd by soc-trrost frDust by the Anerican

s^pedoi'] rlisiour
0ne\.e3h 6 hive t,nd' . nahonjt re (Me/er 2m:
ta bnt8 cieili?uon ro o hhit
6), bt we

rddr il rug.

ro the

l1 trds

o.d

d RriSios

la.s'ase of

clstnns prcsr isii.e, rd h m ltghb

sprm.isn rrd

rions, nd em

n con(elti'rr ol

l'rid

nonn nr{J ntrr.r.lnrr

r.ini.

npred to rhc 'he' idlntiq hd u or tolisiour rrupr. In wid. p.1. ctbnr. crvic

ril'

ftner

&

ju$

101

Maknq Snse o Liberl Multicultuialkm

The Oriqin5 of tiberal

ultiolturali5m

AnthDlogy Assd.ialion (^A) to [ecltde the tcry idea of lnivesal hman righls ccoding to thc AA\ statcment t lhe tjitcd Natids in 1917, people's idertiti! nd Pesonalits arc realizcd rbrou8h tlc culrurcs, ind so cvcyonr h.s lhe riSht to live LJy thei own lmditions ehicl neans that the very idea o ud8i8 local cutltr's by univcdal

it can bc i'loked to deny the eaiitence ol univesal hurnan riShts; and it

m'ylhr'Jrn'rhF\l'r' nr'r. ,ehr. 'nJJ.1 "r.rr Given lhe proound diff!r.n.!s btw.r. ti. libcnl a ron*nativ

stanrhrds of hurrn riShts is unsound (A 1947) More eccntly, anthrc poLo,jists hive backed aay from this treme r.lativist vc{, aod havc ittempted to reco .iie suPPod lot a i8ht to cutural Presevation with slttot for univc$.l human riShts 1 Arthropologists todav ae morc

of oulticulturalisrr, it's .rucial t drtuminc !hi.h of in tct undepns the reccnt shifts towa.ds r.ultidltu.lin \ithin thc wcst. One can frnd echoes of both viss i. dre tubc debate, but which oI hem ptovids the famewok for .ontemporay mlltnrtltr
Drerpretarionr
these

liley to accepr th. Possbiity ta ( some dr I ral tradi Lions oPpressivc aD.l that nive\l hrnan righrs can heP (o Prevnt ihis oppre$on' So we now n.d anthtupologht\ tlling about 'bilan.n8' human riglts and the rshtt cuhral prcseration Butthis still is a der8.rou5 position ifit
nnples

Critics ol nllticuturalism ryti(ally a\s!ne that it is tbc con5enahve intprclilior that undTins the trend t()wads multiculturalism.6 beli.vc, however thatthis ssumpton is impausibe, anddeed denrn fably fsc. Ior oDe thn8, these citics hve not pmvided a.v plausible account of how conseritiv nrlticllrurals could have become thc ofcial pxblic poliry o westem deoroc.acie5, part!.ulrrly in a olty leat ra ofwidc-rngnglbealiziion and tlman .i8hts reorDs r7 tlow cold 'wnnS coalilion' be built in sufport o con5enativc mtrti(trltural'sm i. Wstern d.rnNr.cjes? How coud gin the supl't ol ie miior 't I)olitiLl prtics, o ola majoriry of Demb6 of the naional lcghlat(rc? Itt dif6.ult to drakc poli(icai scnsc of th( scen.rio, and indecd dosl criticswho discusr ltc adoption ol nlticulta lisnr treat ii.s a rystcry, as if 8enljns snu.k no nationl parliancnls and draitcd rltjculturl poli.es wile no one ws watchniS.r3

(albeit ro1 loo much ) in or.ter to accolnnodate pmctice! that vjolate

(4) 1he

thrt

human righ ls Protection shoud bc saciii.cd or comProtr ised

tradilionalist claim that rcsPecting a cultnl tidition is cssen ti to especting i Prso.'s identity can be nvoked as a 1r(mP' ro atod dendratic .leba le. lb sy that a Particula culturilpmcticc is part ofny 'identity' h snclimes a way ol viting others to ..nsidc and debre it5 vrlue and signiLance. Bul in oth( contexis, llis clan is invokcd oI as a wy ol lo.eclosng that dcbite, by iphin8 that anl guestioninS a siSn ofdissPcct lor m as a Pe6on thatpractice wiu tt intePrctcd.s where idcntity.lids are Pescttcd in this way as non nSotiablc trumps, lhe result h to ero{jc lhe Potcdtial for dcnocrtic dialoSe I' m!ti. cthni.stat.s where the are dn'crsc and sonctmes comPting cullura tiaditions, wc need t lnd a wa-r lo tak civilly about o Pra'ti'csi to
discuss

ll we @k at de a.1 l to.css by whjcb rulticltrahr! poli.ics slrc adoptd, a diffrent pi.tu emcry.s. I. rlit, virtuauy veryone inlolved r adopting multicultua forms in the West fom the
r ihe orlr r,!$ibr.

irtlddnn,
Iri.n (rc ddd rre ' pncdce (BLloond h

thet

bene6ts nd costs, and ro

thk about fii and hodorrabe

s a

.ompromiscs t{hee thcse pradiccs cooflct.s

riSht 10 presrye alhenti' cullraltradjtjonsraiscssvealpotentialdangers:tay'rhibtconstruc tirerelatiots betwen ditues (by Pivie8nrg c ltual Purity ove 'ull ural hybridtyJ, it nay erodc lhe fedolr ol indilidua5 within ItouPs (by privilegin8 rulhotitaiar o con5.d:(ive elits ove internal relo'ncs),

ln 5hort, nrtefrcting multitulturalsm

nided w h
199.1;

rh.sc

immisr. '

Gqal1995)

cJndl uJr do!n3 iL' Mlt'cul rhe old to r..ept thr 3rl rlro

iouiry

of onsn'

(L\i.

l.onl4ofoligin,olnif|cMi
1r

r9r9. {0)?

M']ld

bc

scl.onadtrory o

laofihipbeiwennth!}l.g.t

jh.mrcm d$i.on*rdtw) n
md
Mik']ll 2003; Bnabjb 2m Sen 2

n co!ce., s&

widn 2o0o

i q'or

pbuirl. Nrtica cxplam

c'fttrd,

i;pcre

rii*dMl

l0l

MaIing 5ens o Libcl Mulb(lturalkm I)oljtica activists and civi sociely orga.izatiors rhat iririally nobitized or these refodrs, to the seSoent oi rlc public that supportcd therr, t.) the legislaloB so adopted hem, to the L,ureaucah who d.aftd and nplenrented thcm, to th judSer who jnterprctcd thlm were nsptcd by the ideals ol hunn ights and civil rights libora'sm tlcsc a.tots viewed oulticullural rcforms a5 paft of i largc. proces ofsocial add polir n:al iber.ljalion, and embedde<l lhese rclons Icgly and jnsrrutiolty $ithn a liboal rights fiamwoLk lb be !rc, hc fa.t datthe conlcrporary wayc ofmulric(rlrtd rcturnt oigi.red n th! humn righrs rcvolution desnt yer lcl us aoythinS bout its actualelcG, ncluding any uninreDdcd cffc.ts. Once mltcul tra loliq srtuctrrcs ar. r tlace, illberi conscrvative or aullroriraria. c]tet witlin variors communites halc oftcn attcmpted to gan.o.trol over them, or at l.ast to influence their nrplnenrarion and dire.rion. 'lh is a rnivel phenomenon: oncc rew pows or reso(cs r made avaiablc/ cornptitn)n wil inevitably ris. for conr.ot ovcr rhem. ao ex.mplc, on.e nulticulhalisr tunds ae made av.ilblc, and mtrricu tuaism advisory counci\ establishcd, .odservtive eires wjrhD nn grant Sroups sc.k a.ress to them. O..c inst't tions of sclf govmenr are eablish.d for indigenoos p.oples or subsrate narionlilt 8ops, coNeativcs seek to use lhesc..w powers ro plorect rheir tradiriona autority. This soiofpolilicacontestation is inevilabtc.Indeed, itwoutd violatt evry inown law ol politi.a scieDce il it didr,t happe^. tt h cvcn pos5ible thal m!ticultua poi.is have sonctn$, uninren 1ona tlt, seNcd to sttu.8then rhe hadd of consevarive elftes aSanst rhe forces ot libal rcfo.m sithin v&or .o.munities. So one inrportant q(cstio s need ro ask is ro wht xrenr corscrva

he Oriqins of Uberal Multi.ulturlkm

nltti.ultu.alisn poicirs adopred for diffeent groups n ditcrcot coun fues. But as a iLrst cp, ler me locus on the Caradan.ase, where lhc .onnc.tion between libcraliron and mult.ulnrr.li5m h pirtj.ula,ty
a

lf nullicltualisn Ffleclcd a .eacrion xginst tiberaizaton, wc soud

Consid.r tehases olponica supporr fo mutrictturalism Canada.

expect t se rwo co.pctnrS pliiical.rmps: a libal .anrp n iavour ot libeiilizn8 eorm on nsues ol Ecndcr qaily, abor.i.r, d!o(.e, an,l Sayrights, so as to enancipate indlvidats; and theD a.onsrv.tiv cinp in iavour of mgrnnt mulriculturiism, ights, add eueLre. ^borignal autonodt so as to trotect thcsc connunitics fon librraliTing (torms l reality, te situation ii Crada is jst tr opl)osrc. OD thc one hand, w. have pirrirctal o1rrral .onservarivcs who belicve tlat socjety is chanSn8 too fst, aDd who )eh,ve Ujt noe weight shoud be given to tradilonl trthoities ard tacllc.s. l.his (hc group Michael Adhs has claracteri?f,d as thr,farher knowr best, reonns about womcnS cquaiy and gay i8hrs.'o '8 they equally opposc Bt nnrigrant multiculturalirn, Aborignial i8hrs, and acconnodatin8 euebcc. Indeed, the encrgen:e o thcsc diversiry poli.iej is preciscly one oi thc rhanSes tlat tlcy nd nost distressin8. Thctu has not b.en (and is nt now) inysigibcnt evel ofpbtic nlpport fo any ot rhese Iorns of !nticultuan mon8s.u1turl conserva tivcs.
servative5 havc
see

.rowd (^dams 1997, 2000), $'hich hc cstmares al around 35 ocr.enr or . o..- ." I ." ,,,,s 'rr ' .,,'dd,d1 rof','..,ion. r'pdr rrr\. rtr r .

otcou$e, lavinglostdbirrlcrobkrkrlcscpticies, pairia:halcon.ot simpy disappcaed TheI arc re,lur!ng n ordcr to

tive/uthoiian eilcs hv been succsslul n.apturing these policics, and whatsafeSlalds arc nr pace toersure tat ibe ri8inal emnciptory Soals and ideals re not subvercd. I will rctun to this queio inthnexr cbapte, ien discusing howwe should evalute rhe a.rual operarion of ulticulturilisn policier, and the luturc prospe.ts. Jut my focrs n thir chapter is on th. Dn8ns of m(ttituttuaism policies thc noxnative priDciples nd nttical coalions that uDde. pned theiradption. And l.rc wouldinsisrthal ica.to.r invotved in adopli|g ulticultuaism i! thc Westem dem(racics viewed rhemselv.s exprssing and extendng thr human ri8hls levolution, not leacrng
'rs is obvbuty a sweeping geneaization, and it wold ullimarcly ned to bc tcsted on a case by cs basn fd al oI the differenr types ot

how tlel.ad row explol theopporn ies creared try \ policis. fo exanple, nsevative trot.sta.rs ! CaDrda, who nitiay iotrghr tooth and nJil to bock m(lti.ltuLilis! ir thc plbli. s.hooh siicc i would sp aihi5tiaoily of irs pivilegcd posirjon, arc .ow rcgrouping to see whctho they .a! nrvoke n(lttculhralism lo rc8ain sonc tost privilcgcs (Davie5 1999). lut this prrfdto stategc appeal to nftiol

turalien ust be distingrhed from suppot for rhc poln:r,s adopftrn, whiclr patriarchal consvtives longty opposed. On the oer lan4 w have lhc iberal wng o th Canadian popu lace, which las b.cone nrcrcasirgly gatadan, adti aurhorlrrian, ind nrdividualistic. r.di.tab, they str n6y su pporl Scnde eqlatity and gny

,
Mrling 5nreoLiberal Multi(ulturalirm
ri81ts, but they eray endose nuticultuaism policies, and view both tets o reorms a5 expressions oa sngle ogc o civil rights iberalisnl So both .anps have opertd on the as\umptn that mnlticultalism i\ an inteljral pa and pcel of a larSc poG\s of liberalizatbn althoulh ol cou thcy diffr on ho to evahate this ar8er prc.ests Th Originr of Libcrdl Mu
h

'cuhur

alirm

.i

and (han8e! in
changes

tlppot for multi.ultlrali\m poi.ies ove tine a.k

Multicuturaism Ad is o.aled sqlarcly wihin thc lar8e instihrtioni framework of lbenl de'o.ratic conslitutjonalisd, aod hen.e egallt subie.t to tle same constitutnral constraints as any othcr fcrl.ra poiry fedea action done in de nane of mluclluraisdr must espect ^ny the .equements of tle Cnnadian (:harter of Rights a.d lreodom5, as
interpreted and enforcedby iudicia bodies such as thc Cradian Human lights Connissio! and the suprcme Courl. So ihe wi_v in whi.h nllticrl(ralisr n C.nda has been e8:lh delnd matres cleal that it does nol cxisi ortsidc te framwok of iberal democati. consttutionaisnr .nd hunin rghts jurnprud.nc, or as !n exeption to it, o as a deviarnnr om t. lilher l s lnny cnbedded withh ihal frameworl.lt is defrned as fowng om huin.ights norms, as embod)ing those nonns, aDd is enlorccabc through judicia insthr tions whose !andire s to (rplold lhosc nors.2r OI coursc, lhis is jost onc cx.npc frod onc countrt ind lherc may bc aspc.ts oI the Caradiar appra.h that e not fould n othcr Western democracie5 .ven so, it5 an inportaDr cas. to .onsider, since Canida was the i6t @untry 1o adop a oficil muticulturalm policj, nnd as a rcsull has pliyed.n nnportrt tc in shapng inteuralional conceptions ol wha( m(llcrltftalis! is. 6ncn libaD notes, ^s ^bu C..ada is widclys.cn aroud.l thc world as a (try wheLe mlllicultur lis 'existt (Ab-hban 2002: 460)-where nultiaturism is a well estlished pa.tic., not iust rht.ric nd Canadian fornatio s ar often studicd s prtotypcs. Ior exaople, the way mutjculllralhr is rked to hrrr rights in tlc pr.able t the Canadian Muticullraism A.t is o$entily dupli.atd n e UN's 1992 Decaahon on tlc Righrs f MiDorities*botn nsist that the ights of minorities are llndcd ot human .ightt norms, and so sh.uld be interpeted as iurtlcr cxtcddnrS and implemnting ihese noms ln any eveDl, Canida is far fron uniqrc i. thc wy it ties mutcl turalm to iberalism. we se a simiar inkage ir Auslralia, fo examtle AccordirS to Ja,nesl upp who played a protal rolc in dcfrning ^usalia't nlticltralisn policy,ullicultraisn n Australi :
i5

in support

libea egaljta an values moe ge.erany ()aslo

The lint betweeD iberalirion and m(lticulturnlism policies cin be con6rmed bI examjning thewaythese poljcies have been egallydrafted an<l udicially enorced. One of th most stiknrg thjnSs about tese policies is howtightltind expicitiy they are coDnected to broader norms oI homan rights ind lbea constlonalhn, both conceptuilly an<l

consder lhe preamble ro Canidi's M(lllcllturilism Ac ol 1988. lt eying tlat ..d6c thc governrnenl olCinada is comniited to cjvi liberties, particuarlytrefreedonr oi ndvduah'to maNethe ]ethat lhe irdividil is able.nd wishes to havc', and bec.lse it is committed to cquality, panicularly racial cqoal y and Sendcr qaality, and bccause ol its nt.rdtionl htrnan igs olrligtios, particutarly lhc ntcrniio.al .onventio. ganst rcial dis.rimntion, lirdelle it is adopti.S a plicy of rmltianlturalisr. It gocs or, in tb nri. tcxt, t reitrat rmr iBhts .oms as pat of the rbstnce of the muhiolhralism poli.y.:o You could hadly sk for cleer ttatement that ultioltrralsm is td be unde6tood a5 an ntegral pa.t ofthe human riSht\ revoluton, and an extension of, Dot bae on, cil iglts liberanm'fhee is not a whiff of cultural conseratisn, patriaclaism, or post nqenst decoDshuction ism in this arenert.Il is thevery nik ol Enlghtennent liber.lism and
bcSins by

unjvers.l humaD rigls. Ir lacl, this point lad aleady bccn nade expicit n lhe original 1971 padianentary atemeDt on mllticuturalhm in Canada, $'hich ated lhat'a polcyofrullicultrialhn within a biliDgunl L6mework is basi.ally tl..onscios spport of individl lreedon of choicc. Wc arc frcc to bc

oudtves' (Tmdeu 1971: 4546). These fnnulations re inte.ded as n instru.tid to tle relvart politiG a.to6, fron mindty a.tivists to bueu.rts t judges, that multictralnm must be ndrstood as a poicy inspired by libe.l noms. Nor ws this lcft to.hanc, D to th good*il of politi.dl actort.'Ihe

essitially

universa approval o libera arLitudes.Ir accepa drat al hurans

Ubcd nlcobgy ari.h op{ales wirhiD libel iniLti.s wiih tlr nrorkl bc tr.ircd

c roilrs as .boiq

lee4: e4 (MLcunm rnd 20os, who mmron sivcs rnpre errd! . '_upl nrcd b.knd t rhe nrniL

107

Mnling Sens of tibral Muticuturlkm

rs

he Origini o tiberal Multiculturalsm

exht if

.qui^ rnd thJi difeent

Lallues

ca

L_o

d a.ept libcFl

wahos

0!pp

Bringing Politics Back ln

Thc naative 'vc told 50 la of th. risc ol liba muiticulturalis as a age in rhe evolution ol luman rights is a! imPoant part of tht srory, bur not th. whole story I havc starled $ih it becausc, withoul nndcstanding thcsc lioks, the sholc tcnd becomes inexPlicLJle lor explc, Bian Bay be8ns his iniuenti critique of muholturlsn bv syng Lhat he's be.n baed by the adoptiod ol nutiontual Policies in th. Wcst ('arry 2001). His be$klement is undeftlndabl, tince he stats iron the assu!plo! trat these Iblicics are rooted in a relativist ejcction of libeaivn, and it woul.t nded Lrc diflc! lt to \ewhyWcstc I'al dcnocra.ies would abandon the cornitLliona rule5 rnd vJlucs to adopt 1ch poicies, or how such polici.s coll.l ener8 ion the poitical pioccss llowv.r, iiwe aewjin! tcontctplite rre Possihility o a nlticlltuais thaL is root.t in huin ri8hls, and if we ldrk tor the e8al, polit., and conccploal ljnk5 betw.cn lhc tao, dren te . of libel !ult.ulturlism (nrts to be.olne !.h more undelta.dblc Howrvcr this bviorsly is not the wholc nory lt attribues frr too much to he'poser of idca. Nuti.nlturljs niy nrdeed bc a llau' sihl.rtedsion ol th logi. oI human riSlts, lciding iom de({loniz_ tion through racial dscgrcgalion to minoity ri8hh. llot o8r is rot seltena.tirg, and i.las do.ol move of thcir wn ic.ord he moal logic of multiculluraisn n.cds lo be aictted, obitizcd, neSoiatd, and comprriscd within r largcr led of lower cl.toDs.zr 'lb imPy tal the ise f nruLicultualisd rclects the unloldn8 ol the human rights revolution makes it sund as il public lolicics wcc loDulated in acadeni. pltica1 philo\ophy scrinars in which p i.iPants attemPt to disp.ssionatly identily h loSic ol monl ar8n.ts. Poliicl llle bviosly not likc tlat. lb l)e \urc, th.re is su.h a dg as'the Power o

by the sc i Canada, muluculturalsn was intro<tuced in wcrc pushin8 f(tr IiL) leFlibcral or sd_ial dcorocralic poitca orcei tha ^ustrali alization more geneLiI, such as strengtherd 8cnd. cqualtl, non discnririon, and gay riShls.?2 Thc sanrc basicp.llern can be found in othe We\tem dcnocra.icstat a 8cnhav. novcd in 0e direclion oa moe mutiaturrl atprra.h. ^s al rule, lricul!ral5m has been adotted by rcil-deno.ratic or lefr liberal parlis nnd coaitions ihat ndorse lireiztir niore 8n.iallt r.d thc rcslling pojcies have been dnfted in strch a Bry that nalcs .xpli.it ilcir toandation in human riShts nornrr. To bc sr., public connderce in this'ibe e\!.tan(:y' vaies .ss tir d ass socielies, ind there have heen timr and pa.er whe
As

':

,.'

leopl hre Lrccorc s.eptical lba t r lticu ltu ra ism can sece ly be rcotd ir libcral democrilic consrutonalism and hman riShts nons. Atrd as !c will sc., lhis scepticitm heps to expain rme of thc ong opposilior to molticlll(ialhr that has arisen re.ntt and ne of the high plonlc .ascs ol a ,etreal tom mlticu1xlism' But these
cascs conrn lhc kcy poin(: Damey, tlat sheev{: mlticultualisn has bcrn adopled and inrpcDerted whr th \!\t, it is a distinctly liboral nrodcl ol mlLiculluralis!, suppod be.ause and insofar a5 it is sccr s consislcnt with, and indeed enhancinS of, beral deno.ratn: vdlues rd hur.n rights ideais. Whee that b1k tr Dot prceived,

either

in rchtior t on ticultftalisn gcnetilly o in rcation to

the

rains ola p.ticulr hnirity group, publi.sppo lor nnlicultlism

ln short, we r varyinS levels of publi. bclirfnr bcral tmtieltraiisnl across the West. What we don't se, however, is ny othcr tyP. f non-

ibeal muticultrrlisr, $hther .ooted n Herdcria. culhal .ons vati5m or Nietz\chean portjndenrism. Thlc rc Hcrdcra. add Nict Tschen muticultualists in a.:a{temia, partidarly n sort bun.itics dpartnents, but it is not this sort of mltnrtualsn that har shapcd public pollry in the We Rea)'existing mtrlricutualisrn in he Wrst is
liberal muliicuturaism.

idc deas.an nspire, intorr, nd posuade Political ctors. B llk s or. lype of poscr anonJlst othcrs, and often coroDts lhc dctermned
iportant adors whsc lees or dcntitics arc Potentjaly ttretcned by ac.cptilg nes ideas.
resistance of

ln shoit, as an ac.ant oi the atc of tthnlc politn:s dlc W.n, lh stor], I'rc told so fa is stian8ey devoid ot actua Politi(\' Thc nortative
lo8i.

b.hd

nruti.ulhtralisl clarmr rs itrporlalt, but $e nccd

r ri.h.r

ns

cuilhoi turd

emil herir

Makn9 sense o Libral Mlti(ulturalkm

h Origitu f tibel Multi.ulturalkm

tor iryi 8 I is lh is oss ol fcar, conbncd with a new igh ts consciou!css derivins lron lhe human rghts reloltion, which expla'ns lhc rcnarl abllv(ral nahe of etnnn poiti.r r.onteporary Wsrrrn democr.cies Moeove, dmo.ra9 irroves tbe av.ilabilty of nult'pe access points todeci5nr nkinlt Iiagrouf isblo.kcd il onc lcv.l by an unypa lhetic ijovenmnt, they.an pu8re lbcil .liids t arothcr evel. Ij'cr il an unsynrpilhelic poliri.al pl wcrc to wn pwrr at the.enrlil lcrcl, .nd

iccolol oI how
Lhe rcssy

tese .lanN get dcpoyed, cont\ted, and neSotiat.d r

ei word po lics olconlemporary Western democra.ie\.

It would be impo5tibe to Eive a comprchensive ovcrvicw of row tlcsc politca p.ocesser hve played out acoss the Westdn dem)cra.ies. The human riShts levolurion ha5.reaed a conLptua opennr8 fr liberal

muticultlraism to ner8e in the wesi but uhthe pahoa 8rups n partcular coun(ics are srccc$llnr putruing j dependr on comtle plitici lactoA lhal arc licd 1o spccific nation. (or eren ocal) coriexts
To

irerpled lo c!l b.ckon nc rghls ol rr d{rnn.tgrou!5,

llrcsc groups

ttuly'brng politics lr..knl,

otlncthodological

Nc hould need to engage in a righ degre nilionalGm' wc would ree<l io lookat the detais of

lhe lradtonal potiel pady (ctuls a.d eedoral \ynetrs ofdiffcrenr contres, aod lhe soft ol clcctoial ncentives aDd allan.es rhey make possiblc or pr.clrdc. Wc ould also have lo loor at the way .iv society s structurcd n difcrc.t countrics (c.9. corporatisl ve$us ljbelal), ard at the relativc s.op. iordiffct pliti.al tactics (e.9.litiga&r, rcda cam
paBns,

cil disob.dic..e, lra.k rcom lobbynd.'?4 Trying ro rnlnarze

Lrc

ll ol thcsc 1cto6 would

We can

an nnpossbly conpex lnsk

hoscvcr rk. a few rrc gcncral obs.vauons about some oI

thc politi.al facto that ha!. supportd the tcnd towards !ulti.ulturil ism, eithe by fa.iltt8 thc I).itica mohilizatio. of ninoritf groups, or by ed.nA politi.l opposition to the.atns. 'fhe frst .lndition that has e.abed the eff{tive robiliztnr of moorities is, ofcourse, demGtacy itsel )m@acy ir reevant fd manl, rearons. t the simpe evel, the consoidation of dernocra.f imits thc ability ol elites to crush ethnic l)olitical movments. 1r) many cou.tis aoundthe word, eite5ban poiticil movementt ol ethn ic grouD, o pa,v thugs o painiijes to bei !p or kill thnic group eders, or bnbe policand judge5 to loct thrm op. The lear of this sor of repression often kccps non dorinant grops lrom voicirg cven lhc most moderateclajms. (ecpgqui.t is the safrst option fo ninoritics n nrny urrrics In consolidat.d der.n.jcs, howcv, were democricy is lhe onll 8c n tosn, t|crc is oo (rption but to allow cthni.8.ops to obilizc politically and advarce the .laims in Pbli.. As rcsult, hcdb.6 of ethnic Sroutt e in.easingy uDafrani to \peal.ut. Thcy my not win the plical debat, but they aren't aaid ofbeing lille4 iailed, o 6ed

co!ld shilt theirlcus lo thc rcgionl lcvel, or to the uricipil icvcl. .d even il all o lhese levels sere blockcd, trcy could pu.sLe thcir claiN throu$h the courts, or evef throagh inlcxatio.a prssure. lhjs h wbit democriq is all aboot: multiplc nnd sh g pnt5 ()fa(ess lo pow.r A rclal.d lactor is dcno8raphjcs h thc past, many gove!rcrts hxd lhc hopc or qpcctaon ihat ro.-dinant thnic groups would snrpv disappcar, tlrrough dtng out r assimiatnrn or jnredniriigc. It n nw c.a. Ort dris n t gong to happen. Due to hlgh birth ratcs, ndigenou! peoplcs irc lhc tislc Srownrg scgcnt of th pplatio! ir ranv ol thc couDrics whcrc thct arc found. The per.entage o nnnjgrants d thc popurtin is growg stcdily in most weitern coartrics, and mosr cornmcntatds agrc. thrt cv.r nxe imni8rants will be nccded in the tuturc to offsct dcclrnB bith ates rnd an ageing popultion. nd sub stat nati(na 8oupi the West are aso 8rowng id absolut numbe6, even if they a.e 5taying the same or margirally dcclting as a pecentage ofthe popuation No one any nore c.D havc thc drcr o deusion trat ninoritier vill disapper. l he nLUbeN count, partituarly n a dmocr a.y, and the numbec are shiftjnjl in ihe direction ot non.lohinant grcup' 'lhese two acto6 of democ.acy and dctnogapht taken k)Sether with th human ligts revoutio, help to explain the 'purh' Ior pollcis ol accommodaton. lncreasing rghls-cors.urrss, increisnrg ac.css to niultplc ar.ras of sfc politi.al rd)ii?2hon, and incrcasng nub.rs all help to cxplain thc growing strc.gth of politi.rl mobiization by cthnic

Pin.iples and Geo politi.s in the Human Rights Revolution

is why dminn 8oup\ wiing to a(ept thc.e dnaDds. Alti11, nost Wcstern statct hav a dominant natnral group that lorns i clear nDcdcal najitt and in a dem@a.y 'mai{rity nley. So why liale tn.jority goupsbc.oore have been

'lhe more puzling politi. (tuertion, perhips,

.o ,r{rivey ,.tus

dre

wd(n (k(r.ieJ. sr, ru einlrc, K6furLJ drd shda in oPrnituniq rtu ba' av

110

Mlin9 5n5c o tibeal Mulriculturalirm

rore willnrg lo respood to lhe5e demands, and to n.goriate thcn? v/hv not use thc Powe of thc slate to strpprcss the\e dcninds, wt! lorce if necersary as was he csc jn lhe Fast? I( ould b. nce to thnk lhat he po*ers l toral a8ucn t have bccd s!flcient to overcome tlc lonS hktry f antailonirns ind t-"iudicc tlat have slaired ethnic and rcia elatnns n 0e West. Bul tlat doerft seen likcly Tlere must :ve ben othe rrorc p'rdential or srategi. fx.to6 underlyig lhis changt ol heat.

Th Orgins of tiberl Multiculturalism

l{lentifying these ixed motiv.s ior .c.qing m!ticultrlnm n importanl, nol only to bttlet undestaDd how nulticuturalisr cnei8ed

iround trc globe lf sr a$rne that rmllicultualirdr aros nr thc wst 5oely or prinarily Lrc.ise of its fDwlu moral logic, th allnPts to p(ndotc il abrod wll laSely.onsht in n)oral heckfl)g ol other

in the W.st, bt al!) to bctler understand the Pospccls Joi ProniLing it

societis As I roted r tlc lntrodnchn, lls indccd has been a tc.dencv ofma y commentats, who benoan the aPParcdl inabiitv f Peolle in rhe post coFmuni\to Posl colonial orld iond.rsltDd the do.1osn: ofntencc and.lve6iL} and who ecommnl (rc )cdocaing thc lo.as il rhe neanng of liberlisr and hunxn rlShts lli rcaiil), howvct the vr.ablc iale of liberal !rtll.trltualisdi in different socjeties mdv hive 5s

io rlo with peofc's.onrPrehenrnn ol lhe morl logic ol htrtrra. riShtr' an(l rtrc to do $ith thc lil8e tatr$tork of P.wr relations itrto whjch
lhes. non.livc a.8rrcnls are insccd
One wry to at unLotcrhs hesc dixcd nrtives Io i.cePt8 mul liculuar! is lo eturn to Lhe PevnNs lwo stages of the hunran riShls

rhc Brilish tlorse of comrois tat'i tle atlanlc meetng, wc hid ln mlfd, prm.ril, the e\iontn). o the )vereigntt sell8overrn!'nl and natonil ire o the States and nrfl)nt of iuol)e now under thc \azi yok.', which 's quite a sepaate pbem' trom that of th rghts of .oloniil populations who 'owe ae8jance to ibe itish Oord (ocd n Borflv.rdl2005:30).

dccrj bclore the war was over (wolton 2000: 2 3). And onc inportlnt r.ason why thellles agreed ro thh prnciple wnsprecnell lo hclp cnsurc ai tlrcy would win rle wrL lvhen rhe British and Americans lrst out ftcd thcir plans 1r the posL war order in the Allintic Charte ol Augun 19,11, thcr was no sl)er:'nc eeence to a.ial egualiry (lhur.hl tell ual scll deier m i!tio. should be esro ed tothe rlropean peoples conq(ci.d and.olonizc.l by the Nazis, but he did.ot want rrh irrerprercd as a iuincarion for Bantin8 Fl deteninion to non fnotear pcoplcs conq!ed and coloniTed by ihe B ti\h and so the Allanric chacr is carclllly wordcd to say hri'soveFign rights.nd self goverue.t b. rcstorcd lo lhose who have been rbrcibly depjved ol them'. L othcr words, tuiopeiD peopies alro poesed an intenationally re.ognized sovereiSn ate, ike the cze.hs and the lnes, *ould ecover thn toF .rcgn'rgils ol self deteflnarion, wheeas non Flutopea. colo.ial pop llatons rhar had.evr been ecoSnized under intc.atn aw as sov eregn stals r!o!ld emaiD under the thumb of the British f.pic. in case anyone misunde6tood ihe 5ubtlry o th wordinS, Cruchll lold

Clurcliill was indccd shoclicd

dre Nzis, but
Nzis

\icther dc(olodizahod ror ra.a desc8rcgaton sas socly tre rcsull ol noFl pursioD, nd by idcntilyjD8 thc other mor. ritegn: factors it wort n thosc trc cas.r wc ci! bettei nderstnd the contemPry
polilics of nulti.tllualism. Con$de thc ibun&tnral .onlnitmen t to racal equliti cxpetsed thc 1948 UDHR. l said ericr thal it was rc!lsion at Hitcr's 8eno.i{tdl 'Ihis racc haired thal nolivated acccpance oirhc idca ol a.ial eqality

rugge aljrst etlrn i. and r.cal hleacht

nd ask hw thcy

ca

m alDu I

irl lhe Arynn slprericist nicology of niny olh.6) was thc r!y tc scr trcg ohc while Erropcans.s if llcy lvc no bcttcr
rl.t
shockcd hnn (.nd

is (|

Gcrnan holodrf BorteMnn 9931 81) 1 .atastoPhc, it is sar.j 'slook the .onscience oI tte ridd', and nrPired h ternalonai .o !lnity to re.ognize tle sins of caist idcologies, and to conrmit

tl.

'capli.:r ra.ial dorinaftrn losl its l8itinacy in the ilas .hambers of

lal

ac.ount Siven by commentntors

l kr.stenann

words

than rd Asians Nrzi polcy towards thc Slals was mod.ll.d ^fricrns dire.tly on ealier Gcran lrlicics towards Afri.an.olonial popuatnrrs (,indquist 1996, lhrn.n 1998), an. nidccd Eitl s n thrt'Ruisi is or ftn:a and th Russians ac ur Ncgocsr (uot.d . tur.n 1996i 136) lvhie few Westen pw.rs bd .otrphncd about Ccmar cobnial prictices oi @nquest, .sttledent, rd forc.d l.txru in even slen it was knoln to .id to dass strvalion and dcath, it^in., was sb.kn8 to \ee the same pR.tic.s applicd wirhn luopc itsclf r\s St CIai Lal<e prt it, 'erteminatin! Srshen and T\mniars was one thinS:
.xterminaIrg low !noperns'l a diftent ra.e" wa. quite a dierenl alc (Drike t95l: 26., quoted in Inyton 2000i 170 n :l) Chur.hjll's nti.l impahc, $i!ed by nro ie5, was to re'terate this tradiriooal asurptio. lhal lurop<ans should be accoded a (liffe.ent and hgher at{6 lha. olic.s. ie wanted to.iticze the N-ir, not f(.onstnLctins

tself t the cause ofr..ialeqrlity. rr.l horvevcr, lhc de.ion t bse the Po\rwa inten atiotl order or raciil equality ss lake. beiotu thc lolocausr was widelv krown' an<

lt2

Makinq sense of Lib.al Mulli.ulturalish

he Origint of Librl Multiculturalism

and impe|alsn. s lvolron purs t, rthe laj oI Singapore hd dis.redired uha was seen as "shte jnperiilsnr"' (wolton 2000: 152). Therc is a ralutary le5Fn he l he idea of a.ial qlalill is a plvcrtu one, but its intrirsi. persuasiveness sas ro grealer ir May 19,12 thar in 1941, or in rbruar] 199, when theJapanesc nlcccssully pl ^8usta a.ia e{lualit} .laure to the eagle oi N.tions.,6 What chan8ed po5ed

ra.ial hi.rchies, blt athci lr misidenhiving then by igniin8 !h nles by $hicir civiliT-cd !rope.r PoPles shu' 1r'at onc 'n
An.l yer with a ye of tle tantic charto, nomentlm had swun8 n favor ot th. idea that tle new world orde! should be based on a pin.iplc ol th cqa ights o a PcoPles to sel deleninrri'n what changcd? lart of thc answcr is military stategy.] British had bcen slo.kc. LJy the all olsin8aPorc to thcJdPa.ese n Icbuarv 19'12, ater the local populiron cfusedto hght Ior tre Bril5h The lo.al Chin6e, !ii-v' lo dit fiShtg to sive lriLsh in.l lndan populiLion! mpialsB Whf shoud tlicy care rhcther thcy wer rled by iirithl or prctniscd Ererter seLl Japansc overlords, partiGhrly when thcJaPa.csc ws also a faclol Sovennrcnl? Ihe'disloyag oi the .al PoPulalins and !alalsa, dvastating 8itish norale and ir the rapjd all of Burma wir planning. I he Bri lish (Pesscd bI their Aneri.a n : ie\l "' li7d that iithy hoped to havc the suPPo ol thcir coonial PoluahoDs i' the war againsttheJapanescinsia, o .8innt rlc CermN and ltalians in ^ftici, lhqmust Promise a Po war rdct in which th sns ofwhitc nnpeialisrl presed thc Brith to promisc to Thls the wouldbe ddressed. ^nciicans rcturn Ho.g (on8 t the Chrcsc ind to grant India indePndcnce (and similiy prcssed lrance to Prcmisc to rcnqish Vietninr), io s o secure thc coopertion (or at lcast DeutrJlity) of thc l@ PPul!ion\ in rhe war As somner Wclles Rooscvel's chicf toteisn poicv adeiser, said in Mav
1942:

I
:-

sas the lager geo poitcal conte{t hat dramalically atcr.d the .os and rirks a$ociated s'itr icceptiDg t.l idea.:r As wc wll see, this ha5 nrpcations lor howe un!e6lind the pospccts foridvan.nrS mnorjry
also be told about lle i!pulsc LJchidd tle se.o.d bunin rights revol(iion thc Afiicr-^neican deseg rega l ion canpaign. Il hotlcns.id uattlcsuccc$ofthe.ivi ights move c.t rcncctcd a growir8 pulrlic rccgiton that racial dis.im!fition A similar

ory car

Sreat stagc of the

conhadicted e lo(ndn8 idcals l hnan lrccdoh d equaity n the Aroican Constiturion. D(s.grc8ition, i othcr ords, enected a (long ovedle) working o! of the i'lenl noral logic of A!cricrn lbeala.d denD.ialic principics. Bt, hcrc too, it would bc a ristkc t ov.rrnthasize the inpottancc f r l)cduasion. Afri.r^r.i.ns hd.ertiny been invoking tht r.l lsic fo rany d.ades, but the sudden $.cess o hal atglrcrt in th 1950s had a\ mu.h t() do with foign I'oicy imperililcs as {ith domeshc moral pesuasnrn
: .ous, i'e j.p ere dsn ,d ro i n.iil elury .nurc P.4/orid( nnr oi I pn tr.i ple JU rJr'udi ver s nJde cer the Jr rr ^: idor.ry !)l .ii !{nsDr.} (rrid),n?,b), whi.h de si\ins tbcn rhc

fol thc jb.1ri.! or opes t nu{ asulc rc soverc3r .qurlity ol pmtles Ll.oqhot tlr wtrld, as wcllas in lhc word o ihc Anericas olr vidory mu Jrn8 in 5 iain the lbcriioo of al Peopci Dncrimi'ation liwecn peotles b..ause o lhc a.e, cr.cd o colo tru be ahtnhed Tb( rge of inperalnn n eoded.r

lthiswaisni lacta

war

i8ou('lurcnee6: 140) rn!Japancscdid..'.hircr

n,r reno r.rFrhey rinpy obj n, rulcno JdprN. wce ore

i isd r
n,pnn

*br

(ir,nry)
...
m.br
ryir'.h
or

rn Aug( 1941, the uritish oPeatcd in the lope and cxpedaftx that the BitGh nnpenlisn could contnue udclnged aite thc war' ^ftcr they e-eval!ted this a$rnption' a.d a.quje5ced ii fa of Singapore,

ney trnblu tu ni dF re3o\ re1tu,

c,llrlly

rf..N ir voer

nitu.r tJipFi,,.icr. r JtrP ucrc dclqqimar.d,

of
^r

his

0nponenr .i q!rir i dre

u(iild Nons

hip

!r5i

to rndn, (B:nton

Amenca ciaim5 tht lhe sa

was a stuggle aganBl lacia

dis'riminatior

..,,".-,Jr'",

'tu , ,..i., ",--. .. t.-

$c" tu an$aN dd
i4

udtih

ihc NIe o mpeiarsm a

noa |\rIq, sbould notc th .doMd rh. pr.iptc of .l eq ihc lshr of non luop]r pops, but mthc to 0otcd shrs trro niShr be rur]i{r t! rn cndcd (fi,rti 1ee3). rlhrc Liorcans h,i i cfed

'r"rr

hertEal,irshot,w)|itilcpldr

Making sense of Libral Multcukualism The U nited Sttcs tmer8ed fom World War l b.k.i nr a SlobalrtruSSle wh lhe Soviet Union for influencc nd power ADd n lhis conte\t, racial discrimi natiod {ithin the Urited Stales was a .ripplir8 liabiity. The Sovi ers ensued tht news rePorts about the mistatncnt olrlacks ni Aneric were circulted widely dc Third wold, xdd Ure State Dcpartment was re.iving rePorts on a daily bsis lom its cdbassies ovetseas bout lhe con5equenccs lhis sas havg Onc American itbi$ador notcd 'tle prPlcs on lra.ial disninationl r.d the paidul 5enlitivitl {d all ^!ian lanristi. slrcss which Communist Prop.gandt hrs had in cetnrg adti Aneri.an fcrftg... t it impossibLc lo exagSerat.' (Amrassador Chcste uoses, qnoted in layton 2000: 162 n. 78). LcadirS Post'wd. Aerican statesnen, such asJohn lostrr Dulles and Dcan R!sk, constartll rcir ared hat lnn Crow is Juinins ouroreign Poli.y. The cffct of th nr Asia .nd Aca will be work fo us thn Hun8ary for the Rssians' (Dullcs o Laylon 20oo: 131), or lh.t "l he biggest snl8lebuden thitwe(arry on oui bacts in or forr'ig. relatin\ .is hc probem of racial dis.rimrnation Rusk in Llurcn 199:2,14). The foreiS polic-v impicatnxs oi donesti. racial disciminati(xr ot(en had a tragic cotrIic clcment to i. Whtnever Afi.n or Asi.n deegatcs ro the United NtioN in New York drovc down to Wshington io tat to

heOIginroLibal Mulri.utuah5m Juice and St.lc Dcpa.lments lo sbnit anicus bricl supporting
legal .ases bo8ht byAiricin Anercin orSinizaljons, adrising tlic ..utl that acal seSregaion was an obstace to oreign poliry, and a labiljty nr the

Cod war stru88e $'th the Sovet Unjon ln the limous BoM y Bdni

of

case,Ior examtl, th federa govenrmenl brel said lt n nr de context ot lhe present world stru88e between fi eedotn and t_lranny that the problenr ol ricial discriDiiatioD i! the LJS m bc licwcd'(quoted

ldr.,iio,

Aican governmcnl otlciah, they P$ed nto dle .nd ol Jim (-ros and woe tore{t to usc raciilly se8reSatcd restauants nd washroor$an xPoien.e tbey fond humiliatinS, to say thP e,\t Th. mcrnan Sovenlnent setuP taior clowthiP pogramme to tlrrg lut!re leadr of Thnd world countries lo stud-v i tle Uoited sttcs, in the hops tht this wood en.uragc a Postive viw ol Aneic, bur thc 6t hand eipeicrce of se,legtion olten had ih. opposite effP.t Th. merican Sovelnerr hoPedthat !any uN otSaniuiitions wouldb heidquarteed in the Unitcd States, and oflrcd lo host thr UN5lood and Agricllture Oganiation (FAO) in Baltimore, bt the IJN cotld haldly g.e tolocate
s offr.cs n segregatinht Maryland. (le FO ended uP n Rone ) n al ofthese.ascs,lhe cost was lot jst a djminished internatnal rcplation 1or

It is dlcull lo know how ouch {ei8hl srould bc giv.r to theie exleiral Seopolitcal factos in extliin:ng the slcces ol thc Africanr\nerican civi ri8ht5 movenent, .ompaed to doesi. chadgcs nr politjcalopnron about the morality olseSregairon E!( t's worth.oting lhal lhe idilial pusl within tre edera governcnl 1or dcsc8re8atn)n cine lron the Exec(lve Lrranch, and the Slale Lleparlncd1i. paticuar, rith thin lon cither the idiciary oi lhc legislaLlc. In fct, uman's .orlnitrncdt to addrcss ra.ial discnniDaton was so out of line wir publjc atlndes or judical nons rat he had to circ(mlcnt thc othe two bianchcs, cnlorcing desegregalion in federi institutions bl Irxtiv Odcr, rlhd thrn thro(gh icgl.Lion or jrdicnl rcview Wthout th foip poi.y nspcd push lron lhc lrccotirc, itl dot .lear wheher, or wlcn, the rl logi. of dcscgr.Stion would nv been accepled by dther th site njority arnogth. publi. t lrgc or the.outs zr ' hcse a.counb of the hixed motivcs unde.lyg the rst rwo sl.ges oi
thc hunan ights strugSlc againn racil a.d.thnic hiea.hy.onta nn mportant lesirn nrdrey, dr trttitudcs twrds race and ethni.jy.re prcfoundlJ infl uen.ed by arg. SeoJxtiticl thrts ' he sor ts of poicies that ae adopted are detemincd, at least io parr, by percepio.s oI what wi be a hep o. hirdranc in the ltiuSgle wjth extemal eneics Had it nol tree! ior he xtcajthlcats poscd by the Axis in world War 1, orty the Soviets dudg the Cold War, the movment towards dcco.izatnr and desegrgation m'Bht have been much shwe, or evetr stoppcd h its lFck. Populir accept nceofthe moril ogiclorthese relorns was hclpd by rhc cxlra psh rhat cones ton coocens about geo politcal sctriry2'

tle Unitcd st.tes, but a renfo(cnent of the Soviet cain to be the only tue belicv.r in racial elualitt and the only truc lrie.d of the no European peplcs oI the word Iacd wh thesc ncgatve effect! of ra.ialdc.inDon on amri.at
hd to a.t 8co poltical intercsts, President lnmar cve n tual ly ..cid.d he As lnuren puts it, 'extelna pressur. fion the CodwarIow began to pl.t' donlmeDtal ole in celting a new begi in8 for racial cqlality s ithin thc Unted sttc (Lurn r996: 201). AtLer 1946, Truman instructcd thc

ni3hr

re .rr r3nien(,nr lgr

ryihtri

rorro5ir{wo
lr

l[lr
,8ntrr
i Lun,iriron

rndtud.dr{nigin..nLv.br
hc f'f,rl

!.d(r d r\ irfe

ju{ie

iinron
!
N

.olon i]

d(obnnii.n

h^t.l.sn di l hd lrk.n

ttr3).let

psh t rhc

Matinq snr of Lberal Mlti.ulturalkm

And thh, I lhink, gives s an imPortant cl(e to why W.ern denrc.r. cies have adoptcd a nex PProa.h to mnorites in the pan fofv vci6 Fo tho 6rst tine in thc twcntieth .entut nd PcrlaPs lr the 6rsi time in ievel ccnhides, dinorilics in the Wc hve.ot in lact beed tools

h!
ol bive neiShbourng cnenics who

Oriqinr o Liberl Muhi.ulturdlism

ighi nladc hcm. NATO

has

been spectic!lar-v su..esstul n rcmovng thc possilrility oi onr Wcn country jnvrdt8 its nciShbours. A5 a e!lt, the question ol whelhel eveDt

this n c.ucinl in etPainng why in a lary Seepoiiicl rog8e. lave ^nd don wilnlg to accePt (hweve' been stat5 and doninant SrouPs grud8inSlyand reluctanty) nor modtdf nultiahr, ..ommodatin. Ihis n an iporlinr pot thal wil returface in late chap(6, so lct nc cxpain it in sone detth.

natonil minonti.s ard njdiSrnous pcoplcs would be loyal n lhe oi invasnn by i dcighburn8 slatc las been .emoved lronr lhe
Oi co!tre, wett.rn dcrrocdes d hrc morc long distincc potcdtial

Geo-Political Scurity and the'Dese(uritization'

of Ethni. Relations
Wh.!e statet f.I nsecure in 8co polilici tetrns, Larin of.ciShbourinS enenics, the treatment of mnrorti.s s heavil!' daped bv ttis scnse of insecrty ln Pacular, tes will ne\e voltlarily a..ord iights and powcs to mnorities if they thl lhis wiu ne.se the likcihood of mi.dties adinx as polntial col.boalor with, or as a'lfth colrnn'
I thr pa st, th s has oftcn beD an issre in the Wcst Fot eamPle pior to World War , lialy fcarcd that theCnnan sFking nnroits in South lyo ws more loyal to Auli o Cenny than to ltaly, and would rhecfoic slplDt any attcnPt by Geriany/^$tria to invade and anncx South Tyrol. Similar feas wee exPrssd aboutthe Cdan minorities in lelgim, Denmark, and thc Baltics. t hese cot ntres wori.d rla t Gemany

f., ncighbouring cncmt

such a5 Soviet Cornunnn n th pa,lsl.nic iihadis todat and pcrlraps Chin in !m tutu scenario. But n! rclatio. i thcsc lng distince threats, there is noqustin tlat dational noritics and ndi8c rous pcoples ar on the s!ne side rs ot. statc. If Quebec 8airts in.ased powcn, or cvcr independen.e, no on n thc rcst ofcnada wocs dat Qutr.c wil sLarl coaboraring sith r\ Qada r Cln to verrh)w the Canadar statc.l Qoebec.ationaists may sant to sc.ede fiDm Canada, but . dcpcndent Quebec woud b an lly olCaMd, tot n eo.my' and sluld opile ogtler sith (ianada in NATO iud other Wcstcm dcfercc and s.uriq an8cments. Snrilrly, r irdcpcrdcnt Scotland would bc an allt not enenyoll.Slandi an indPcndcnt Catloni wuld bean allyofSp.n, and so on. lis may sce obviols, but as $e wil see in Chftes 6 and 7, in most parrs olthe wrld rii.orit)' groups ale stjseen as a fifth cohmn, likel to beworkinS fora n.ighlrouringereny. This h parcuav a @nceLn where thc mnoit_v is elated to reiShborir8 slale by ethnicity ot religon, or whcre a minoity h fond on botl sidcs oI an intrntona boundary, so

e cdics

thai rhe DeiShbou nS stat..lina thc riSht 10 intereoe to protect'jts'

Undcr thcsc condtions, we are likly to wit.csswhai polilical s.ic.tsls cal th. 'sccurlization' of ethni. rearnrs.3'z Rclations bctfucn states and dror ics are seen, not ar a matter oI nrnal demo.r.tic poljli ro be neSotiatcd and debared, but as a natter of nation.l scturity, whi.h thc (ate has to limit the noma dercratjc proccss ir ordcr lo protect ns vcry exisrence. Und. conditions of scditi2atio., hnoity sef or8anization nMy bt egaiy limited (e,1. minority polti.al parties banned), ninoity lcds may re subject to sec.et loli.e suweian.e, the raising of prri.ular sorts ol dcDands maybe ie8al (e.8. ws against

night inv.dc in the natrc oI'1itreating' the co ethtic Gcrnins, and that tle Crnan minorities wo(ld colrborate with su.h an irvasion These fea!5playcd .rucia role nr shaPnrS nlt rnationalresPodscs to the 'norry problcn' al(e both the world oa$. Todat howev(, thls s esenrialy i non_irse throughout rhe estab lishcd westn dcnoccje\ rith respect to n.tioM mniiics and ndigcnols peoples. (The situatnD ol sone idn8ranl SrouPs is trore complc, as dit.bs lrtlow) It it difEdlt o thnk ol a sn8e Westc demccy whele tle srate eas thlt a nitional irority or n'digc nou\ gronp woud collaboae ith a cighbounng rcny and Poten ria a88tusor3o rat f thc reason for lhis is that Westen states do
1nrk1h..-ypdot

ur' ssrsron/inene io. byTrkey.

nionty.

ed

h!.n

d tn!nd..r QlclN h. r fiicnd to teren$? ((ay 2tl)6)

dcno.ndeJ, cYrs

sen br thc Gek

cyprioto!nEtd

ts

Maling Sens o Liberal Multiculturatkm Promoting lecession), ard so on Even il mnrty deninds can be vontd, lhcv hil he dityrcicctcd by th iargo scieqvand he strc. Afrca , how can Srorps ttat ae disloyal hxve any tcgiriiat .laims aganrst rh. state? So lhc sc.xritization oietic relarions crodcs borh rhe dcdrocrti. sparr to voi.c rtxiq deminds, nd rhe likelihood thr rtrose dcands w't

heOriginiof LiL.l Multr(ulturalkm

wtl lhcir country's bsic libera democrali. valucs {and its geepoliticat securily), ind hcn.c ii tcz,6rirl. poliry oprjo. They may not bc pe6uaded nrai multicllraistu is a partianar_/ bcnehcial or ruous plict le( ilonea norlly oLli8atory one, butso longas it r.spe.r hunra. ightt.nd sr!e secli( thcn it is an a.{eptabe oplion, and nor worrh mobilzng .8ainsl. r that scnse, th attitude of nost .itizcns rowards
multculturalisn is onc f pasrive a.quescence, ralhcr than a.ivc ind
wloiehci rlcd support. This is.etainlvwhnt nanypolh hav ngges(ed.r1 ot prssivc i.qui6ccr.c .an be enough lcmocr.qr is oten said t be a syem ol'najority rulc', but whee najority groups ae |tssve, and minorilies .rc wcll orga.iz.d and motivated, nrnority views .an be

ln st westen countis, howevcr, .tlnic polics havc b.cn amosl

enti(ly lles<uritizcd'. hhnic plitcs ir jst thar non, day to dar politcs. ReltioDs bctsccn the sra rc ard rrity groups Lvebeen r.ken o!1 oI the'se.urity' bor and pur jD rhc'd.no.rati. polic Lor. 'lhis dcsc.uritization ot ctlic elalions. conbincd wirh th. s'3n.a Providcdby rcbu humaD rilhts prolcctiods, lp5 roexplair hy domi
havea..eflcd dcands or multicuttura efons. Both of thse tacto6 dranari(aly rcdr. the rnks lo thc membe6 ot dorrant gro!ps ol adopting liberal rrltcttualnm. Th. fomer eDs!res tht ouiticult]n nor a ltrrcat ro peop! coltcctne geo poli(icat seo.it, the ater entrcs that nulr.uthtrrlism is nor a threar to rtejr
ndividua human
naDl groups in the wcsl

I'oiticil ly cllccl vc.3:

.h./n'rr'r'r l:L rol nL.r

rl

s(urit,r linder

these

cdmrranccs, nuhotualism

atlei than ictiv. support r)f most members ol do!nnt lloups neans llat it is vulrcrte t backlash and renrat, pnrtiorlady ifr:iri are ablc to r.isc feaA that it nay after at he , threat to huDdn igh$ or slatc secril)rr! And, as wc'll s@, thi\ is p(irely whal has ocdmed in sone
hr8l' p

""lsn rpFrr-\'

., pr

'l

n cssentiallya low risk pRrtositoD, nddominDl groups are mor likclr

uhl . '.,

ur

'r-

"ar

Fi,m

mrl ! r.rr, h,m

use the tcdn'a.quiesce', bc.use it it rDt ro oveBtarc or 'mpoart mi\inte?ret thc l.v.l ofslpport for nuricull!lisn amonS ncbcrs of domir.nt groups in mosl Wesern s(ieti.s. Th rwo tacrors l,vc ius nentioncd ttc desecuriliziton of erhnic rcltio.s, and a$orn.cs of robust lruran riShts torectio.--rduce rle ris(s sFciared with nrlti. oltualisd, LJut do notprovid. adypost've argurnt in favorofit. tt's of couise positrle that sorc meber5 ol lhe dnnuDr 8rop have been pebuadcd by the guncnts of minotily lcadeA thar muliiculturalisn r not just..,!irtu,r rii, lJtt lso rcqun bf, human lights norm!, aDd is nccded to ensure thc full implemcntatin of hese ronns. I towever, we shouldn't exaSSerate tle extenr ro whi.b this moral argument has becn i..lptert among th. wi{er plblic. Ther! relatively litde evidence tht nenbeb oI thc dominanr grorp have becorc ,true believe6, ir
trrlticulluialisrn in that sense.rr What does appcarto have happcned, howeve4 is thta suficent md! rer oicilizens hve b.ome convnred rhar mulritulhlralm is corsisront

4roric
toticrl

o tn

$ti.al
d'ef wirr

rbod dr
nor

J(nir'

.'nsc thcn vons prrcr nipy b e !e sood ftaens orhcm. ro i4r!

uir arlmm.try r mjonry

nembcs or thc nrarorq tn'caly b
sonc beyond tbe

an

ndcsbndis

sn,c

.l

or

d q rld

6 md hun

4Lr ..

non, thqr b

mQnins miroriq. Mcnbts o min nr 8iqx,

and

d,e oer hand, rypicry rhrk

d.

cadie j'stncs, and nj.,nry erp(i tr mjlodl' pcr.u!c, thc fad dt ocnbcn or 'ht adopt'3 nn'ld!lbnlin llrs$ thr rhcy hver rf c.errt d rr

rtmdf

injntc

or

.a

ie

i'

exrnplc

b) rishcnn s .nrry

Sinrn.wnn.itis,

trc

hcndrctr(rcoB)Er)..nqi

11

driun.rion

i'tr tderr

120

121

Mking sens o Liberal Multi.ulturalism

h Orqins of Lib.ral Molti.ultualism

rigts

The Retrat rom Multi.ulturlism?

of..ionil

minoritics withn rewe5tern dnd

.nr Th.r. ir no

this .haptr, I havc ldrkd at ive k _! nrdarions ot Wcstun lre.ds twards ac.ormodatnjS dver iry. Incrc.sn)3 rights cooscioGdss, denogrphn: changes, a.d rnultiple a.cess pons for sfe t)otical obiizatior heh to explain wlv no. donrininr groups have become nore ascruve of multcrltfta.Iinr; lnd lhc d.s..uritizarion ol cth.ic rcta tions and a consenss on human rights hr\r to duce rle rist to domi .ant Sroups oI a..rptnB these cl.ims. W)cn rtese iv condtins ar in Pli.?, the tend lowards 8rater accoodation of rhnocuttural diveF sity n ikevto arise, cgardt\s ofrhe prcscn.or absence oI particuar t)e enalitiei, orp.rticla poti(al p.rucs, or pa i.uarelecrorat systems.rT Tis anilysis rot ony hlps to cxpl.ri th ,c of mlr.utuai5n in the We5t, l also helps, I beirvc, io xplain rhe,rrr.,r fron mulric(l turism io some lvcsten counlrics. Whee one or morc f these nve conditions ls abscnt, or put inlo qucstnr, pbjc support fo rEicllfu lorns otmulrcult(rlis cn dimihh. Ard nded w can scc.lear cses ofths, alhough c cxtent ofrhe so cllerl'etear frcm rnultidrlturaism' n the west has oftrn been exaSgatcdi and njsinterprcrc.. Some corncrtat.rs have igucd thar we are witrcssins a Sen.rai retret ilon dNtimturalhnr in tbe West, and a rctu.n to more rradi tionil idcs ofhomo8eno!s and rnitar ep!blica! ciznship, ir which ethnoctural diverity is banished from rhe public rem and relcgated to the privalc sphee (e.9. Joppkc 2004, Rrubakc 2001, l,nrzin8er 2OO3). Thi\ has cd soh cttics to exprcss the hotE that lrultifltullsm will pove to havc ben a passing iad or rarhion (Barry 2ool). Ir rciry howver, theba.klash agairst nrl&rlhrralisn is que o.a izcd, rcvanroily to th. .laims of.ertah inorities in ccrtair rcunrrjes. Irampl, rhas not affeded statc policit towds narioral minoritjcs. The trnd ldescribcd n Chapre! J todrdsgreatr ecogiitnrn ofrbsrare narioDl8oups, ollcn th form oi rcgio.a autono'nv ard oficia an Suag statusi remairs untouched Tlc has been no bictasr aljainsr llc
So lar
rcsbrs

casc in thc wcsr oa country ctrcailg irom any of thc c.ornniala tions it has accoided to i ts tuba le .itona SrouPs. On thc contily, a5 we wil see n Chapter 6, this tr.nd his bee! reafirmed by uc develoPnent of inte rinal nors. su.h as lhe F_rame$lrk Crvcttion lor the otec

tnD ofNationi Mutics adoplei by ihe Coun.il ofEiope.

cn

br nrr

clficinr

rrli.ielu$ayhasnosld iedd o b ishb a ha(.o hmndd sa.l (e* anGTs pri! ert tu ded oiir hoorr). so a .cn l,er or q nonr 0.sFrnl ., . ,

n.n ppe ir tcm 2qr1)

h io^0"r

..,..m

ni..,r.:

cor$lidation)

'nry

hive

(onodc pneqnn6.

of ndigcnors peops 'Ihe tod towaids Sreater eoSnitin ol nrdSenons rights, ollcn in the forn of lard chnns, recog nitio. of cunoary Law, and sclf Sotn!nt IiSht\, aho rcnains iull-v in pla.. ir lhe west, wilhout a.I reawble ba.klas or reteal Aod it t@ has been reafnnncd bt the deveopnent ol lenational nonnt, su.h is tlc UN's Draft Dcclaration oD the l8hts oi lddiScnous l'eoPes, or compblc sl.ndards of ndiScnols riShr\ by th Orgaoizalior of Anei.rn Stat.s, lle nternatiod t bour Ol8anizatntr, or th. World B.nk, disdssed id C|aPte ?. So rheE is ro aos the boa rutrat ircm mllticuturalistl lor both slbstat nrtio..t Sroups ard rdigcnous toPes, thc trcnd lowards lhe pubic rucogni(on and a...nndnlion ol ethneuhral divc6it rcnratrs i.tact, a.d indeed is now nore trr.y entrenchd, rot oriy r@ted in don.nic accommodations nd ncSoratbns, mt als ratih.d .d proeced by intDatona noms. Te retrcat fron rrulliculnraism, th.roforc, ls laryely elt.icted to nc donan ol eth nocultural dile6iry nam, rniSraron. nd, as w wil sec in Part lll, unlikc thc case of natqa nnorilies and indiSe.ous pcoplcs/ lher has b.cn no sedous attempt to codill cuturd ri8htl for iigrants at te int rna(oDilevel 'lhe key qtrcstor, thelefoe, is{hy imnign multiolturlism in Pa.tru. has cone uDder such atta.k We .an bcgn by dismssn8 one PoPula exPlantion. As I notd earier, vaiour cotrlnenlito6 hv. srSScsled that the retct fron mnigrant m(liicutualisdr rclects a etun to the radihonal liberal bclicl tlat ethnicitybclongs D rhe privat. sphe, that the Pubiic sphere ould be neuta, and that ci(izenship shouldbc undItrentiated. On this view,lhe rclreat rom ntiSranl nulti.lturltn rcl(ts a eie.tion ofthc wholc idca ol a liberal denoa Lic concPtion of trlticlltuF m ut this cannotbc Oc exPlanation. f Wcstern demGrcies werc rcjcct nrg thc very nla of libal nultaltralisn, they would hav reje.tcd the cl.nns of subrtate nalional 8rcuPs and ndiSenous Poples as well all, the claim\ of national SrouPs and indigcnos s inmgmnt!. ^fter peplcs lypicay invollc a much nrcr dratatc insertion of ethno_ .a rural diresity dto tte pubic sPherc, and a nte damati. degrc.

o cosidcr lh

ca5e

122

Mating 5pnr. o tibral Multi.ulturJlism

h.
grouPs

origns of Libcrl Muliiculturalird

oi dilerntiated .itiz.P, than is dcmanded by immiS.al

whereas tdigrants tyPically \el( nodcst vaations o exenPliont the opcation of rnansteam ilutions, hisloric natioda minoritics an. ndi8cnou5 pcoples tl?caly seek a much wde Ievcl ol recoljni tion rd ac.omnoditon, in.luding sDch thn8s as land clajos, s.ll syslenrs' nd Sovenrdcnl Pows, lanSuaSe righs, sepaatc cduational systems lhcsc.lai!s involvc a ru.h nore senous rven seParate lega change to idea\ of rndiilerentitcd citzenshiP ind the prieilizat ol ethni.iy lhan is nttolved in acconlnodatg nngnt gro(Ps Yt westen dem@aci.s have not retrcaled ai all from dreir contri(ment to accooxdodatjn g thesc historn Drorities. f.t, creasngy .onotablc with cain$ West deDo{racics ire, to differcntated citizcnshjP'nand thc Pobic recogniiion of dilren., when thesc cLaimr nr. advanced by histon mnorties. For.xamPe, whi thc Nethea ds is etreatng on imlnigrant multitxltdalism, t is strengthcning th riShts of it! hslor. Iisi.r inotitv; Gcrnanv s reteti,8 fron tiSrant ntttidltuaism, Lr!1 js celebrting the 50th annivcsay olthe spccal stats o ils lst.ti. Drnish minoity; Britain is reheatnig tom imrnigra.t mhculllrilism, btt has accorded new self8ovtr.t Powes to is hi\toric dations n otl:nn :n' w'l's: ^u! lraa is rctrcaling fro irnmigrant mulicutalistr, bot stc gdreninS the institio!.I72tin of AboriSi.a riShtt; [ran( h retreatng lrom imnrigrant !ltcultr.dlism, but stgrhcning rc.ognition of its hisloric inodty lnnSa8s; and so on. Noneofthis nakesscnse if we erplain the reicit iiom itmiSrant ullculturalisln as a et rn ol orthodox libcral idcas of undiffcnli ated .itizclsi iP and .cu tial Public sPleles

havebeen rca16rmcd by lhe )an*h cartoon affair, s wcllis bvPatunt Lepots about coer.cd anged naiagcs, honour Illnr8s, o. emae 8cr ital (lil.tion.re The oPttnhtic is!mltnD thal human ri8hlr nos will ncvilalry \trenglhen and trirnPh withh Muim .ortnuritics ! the Wcst has be. Pticed in doulrt. Thc 9/11 attacks, and the srlrscquent Madrid and loDdon b.trin8s, hav lso led ro thc 'rcsecuitizton of state lvluslirD relati.ns, as ..is have ariscn lht lo.2l- seted Munnns nright couaboiate with extcxal enemies of the West, s.ving as a 6ith colnrn As a rcsult, a nnlrcr of i5sues thal lsed to bc i ihe'xnnl democatic polilics'hox have bccn pot bck nlo the 'state secuity' box. Debatcs about M\\1im schooh, Iol eramde, !s.d to be disclssed n tcrts ol the rclative terits of diftir.nt Dodels nd !ixer of Publi. and Prn'ale schoolioS, trs that arr filia

iton ealicr debates aboll Chisti and ewish hooh. Bur in.easnigly the! dcbales have bccn influed by con.ens tlat Musi schools, or other inslitunors sct p n) seNc th. Munin comunit!, ti8ht bc captcd by adi..ls, ind uscd.5, b.eedinS 8rolnd for iihadisls who a.e

evenwithi titc sPhere ofnnmigraiion, tlc retreat f{nI multicultulisn is fr lrom nnifornr a.rcss cotnlies: it is ore ponourced in Westrn for exadpc l,uope than in No.th we .n To understnd lhis, ^nerica,return to our list of sourccs and Prcordi tiods The two kcy h.rors tat reduce majo.ity oPPositio. iotNlticnltr ali\r have both bccn pur in dobt in rhe.ontcxl o Musn. nnmigraftn) into Wcslern Eu(rc. Many Foplc lave lucioned whethcr Lhe libcal erectncy aPtlies to Musims n thc saoewy it apPlied to tarliewaves o imrrigrant5. l hesc 1i6 extld bict r st to iie ushdic afl, and
crn dcBocd is
aL.

iti5nottlcidc. oIitcral nuiicliurlismt.rvthl hasconeu dcr rtricn.r 'lhe bacllash, ater, is larSely cstrictd tr) inlniglation Ard
So

!0 comnrittcd ro ata.kjng the lvcn Gived thal lhe public ac.ePtancc ol nrulri.ultihm in the Wcst has dependcd on re {rccplion that il is .onsistrt th bod d. gco political sccurly of thc at rd the peson rcc(li5 of r.ivi.[l .lzens, suPPo lo lilroalmulticulL!riist aPP.rch lo rhe nrtgralion ol Muslim irndi8nts f.cs an uPhill balUe n Wencrn Eqre In.Lccd rc hare witncssed a partia ba.:klsh against ibd.l tuitjcuhtrlisr, prticlarly i L_ount.ii rhcrc Muninr forn !.le njoriLy olthe imri" \ nrlnd mutnx Srant populaio. aod hncc are the f.us ol <iebtn turlism Ka sen 2'5).4 n most of Westcin |uoPc, thc l.l8eit 8r)

:,.,-.... ,,
"

.,,"

h.:.-

{-nd,d

..-n.-r

r-r,'

'
h,d

ornu'ity ..nia,h rncds {ii 'lhqJoFf'' h. N,' " '";" ' ltlo'"''"''.' lo,.rth
il,cf

lrco phfed

L,

jihr.ltsb

ttrbr(rv hnrkn

ri!(1in8

rih

if , . FE."iy lifory inm t

\{,

c.s. Joppr. 2m4.

do.tfr..prnnjii.rnd.jnrn

rd withirr.
125

124

Makinq 5n5e of Libral Multiculturalhm

he oriqint of Libral Multculturalism

o.on uropeaD nlngnnls s Musli.rup to 80 Pcrcent in couni$ ljke Fnn.e, Spain, Itt Gmant lre Netherladds, clc., co.rPared to t0 pecnt or l$ in carada and tne unitd states-nd so Pubi. dis.urse in lurop often sjply eguates the.tegory of imnisarf {ith thc
cate,rory.f 'Muslnn'. Even in llritain, whe tle imnigrant nrti'kc
is

racism.od xenophobia that teed i are t ckled Howcver, trcc lloating

arietes about newcone s, whe st.on& caDnot epliin lhc vari.iior r suptDrt or immiSrahor nd multnrltui\m betwen.ou.tries, or over time within countries lhey cannot explain why some countres adopl nutcrlturam policies whic othes do not, or why some.ouolries na down the road of multi.uluaism and then .etreat l-or exan pc, nrlriculluraism wa5 initiav adopted in Netierands lor thcir (prcdorininllJ Christjan) ex coori,l immg.ants (e 8. the soulh Moluccans, or the Aolilleans), bu it became much Dole corlroveAi.l whcr Muslios Ion-lurkey and Nloro.co be.ame perceived s the maii bedc ciiries. A sim'la pqesi (r(urrei in llritainr nrltiehnalisnr sas llrst demalded by (predoninantly Chnstian) ba.ks io tre Catbtreao, add ad signilcant leves of phic suppo, but ths 5upport droppcd wh.n Muslnn nmigranis from I'akistan and B.ngladesl be.amc pe(cicd as thc mii drivcrs ol nulticul(uralism. Ir boll cases, lhe pc(civcd rirks ass.iatcd wth tbc polcy changed as lhe main targcl groups.hadgd.j3 Thcscvariilions suggest that in the eDdog ruSgle betlveen lhe pobiic vah.s of lolcranc./oon dis.rininalion and plblc leas aboul div.rsit the o(t.orc oltcn dcpends oD spcciticand conlingcntasscssnc.ts ol th. ks involvcd. Thc varying la(c ol rnlltdltrralisnr acioss tlc Wcstcrn dc no.r. ics sggcsts thal anyciti2cs arcwilng ro ac.cpt alticultrtralism poli.ies when thcy arc pc(eivcdas ow risk, but oppose then whn they are perceiveds high risk. 'this raises an obvious dilcllnr: it t), wrll bc that rntticulturaism pl'.ies r st rccdcd prcccl! whcr thcy arc mosi hiSh .isk. Prhpi it is tecisely when th me!.6 of prt.trlar Sroup ar seen as a 'fifth

moe mixed ni tens oI reliSion, itsues of hlam have come to doninatc the debate recedi icle h ihe J?.tdldr ws tilled How hlam Hs ^ Xlled Muh.utuaisnf (Liddle 2004). lhc titlc and arlicle e de.idedly biised,a'?but it seenr tme lhat prbljc suPPort for mltiolniralm hs d.ined as Nusln$ lavc come to be seen as thc miin PoPonerts or benefrciaries f thc policl OI cou6e, hlaophobii is not the only su1cc ol the re.ent ba(klash against immigant lticolluilism in lure. Irdccd, s 106.rSrcthatfear about M(sLms are 5i mPy ttlc do rc..nl .aionalization ofi deeter and pcsiing lree floatn8 anxi.ty iborl 'the othef, and noalgia or hm when cveryonc was assmcd to narc lhict boods of conmon hstry and identiLy. I'eope disikc ethnic a!d r.cial dive$it, bui trey .io not wrt to appear as acisb or enophobes, so lhey nDk arond lor some mor. la.ccplable'leason to otpose nDmigrant m!ticu lu.lism, such ar fea6 about illiberal practicet o s.lntf thrcaG (o1ctime, .conomic bu, denr, abusc osyLum prcedus, etc.).Ir l..csarl, peoPle bvcnL or exaggete rhse risks, even wren there i! Iiftl. r .o cviden.e for thc, in order to hld the tn. nalore of the oppositir b nnn grarts. Thck lea6 ae jst tle s.lacc !aniesatonsor ratioralizatiors of dccp.r lorms ofpubli. a.jsm ard xcnophobia tbata quite indcPcndeDt f r_ortingent fad5 about th libality or 8o Political s.drity inpact of particular migrant grout^. If ra.ists and xenoPhobes couldnl nvol. thcsc spccic lars, they wold sitrPlynd so!e othe tionalizntntr for otpsing innriSration and mutidlturalism. 'fhis is undoubt.dly lrlrt of th story add l is slrcly lre tlat multiculturrlisn will rot gain wbolehartcd pblic ac.ePn.e uness or unti the publi.'s tree Roating anxetl'abut divesll is rduced, and the

coumn', o a! a thet to rc libual-democtic .rsensus, tlai p)

ddDhs

llpuny di$ruuish 'gc nrnisrant sDupr

soupr,

wr,o

a(

ro

actlre effots a.e needed t(r prevcnt the t)olarization {rf ethnic reations Convefel we miSht thinl dut jl there i5 little or no disuust Lretween thricgo!!s, tle. multi.rnhnalkn lrolcies may be easier lo sellbt lcss necessaryin pradce. lfso, mutiahai5n miShtbe most needed whe! it is lcast lkely 10 be adopted, and most popula when it is ieast necessiry Jan Ncdcrvccn Pictse slgges is much wren he sIs liral'Thc corc problern of ibcral nlticalt!ialism thit it providcs a solton lor ahich the.e isno prollcr and a rcmedyIo which tlere do iilncdt'(Pictcrs.
,

inmisa
pubri.

wl,o al

bcscc,

llppo nr ]ictttubm oftt i. FrrI po oft ofther

rrekptiors

eiarrinis

srro
has

nPd to i.n.o.c Fblic dcbrtcs

pli.i

was

dtt.l

drc.ady 990s n arrna,hn, ro glant (pimaly on sof:lir) twcnir yci entcq Muh

in

in.c Mslnni lon

iur 0 rrccnr

'h.

nis

dke,

rot hlaniDhol,ia, whrh 126

tiud nn'ulttriri$
)27

Ma*inq Senr of Liberal Multitulturalm

Th Origins o Libeial

Mulli.ukulitm

1271).lhis i5 a P.radox that arises n miny Posrconmun'st .d as w.ll, and I will rctun to it in Part lll But th. W.stc expeien. to dae sugg.sts tlal tre Publi. accePtnce f dNl ticultor.lhm depends on eengs of both bisic individualand coll..tive seturilt and wher thcse feein8s rc coded, mrlticulluralsm will xcc a
20051

fost-coloniil .ontexts

Jut cvcn a5 som

atcs

seek

to ctrrtil lhc per.eived 'c{ce$e

of

trIl

fuc clcarly nlated inded, a(cordig io Slaroj ZiLck, the ideal lornr ot idcology ol this goba capitlnn is nulticullulistrl (1997i 4.1) On ths view, rllticulirahxr srrehow reNes to aclitatc or itifv rl exrenson of global .apitalisn nd the'washingon Cons..suJ. I thinh thh is a ntakcd nal_vsis mut.utufalisr las qrit. differeDl oriSnr lroo neo ibe!l c.onomi.\ bt it is true lhai nulti.urrmln his not bcen rto ched by the\ arger changes n thc global poitical
cconody. rd its impo ant to fi8ue out wha l tlcsc .onnccti{ns a e. Thc e tht uhi.rlturalism enrged as a lool ofBlol)al capitai5n h tinply nol bor rc oul b) lhc fa.s. As have reFatedlyerDphasizcd, ouhi .uturaism was fst nrtroduccd by lft-liba or soclal dernocrti. poliri calparlies, n r.sponsc ro popu rdriljTatio! by non .l.rDna.t grcup5 It wa5, i. sho.l, 'scil novnre.t mutiruturalisnr'. At thc beginnin& the corporatc sr.tor and th. polin.a fa.tions suppoirg d.Glilrcra eco noric r.n.turg he Reaganite\ a.d that.hertcs rcrc opFsed ro rlllcultralr, which theyviewed asi cassic cxaplc of howrhestitc was being nristrscd to mbsidizc tpcial intere5t.45 Nco libcral (onomi. orlhodoxy nrisfud tlt tl. statc 5hould Dot nlqlcnc ni thc trltural rarkctplcc' by supportr8 inoity lan8uages or crltrnl activi5 So nulticulturalisr fitcncrSed from popui nobilizrtid the tace of r.sistance f(n business elies and n.o libcral ideologues. llowrvcc or.r tne, it is fr to 5ay that rbe corporatc world has made itt pcacc with trultndturalrm, and th.l i djstnidiv nm o /corporatc
r

tiolturilism n

hiSher risk contexts, thcy lypcally mphisize ihat drcy

are not cvertn8 n) old homoSenizing and a5similtionist models

nmi8.tion, andthcy contnueto ac(pt lhe need for Pubil. institutions lik thc schoos, tr'edi, heilth ca, nd Poljce to adapt Lo the realitics oI ethni. dive6ity mDiArnnt soups a.o longer expc.tcd to hnle thcir ethni. idcntly in public lile, and th.ir clams fo casoDable forms ol

e.og.ibn

and accodnnodaton in Public in5titutids (c

8 in the .tr

mor sclooj ruicuunt are acknowlcdgcd. ln shot, talk about a 'retrcal fron (inigranO rulli.ltunls'typi.lly obtoRs a more omPlex oN nr whn a fcw nulticuhurlis! policies are cnailed whilc olhets

bc.one more.lecply i.ntalizcd 1r As with national nnontcs i.d tr{tig.nous poplcs, Lr.seline leve i tccog. tion' a.d 'accon modation' fornnigrant5 has i.ccasin8y been cccpled as an cviLitre and lc8iti matc aspcc{ ofife a liberal demo.ra.y. Sothcc is no strglc ty oI 'advancc' or 'rct eai' of trulti.ultua ism r the West. There ae.iff.rcnl tyPes ofcthnocul(ual diversitf, tacl lairing r .w diin.ti sorts ol oultna tural clai s, and eaclr with iis o{n traiectorics ol resistan.c, accepta.ce, andbckla. Ihe frv. fcto6l have discussed i. thh chptcr hcP,l believe, to Pl.ir lhese vdrling lo(unes

multiorlhtrlnh'
ca.lier

'ndeed has emgedshi.h ieracts ir x'plcr says witb ihc to.ial tu)vement nuhic!lturalism'.16 CoIDrte multiaihraism aDd sociil .ovcrent nuti.ultulalis!

trom Social Movement Multiculturalism to

Corporte Multi.ulturalism
At son eadrs ray thrkthar |rvc rnissed a mrcil tctor if ing te cnerSence of t!ultic(ll u tal -n damly,8lob caPitalism add the se of .co litrr e.onodics. The emerge cc ol n ricultralism n lhe pa5t tl)irly to irty years nrc or les\ (ttsPoDds in tin wit thc era o intense cconom i. ,jnnraiza tion, efre sttc relrenchnent, th. pritlLi7at.n of publc owned codPanics.nd e$urccs, in.l the dee8 latjon ol mark ts. nd fo 5or comentato^, thcsc l$o develolrr.nrs

thi! I)on,
Lai n

cxp

hvc nnernes drawn on each other. Thc ncolibrral push orde.eDtal izatn)n,lo exanple, orSinallydonc ii thc natue ofe.onomi. ell.ienct b.xm more popular wlen t was ljikcd to nL ti.uhuaisr atgunicnts bout iccommodatirS divcrsitv. Cnv.elt to.ia novenen( nultical tualists hav sonretimes needed lhc rpprt f the .orprate rvorft As ve've reen, social movcrent multioltulisn lat he b secac so )e jmpotlnl rlorms, bt lhcsc wc.. fr8ile vi.tories Because nrltcultur. aljsnr is loleratcd rthcr uran activelv supported bI dorinant g.ups,

and hen.e is vrerblc ro bicklasl and

eeit, niDy slpportr

have

ri

jor rc

pc^r\.n!s d d,n.riqr
2)6 .n'd

r,nuri.trliurlrm rnons:l
roush di

tori h tr\

{rhLrk lees c5p6rivcry

t2a

)29

Making sen5e of tiberal Multi.ulturarm

e Oriqinr o tieral Multi<llturrlirm

attemplcd io try lo lnd !ore positve tguDrentr in ils favour that tl8ht b.onvindt lo merbc6 (tf thc domi ntaoup. Ihe includc eli mtions ol rhc nddyn8 mol8um(nl that ltk\tualistrt cxlnds and turthers the logi. ol hudLad riShts, but defenders haie also hoptd to 6nd oth(r no.e stralcSi( or sellntcrcsted rcasons why mcnb$s ol he tujority $Dud sppot it. Tiey want to show tht 1nutiolhalirn p_vs" e lhat rncmtE6 o I le doninant 8rouP Gn view multirultunlirdr as a l{rcll l(} themseles, nd not ist a morl obliSation the} ose l(,

coutlries to cDsurc lhat

'I

thcsc

arketing

tbys supplement !!the thn

disdaft thcoriSinrl cman.iPtory nimsof altirllulisn, 'l-his is hdly nnle to m lticlturlis'n. We se a sirrih dynamc wilh othr nor.m.nl\ for progrcssile soci.l lctom, inclu.lng ciiaism
and mvonmcntisn. Thcse nlovenents iniLally emerS.d iI thc ice o rcsistn.e fro corpoate clilcs ard neo Iibcnl idcoloEues, butepitilism h!nIlcmptd t rc.qprat. th.sc nhementri a d ti'd i{ay5 nr tp:ciagc thct s brnds .rd omnntitics, nd so $r 5tc onSoina slmSSlct by

\ociil nrovemcnt activists to rclain .ontrol ovcr lhe agendr of trrsc

Dovcnenr5, to preserve th.n oriSlnLrcf A nunrbe of te )t have Lo.. dcveofd

lle rnost com!on statcgy t thh regard his b(i to enrph.sizc ^nd the c.onomic spnr oa lom m!ti.llturailrr l).fflrdc6 havc lillcd about'productiR diversily', .ing ei'nknce that irms with morcdivr* wortfo(cs tnd lotEnlorc prdluclive and innovtive. MoNve, having einpoyccs with dierert cultural backro!trds and Itniturge skills is sanl lo be ar asset an rclcasn,ly globalizcd economy Orly thole wlth strcn8 inte.-olllral skjlls wil bc .ble to compcte on c 8obl slaS chine* immiSnnts to Norh nerica, for exdple, lhold b to(outs aged t nanan the molher toDSe and culturt 0ucnq, s as o tcn e as fa.ilitrlors for globa tlade and investmcnt ln sort, 'rNltculnlralism rans busins, to.itc i phrase thl was PoPular h bth citradi aDd Ausal i the l9aos and 1990! A elard rguncnl ap|Xals lo the ide tht multicultualis mak6 a counry moe aftrctvc Io. both tourists and Polcntial highly silled
imnigranrs. Citier'brandcd' tremsclvcs as multiNltttral, higliShtirg tleir etuic neiShbourhoods and ctbnic reslaumts, in odo lo httrct visito.s, eli(c immigrants, lld foreiatr lohtmeot'; Tle argaments have had sme scccss in *llint oultirultunlism to memb^ of dominan Sroups, but they alto have an obvios dow sidc 'lk.n on thcir owD, they hvc the Potcntial to reduL'c nNltj4rltalisn to a m.rtetirrg poy, s il thc Soal of multialtlhm s not to challenS inhrrited racial and cthni. hic(hiet, but athc. to rcpactage cllural

lht

goals

capture this phcnomcrod:

.r(ics hatc talkd about'rtbratc multiolturulism,'consumerist

ul

ti.utura lism', tDul iqoe multiarlluralism', 'neGlibcal m! ltior lturalis1, o'lrclto. multicullunlism' (aftcr ore f thr n(tnalional .opoatnrs thal no succcssnly brndcd ilse as t,urvcyor o $nhodihed orit!tr dv^ty).4s The prLwal$e ol this phcnuenn has lcd somc omcoato t attum d't lhis is the ral rourc of tbe i* of drulti ruturnlism in the Wcal. Eutin fact/ co4Date mulliollralism has alwys ink,wcd social movcncnt nnnticulhralisn, and eh.rgcd in parr a5 a way of buildi.g popu rpport f. thc lartcr l'm not awrc oL rny country , he Wctt were nullicultUralin ws adopted timriy at the beh\r o corFat. clit6.athcr lhan silmovcmcnt actists. Corporal. elit6 hve tvpi.ally tEen lal(ane6 to the rNlli.llrl bandwa8oo,.rd the

lsl to jrmp the wrgon in peods r b.dlash and r(tlear aganrt ln slo.t, thr. ir [othing il lhc loSic of nultinarjonal catjtrliyD tlar requicr (or p{ludes) muhi.llulism . (rnlrics wheesodal noge nent rlicult!alisr has achicvcd some \u((6s, .orpornt. elites .r
rr for,rsio.s, y{,({mux 19sr,lr,ilx 2, vrrDrjk ee3; R.n. r tuoo]rriidsl Mcdm,d an.r Mrdm zroj rlrc 2m2 Dtncrotr r rqbrion fo, ruuirrx,r irot?Nl that h.no Rne|lm hin{ kltr lrvnla U0 h'|8trr,nsof rad in ()rrk rr fo, llPiFchcrndr,D (irradhs2006). L' 'rh. Kaioni'il, rKcn e(r,r !vcd.n and loturr muxi tuc otup,Qrd !trrsldr tht w6t llirhln the wen, (.4rrc mutQ'ihtrul\n' lpicrlly hn{tionr a depoljtkrrd rnd .onmodlRl om oj 1tri01 mo}cm n'!oki'r8 ib topt\ ihout lc ilri)rn$ o rquit n'ednft, and i orcdn[ r.ys. r:t@hR, @]ff, olriturorEr clprum ere

rs3;

diffec.c$

nodity or lifstyle 8@l that n bc natkdcd and .o.s! hcd. And itrdccd we tce n ongon8 Lratttc by siil rovcmenr nulllculholists n n)ny

(ononic .*t in a Slolxl (o.omy idd/or

as a coh

i'rYd4H*
130

gosly.ooprrd ro atd o.tlrrH ilm*nB, b' coMU haw {o rheR n a sowtr'! .onpction'Ft r ir th (trtrpdi ho a! sen s (ontibutnt{ h .ou.ty's poqf,dy and vraltty. ^ uon it n w(e nd I thn* .o.Krr 6m!{ rhal nultilalturstr lrvid6 r nksi.
shachar 2r)6.

, k{c.n

' rhulturrturdrirn lbrcimpk, in rhc n.'c ol 'e0c<iln( e dicF.r orlb * m', rcmFen cl s shbn.rs nd Moonldr mpon({ly fccc sc.do 4esa.. r.d dMn, rcpLod c1,3 .rd ihrn Drrc.ss unrd Fcni of hkndy nd cicluron, and viol lu brrr. Llao prun LE lnel hr tr',!' dshkcodnjtftrr rcqlny 1dnnr8 vrysrhnrcnrkrryo.ridmrhsonlolno*nrc

llt

M.l(ng

S*

o tiberl Multialr.Jirm

hc Ongi$ o titErat Mttiotro.tm

sftk to makr Dr.t roh il by nrarketnrg omrodihcd frns o.xltural difcrence is a cons.u 8od, where soclnovehcnt multic|tulLh i! ailn8, corporalr eitesc!n happily distan(c thenelves fron it/ as thry adonally havc donc. In any cvent, lecert cvnts have rcveard the cssential supclicality o the id$lo8y ot co.tDnte rukicuilurnism- At. 9/lt, Madrid, aad thc Danish c.rtoon alfa, no orc.!n pliosiby thidk rhat .u licuh' l 6nr should bc endorsed or rejc.led on the basis of whethu it in.rcises 8k'l'il e(odomrc onpditiv.ness r ttd.|s rorsm. ]-he @ent\ have
tuni'ded !s trut tire fundamcnlal qu.slin is whcther mullicuturasnr citiTeoiarion: cn nrultiolrurlisrn helt, orvqt our Dreritcd .taloguc ol uncivil thnc and ra.l relationFn.luding elations o @nqueor a.d <rqueklj .oknizer dd .(toniTd; *l(le and id\inous, ra.alzrdand unmnkcd; noa lized a nd dcvianr, orthodo and hLrti.,.ivilized and backwad; ly and cnemy; nstr ind rlvc into relatio!s of libe.aldcocratic citizenrhip? Ihe imnedatc rea.tion of nry pple, ler 9/11, {as to (rcle that mutidlturatism hs tuited in this .e8rd, nd hr simply cpro du(ed reltio.s of cnnrity and hi.chy. Hwcver, as we will see in lle nxt chprr, thru is mpL vid.nce d( mtticultulism har aci .ontribted to the constructlon of Liberal-demo.rai..ilrenship 'tr any In cvent, tlir is tle riSht gucslion to be skjn8- Earir la\ L'out'pro rjL!.tivc div6ily' and 'mulricultrlitm qrcans bu5ins can lontcr distract us fonr add$sin8 lhe morc proloun.l and i portaut .lailns rird by the o.igrl movclrnt or multi@ltualisn bour lhe lrt< bcweed chnocultu,l divclsill, human rights, and lbcral {ienocatic
caD sewc asa mcans o

dcncy ior rlis constcltatior) of fack,s ro bcome ,norc .omron ruurd

ru s rd;ilr nt'.rp.,hr I4,r,\.t).p,ilt) 4_,r,dr,,t i,ntr pis\r\. rtlun\en.? rather than a(r'w supporr. of ()urf, for tr l)urPosfs o this boo& rhc nrc irn?orrnht ilucslion rr whr l'BIrt rlh Jnrt)\rs rh\r\ on lI. pr6F\r\ ft theStotut dftr,o,, nr rib.rrl rr r.! rr.rt ,,n. tt r,,.sc br. LUndIr)h\ dfn.r .,ne\t',rir i(rur 't. rhr t{6t4 dn|oc'J,rr, rr,d Jr(\rD^\r,".r,r.r,"a n.", lhis is eve. morc t.c ot orhc. .rgiq$ oa th wotd. As we ",,,,,,,,. will re in l,at rtt, il reDaiis a lhel rre (tcurcnR fo !lt tve condtiors f lih"nl muliculturalisrn lo convege, .nd rhe ir no fcnent rc.
rrhe

doiDntgR)ups hlve be<ome norc asscrrivc of nulti.xltual cla rns; o. th othr hand, the dercuria r ion ot {rhnic rcbtn B and ! @nrensus on human riShs help o redlce thc isk to.louran gmps o ac.cprng trcse.lains. Thcsc ladojs, t.tic, rogcor.r, hcp k, explijn toth O. btedth of thc shit toqa.di libc.d ,\rttiotaliim in rhc wcst, but

dk to the ruhm righrs revotuion, <lcrographic.h!n8es, rnd mrtliplc a.ls lrinrs for $fe lFtiricl obitizlio, hdp to exptan why n;n

r^I'tn.pot ,'. rrlhr" c.ono1n r,\.luia r,8 t1\n.dd, t11,\, rorurri on hve oth' Jirors ()4 theo'lc trd,d, x,f$,r, r8f.,(.o,.\:our ,\.

concluslon
attetnpr to tcll thc srory of the ri* of mrlnururaliem in he Wesr ^ry is incv'tably pdrtial and o.e+idcd, nd I do not (laidr tu hvc prcvidcd a (lrlPrchrisive ..@nt in thir.hrptr I havc timply tied lo idrtily sohc Iack tlat I think have b..n of widespread and cndri!B impor tan( cros lhe Wcsiem dcmftr.ies, td to.rl doubl on ue othcr explanatnrr that hve Jen ofercd.

rhnt th conditiods that hclp to mutricolttllatism irc nrded be(om trg n!trc ({rx lound the word. We .an sce th. snrdy or a o(r dise,u6r nd .(rr{nrurnsi o hnun and mnroriw tread ;ghtr, s wcll Js a. {in.o!prete) po{rss or denoclaizarioD thrt is ceaiinS h,{d \tu, s r ute tnt,rr!r mohit,/rt,on by ,nrno,rtrcs. But d cm1 tn h- no ,ont"rhle trend r"BI(i.18 thc ,ontr rro,D rtb, rr Jht. in. crr ourrlj. .tilc, dnd .jom:rlnr BroJp lo Jt r,n tn.. m,nofth .tin,, ln b'ord rcsion\ o lhp wo.ld rl.c h r^ ot J,{n,nanr I,nunr rcgari Ih-,, Ned Iolrti, dt \cu,rt o, lt,pir.nd,Jiduat v {rr\ ro;,,,,:,.;;:,;;,: s etlots ro adopl tibat oltiouu.tism. Thc pcrlidbt" *r,tr ii*,iu, politcal turbulcncc, s c dcnad fr libera nutiicutlumtisnr excccds
sa), Seneratc grearr demnds for tiherdt

Ii Inct, thclc sc4rs tobe tcs. To ve.stiplify, we

oul.l

systeharic ihbalnrcc thcsc tend

(dtiary somc .ohrrcrtao6, I 5ee lille cvlden..lhat oulliotu! aisn har cme.Sal as rcl of a revival of Herdoiar Gcrmao omanli

cisr or Nictzschen postiodenhm or crltural cons.Natiio, or of ihe

lifudtr dcnrnds for libra hultnuttuaisn r,ithout stleng enhg tr;

organi/:rtuns, higt't hinteDrionaly exaftrbarc rhis irnbtaocc,

Inrrnd tnDal coornunty, wherher by inter8ovhmentalor lon golcnuat

Th imbalan.c n c urdrrlynt .onrtions of lbetal nutticrlturat!.xr rdis6 r numh., n',,fuJnd,tdjjn8e tor jnr.nlitrorut d!trn m th hetd. Tt( re A an hwru\,trner rhrt ,t.c rorr. o, rhL

nririn8

r32

ll3


Making 5ense o tibeal Multiculturalis

.o.ditions tht cnabe their accePtancc l think the Dtrntional cot

!.ity

hai nded iSrorcd this dang in sonc

cases, aDd

ii

olher

cases

Bclo.e explorii8 this dilcnma, howcser, {e nced to frnish our 'rPlo ration o libeal muti.ultalism in trc wrst bv xanrining its lick eco

Evaluating Liberal in Practice

M u lticultu

ralism

liLreranulticulttlisn is prirnarIi story abour bctiefs, irtcnrioos, and thiigs havc Frked out i. pr"cti.e. 'lhc ley queio., ne niglr thnk, s dot wh.t ,e he .ar oi pnrus hopcs of the pcote who advoctcd o. dared rhcse poticjes, Lrut whr
aspiratins, aDd dcsn't rell us how hre been

tirulralism in th. West, engnrg 5 parr and parcel of a larger hlnan rights evolutioni and conmitcd to !ftacliig inhetcd hiera.lhies a.d extaDdilg indiridual ftedom. Brr rhjs orv abort the Ecrcalo$, f

ln thc pevious chapte, t dcscribed rhc optimisric oiiljins of liberat

llrci achnl efl.t\?

tvc now have closc to forrJ- yea expcrienc

with vaious fodrs of ibcral muticdtuaism. re thevworking w. 2 F rl.rv ! ,,, .\ rhrr w,,irn,. " r o'. rti,18 | .. rt.o"t J,rru. o;., " Th is Dot ao easy que$o! to answ, Siven ihc nany diffeenr foms of rruicult(ralin poicics, and thc !ny ditlrnt goah thel arc
nendcd to serve. Thre are

lcw things

rlc.dn saywitt

abort the eccts of mullicultualism

important jssucs we simply lck rhe lctdant eviderce. lr rhij chapte, I {ll srvey whal e know,.rd don,l 1ow, bot the sren8th, and i mitations of lib.ral mliculturan ! prr'rice. trt he starl with one obvious bu mportant poir. mst minnhl lcvj, it is cl. that lhc adoFion f libeDl ruhiclluralism has nor ^tthe impired wht we mighr .atl rhe basic tunctioning ol wcsten dcn(x. ra.ii, neasuedby ch irdiators as pac, dc.roc,arc stbii1, dc rue of aw, o ..onoDic p.ospriry No.e oi he cotrnrs that havc bve.l along the mticurualist ptt in tc Wesr halc strbse<(c.dy desccnded nrto civil w o. aDarch, or faced niltary coups, o. sltfred eronj. coilapse. On the coDlrary evn a csua inspcctbn of tl. Iirr oI counrries wlich ar.'stong' n the comnitment lo jr hcul(raism polides (scc
35

i.

somc con.le.cc

padice, bt

o! ,ny

orhr

Mkinq 5en5e o tibral Multclturalkm

Evaluatinq tib.al Multicultulirm

pp. 68 74 abovc) sows that hey rc aron8sr rhe most pa.?tu, srable, and posperous s@icties on the planct. This alne i5 sufl.ient to rert so.c f the more apocatyptc predic tions that have been nade abol thc dcstbitizing ifects f mnltict luralistr. lxvy.otes, critics ol nultidrruaisn arc fond of the ^sJacob 'reducti ad Hite^inf argutr)enr (te!y 2004: 334),r rreitirg thadoption ol muticuhulalisn s the lrst ncp o. a nippery stopc towa 5 ciil ard rcligiour slrilc, t( 'Balkaniza tio.' ot s.iery rhc slpplssnrn o civil and Bniti.a lberli6, ndtheoverths ofthe deDoa ri. .onrriiurionil ordcr With ovei lorty yars oi expcricr.c to daw !pon, it,s .tea rha( these prcdidbns were olltarScr s I dcuscd n Chapter 2, rh. expei encc olliba multicolturalism in rhewcsr is srory alro!t rhe Dr),rreslive 'nodralization' ol ethnic pojrics, so rtrat thnic pollical mobiizarjoD bccones just one or form ot evcr)day pea.elul legat n.l denooili.
We

srabiity, ard prcspjlt il is equal) obvious thrt such Policcs arc not a pre.onditirm for trc basc unctioninS of d: state. Ma.y w.stcrn .ounes h modcst or wcak nnrlli.utualism Polices arr also staLle,
peace,

Bt lhc meefa.r dat liblrdl nulticul((6lisn hasnt edkr the(tlaPs. of Wcsl. states doenlt ieally cxplai why Os have attenlPted to Promote thi5 nn)del rond the wolld. ln mary contexts, IOs hav. h.ated liberal muti.rlturlisn nol snply as one legiinnah ophn adrng olhe6, but as a prclcrred opliod, ever as the only legitimrte oPtion. T. clcarst example is thc dccisiot oI the rU and N^T(l to st on rcsPcct l nrinorily ri$lts as a .nditon o adnissi.nr to thcse o!nizatntrs. Ths prelc.cnce f(r liberal nulticulluralisD .annot be erPained tely lry rulcncc ro the basn: tumting ol tle slite. fte all, while it is clcar that s(roa8 muhicultrralism Policies lave Poven k) be forsistunt with

Pcacciul, an{l torPerus.

al$ havc good reaFn

Thc iusljllcarion fo pro'ting liboal nulicuhralism, therefde, lies

ro doubt many

ons abouttheelecls of muti.ull uralisn ii pr.rice For rxample, sonre crtics rgue that thc shift tow.rds nulti.nlrurism wcakeni rh welarc

ofrheorhpssinrjic prcdic

oI p.-thnic soljdarily needed ro slstnj society w,de ecorotrrn: edisfuibution (Baq 2(x)1; Mjchels 2006). Thh
sense

t, bI eroding the

lrut r lcast pa of thc explaration is

te@gniton verss edishbuton, trade orJ a piti.r of multi.altttral recogDition is san ro displa.c a politics of crss-base(l edfuibution. Howeve, recrt atremprs ro lcst thir caim harc fdited to povide anysupport lo. it. Couotr'e5 wiih strong drutti..ruralis poli.ies have had do nore diculty rtaniD8 teir rdndbutive social poicier than countics wth node or weak mullicultudlism poLicics (Banh8

is often callcd the

lct that nuticlluralirm hs prorc. to be.orsistcdt wfth the b.sic l.chonin8 oi i libcrl dcDocilic w.lfarc srrre is cntr8h ro nal<c ii an attractive option for IOs ro considcr lhn dealing rith nulr'erhnj.
Po conniunist
aDd post.ldnial conics.In man),ol rh.se counrries, old odels of!.entralized and lonogdizin8 narion sttc have clearh

'lhe

lJrrJ.

ol etbnic politica nobiliztion. Sin.r libea mulliftlturti\m is onc such option, aDd has not jcoFd'zed p.arL, democ.aric strbiity or prospcnty tbe We, l hasbeen incudcd nrnrnyoftreIO sponsored listsof,besr practices' or /tookits' lo nnnagt8 diversiry.

'nJne$

r'.od.l.di"

'F-dpo

rl ',,

nr',.,pe

q rrtr

Lr. ,1,.u'rn8r."tirJ

ihlt many Peotle with th.so orSaniztio.s shar the optimistic vi.w llat mlticulturalism advan.ei a a4er hunai ri8hts agenda. This ndccd s explcit in the Preamble! to the vaious id.rn.tiona deraratids .nd convenlioDs on minority rgh$ Nrlticulturalisn, on th is ottimistic vicw, not only PrcseNes etr ic peace, rutctully rcd(ces ioequaities and rcrncdics iniuces, clhaoces lberai7tnr drd dcmocri7ation. and tuhcrs thc idc.Ls ol lle hu'nan li8hts revoluhor and oI civil ri8ht5 librlisn h thcre any evdence r ti5 oprimistic vicw? We can safey concud that thc mosr Pessimistic PLe rlictions about thc dcslabilizing efectt of m ltiLrlturljsm ravc not come ttue, but have the optinislic claims nade on it\ bhalfbccn fulllcd? Ths s a dilcult qucstio! to anster, since it is rt ertircl,.lc.r nr, say, 'enhancing ibralzation nd how {c wolld dcdocilization', or /dvan.ng a litger human riShts 8ctda'. Thcse ac diluse and muhdntnsionl goals, with imPlicatos for th. sftial, {nrnic, politca, and.:ltul relliodslips and stnctues of a society. .y atternpt to systemati.aly mcdsnr. rcccss n eaclin8 these Soals

esewhcr.. Tlere ae many resons rlhy IOs hive expressed a Peleence ior nul( i.!nra i trodcls, which I willdcuss in the rert two.haPtc6,

sould b. an cnonous undeakin8.

For our purposcs, lowevr, we can focus our.ttcntion on lwo Senera aes In previous worl, I have said that the underlyir8 princples of Ltreral mnlti.ulturalism can be .attued n thc lwin ideas of 'equality

bctween

Nu.n .d siilinrn evo w.ru,(Knb leet: r5)

146

,rr*' ar.l'lrecdom withn Srrla' ((ynlicka

ase thesc twd hea.lidSs

1995), and I wil lo lame mydiso$in n the restolthe chaPte:

Matinq Sense of Liberal Mulliculturalitm

t)

EvluJting LiL.l Multi(ulturali\m

Have rhey edu.cd thc potiti.al nirgnaizd)n, ecotroni. diiadva.l.gc, and crtuat nrbordtatnr of nno.itics? Some cri(ics lavc agoed thir lhcsc lrclicies hivc scrvcd t{) simply papcr over the endurng realiry ot crhn. and aciat hi.rar.hics, subsrantive retornN. Othcr\ havr argucd that ihese policies may harc .ruallv rcintorced hierarchir:s, bt' Iu ljersti8natjzg thc rhe' as d iifcrctrr, dlen dent, a.d nody (e I Das GuPt 19991. Yel olhcA a4jue lhrt wlrilc diveNiry poticics nat nrded help rccdy !,ne ineqliitis, rhev do s in ways rhar ic ondcF lnd oi'e inclusiv, crealing dew and equally arbirrary o.ms of hi.ra.hy in

i.g inh.ritd thnic a.d r.ia hier,chics/

Itr-N tup l,9ualiry Hav: mulnclltrraism policies slccecdd in rcduc

World

shortcotrb8 tht has often been imcntcd. A rc.enr 5tudy ior tic lrk atte!ptcd to c(nll)ilc the availabe evidcdcc o. rhe inpacr of

mllticultral r.lors
spheres 1

thc dclvery of public sen iccs, pd.tir.uarly n thc

tubilutng symboic re.ogrition for norc

hcalth crrc, rdrcatid, and a..rss to the rw, and concludcd that t1c cvidcn.c is too f8cntaryand anecdotal to draw any lfln con clusions {Mar. 2005). Snnilatly, th? Ia a,ist t\otc.l tht 'a!to.ishirgy littlc n k.own' abort tle inpac ol nilmalivc ctnrn (hc E o.nin 1995). Thc sanxr could tre said or mo ol lhe polcics on my lis(. This lus Ieft thc eld wide oten rr pundils to cngalje i. ar!clir spcculatior, or to rush to penan e iudSmenl or or a8aj. nulri.!ltaInm. lor.mpL, sorc coment.totr ootc tlJt racia p.eildicc as dnnrnhcd cou.trics$ith mu!hculnirainm policils, and concledc

cn!r, g thit thc c.dmmodilio. of tnocuirual div!ftit,v occurs {thnr the rorndarics of ibeal valucs, consislen with human righh i.d .ivit liberties? As wc'vr seen, these plicies origiraled civil li8hts libo alism, a.d werc dcfcnded or lhc brsjs of enhanL-njg the lreedonr ot nlividuah'to make the il that re indivduil is abte and wishcs t have', r th. wods of thc Candian Ntll(culhtrsm c This vnon of a lbcral rmlti.ulturilisr nr tun rccd on .onldeD.e n th. .lilr eal expcctn.y'i accordirg r wbi.h lh. gravitational pui of lib{:al vales wil opeate across cthni. and.r.ial he\, and rbc lcBal sytrem will ploridr otrt protcctions agairsr rhrats ro ihose vatu.s. Hrve
these tentions aod expcctatids becn futled? Or, is sonrc.itn.s have argucd, have nulicrltural polcies inhibited rhe sprca.l of libea vat ucs within some !ino.itir, sftengthcning rhe hands of .onservativc l(os that seek to prcvenr ljberal ienrms, fre7irg idnries and pac tices, nprisonnrg pe.ple in nhcritcd .u ltu ra s.riprs, a.drherebyrcdrcing people's frc.dom and ieoprdznrg their cilil be.ries and hurin

(i) lndrilunl Firnon Have trmltitulrualtsm policics suc.eeded n

or rhn br\is that rultnultuai! is . suc.ess n redu{j8 nrer Srou) nrcqualities. But n fa.t a.ja pejdce his bc.. ddning acros the
Wcstr dmoca.ies since the 1960s, whctbcr or not they havc multi, culturalisx poli.ics, and indeed rme people woriy tlrtnulriculluralisrr Policics rar welien o deay thal trcDd by.itilcialy .cinforclng group boundnes and rctnments (llarles 2004). Wc dccd to know norc aborr what te, i ant multj.utuaism poicics in particuar pllyed nr the terd torals deching prejLrdice, and whcthcr r hos tha lrend diffrs between .nnt es w'th difterenl lo.s or dcllrees of nullicultuasm. l answe that q!ston, honcv, r.ques the sot of largc scle o$ national and over time dala that hasn't ber col{ted or analyscd in reatioD to mullicltolalisnr policics. Convesely,.rii note th.t in cou.trics with ulticult(nlisr policie\, nlneraLrle membeB ol sornc nnoitics continue to tre lhe vi.tns of iliberaltreilmcDl (srcl as coccd n.rtjt atthe haois ol the Iamiy or elhnic connunit', ind conchd on that basis that nulti.lltuai5m is a iailuic n cdh.cnrg tdividua feedon (Wikn 2002). The muricll turalislS gnrblc on the bcral erpedan.l', is sald, Ias rot worked 't iberal dors a. rr Len8 internlized withn soc drinoir)' 8roups, and libca nats have not been able or willirg to prct(ct the ighls and frcedons of the wlnerahe rnemtros ol lhcscgroups. But hee again, illbeal practces pedist n ll Wcsren derocra.i.s, whether o not thev have nllli.ultft.lisn poli.ics, and soDe pcopc rllue that su.h poicies provide lhe bcst tool for enhancing both thc gravitationa pul o iberal value5 and the cap.ity of state instrrrions to cffectivelv protect these values wLhn dinoritv communitics. Tesr, in8 th h,vpothesh reqlies 8ong beyo.d an.dotes ro @li ar h* diffcrent types ol muhculturalism policy in diffcrcnt rcntexls shapr

whcDevr muticllturl poi.ies lrivc boen dopted ii tbe Westi we haveseen thse d ueliig pedidions of tteir tjety e[ccts on f.eedom ind cquali+ Indeed, lhcsc.livergenl .ssnnptions undcpn most of the day to-dy debate arood multiolturalisnr. Wth torry y.ars ofexperiencc t draw upon, we should now be ablc to daw sone conclulion s abo( t which ofthese hopsand fca6 have.ore true. UDforhrntcly, thee is far lcss viden.e avallabl. than oDc dight .rrF.t. of lhc twcnty,rhee policior Iisred ealias.haraclerisric of de sbift towards nulti.ulturalisr, vcry few havc bccr sysremaiicilly !die.t, l18

llt

Makinq Senre of tiberl Mlticulturalm

processs of Politi..l socializtion withn drnority gotrps, and thc rcltions wh statc rstitutjo^. And we snply donl hv. tat ift of

Evlutinq Lib.rl Multiculturalism

: rj
.:

is nol easy to isollc thc cffc.t oi nnrllicrllu.alhrn poljcics rhc oth nyrad ac(os lhit aliccr rle slalus ol miorilics nr nrul icthn. so.ices. Il $c co(rld rd lw othcNisc idcnticat socictics tbal

Ii lct, it

lion

policics, wc ighl diffLr orly in thrir connitrc.t to 'ultcultLalis b.be t draw sorc .on.6ins. Brt s.h 'nrtuil .xpcritrcnts' do rot eist ni thc n.ld of clhic rclations, a.d cforts to build long tcnt cros naliodl databases tlit irrporalc inllicrJlralisr policies is i
varablc lack

r( onlyn their idfancy. Ir thc lo.csccablc ltre, tho.forc, wc hac lo ichnow[dgc uat
tur.ivc prool
alrout thc

we

cc(tl o nulticrltralisn polcics. Wr r. lnking politi.l choiccs undcrur..nan, ind ou itr.jgcrncnts ust thcrciorc bc trtaiiv.. Norcthclcss, thc sonic frigcdt.ry crirlcr..lhJr n lorth consid
ern8. ln rhe rest of this clrapreo I wil cxarin th three b.sic lin oI iberal nulicultraljsn rclilirg Lo bsl.lc nalion.l gorps, ndigcnos pcoplcs, and nnni8r.nts. I.i.h c.se, I {ill lool< at tlic cvnirn.c for tbc

equalry citn:\ of nNlti.rltur.lisni often obj.ct tht it i.volves rely symbolic recognition ot cth.(ulttril divc^iit without substnte chanScs in dc rcatilc powcind posilion ol dileren t 8loups. I I isclcar,I th ink, that dis criticisn is oiftargrl n reli tion to m !ltiDa 1or tideralisn. b bc sur, thcst rlrns.onlain a song sy.rbol. corponenl, and a cenrly corcccd to rcrcdy lhc eali cxcllsion ol (he nnorilys ang8e and cutuc fton prblic spacc .1 public nstitutiors. Iid..d, nutlin8ual multiratin fcdcrali givcs a v(y high lclcl oI public .ecoSnition ro rhe !ority J .uture, at ltrst at rhc r.8ion.l lcrel. Its anguaSe is Siven fi.il status; s history.nd lilela(ure arc laugh( nr schoorj it\ ans are.isplyrd n public .mscs; ils legal tr.dilions arc naintainedj its hefts ar..clcbrtcd nr pblic holid.ys and prbic sttucs; .nd so on ln fad, this n!dl Siver thc national dority ny of thc sane por{eb to exfress arddiftuse its lanSugc ard cullurc t thL substatc evel rhat rhe .najory group ccr.is.s rlrgh tlc ccnlral stalc. This is peirap\ as.lose as otr..n 8et to.quJliry orparilJ' bclw..n iiority nd mxity goups h lhc..pacily 10 hivc one's culntre.lrned n pblc

inpa.t ol libcral nnrlticultulis on bo rtrr gup dcqualiti.s ard on nrdi!idua f iccdorl

Substate Nationali5t Croups

rlt mutinatn,n fdcalisn is not jatbut rccogditon I also invotvrs substantirl redisibutnn ()fpolti.rl power, and hcncc incrcascd oppor turilies to efe.tive political particltion by nario.i dnoritics CNew na! 199{jJ, a5 we a\ a rcrlstjbutnr of econoic ot)pounrtirs. Considcr, tor cxrfle, th cas ofthe lrench-Cnadiar rrrrity n Canadr. Prior (o re 1960s an.othones were undeFreprs.rtcd n th. feddl
a

!c s.w h Chapk 3, lh. n ar id.rcasiig tc.dcn.y with th Wcstcn d.mocracics lo acLDrlnodatc sul'statc ntiorl trorps such s thc Qulr.ois, S.ols, Fcrlish, and CtJlrs througl sone fonn of fedeal or quaJi-fderl devlution of pos.'lhe f(trrs typicaly irvolv a conbnalo. oi (a) lcitorial aulorony, d (tJ) rc.ognition of x rrtirys languag. .s rn ofhcia ladgugcwithnr h. srllgovrn! terit(try a
As conbration I lavc srnnarizcd undcr thc rlJcl'dultintnr and

Nlti-

'fhcse.cfors ha1. prvc. to b. consst.nt Nitb the basic unctio.inS ola dcdrtic st.tc, but have they edu.ed inteFgnut inquaitjes and nha.ced i.dividurl trcedn? Lt's rtat $ith thc issu of inter Srou|
]^lnnport,nilc!bdot'

civii s.rvi.c, a.d $ere 5ec.nd cass.itizen\ i the own provin.., elc' 8tcd to thc loe lrngs olthe e.onoot economn:aly subodnte to the I.8lish clilc rhal h.d been pieged u.de 8itish rule. Sin.e the mid1960\, wilh thc sLrcngllenjn8 of both oficial biinguaisn and povin(ial auk)nomy, fnn.ot) lonc Qrebeers lavc .chieved a draraiic equa iTatjon with l.g]nh Cnn.dians nAalldimensnnr, whethermeasured in terms ofecon. opporl!rities and standrd of living, or t t.trns oicffe.tiv politi.al rcprcscrtaliorl and voice, or n term. of th pubi. stats of lnguagc nd dltrc. Thc hislori. patteor of e(onorni( di\advanta8e, Doliti.a \ubodnation,andc(lualmagiraljzation havee$entiayds

tu qdr.. ,Latituirn hr!. rhn htrionr i,{lurnis, t)rdrhny i

aurrr( rhn'v$

rrretj. polti.r
t4

Maring sn5< o Liberl Multi.ulturlsm

tvalutln9 Librl Mutrietruratijm

Sotrc citi acknowlcdgc that mulrntion fedralhm hd helpql ruincehioric hirardrict but {orif tbatinrhp.(rc$ it has iusl creatd ncw liearchics. llar thc histod. pivie8nrg of lnglisl over llen.h in Qucbec simply ben r.vc.sed, so thil now tlc Frn.h re donnnt ovcr thc ngl'sh or ohe'inlcr.at minorti6', such LodSinal peopl6 or nnrigrants? Thcre ar ccrlninlt calcs ofsu.h leverals aound lhe world. Oncc lb.ians n (o\ovo a.quircd altoDort they qulckl) htr)ed oD thc o.re S{b opprcrsos simila.l}, mucntatoB id l2tr A'reri(a sp.elare wh.rhc thc.mpo*rcDr o indiSenou pcopls will siDply invc'lve 'flippi,g the to4illa', tunng the curcnt.,ntio cllte into a suboF dn.led mnorily, whic ndi8rs ti.ope\ brcomc llc ne* opplcssou. Bur rhec t lntle evidcne fd such a dynamic the W6tc cars of Nllnatnn lcderah. lhe Lr8lhl moi(y in Qucbec has stronger language .i8hts lhan docs lre fren(h ninoity . mort olher Caradian pGPtrous. Similady Qur's IDI i._ lowads land.!aia! and 5elf-Eovenment is mo( proga ^Jo.i8inl \iv lhn mon othe Cndin pruvn.es Or indeed rnost othc! Werr em druntier). ADd lvhilc Q'Frech prov'ncial'inte(ullurannr/ policy towardt immitaDts ma), be lss tcncrout thar lh very stroot muli cutulalism policics adoptcd by the Canadia lcderal gove.nment, it j5 certainly stroDSQ than thosc .doptcd in DlDy ollrer wcsten rcu!ties. wheilu we kx)k at the historically dodinant glish <onuniry Abc riginh, o iNnigarts, thc trcatment o rhe* nrternal mnoriti.s within Quehe( cets or .xceeds nrninNm standards nd conrmon prdi(cs oI wst6n democacies 4 -lh{ vme rrry.an be rold o internl mbntis in othe.*s o murration fed$alisnr, such as the lnglish i Scoll.nd rnd W!ls, or
rmains

subsrate nilio.al ninoic! wrich would bcrcir irs tDcrbes wherever they live?This is ! mmnrn obi(tion ro aijop(iog nruttition f<teratisn amuDd lh. !rld. nd.e.t itl truc rhat ( Db.s f thL mino.w riv

Oth.swo.ry (harthshiftto tcdcalm (kt6 a newand 'utrinaiod invidous hiearchy within rhe suhsrre nar'onat niio.v ftaji brMpn rl'e in.r,le ra uut.rJL tH \"tfrir,.r.rig rer,rtory. No rndrt\* h,,h i|lrn hourdar,,, drF Lhdtri, i\e $r bc mrnb.rs ot {.nar_ondt mino.ity who live ots e rh set-8overnitr8 te.rilory. Wtuldnt ir tr bette, the.eorr, r 6nd some nonerorat-,echanisn 1r potecring

fEncophone in Cinda who

2005).

^nd rr Eiul\r' F l \cl jt.rr rindrqr,,^ry .,orr r,..ru.J(.r{. rk{no\e l"s.eh n"ri riti i!r ({ r.nitt!,n to, c\rr,ptc .nu.rr mr.,ror

tive o!6ide eucbcc conlruc to !ue, ,.om economic disdvdnrage nnd hi8h rarcs of lnguirtic alsnnihft)n (l,indrl

prov(s, and

(!oo'ni.!lly

lhe Clrtiiars jn Cal.onia, or lhe ltalia.r in Soulh lyol. Tese a.c hardly oppesed grcurx. l he_v no lonscr dispopoiontely dom'nate the e.onodry, pdliti.a sttuctrrcs, or pubic.uturc, but they have not
been redu.cd los.rord cldrs status ln e.o oni(o plillca ten.s,lnpat l,(te they rc'nid thc domn( 6oup at rle natioDal lv.I, which ensuct p(cclion of thci riShts ard intsts,'
1 tu r eailcd

trueto Rnns lving in Ncw yok suppot auronomy lor tucrto Rico, hosr ethnic Wh]r living in tnStand surpo.r aurononv or Walcs: an.t vj Dn Mullin.lor tedcral'\m b not a PInea to, mcmbeB or rh., no,r) livng ouhde tlc self goveflrn8 territory but nor is it dijndvaotatie o So we havc lome g.oundr fo. optimism rhat ultinarion fde..t,sm bc an cfi(ive toot or cdocilu tlc nentcd hieraK:hy brwen rhc doIrurn Jrr.rrt rn,i.{ } ,, rJ .rlr5rdr. iltnrndt Trro.itre, Bur wlkr about the sccnd oilerioo oL su..csFnmciy, individuat frcedod? Has

tlt i5ommitted ro nurtu.nrS thc trritrority, lahEuage and (lruc. Thir n pllhps one.ason why ncmbcrs of rhe minoriry oulside rhc \clf Pr\.nihr prrit(,l) Sarcra.t\ o.,.in ra\nur f mUtU;irton r.rurati.n rDst fn.ophdres li!g ir wrjt rr Cna.t juppo.t eubc,5 alonomy; rrost Cltalans livrg Madn< supporr aulonoml fo Cntatonia; ndt

our lhc io rr^ : d whot" \o it not dn riidr",,h,,,e tr*e. te.rilorial aulonohy or on lclorial riShrs. V.no cohbinations rc posiblc, Mor.over, neinbcs ol thc mirority who lve ourside lhc sctf gdc!)iig ikn.y indiiccuy bc.clit on hdvinS a su)sr.re gov!!!rc.

Howcvc, thc adoprioo o mlrination fol(latism crn, nd ot.n dds, 8o hDd t hanil sirh rhe r(oSnitior ot non rcirolit culura and inguirti. righls (e.8 ro norher roD8ue educalion) that apply throush

an

,rr&rq Mtu/,, /d" (ca^D rest

gpl me

Nrhrlon

of

,o* Qrch( he6 d.

n dy

,t tcflbi,r aulorcn) o}]<rtrs nrhn'

r

lrf

r\nsitire ro rh(

ofou'n{eim

rl rLdr K thr nb,l (okrn! ri rft{r rlr d har t)B'ry opt6cd

a l83c ne

y 6 a srb.. ^(T ncBl/ mlo*rn natutrJt i.oity b Lrccr)xHo.(ons,swnhlr,punronrunto'.rGdlrrnroll.lvnBh.

112

sul)pon ot dri,cns rnd

I'

suctur"

tiuribe extladon 'd

Ntunr

scrlivcswhosel loGist

and lclp.d tu .lcepen a corscnd acoss ethric and a.ial ines on csc vilus? Or has itstrcnSlhcrd rc haod of rraditn,natisrs and otr.t(on tibcrlizntion of thc raditions ind pracli(6?

mdtution fdoilism [uli[.{ rhc tibcdl epdlancy? has it opclcd witht thc orstlaidts ot libcdl dcnratic vatues nd human dghts,

t4f

Mlin9 5nr o Liberal Mulh@lturalism

tvaluating fibral Mlliculturtkh

ln ge.eai, it seens.a dat nNtinatnn frdcralisnr

thc Wc llrls

ipproa.l ro ihei dhur.

Sovernrenh ryti.ally show no wi to.dopt s.h a consQvativc lle membe* rc r.onntlc.l to libel deocrati. values \ th najity group. I.dccd, lhcl ac ollcr horlreds f social expenmentati.r, a.ptr8 r.otu p.grcssvc polcics tha. those adopted it the (nal level. Ini.rs . Scndcr cqu.lity or giy righh, Ior exanre, are mor prrSresrivc in S.lard tlr.n tlc rcsl oi Brnain; Dore proSressie if Quehec than in othe t)s f C..ada; ard moic po8lssive i (,!talonia thD oth.r parts fsP.i.. Mor.ovcr, spport fol cosmopoit n vrhrer is aho tytiLlly highcrn thcsc substatc.cSions tlan . orhe p!rt\ of drc.ountry, .luding slppo.l lo1 loregn ad, o fo stengthenin,j the (n. of t( nuropcan Corrl olHman RiSh(s, ot othe.

lhc liheril eape.tan.y. Io one thins, rll of thcsc rbtc iulonomies opeate eithb tl (Dstranits oi libal de.oilic constitutonalm, which 6mly upholds dividurl rightl. Thct arc rbiccl lo the same .onstitutiona .{rnstraiDts as thc cctr.l Sovcln.t, an<] so hare no .aF.:ty to resti.t ndividrl rcc.lots n thc niinc ol ralrlaiiD8 cul tura aulhenticitv or.utrrrl Drity. Ir fa.t, thcsc slbnalc aulononros

libraizalior within spar, no i! thrgh ts own inrernal poici.s, but aso throuSh Caraian rppot t ljlJcra artl docraric Iorces ar rt ccntre. T h corstruchon ol a denocra t ic dj uri nn tion fcdern l rystem j . Spar oul ol c he\ o lscisr di.ratorslr is slrclt one oi thc geal hc.ess nories oI Orc se.ord hrtf of de rwcntirr e,rtr, an{j Craian rtnalisn was a va part of thar s!.&ss. And yct the rtctr'c ot CataiaD natioralists ir ollcn dceply drapcd in rhc larluare ot tradirioo Indeed, lhc Ctala. s1r!881c id regiona aukrnon. was otler des.ribcd as dear. n the resto.rtion or r.vival o .n ,ftemsi lhe sysrcr of local .oo!ry law thal had been uscd in Caralonia belr. ir was suppre5sed by trc cenral sparish srarr n l7t white aalalnr natjoD ilittr ike to clan thar thcir /turor we.. nr demo(ratic ttan rhe te8.l \ystens ol otler eSions al thc rime (w|ch na_r' be trud, thr ealiry is dat lhev wrre neither dcncatic nor libeni in a.y oxrderd scrse, and rhc coflcrporart exerc6c ot auronomy Clalona has transfornred h! fu.,!r bcyrd al e.g.ton thc idea of rradirioniwas invoted b lcadcr5to jlrlil), and nrtea profon nd lv node. izirg prie.r ot r.giona

rntenation hrmrn i8hts irstruhnts.6 ln all o these r.spe.ts, rNlttation fcd. hu lulils thc libcril cxpe(llnry lhr a(t i5 somctin.s obscrrcd by th. rrctori. of trditiot adopted by 5ome minoily naulist leades. Clan.s to uto!y, io. cxanplc, i'e olen wapped trp in \tins histdi.a narratnes alut {he glories oI rhe an.ient tditbn5 of self'1jovemcr, rnd thc d{l to clrn lo ther Sjmalt the maintenan( ol di\tind l8al traditioDs is sonctiirs descrihed as a ti.red duy', an erientia l)an of the 8rcupt 'idr.lity', whi(h musl thretore be prelevd at a osts. r\nd so or. And ycl lhc vcry same cade6 eho nrvoke his rretoric of ta ditir oftcn sppo( the drannic rcvising of ihese trdition5 of sefSovcn!cnl nd l.s, so is 1o brinS lhrn in li.e silh m.denr standafth of lra. righLs, ind nr ic.ordanewith moden a\pations fdchoi.o and

is naf s.cr likc a panlox, bl n ta.r is a lbiquirous trtue oi narionals plitn.t thcorin\ of nariorrtnm lav. b.8 norc.t, narion ^s alnr s a 'lnus faced' phcrcmenoo: it vo(e5 thc gt(ies ot ur past ii oder to nobiize peoplc lor tRrje.ts ofthe mqlcnizarion oI so(iery. lt js an nl(cstng (lue io^ -bcyond thc scop ot (his book s,ly rpp.ah to sr.led tditions and glornrus hsoricsae ofled.ccded ir ordcrtomobi ize suppot fo modcrnirng eldtr. lur jl is nnpotanr ro renembL
th.t the tr.ditions of Eovenlcnt aDd liw wee iincjvilizd,. .fhc hrst of aly niri\t movcn!nt, rheicir., has bcen to (,est thse c.or,?es, and to p.Buade others (and lbcrJctves) r]at l|cy arc worrrl
task

al nit\ have tt-pi.aly ju\rincd rippig noiries oI lhcir tradllioo sell governmenl by arSui.g rhit thcse ninoritie5 $ele ,b.kward ard

tranritior to denacy

Consirlrr thc .nsc ol Cilalonla. virlually ever) conrnlentiror on the nr Spiin allo lhe deatb oitrarco in 19/5 agrees tlt Ctdlan ration.lisn rlas i rajor loce nipporirS and 8!,dit8 he denDcaiizti. procc$, nd tral it renains a poncrll locrs oi

ol s.lf-Soveirmc.t. When naro.t leade6 s.y thar rhcir krdjrions of law rd selgovnn.nt shoutd be respeded, dey are ealty salinS thir lhci. nation h capl)k' ol r.isnrJj rhe gtr t() decide on nrues of las, nd goverDmc.t. they do not neaD lhat they s,sh to.xercisc thse r!honn rlghts n an'autbcntically rradjLioral' s,aI 'lee is i rclarcd rerson wy nodeniznjg nationatijt citej enphalze .ltt al Lridition. Lthno.ntlona grclx fren de,add sctf Sovelncnr

Making 5en5e ol Liberl Multiculturalitm

Evahnting Libral Multi.ulturlkm

ore oten peservcd asa ncansto iustillthe iicrenG, this differcnce (Baubock 2OOO: 3lt4' 2OO1: 332-5) fo cxamPe, .laim 1o tellgovenc.t'

on the grounds lhat it is needcd ro Proect thcir 'nh't diffrcn'es Y.t lhe causal rcationsiP can 8o tht other w '4s Raine aLrdk to preseNe dlnral Its t,'athel than scltSovernent btinS a rncans

lndigenous Peopls

ht e t.

now to the second main rim of libera nuticulhrralism the West, focosinS on indiSenou5 t)eoplcs s Ne law in alhapte 3,

ethdonaturil ninorities may claF that lhev need :lf governcnt in oder to manain their distin.t l.8al trtrdilions. Ii ealitt the dislnrct to scf legal a.lition is otcn anhincd D order to it5hf-v 'liinrs Aiter all, tlhnonationa nrorti6.r. coDtnraly tequed g;vcnmen| ;o ellain why lheI.LtscFe slf Soven8 tiShis and hxvns a dhlinct eglraditio 10, argoa8e) Ptirles odc Possible answcr3 lhs meins

ttre lias Lren a sbil awy nln a5simiationist poi.ies tlxlrds models o intrnl dcolonizallon based on conrbnaton ol land caims, sll Sovernment ights, and ccoSnition ol indiSenors brv.

tat tl maintcnin.c ol a dltncr legal kaditin doer indced become a knd of'sa.rcd'nrheritance, lrut not h a conscatve scnse: it does not prcclude dramiically rlorning that dsrin't lcga tradilion so as ro natch ntcrnalional lrutran righrs standrds, o. lo proole gndc'

low hat thit siift allictcd cqr.liy and lreedon? Iel nic slirt wjil of eF8roup cqalily: lave lhe5c Lelormt sinrpy povided syn boic ecoSnitn' o indiSerous dilecrce, or have thel effectivy lack led undelyin8 herchi.s? As ir thc casc ol rbslate national groops, there are many \ymboli. spects to ndiScnoos policics. rorexa,nplc, thc public visbility of indiSrous culhtrct his bccn drarati.ally cdhan.cd withn rhe lalger lociery Irdigrus arts are ow prorrncrtly dhplay.d
ssues

eqlitt at .lced has happened in thes. rcgionl 'tonomies Iederalism .So I would argue rhat thc modl ol nultiugua1,.rltjnation in tte West is a piomisii8 exa PLe 'f r lew apProch that cmergn8 .ccomnodates etlno$ltral divedilv in a way that deePc s reations ol iberl demo.ralic .itizu)sliP, rcdtcrg ntcr 8(Np hierar'hies shilc protecg lree.lo!.e lt is indeed thc clearc cxanflc of success in this ;e8a... Ore neanue ol this sccess is that, tnLikP r nrer two foms ofllbenl n(ltiatuolism .lisclssed bcloq th. as bcen no signilcant (tl back eitho the novemnt in any ol the wcen deroca.ics to the ollcid lnsu8e riShh 8ra'ted t sbstat tftritonal auronody o.
ratonalist mnoritics. In thn .ontext, thc., tre IO's.omdnnent to slPPt
1o1

nr nuseums and state nsdttins; indigc.ous lca.ls are ccoSrizcd n) state symbols (c.9. arpt; nrdiScnos rtuals are incorpo.led in slate
cercno.ies (e.8. th. pr.scncc oi cldc$; inrligenols p.yes lnd phset; indiScno(s hisiory n.uded ni s.hool turritula, .d tarios apogics hav. bccn made for listoic wnngs. ]di8nous languag.s and ltes ar lso naturaliy gven 5ymboic recognitnrn sith ndigerous peofles' owr utononos spa.es and institutions Within both nrdigen.u\ communities thensclvts, and lhe liLger socety, thee is now 8rete ecogni tio. and ccdmod.tior ol indi8nos cultue. But h\ this shift donc anythiig to iackle the unde.lFnS political and economi. neqnalitics bctMcn dSenous peopes and the settle. societes ihathave hniori.ally donrinalcd tlcm? As wni slbstate naton alist groups, there has brt r rierr cnhanc.rcnt in lhc poliLical voice l indigcro(s communities, not just through ic.casc.l sclt govcrntc.t, but h tlrcgh increared reperntatnrn $ithh thc .tcisiodjnaknrg
procedures of the lgr socicty. As

liberl mul

hdtruaism

scemr

Narrinted lt

one mod ofliber abol, and indeed havc recently backed away ro'. dinsi8 intention at ior rennns discusscd in Chptes rd /

is Para.loxical, theforc, tlat this is e mullicultalism that IOs have beeD m ambivnent

sult ol'various lind

clains,

colrt

id dn

;i,. *

".";,.,--,. o..r. rr .l* *,, ,",'., ".,,r, ; , i--,-:--. b.,,,r, r^'.tt r'
""d,

Lh,*-.

4.{barJtrr"

'n

aueF...

dscs, and lre.ry agemnt\, dig.nous pcplcs a oitcn 8!.rantced'a sct at tlc tablc'oD hsuer th at altt rh .orununitics, dd fairly robt dtrties of.nltatioD are now eco8nk{l in mo Westem dnt.ra.es.r) So the oplrnitics for ellctiv poiti.a larrn:ipatnr by diSeoous
p@ples hav incrcascd.
o

r"r'

'"."...'-..'t \ , - ,00" "",r-;..

146

..a mi'." *' " ""i-"i--." ou,r"a *r"r,"*.t,i.*."* " ri.

00

[o soo'l rvnipes o hw rhes

-.dd..r -,ii "ri"' '

fdftab), 20oa

Drdlor, 2004 scc 70

sra 7r;

lrk

in crnad (Hddd dd

x,v

nr,nr Ltma Mlh t'l

Making 5nse f Liberal Mlticulturalkm

Evaluatin9 Lib.l Multiculturlirm voeove, as with subttre nalionalist groups, thcrc are (luestions abut lhe sat6 of indi8cnus p.()ple who live ouside (hesc sclf-8ovenin8 re ritoris. Ii rnany.ounti\, ove ha of t]e irdgcnous population hivc ,nolcd lronr thcir t.a.itnna teritories i.lo !.bad arcs.'lhese grops h.vc slfcr.d iust s xu.h fom the harms ot cooni.lis, but in nir rcspects fll bctwee. the a.:ks ofhe inle!il d.cotonizatn)n node One posible esponse t.J both ol hesc piobl.nr h the idea.f rgg.ga tion , in $tnh v)me indigerrous lell govcring powc would be exocisrd at a rgnral level, nthe tha. al a villige o cdxnunity level (tOG 2000). Thrs would not only.reate la.ger and o( viabe units ol sell 8olcrcrt, but trso rakc iteasier to incorPoraie urbri dSenous pop ulatins.'lhis is a p(risinS n,"r, but a( ile moocdt lrrsely untesred.rz

'lhe inpa.t ol cnhin.ed olturl Nognitbn d Pollicil voi.e o. the urdcrlyng economi. ncqalitirs n less clcar. wherea\ rrost rb
ttae Datio.al rinores in thc Wesl oow 5ue conpar?ble standrds ot iving t thc dominant natio..l group, indigrous Peopes remd sF tematiclly disadvntagrd on vlually a ndicators (heith, educ.ton, income, enploynent, sui.idc rtcs, incarceatid ralcs, and r oD) And debare persnts abou wletcr rcccnt retom\ aru h.lpig or harnrg
eftort5 to addrcss lhese fomr of social

a.d

econotric dsidvintalje, and

hene $i.thcr

proSrcss

in a.hictn8 eilualitl dcptnds

o.

extendg o

djsmantling new !odels of nidiScnoos SoveaDcc.rr This d5aEctrcnL i5 cxa.erbacd by the fct tt wc lrave irtle cli.blc cvidnce one way oi llowevr, what evidence availble s88e\ts that thcsr decolonizng reloms ae hdced a 5tp in the nghr direction, and that lrlher Prcgrcss depends on buildn8 lpon the .reryn8 prjn.iPes of t,8cted, 8ul diffeentitcd i.diSenous ights. Cross natbnal studics o lhe ()nPrr tive ttatus ofndigenous popld nr New word ittl slalcs s!88ert t inqualities a lowe. in (rurties with nore nbust ittliScnous i8hs poli.es ((auffn 2004), nd this rcslt is .onlned by .asc studies from withjn individlal countis, inclrding the Llnited Sttcs (Cornel
1995, 1998, 2O0O), Canada (Chndler .nd l,abndc 1998), and Nrw Zealand (Ringold 2005, May 1999). rccent internarbnal udy b ^ thr Ilo come5 to similal .onculn that Povettf redu.tnt rategies work bc when .obnrcd wi(b sPe. fr ndiSenots nd.lans and rcll govcrrment righls (Tone 2005). It! inpodant not to cx.SSerate the Progr.s ce lhe neSotiition oi land .ains and sef-govcdncnt i8eenenb has been vry now and uneven. And rere ae doubts about whede. t|. ldnds ol seltr8oveftid8 cntitics crrcntll beinS..cuted are capab..f Prolidiig clcctive Sovcr_ nan. and .coDomn: opportuDilies. Many of thcm .rc loo snll and/or remote to prcvide the lvel of scrices aDd oPportunilics neede.l Settler srates hav historicaly attemptud to brck up lar,le 8rotrps orco.litions of indgenos peoples i o snaler SrouPs, ollen !o lale than n ndivdua village o .onrnunit}. l hee a.e lirt its to e so of self'8v.nncnl lhat rch vitage evel unis ate ciPab! of.flcctively execilinE (Cans 2000,

In short, w hare mixed resllts in relitioD to trc edudion oi irt.F stuup hierar.hies ln di8enous la nguaScs and.ultltrs havea mu.h hgher pblic vjsiril itv an d respect (h.n thirty or iorty y.a$ ago, and indigcno\ pcoples have eDhan.ed opporunilies lo el.clilc politi.al participatior through both sef Sove rme.l ani crcascd .nsultation areas of shae(l Sovernme!t. 9u tesc changcs ha!c not substrtialy reducc.l th dranati( socill and econoni. disadvdntr8cs fr.in8 indjSenols p.oples.

ir

Wlat.boul lhe se.ond itcrion of su(ess: e tnese relonns 1l6ling

rhe liberal cxpcclanct ccodrdrt8 dive5itv whiLe il] prote.ting hun.n rights and diifusnr8 lib.ra values? lis too is a rttr ol (or sidiblc dcbatc. Son. cfuc.tts a.gue that indgenous ri8ht5 a( ticd to idcs of.trlhrdl .{r\eNatisnr. l.deedi lhe canns of indigenous pcoplcs arc oltcn.itcd as te paradigm exrmfle o caims otcd ideas of traditir and cuttral audenti.ity whereas nstilc ntional !lo!s th. W.st are lern as sraing ibeLal vilues of indilidtrrl feedonr ind
hunan ights, indi8enous people5 aE oiten scc as rciccting thele valcs in tavour ot comnunitaiinism and iditiodaliln. Criti.t worry that gra.ting rnulhotua righ$, nr this conttxt, will lcad to rhe limllio. of individual freedonr within thegrcup. ' he a.e som g.ounds ir lhcsc woics. Thrc are eam|les ol indiScnousSoPs seekinS locngaSc n pra.ti.es that many peoplewoold sccas viol.tiog human iiShts, such is varn)us fdns of dis. ni,ation (against womcn, or rciiSious rnoitics), o. denials ofdr proces (e.9. punnhing allcgcd wrongds witbot fa tia), o the useolcruelaDd u.6ud pun islmcnts (c.g. spearn8, b ishnents).rr of tlese pricliccs hiv. been

nd

K.ll

L3

rior.xamfl.s,

s( th. dr.uss

M[ing sen5cLibr.l Muln.ultulirm

delended by sone ind iSeno! cads (or then non ilrli 8rnous advocatet as taditntal, and hence as worthy of prolcclion udtr a consevatiyc

Evdlutinq

tjbril Multiolturalirm

iberal expe.tanct is

ilra,{rorr

I r'

conceptn of m!ltcltralisd. Al prescnt, sch Practi.es irc l-vPi.ally pohibite. 'nn. lhe.orsti 1ltonal provisons of thc lrger ate Howeve!, (argely lnlksful) altenptr havrbccn nrade by sotrc r diSenous lcade6 t() Sani cxnPtions from these conitrtona equircncns, and vaiious criiics havc $orieil rr tal this is evi.l.ncc lhatte lib.ral cxPectan.y is bilinS Thcsc wories .ustnan 1aw have been renlrced bt th erPcnce of nigenous Litir Ameri.a. Many litin .rican countrics hale Srantrd lcgal status to the 'ses ard customs' ol nldigenous l.oplcs As a resut disputes ar.l .rnDes withni indSenout cotnurities ae oc. iddressed throuh alegcdly 't1adnril' lrodes ofconnicr lesoluto. and punithnlen(, gov eed bI1aditionl'clites. lhese.rc oien ds.ribcd, by defen.jds, as /auih.rric' practi.es, deeplv nted n tle souP's hislory nd heoce csscntil to tbc SrouPt identity. Cireful studics o .uono law in Guatcnaa, howcv, hav shown that thse .linns ire .o.tcslable. ln !a., the three poblcms men)ned n ChaPir 4 abolt olturl conser vatism have ai bee. louDd in studics ol the oPerrion of indiScno(s cuodrry la$: Prt, tirc legal Practi.cs that ae taid to be timelss and aurhentic are often ni tacl lirly e.:ent, based on a pastjche of orltural inluenes (in.udjng both sp..sh Cathoicism and m(rr. rccently evdn gelical FrdtcsLantm). Clins lo cut rl aOentjcity or Purtt hid tlc reali t,v of Nltra I hybidit, ard crc.le false cws about the 'unbldgeahle gulf betweed indiSenos olturcs and ttroPcan otures sccond, the chn that tbesc pradices ar t[eDti., ard cssential to thc SrouP\ ide.tity, is often cooteed withn the 8dup local elites attcmPl to
edcfinc these contested practi ce. s 'ecred ob iS atio ns preciselv order to !il.n.e or delegitnnize those gruP membe6 who whh to challe.Se thcse practn:s. Third, the idea tlal there is riSht to mairtn such atrtlrcdlic .aditiots is nvo(ed to istiry di5natio. against romen or tugces, ard dthoviolarons ofhnan riShts.5 'hs rtrdes ae l@king ai l2tn neca, not thc con5olidatcd weste democrcies, atd thjs is imPortant to ke.p nr tind lf tht
t1 s { norcd

acrcss cthric

lot woking cil h Gualemala thar , if liberal F .\''rr"8 rl, t rql E'4\rr,1rn rull ' "p\ - 'u' and racia lines- it is surcl)' il lea5i Patly due to th. f.t
r

that therc is litlle or no libcral dedoftacy in alutemaa to beSin with. he poitical sltrrcue\ of th h.8.r sociery are known n the wid. 5pread hrn.r riShls abuss, th l.\ oi Lhe r!lc ol las, and entrenched p.rterns of rlis.rnnini tion ln this.ontet, l wolld be a minorira(eif ndgenous legl practices wer somehox ints.d wlb thc PristiDe sPirit

'lhe moe rclcvant quen)n fo ur plrPoscs is hdrer the iberal cxpectan.y is hoding wilhin the Westcm dctrocracies themseives nd hcre w see a (rnpl.r pict( On the ore h.d, as I oled ealler, some indigcrolserdes asscrt hatlheisef SovernnS.lccisionsshould noibe subiccl lo the .onstitutioDal provisions ofthe la!8cr socict n lhe name
l prcseNnr6 their trditioral l8al sy\tms. Od thc olher hand, vtuy all indi8enous lcadr6 .ccePr the Prir.iPlc th.l nrdiSenus lws shoud be consistent with interrational hmar rights norns, even thouSh thes
may conlidith smc aspects of the traditnnl Praci.cs. This s!88csts that thcrc arc cotplicated legt ar{t politi.al rircgies ai wok whcr indigenous lords deny that they are subic.l to thc largcr society's cnsttuion. In f.1, wc necd to re.ogniTe tht whed ndigc

chrpler

4, n. 4, rl

n! s.nh n;d.s rrt ,t cxup'

v,. Pmvtrcnr ot .

us

lin

'dhben}r'jt!dawyd{d0t!i'dightl]i1,.]h'
rj
sN

nous le.plcs ae lold to .orply with donestic .on5litutionl noins, thir .tully involves two qitc distinct demands that ned to te kcPt one level, demaDds that hdiScnous Peotles adhere to sepirate ^t set of liberal-dadoftatic noms or PciPlcs whicb ae fairly common a.rss the \{srer. dcnocacies, and now e.shrncd ii Dlernarional law. Bur at anothe evI, it aho demands that ndScnous PeoPles icceF the authorily of a pati.ular polit.al entty and legl systct nanrl-v, that of thc larycr state estarlisr.d by lle coloniTinS scttlcrs It n his second dcmind that is prhorady ortensi! t hany indiScno(s peotes fter ll, in most ca5es, rdiScnous PeoPe! did not conscnl (o being ruled by tllis larger state, wre dot irvolved in fotnut.tirg is conslitulion, and have ncvcl had ny reprcscntition on de Supcnc Couits thil intepret thcsc .onsitutbns. Morcolo, the lega system cstablish.d by the colonial sttc has histoi.aly iusticd (heconquest anddispo$cssion ot indi8eno p.oples, often on tlc Lrisis of exPicity aciit rcsorn8. Henc any ndigenous peotlcs do not tst the leSa systent cstablished by setter tes, and do not b.liev. rhal it ever acqui.ed the lcg i

i .ahlosurs the $o* ol bcbc

Fr

ot ies Pmb sierrer ( 997, 999, 2tn1)

nlle right to rulc ove! drem T. asl digenols PeoPles to mcriti.lly acccpr the authority ol the setder stt's criltion.rd courts is, n!

150

lsl

srn5e of Llberal Multi<ulturalirm

Evaluati9 Liberal M!lriculturalism

elecl, lo ask tlcm lo a@pt lhc legitimacy oI lhrir..loniT2lin and

Under lhcsc crunsta.ccs, iDdigcrous demaDds lo bd 8overned [n.ier

distinctive le8l and Polil iQt statLs.'l he Prot lern acu8 rnany di8'ous
peopes, howNer,

drir own 'drtomary lc8al system, rnt|er than bcig biecl to the dom6ic constihrtioD ol rh. *ttler sttq lhould not utomatically b drsmed to rcn(l an illiber traditiodalism or onscrvatism, o. dc.dt fd lhc LibcralexDeclancy. l,ike the Cit.rn denind lbrthe eoriti.[ ol
dreir hist.i. /ir4rcr, ndigeurs denrds f. the r.cot3rition ol 'estum aryr lw rnrybp a nqlcrnizr8 proj<t olrv ured by ltlrionalisl rhclonc lnd.rd, il ma), be thal (hr ll,e.al cxp(tan<y is bcsl rled by scptnr8 the lwo dcmDds I nctnned ea.lie! tht is, by 6ndin8 a wry ol artnrralnganij entorc8lihn! deno(r ti. nons lhtdoes no dcp.rd eI(lusvcl! or ltrinarilt or he au horiv o the *l cr itale'5 instilrlo. PehF thebst {y ro prorore con$ns6 on lih.aldm(ari( valuei and lo sc.nrcly prolcct ndvnlual rights, is to enablc indisenors peopes

es.blish trcir own dcrxxatic constituhons and @urts, subjR-t to intnatioflJl hmnD riSlrts rrxns and/o to new .i8hts-!.otector Rrch rnirns i shi.h indiScnos p@pls, trtr6tic jrdg6, lnd tc.oat)na monitors ae nl nvolvcd. l h is s prccisely whi l sonc i nd igcnous lead6 havc lc.omme,dcd as a nlore c1L.tive w.y oi rDruring hurn ri,jhls
protccttun than relynrg xcsivcly on the rcrts of the selcr stae.r6 lre rcslh nE legal systcn my bc dcnbd r 'l dihonal' o tuomry', brt nr fact nay havc littte to do{ilh presetring 'traditi{}n', nd the ftenrbers ol tlr comnuDity nal lly cxpct to rcspc.t civil and polical righK and lo neet andar.r ofdeocrtic accoLrntabilit lndccd, this is what w. s eme8irg r vaios W(stem .odlr6: indiSoous leSal ystes adiptd to ncw cdmttanccs d internonal norrs, d(runrblc to therc is Ijrcwing evidcrcc that csc nembes d in tpi nrinbcrs. ^rd f.( t (ndorsc lil,crldemdrnti( values/ andc.xpect thci lcdes to up|old tl'em when cxc.iri.g thei law-makin8 powca. L' ln lhort, as nith tubttatc natnnal moriti6, therc are rtnteSic.crns for deinndnrg respecl tor a distincl lcgl trld'ion: it serves as a flrarke ofcullural diffencc, cviden(e o a wo hy!a, ard ! i!i1.ilion fa
! So,nc

nend tlei.rustomary law. They hJvc tc right t lollow ndigcnous irw bt not to mke i.diSe.ous law- Thcy hvc rhc ight to livc a(@din8 to lheir laws, but trot the riSht to Bive thctrsctvcs laws \di8$ous lws aR (cognized, bl not indiScDus law'makeL {Levv 2000d1 Thc irevit.bl resulr of thr stuntd con.Ptntr of le8al fhualivn n to rap ndigenous IFoPles tno a traditnt!ist Irnrework Sn( tlcv hdat no powe to rlemeah(:lly amnd tl(ir traditionlcusloary law, thc) rust present these laws a5'ruthtntic" This sugl{csls oral llrc slutin is not to olish le8a plurri. but rrthr. ro sllcnglh.r it, bv givrs di8cous txoPI6 the ti8htto mlt irdig.rout law, s w.llas to ollos it, rnd 1o cntu.e tht this Prss o makra nrdiScro law it pul'li'ly dcated, aDd rcll(ts ireviessofal members othe.omnunity' not iust sell appointed guadias o'tdititrl, This i.dced is what wc ncftas 8ly sc in tle Ljnitd States, arnad!, and New Zcahnd

pa iLllaly nr kti,r Atcrica, is that unlikc subrtac Dational nrinorities in thc Ws! tlly havc n scl!8ovcitt8 pw' to

lw'nljdg a!lloity js ie.lolsy lrcsewed

ofthe natioo-sttc. Alloljdg ird 8enols
as

Mny slalcs csis 8anlinS indiSenous PoPler lawinakr8

as

tht

exclusivP

luthont' u sdiction

peoPes to

oos cstonarylaw

thrcutcnng ro tle slate.s rllowinS indiSenous Peoples to mak is not law Bt as St&{ aDd Collicr notc, it s raller hyP(ritical or slat6 to thn turn rotrnd and condenn irdiseDous PeoPles for the f.d ha thecustomaly law nliy nol bcLnshtcnt with rodcn nods ol hutan .ights (spe.d aod collicr 2000) ut anothcr wa, th( ctognitiotr ol.uslomay lnw is inponanl, nol because uPl!nd! atrtlteotic ditiors, t'ot b(au it imPlies .ccognitiod ol tr aw nkin,r.apadty {)fiodgenou! pcoplts, xd iusriilcs l hc 'anr Rchcl Sicd Putl it csto!rv iar lo exelcise hat G['a.ity lrrs

rri*',| kd6 b (tr

ly

trlot *h' b
dcpth o

'rrr

,lkitd{pdrten,sts ovcrtolinrvirr6(scr'od1 l*rld8ht .onrdou,c

onun6,
n3hiyproteL

rd rllt gowa erpRblb amBli ,\hollgbal i e6 ar '.i' l!xlcr (+<r m vrtrq end nr'd rhe Chlner o ene nn.bdry r\rlmt
D

'

Sc!

s(ro!G'r {.nt oi
rq n
(

{'(

^5 should F undesod r aD oPpditiooi proiccl-atcpthg Io wrcsl powc. trm the entl statiot ar ! proit o (.t'ltul p.imordialis r (Sicd 200). I think a si ilar 5tory cnn be told about tle (te of treav riSht\' Many indig.nos 8rops dem tha rhr P.ovisions o {:ntuitr)ld treies lt laally (phcld. Somc commenlnlo take this dmand as evidene o consvativ. connDit'Dcnt lo ptesevnrg authentic ldices that (late toor thc tirc oi contacl. wo(rld argue, hwe!, that treaties ae often siv. a r.ver.d sttd in i.diSenous .ommunities b.aus they

..e tan8iblL PDf that itdiScnots

K{'!!xD s.h.

h 2003, 93, 'e s,167 7). rrx

wee pcoples at rhr lm o 'onact caFbe o entering socielies Bade ds Porscssn8 polilic.lly oga.ized

l5l

Makinq 5enr f Libial Multicultural*m

Evaluating Liberal Multiultuli!m

!.i thcirdcsljn_vind adapt t() ..w .hallcnScs l hc revee.l iarus of orrtodiry law and rreaty i8nts is cvidcnce, nol o cuhra
reSan.ontrl

inkr ntenatioNl grccmells of a nation to{rtiod bas. leils are siSns of tbe lristor. poili.al .ompcln. of rdiScnous PeoPles, Dd iustihction tor rcisstDg rlat \rtus, ) thl indiSeDous PeoPle can

and
and

multi.ull!ri inteSratnrn. Hw hs th iilccted inter

groulr erlualilv

indiv ual lrcedom? As w h 'bsrae natiodal

imnediately a ppir eDt .hn8

groups and indiSeDous Fofler, tle most .or.cs nsues ol the Fco8nition of i.len

.onlervatisn, butolthcnccd to mobilize peope forthcproicct ol ind8e nous self ,tovernmerr . a roicct thal oke all nati.aiint n irlt.nly withn thc Westeln demo..a.es, th ptuiccl clllue tLansloming. ^nd lar8e, conducted sithn lhc lra.ework ol iberal-deno(ratjc is, by and constilltiona !alu\, as th.liberal expccl..ry would predict. Thc pict!e that eneu! frorr tbis disdssion ofihe mp.t of ndigc nus riglrs on ndvidua freedon s conPlcx one, not least becau it dfr.alt ro djsentange rh hetoric frlr lhe reii On the Dc hand, wd havc runy indigenous eadcrs who ronSly afl.m human riShts values, although this nat just be a rhctorical lool to hjde a deePer .ommmLrt t culua.onservathm. On thc othci hrnd, {e ho have mry rdiscDous eaders nvoljng a Pw.rful rheloric of tadiftrnaliso, athough this nay jr bt a rhetorica too to junily Proiecls o moden izirg sel Soresnncnt. Wc rccd lo look beyond the rhctoric to see what is acnrilly happening od thc giolrd, iD the way indigc.ots pcoPlcs fue cacisirg iheir i8hit rd pwrts, and lhe say political vtru.r aft bcing shapcd {ilhn these .ommntis. A.d hcre thee are .autn)u\ 8tuunds for optnnnm at lle idea ol a hnan riShts bascd node of ndiSenous Sovemanc giad(ally taliinS oot, bt within ind8eno5 con munities
as wc will see in Chatte 7, and ac.oss t!. sociely.s a s'hole.r$ ^nd ir is precisely such a rodcl thal is being diftused by thc irtnauoDa

immardrts to visbly o poudly exprcss rhcir elhnic identiry 'bday, by cona5r, it is consniered noral and nahl (at lca wilhnr 1aditional nigratntr .ru.hics) tor inni8ant\ and thcn C'$ceidints lo havc io crhni( identiry to cherish iti Io extress it tr public spcc, nd ro havc i( rcecte.l and arcoonrodate(l in publc stitriors. lddgiinl elhncilv has becomc'.ornnlized' lt i5 no$ re..8.izcd that one oi the man) perictly legitimat.ways Lo be a Sood '\ne.ican (r Candian, ArraLian, ctc.) is 1o be 3ood Grcek Atericin or Vietamsc-^Irtri.... lor n nrijgranl gbupt, eth . irlcnlily s no longer a rurcc f shtc, or fear
this s reiected in nd rcnforccd by utjotturalin Poli.ics tllat ^nd n duly on pnbic trrtitutons ljk th schools or medir to cnsu inposc tlrt nnigrant 8ruPs i.. lisiblc in th Prc8amnirs, tht traditional strcotypng s avonied, ard tha the contibutionr of innniSrants lo

rity.Irrlcpasr, itwasoftcrconsklcr.d'unpalrolic'{o.tn^me .an')f(

lmmignts

Inallt let n mk at whxt is phaps re nort.ontrovcrsil lrn ol liberal drltlc!lr!ralm, adopted t rclation lo 'new' ninorities foDcd
thiotrgh inmigFtion. as we saw n ClaPt( 3, a shift har takcn plcc within t taditional count.ies of ioigration 1o. older modes ol eclusion and assnnilition to newe models of race neutra dmi\sions sortofndigmoucii'elhi|lhys0po,lecHvennl999]lvls
thcsc.s nrodtlrorn
te ildiscno

But I beleve thir is n cxccplion (and hopetully teoPorary onc) to in othe.wisc powen tnd to nornalize the Presen.e of nndigrart cthnic identities publc space. For some critics, mmiSrant multiLxltlrilism does nor 8o re-vond thesc foms of sy!Lolic recognition to ddnss lnderying inequaitics i .ccsr to poitica powcr or economi. pportnitics {e.9. Moodley 992i 79). Dclnde .e1p.d t llre recoSnition of cthi. identilies h ju one dnDcdsion oa much broade! multicultualist policy hi dcwok lhil seets to cnlan.e the a..e$ and Parlicipation of irtrgrants in lc ecoDorI add political ife of thc coontry this n efle.tcd in afrtaLvc actioD policies, t the crcatior ol nre.hanisms fo Politi.l .onsullali, a^d n tlc commment to idcntilf and evise institutioal rulcs al may (ntentionally or unintentionally) dsadvanta8e mlnigrts. Fr cridpL, under the anewok of rntlticolluriism, dres!.odcs, ptrblic hoiidays,
155

nahotul hislory or wold.ultu( arc rccoSniTed Of.ourse, this procers rerans rncteo. Sirce 9/11, imnriSants iiotrr Arab o Mush counrries have fa.td prcssuc to hde ther eihni. nd reLiSout lertity.I tle UnitdStates, pcoplc who too vistrlyor Plbicl-v idenrily thems.lvcs ns Muslim today arc susp.ctcd by sone o hen8 'u.Anerican'. As wc saw in ChnPter 4, two of thc kcy pillas ol lbei! nultcutuair-- the libe.al expedanLy ard thc dcsccurilizalion of eth ni. rclatons havc bc.n questiooed in tbe.se of Munim DnriSran6

t54

Mkin9 5nte o Liberal Mult.ulturalkm

Evalutin9 tibcral Multi.ulturalism

rturalizatn rulcs, Ianuage reguirements, even height nnd eeight r.striLhons, have aU been adapted ro redu.e ther potent lo.rcaLe obstaclcs r ccrtin nnxrigrnt 8rc ps. On this view, mt.ultuaiism has sigrifrontly rcduced trany of the inherited obstade5, banietr, and 5(ignalizations that disdvrtnged tnmiSrant grups. Hcrc agin, our biity b rnve this disageement hanered by thc I.k o ny systemati. rross national data on the npacr of !ulticutrairn policies on th jlarus ol innigrant ethn. gloops. lt is lso nrde mor dificultby lhe enormous variation in the c.onoi. an,
Sonrc nnniSrart Boups

of cousc

prcscD.c ol stonger n1l.ilraliso polcies (e I labou. narkcts, polit .al pat st^rclues, etc), but Boemraad systematicaly caiviscs thcsc altelra(ive explanationi, and coDchrdes rhat multiculhiialsn policics wee inded a cu.ia part ol the stoy. lrete l)oli.iet encou.gcd and elabled (he vlernamese .on m unity to padciFte ore q(icklyind rnorc

y lFsible explanalions lor tlis diocn.c oLhrr thxn the

effc.tivcynnainslreamC.nadiadi.lutons. Acco!dinglo!oc trid,

thc samc patt.rn applics lo Porlugese imnigrants loToronto nd Boston

Politi.alstatuJIdifferc.tethnic8ou|sevenwithinth in the New wol{l @untrie5 ol lmnigr.tion r. Lrtte. off than thei native born .ounerfarts jn rms ol income

or enploynent rates, other are wo6e off It enthely possiblc thit {he nrxlc of multiculnm integration is worki.gwell for some ctlnic goops, and not lo.the. W dont have the tot of 6ne 8ained dali occdcd to di5tn8uilh thc differcrtial impa.t ol multi.ltural ism poci.s n various elhnic groups n th. sre curtry. Studics rggcst that sttcs $ith lib mutidntuaism policies ave low.r lcvcls o inntcran{ (\4ekrn 2006: 3:15), and better otcomes loi tr.ri8anr youth (llerry et 2006), and rhr rhe rwo.oonlrics with Lle sirooSest mui.uturalirm poicies and Ciu<ja alsohvc thc ^srala lrest tu.k e.ord in the economicand polticainlegatin ofnD'ni8rnts ovcr the past drirty yeab (Xyoli.ka 1998). Bur Lhat nay bt duc r part t the f.t tratthe im m8r ation polcies ol thcse lwocoorrrics foans hviy on selecting skilled immiSinls, who aive @ilh g.ctcr levls of de hrnran .nd socii capital n.cdcd to ncgratc. Pe.haps hutifltuali5m policies wec not neccssaiy lor thc succcsfl intcSrtn, or wee eltn a poienlial olrstaclc, by rarkg tber ut as 'different' and '.eedv' (l)as
In orderlo eslih. iiDpnctof rultirxltuJisn poli.ics, we would idally ilie to lnd i'natelacxperldcnl'ehcr. two scts ofirniSrants fR)m th siDe co(nlrr wjlh th( ernc backSou.d cip.rin.es nd skis sette in dlllcnl placcs, onc of slich ls strn! mutnrtral'sm poicles, rhe olhrot. s it hppcns,Irene Bkrmaad ha\ studiedsuch a cise: name\',

dctl thcy .rrivcd wilb snilar dcno8raphi. .hir.clcrislics, Lrur th Pouglesc irnigrants nr'lbronlo bave interlted betrer dlc ir prr t C.adiad rlt.uLlralisrn (Bloemliad 2002, 200-5, 2006). This is ist onc case slrdy, ad may nor Ecneralize. t obliouny dif fcs ffu thc fccliig ir inrch oi.nli.crtal E(rope, rlcrc it is hidcly hlieved tht ulti.alhtralis policics have llcd, nnd nli)ired the negrtion otnnngranls. We dould nred lo look.arellly at why nrulti dltralis policics sccn L hav. rir.d so dll...1|t in Europc conparcd to lhc New World. l,irr of the diiercn.e nay ie i. the cbaracrcrn ti.s ot tlrc immigrants (e.9. ihe relitivc baince of skLlcd i.d unslillcd itrnnigrnts, r of lcgil vsus illcgal nnjgiiiion), bt nuc of t li.s in thc Datur. thc 'nultcltalhn lhit was adoplcd. As I noted n chapte 3, nrst drigrarts in nrrcpc wc niLialy s.cr .s tcrrporary rc! idents (e s. suert'wrk.ls, e!Ixmry asylulscckcrs), ard hdcc he !
as

caled'nrultiolturalisni pli.ics adoptcd for thc wc.e iitidly dcsiSned the expectatnln that they and thr childrer sould rcturn'homel lhis is the ofposte fNw Wold multiclturalirn poli(cs, shich ro thc starl were .onnected to idear of i.tegation and citizenshif while
Eropein expectations ol retum have gradaly been ahndoned, and rlticlltui.lisn poicjes eised accordnrSl, rhe policies place 'n lurcp. hac ncvcr lully coesponded wlh the sots oi n llcultljsd poli.jes . pace in th Nes word, with their stronge. npha5ls on ir(egatio. ind ctjTenshitre {hee the attc toft of muti.uturaisn

Vicbc\c nndiSrnt\ n Ibon and Torcnto here arc vttllf no rclrvart diftcrcncs in the demoSaphi. chacteastcs ol the Victnancsc nDDiSrrts $lro cnded !p in lo.onto athe than Boor they arrlved with .otprlrc lcveli of educatbn, wort expeience, inguagc llLrcn.t,

oo'i) vho {nn'nd rDl

he olner

ind

so n. Yet th Victnamer

in lbo.tu

itd
156

re

rxe

a.tivey paticipating in

(l.nidia! public lil. Tlrrr. rrc

have inteSrnLe.l

nuch bcttrr,

ioo$dri.rntdd(b)promorinensorr i.n.l'dcniin Th hgc'nl.dtulum'poriochl .a!s n inr$.,h.ic.oopcr d, ).r lori.n1d6is.d . pomo

bv \ e.d!

oo

() p

Mkinq Sns o Liberal Multiculturalisn pices aft

tvluatrng Lrbral Multiculturalirm

i.

place, il ippear5 that dey cr Posilivey a5sist in e{ucrg

the.ultural, Polilical, andeconomicinequalilics{.cingmm8antihni.

lv.. rhen these

oftcd sutlr ftom
a

Doicies are $rc.c$frl h reducng inegnality, th.l nunbr ()ffamilir Problems. Ior ex amPle, the burca!

das of ncDdcd benel.iaies, it is oftcn osc who alr.ady have hiSh evels of hunaD capital that are rst iblc to t.ke advanlage ol t|ese berclts, leavag fewer pporturitics for trlly dnidranbged enrher o the group. These objections hve Lrecr raiscd, forexioPle, nr he.ontext of ailrma jle achon pli.ics i. both te tJiled Stiles atd Canad 22 I .all thcse'rmiljar'I)robcrr b.causc lhcy in act lppll kr a aeas of trixl polic Adninistrrtive cat.gorics arc always over or lnnr
nlusivc, distortcd by the di.tatls oflrurriucratic.onvcnien.c o, trr reiu cati. in{tie, and putrlc bene6tr a, alays.apt!rtd disprcPortiooitcly by te Bho are a!eady rvcu-oft This.ppics lo poljccs targeted at poor
reighlroudoods or reljins, or tg.ouPs lring It om 'social ex.lusnf, o at ppulations'at i5k'. so(ia Plicics bascd on clas, ag,8eoder, nei,jhbourrtud, region, o family status r. all vul.nble 1o lhese Plob lems hesc r. lhe famiia pthoogies of pubc Policy n a libal democract and hlriculturajsnr not erenr iion thcrn. But llcrc is do cvidn.e that thcse pilhoogies are geate for trhiculturalism tha. fo orh tyt).s oi socai poli{f, and withn! thc ftDits sct bI tlcsc li.Lrar prcbems, mtrltillltralism pl.ie\ have hrd stre todcn r.ccssc5 nl ..ducin8 inteFgroup incq!alry wlat about thesccnd crilerion olsuc.ersl has inni8rar nrulticultr lism iul!lled the libcrl cxpclad.y,8ivr8 members r)f trtDrity SrouPs norc lrredoD o nidlc thc il lat the individual is able and wishrs t haec', or has it inst.ad nnprisoncd PeoPLe i. traditiona rocs and pr.ticcs, and srenSthncd thc hand olcutural traditionalistso. liSnNs tudanenlalists who wish lo iimit liben feedomt? lis too is a hotly debated isse, silce it is widcll sncd that ma.y immiSant grcups, partiLa arly non Euopn irtrigrants, b.ing s tl tlem i ibea Political values rd orrural pa.tiLrs, rd will look lor ways to mjntain theml nclud'n8 t|rgi appea to ideas of nrultctltralism. Aswith indiSenou p.opes, a.d urlike sbsl.le national groups, no'l,uropcad i!i8ranl5 ae widely sen s standinS outside (r rt least ot tully inlcgted no) tle lilreral derro.raric cor sensus

.rati..atcSories usd to identify thc bcneficia.iet o multiculhrralir poli.is rc olcn oveincrrive o undFnclrtrile, or refled the l({n of adrinistrativt conv.nience rather dan thc nccds or asPiratons ol the intndd bcncli.i.rics. ihcy may unp dispar.tc Sroops into tre tane Icg.atcgorl, dcspile ten diffrcnt nctds, or pul 5imila. Sro Ps o

artili.i.lly distnct caegoiet':

Thcrc is also lhe Probem

that*ithh

thc

210).Tl[ornri i hid.d

icL'lrurlbn

Poni6

1nl (

'h
pori.rA or rh. iivc

c.tttr. llo

tb{rlnr (on{ansn
n,nl.lnd
1cn.ollagcnnigrbt'n
nd

ihce

bviouJexpr

r!.

ns.!ne. r rD(
or

inrq nokd ic int! ile si$n3 uan,:'ioo' modlrde{rRrons,rryt,doalNihrldiousdniionJwiihn,dhn'.DuthPnrti.n (c.s. scp.ar'innihdorr 1 La . Pi.tcnt rnd cainol.f) rhnl ds c n(5 of, einiirry nd rn3uNny d6tin
ite Ndh.n

imisnnr dnze n' nind (mp]ur rnd hf otleJsn6

r thc ir.nsth ot

k r[se 'Fdoxe.

nedl a.d rspttions

r.

i6 urrturk.n poli.is ih! r!, rio

ahour thc imnrci of

p.lici6, @ n' Fh,nhm (dcrsmd foi tcnpory i1rrarr, rd pilhn?:'ion (d6cncd

fo hisoric ii!Len ruttxbniin poh.n.,

d b dc
icics dcsigni tu

rc.x.qri.r

*fng
o thc

Tlispercettionof ron EuroPeiD iDmi8rant\aspuctoillitJcrallalucs

inni3.t.rtr
2006)

ofte hiShly cxaggerated. ln fact, the vid.rce sugg.sts tt.or !!.opean idrtrigrrs today, il least r de New Worldcurtrits
and praclices is
r.sori6, bnr

!4iod

the

l:ilncri

ncretation

(ft

as B.nng d (vml'ck2

pnt,ric porn_) i3uhly ncs(t rhc sp(.rq ot bracr 'h (Itcnry lee4; conri$ion . y{ rrju{tes$''n rtrs; (yncNi lee3; Hn' an( tn.fsn 201)4 a 8md cxrplc (tr t't h{r fdtr, r.nd nr er.tilr io n,d{enus f6p.s, .

cirdiar

th{ ( n(r'3r)
Jknnin'3
!

or thc

tnmt lirla,

r58

Makihg snre o Liberl Mult(ulturali5m

Evldatin9 Libcral

Multi.ulturalitm

oi imnigration, exhibit the sanr LJsic lendency to irlernalize liberal deFoatic valLres that .haract.rizcd previous srv.s oI immiSratn fro Furope lr Canada, fo exaplc, there are no sttisliclly siSni6.ant dii
teren{s rr politca vares bctwccn ron Fluropcn imD8ants who liavc lived in Camd 1or a onSperiod and native txt. Canadiars of iurPean dcscent (Soroka cL al 2007i |ridcrcs 1997) lhereis n lact a lairy dccP consensus on hunan riShts and libcral demo.ati. vilr.s aoss eth.ic nd racjl lincs (Hosard lassman 2003), is the libcrrl cxtc.l a..y would Howeer, this cnd towards conv.rgcnce in Poticrl lalocs is a l(rg_ tcrm one It do.s t ake pac ovemiSht, and it doesn l.lc plice without a nr881e within innigrani.r)n unities themteiv.s, s tradlionalist ladc6 and/o poltical r.dicas battlc aginsl those $' licl lhe Srnvita_ tioni pull o libcrl dcnocratic vaues. This is an a8e'old Phcnonenon,

lound n cvcry wave ol imniSratioD irom vry corcr ol

Lh 8obc

There we snDih stl88t5

btwc.n tradtionaists,ljbelals, and radi.ts ainongst hnh Cathoc immiSrnts to the Ne{ lvrld in lhe Djnetenth ccnl!ry or anrs f2sle.n lu)px. inlnigants t thc iir Palt of the
Tlc queion f us is ho6 the [ese.c. toda of libeal iulticlltua allccls thjs a8e{nd dynanic. Dos tlc.vailabliry of nrlticlturalist

This 'paradox' has ben a wll known lelrc o{ lilJcr. dcm..ratc practicc snrce its oi8ins in the seventecnth c.ntuy. a ^\ rcsult, thcrc s a lo g hiort ofdiscu\s. about how lo pr.rc.t illiberi and nd.rdati. forccs frod abusB the i8hts and poRcrs tlt libehl d.o.r.1 rxtedds. Th. solhon, in all o thse c.ses, is a conbtion of (a) .ivi. edu.ti and lDlitical socializationi lo lc]p devlot an.l srtain a btuade pitica (:utxre or human ights and civil ri8hts lrb ralirm; (b) mechanirms for idcntitinE rd p!blicizng .tual or poten til ilJuscs nr.ludtg free.on of spee.h; eedon oi thc prcss; fecdom of ifdmatbn tol.iesj and .epoitjng, cons(ltalion, and accountahiity qxemen$ so as to hin8 issues inlo lhe colrl oi publi. opi{m, an.l to xpose and marginali? iiberal enilencies, and 1c) lc8al ard .onsti tutional sfeguads that empowe ihc slale to prcert or renedt dese rbuses. lhese are the sorts o slralegies scd in al W.stern denoca.ies to Srapple with tbe probcm ol lhe illiberal and lndenocati. abuse ol libral-dedrcrati. rghts, rrd ey appy as l o th ca5c oI xruti.ul

lhcory..d

Progr.mnes and sttuliortr somhow strcnShen rre h3n( oftridilin alists or radjcal\ optscd lo libeil vahcs, nd slow down the Proccs ot inorporaling imni8rdnb no a Iibera denoc.atcconsn5us? Or docs il 5tengthen the grvitational Pull olliberal denocractT w can.xp..t thatth diffcrcnt liclion5 withn nnni&ant 8oups will compete to corlrol the instittins and Po8rdncs csliblished under tlir r.iscs lhe Potntial thit lhe inhastruc nulticultralisn poljces.

*r

,\e thete itraegies woting? I believe rlcy irc. Thc dcvckrment oi a hman rights (uhre, comlrjned wilh obr cchrrirs o publc xl)oqrre lnd e8al safegua.ds, hivc eDcd uat thc interptation ifd inplementation of immjgrant mltic(llr.lisr poi.it5 eman wilhlo
befa1

chinneh.rr 'rhis
l61 .(

is ie boh al thc lcvcl of formal c8isation,

ind

.t

the leel ol everyday polry inplcnc.tatiod.

Iorn.l iws ard ft8tnns, it is dear tlat mullicll .odDittcd to upholdr8 Iiberal value5 lnnrigra.t nlrianlturalisr policicsc nt.ndcd to cxpand rathe thin resirid ndi vidtr choice: tl.y rcducc th. costs or stigmar idjvidaah pr.vouny faced in erpessin8 rhcr thric identjry but do not povidc any 1.8l
t.lisn Polici.s
arc

llw.look

^nd tue of libcral mlti.utturalisx will be ca|turcd ard nnused lor liberal or undenocatic purPses. Bclorc ex.mining whcltr thn has h frct iaten plac, howeve, t's itrportanl to .enembcr that this Pobltr is not unue to nolticulturrlivn. It is a syemn l).blet lhat.rset Lon thevert nru.turc ol bea denncrcy. Iiberal dno. .y Sives the vote 1o Commnists who want to abolish P.rliimentry dcnoftacy, iust a\ il gives l-"e spec.l 10 those $n soul.l retuse fe spcc.h to othes Snjlal!, policics irnended to enhan.c locit demo( ra.y ar.always rbie.t to lle rk that thcy will be caPtued by illibera fo.ces who wish lo l prcss the feedod oi othert. (n\id tht say ihat bcal hosPilal bo.rds and scb@ boards nr Nortb amic hrv. ben cPted by Chrnlja. .o.seNatives so sish to stoP ahortid or scx e.lucahon

nrndate or I.8.1jtifr.ntio! for abndSjng or vi.nafing indiv<luilriEh15.

n rn

ddeidd n pp.rr in . m
o1edom rn.l cqurny

cbnt!. r[n r!9 nriod .r

!r l{09 r.riri.
s.nc .ons.'!Lic ouStr ^lunnr 1 cmal.

'l,iinrior

oJ

m mpdnr rr. .v!4

r sh.urd

rrh .faled l+a 5l) o! trivd.

r'tha! i

:.)

i
l

10

illihtnr oprtrc lKv rlnk'20{sd).

t6l

Makinq

Stof

Liberal Mulli.ulruralkm

Evalting tibcrl Multi.ultu.liim

No.o ntt for c{ampe, har Prolid.d immigrntgrops with an.r.nP ti(r foni l.ws that prohibit lolccd maiagcs, Iemae dnoidcctories,
honour-kilhgs, or the
r use of

volcnl lorms ofdisciPline against .hildren,

" rl'rrt r lroq rrd l r'd iL rr P'di lre n S b ]f we loon it the realitics on th 8our.l, however, we kdow rat libra prcliccs do.ontue ni sooe mmiSrant lamilie5 (as thcy do i' sone non id!igr.nt familiet, ohc. with the tr.it knohledSe of other wc kno$ thdi thc slaLf his somctincs nebes of thc .omdNniry
piJven unblc o1

^rd unniin! to dctcnrl vulnrablc individua\

ronL thcsc

vi.nrti{s ol thci. rightr and frccdoDs. lndeed, tr virlually a Wstcrr denD.raci$, hcre hare re.D hiSh pioileQs.rwhe rh e itate hr hned a blind ey. to tbe oisteatrr$t oi itdir(luh withir some in'ni8rnL Sroups, iSnorng reporh o abusc, or rellsing to ntcne and/d Prosc_
Criti.s often as're that mulftultuiilism sochw lcsponsibe for these failurcs. lut.s I i nentioncd, cses of rtatc iiiute to Protccl

rmniSrant gro(ps nright ry t() .afrtire control ovrr thc inh2stllclur oI of6cjal mull.ulturalisfi in ordc t. delend thcse practi.cs. or eraorplc, one co!ld inragic il lraditioralists f.on certaln Est African nni8r.nL gr.ups sitling on hospital advisov boards Diglt dcniod that inatc {enital m!1laton bc pnittcd n de hospilal, or tht tadiooalsls froo Sootl Asian groups sittn8 on police advoyLroa.ds mighr dcmnrd hi tl. policc nt \.st8ate or prosecrc cas.s of family violcncc rd orc.rl nraiagcs, or that tadit(rnilists lor tlc Middl L sitLing on education advisory borr.ls rniSht demand rhal thc s(rools teach studc.ts to condonc hoDou.kiliDgs. However, if s!ch attenpts have beeo radc, Lhey havr bec. rntiruly ursuccesslLri. So ifu as I n aware, no ag...t Lroard, r trgmme stablished or lundcd u.Ie. nlrlricururalisn pli.ics i! any Westem democrary |as endots.d a.y ol these practi.cs ra ll

individuals fron lim at the hands ol their.o'cthni.s iave been found in all westen dcno.racics, wheter r nol they hvc lnrllicuhral'rm poli.is I his problcm hns been observcd in contries that have strongv embra.ed mL ti.utalism, such a\ C.ada (azmi 1999; ktne 1999) io countde5 that arc odelat n thir cormitmentto trulticulturilisr, su.h ns Brain or tlc Nciherlnndt ('hilliPs.nd l)ustin 2004; Prins ald Sharso 2006), in cou.hjcswith only weak ullicut!aiim polcics, nrch s No{ay 0vikan 2002), and ir counties thl ile .esolutely Pposcd lo nulticolturais, such as FraDce (l)embu 20Oi). Under these .irotrta.ccs, disentangling tle imPact ( nultidlturi isr policies h noteasy. Do rnllic!turaisn polcicswoen the Probcn, cithe. by cncoua8ing nnmiSrants to maintrin rhcir 'tr.di)n ven sh urcy aie illiberal, orty dis.olraging sttc fiicials {rom intervng in tbe nanc of lesl)ed f(r divcdit/ and tol(ancc'? Or do mltiLal turahn poicles rcduce the Problcn, eith by str.ngllerin8 the Srav_ itatbnl prll ol libern den{rra.t or by Povdrg strlc ociah with moe infonncd and electve Sunlehcs lor reco$ni7t8 a.d rcspording lo potential prolJlcms? s always, wcrc latpercd Lry thealdost comPlete absoncc ol aDy sys temticstudi.s ol0c issue t is .lear th t trltticulturali Poicics in lhe w5t do notfotrnally or pubicll tdorc illibea Practi.cs, ard tat any a ttemlts by trditionalists to use the ofiicial rue5 and insttutntr ol nNl liculturaisn to 8an pblic acceptan. ot ilLibenl lactices hvc lailcd we Gn ina8i. scenfuos unde {hich lradiionaists withn varous

trditnraish hoFd to Sain contol v.r tle n\titutiors and hurdinS prognnes ceated unde rui.(llrn]nr ltl.ie5, drey lvc more or le$ cncly failc.i. this is $hatone olld cxpcct givcn the irlen(ionJ ^rd ol thc poli.). we saw in Cnaptr 4, lhc philosophy underlyiig th. ^s poliq i. a phiosophyol ruman ighs and.ivil rghts liberiisn, .d the polic_\'is o.l) intended to sripporl oryanzrtns and actvilics Rhich ni
advance

thit

agerda.75

ndeed, innigrant grolps arc warc that any attenpts to Bn tubljc sanction Io illibcal pracriccs r dooned to lluc ror xanple, Do South Asiin cthnic lcadcrs h lrtain have asked that lorc.d a an6ed mfuriaScs bc c8ally r.cogrizrd (l,hilips aDd Dlstir200,1), rnd no leades ot thc rclcvnt n! ig t 8rrts in Canida h.vc askcd thar ctoridcc to ies t. l8ly prrnitted (Govrnnent ol Ca dada 1 995, O t t( 1996). It trndeBtd)d and a..:efted that inrnigrint ulticurralis, is i gov ennent poi., opeates withiD thc lrar.lvork dfthe libeil dcmocrti. cnstitutnrial oei and there is no rcaihtic prospct {)f Sainiog prblic rcccPtan. for illibeal pa.tnq

Thre i, howeve, a more ndircct worry bout rhe npa.t of muticultuaism nanet tlal tlc'c0of ceated by nulu.(ltorls will parayse lhe ate of1cials who are cha8ed with tro!othg liber values and upholding iidividual ri8hti. 1he teachers, docts, k)cal h!.orcrtrdd i,.n he re$i ivc fr r{.udr ts ed,(r:,n i1r 2.r: iodn3 n' Bibn r Nlrhtriln poi.i6 .ondon.d rhne rr. 15 Thri hclps cx|lai. Lcnrdkn
ihc untrcd sral6 (Blocnrd
13), and dra'

o nrtured th. dNclo0ncnl o

i'

l 1rt

...1

Mkinq Sens of tiberal Multi(lturalism servi.e ptuvides, {:hild wllae oncah, tDice, and prosec!lors who are practices may trn a blind eye, rarher (han risk bcnrg ..used ofbeing ethno.enticor labelled a ncnt. Multi.u luraistu poicics dry ix. that the c.ommodahon of div.sity operate5 withb libcral-deo.rtic.o.straints, but the effect of the5e policjes o!
r

Evalutin9 Liberal Molli.uhuratirm

.ollronlcd with cvidcd.c ofillibcral

ist nti.ies

existencc of 'home-ljrown' l rorist els i. courtries wilh rulti.utluilshows tlrt these policics have tilcd to serye ihc goals ot

hulti.artural consltations and reforns. Perhaps il is whire ths proccss ofmuti.ultDral refom har nol taken place tlat dembs olcthDic grops ar least li key to .oorr ate with 5lalc ofnciah, and wlc statc ofhcials ar. nost paralysd ry feaA of &in8 nrappropriitel) So far as know, no one has sFtematic2ll_v ldied lhcsc altctc h).pthe\er bout the elfects oi nnrlictruralism on rhc pcdisrdce of iiberal values and pFc(ices, or thc willigncs of vuhcrablc ncrnlreB of immiSrant 8!ops 1o seekprclc.tior from the state, r the willinSnss of 5tate oficals to providc that prot.tion.'Ihc litrle evidene we do h.ve, cxanirng thc rcsporiscs ty do.tor and {ial wo.ke6 to case5 of crid .bose or spouel ibrsc in sevea Westem Lounies, ruSSests that the Prcscr.c o. abscncc oioficial muhcutuaitm policies may actu.lly nake lttle dillcrcnce onc riyorthothe in temt of of6ciak' willingness lo inlcNcne (Pri 2005; Willians and Soydan 2005) lhe h certanlt no cvid.ncc llat thc prcscrce ofoicia muticutualism poicies niakcs Thc rcality is that a Wcstern states are strlgglirg with thc issu. of chaenge of protcting elnerablc nenbcs of nnrnigrant .onnnunities Countdes are expeii!eng with a range of

lhc 8ru l ay b. to en.our8e n uncritic cltua reitvism, in whi.h Pl). of6cias pesur e da ley oudr't fferf e w lh a group's 'etue' o 'traditions' (Wikan 2002) A. alt ativc vicu however, it that rre best r? to 5ppoi plbli. ofh.ils.hrg.dwith I)rnoting ibenlvahres and uprodnr8rdvidoa rglts is pr(iscly by providintj them with cea Sunlelnes developed in coopcration wtb mnoity llruts theDselves, as part ofa l ger proces ol

libeal demo.rati( citizenizarior. ut of.outre hone*own rerrcrxr cells havc been dcdtih.d in a sidc rargc of westcd .ount esi sone $,rh stronS n!11.ltralism policics (C.ada, A(ialia), rne with mo.rest tulticltlrlisd poicies (Unitcd Stares, Unred Kingdom), some witr wek nr!lli.uhrralism t)olicics (Crmny, Spanr, and som. id.oogicaly ofposed lo nuti{lturalislr (IaDce) Iliere h. evidencc thdr mullior! turalsnr policics c.xa.enra lhis problen, .lrh ough nor do rhry Buaranlcc tht the pioblcn won't aise.
Cases ol illilJcal eltural lditions nd politira ndicalistr wirh! immi8rant Laxnunties caplLf. rhe headtir$, for ndelsrandabe rca soDs,sircc they.halleDse tlcdostbasjclrlran rights prnrciplesoWc ern soclctis. But thse potrlcn* shouldn't bliidu5 ro rhc brode cnds. Wilhnr tle tadiiion.l co.tricsof immigrarion, the tihcral xpectancy is stil hodiig nrinmigrants, as th gavitational pull of tberal.lcnoclacy

ope.alcs over tine. l,oc<cts of illiberal traditionaisn and ndicalisrj exist n all Wstern dcnocracier, bul lcre s no evidcn.e tba nul liorlturanm policies cxac.rbate rhis prob[m, and sorc .vidence ttut mrlticlturaisn nay n fa.r ol)erale ro strcngthen lhe gravirational pul i lireral demeratic nrtitutbns, Iry cn.uraging and e.abliog nrmi grant\ io pirticipt. nre.omortbly and more ec.tively wil h j them.

It should bc cla, I ho|'e, that wccinnot5iopl)r dcclare multctturaism

hov b.st to deal wth de

appoa.hes, involving various combirtions ol .dca tion nd deterren.e,

.bsed-door consutations aDd high prfrle public cadpigns and proseeasy answcd to thse.oplex pnnens, but it s .lear that multicuru.alisn s ncith.r the cause f thesc p(lemr, which exst in counfuieswitho!l Dulti.lturalism policies, no. a mira.l..uF lor

cutionr 'lhee ae no

to be cith.r a 'succes or a 'liure' in rhe wcst.rn demoacies. For onc thin& wc la.k the sysrenati. cvidcnce thil wold xuow s to distinguieh the specc effects ol multclturalirm policics frcm other t.to4 tlal inuen.. the staius oi e{nic nnotes. And even we had that evi dcdcc, it i\ unlikcly that it woud add !p to a si!8e 'ov.all judgemcnl f str.ftss or lalr.. Ther. are nanv difcrcnr types of rultiarralis !,ri.ies, aDd ma.y diffrenr cdreria lor cvatuating thcdr, nd te tr.k
rccord in.ludes both suc.erses and disJppoinrnerts. lavn8 said that, we have enough.pin.e s,ilh ruricutturalisn in pra.tice to draw somc prcvional coD.lusions, .nd dispet sonc cm

ln this respect c qcstion f how to deal with iliberal cutunl tra ditiorr s snilar (o thc qu.stnr of how to dea sith potical radi caism within imnigrant cohurities. Some cntn:s have sad tlt dre

nn misircrpretrions. Fst, ud host imporlandt {e havc stnnS

cvidence lhat libcra muticutriralsn n.sisrnl with the pici!.rtbn and domeiction of edn j. polili. Where iberal rutnutumtisdr is in

165

Maling 5en5e f Libral Mult.ulturalism

tvaluating Libera Mulli.uku.atkm pcopks, o multi nntua I accomrodations ior n mi8ant 8o ps, we reed to build o. these [,oli.is, (!pdatig, cxtendinS and lipplcrcntnrg them sith turtjer poi.ies tht addr.ss thc rcrring fon5 ol nequatir', and that p{)ve safeSuirds aginst llibcra pessures here is obviolslt nrch ror.' that .ou.1 be sld ibort thr eff(t\ ol multiculturaLsm nr pacticc, .n. nxe armchair spccrhrions thar .eell to he eslci Sonc of thcJc clans about the (psilllc or ne8ativ) ef.cls of multiculn{alhnr arc \ry difn.ult to masure, iod tlcrc is larSe rcom fo re.son.blc dhagrccncnt ni the absence of rliablc cvidLrc.. Howev, Ior the purposes ()f this book, the Lct ponrt is trat varo(s

We, ethnic politic! hai be(rnc nonal' Politcs, oPeatnrs withnr pc..elirl and legal .hannels, i. a wy uat docsn'l threaren or npin ihc basic un.joning of the statei tcrtr ol pe.ce, tr!\Peitt the ruI. f law or iemocmii. stabiitt This by itscLl can bc seen ar a najor ic.odplishnenl, Sjven the way that tlric politics ii many prrts of tt Nrld has dcablized ind torn apan tcs, and iilibi(ed demmntizahor nd dc{lopmcnl. As I saidearlir, this f.t alo.c No!ld ex!ain wly e rany IOs hive expressed n intest i. diilusing modeh of ibeal nulticultualis.i. Second, and motu t..ttivcy, wc have sone evnhnce that librl 1 t.uturalism i5 not usi conpatiblc wjlh the b.sic tu.dionnrs of liberal dendratjc stae, but achlly trclF t dccpe! lberaizatbn and dedo. ratizaton. lt can .halng inherit.d .thnic and racia hierarchies, and
trlacc nr the

,i.

ac(orsnrlhcnt.rrrtionlcomnrunil)'l]cl,.r'tlatibcrlnul:ur!ralisri is a su.c.ss h pra.ti.e. any rate, t is $idrly bci.ved dr rher. arc ^i scvcrl xanplcs of multicu!ral 'bcst practi.cs' n relaion to idnSrants, nation minotis, nd indigc.ouJ peopls that hav. nanrg.d

rcdcc clLral stisnrtization, poitical nrinalizLioD, and e.onomic

disadvantases.

it.ar.l tlis li a My tlit

enhances thePporruritics

^n. for efective democrxti. pr.ticipation and ndivrual chon:e

f n.dbcrs

Itt important not ro ovetate rhis poidi. Thc cvidence for the5e bncfrts is limiled, a.d tle ob5ened benefitt rc oftcn nodesl. ln many .scs, si8.icant inequ.litis remajni as one would capcct 8i{cn rhe loDS duration of cth.ic and ra(il tleEr.hies in the Wcst, a.d how deply they hav btcorc cntrenchcd sociry even after expli.itly racialhi
offr.ially disavowcd. These i neq iti es .ar't te revarscd by lglative 6at ovcright, andrntrch rcr.ins lo be done t{r extend equaity toallcitizens. Similarl, tmlticultalism has Dot Pro(led a nace cur ior the challenSes raited by illil)eral traditions o1 Poiticai adiclitm vorcovcr there noguaantce that tho infrrstructure olm!lti.ulturalism will .ol tre ftd by illbera foces intlnt on !ili.8.ivil liberties
ideoogies ar

to econcilc llc acconnnodatio. of thDocu(rral diverity with peace, derocracy, hun. .ights, and po5lerlry this optnDisti. view may not bc f ly.onhrhed by th avaiable viri.ncc, btri nr is it conrradicl.d b! tliet eviden.e It is a easonible inlerpr.tatior ofth tlestem expicnc.l rnd helpstoexplain thee,lrts to globalizc Iibea multicullulalis! whicl
we

will discuss in l'art lU.

.nd lndlvidual autonomy, or on.reating..w iornb oI hier.rchy and

Thc best we caD say, thereore, is that the tre d towads ntullicallral has, id at lci sore cases, achieve(l some psitivc cc.ts, crhibiring

e sae pattcns oI odesl ichivements that dr.terize most arcas of social polict sLrjcct to tie sa ne tetrdences of Ix itical narrulrtio. and bucau.rdtic ossiicilion. Thh is hardly Srounds for .omPlccncy o .eebrtion, bt it is Sroonds l1 cautious optim'v, aDd there is no Ercund for thinlj.8 that trrh progre$ eq! ires abolisl ins o reatng fon the sots f rulidrlturalisn policjcs curently n pace Whether we are @king at ladjua8c ights r.l regional autonody for substte n.(ional groupr, land danns and sclf-govenxncnt riSlls tor indigrnous