Electronic Design in Real Life

Garca, Francisco; Herrera, Ricardo; Snchez, Christian Supervisor: Espinosa-Lepe, Pablo

Instituto Tecnolgico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey - November 2012

ABSTRACT
This report contains what we present as a final project in Electronic Design II course. The project covers anything seen during the semester. The first part consists of a DAQ with two digital and analog inputs and two outputs respectively. The signals were conditioned by the knowledge acquired with the lectures. We will mention the specifications and how the DAC was performed. The second part consists of a product that will help the community. We opted to make a product that benefits people with visual disabilities, this is a bill detector. By means of the circuits are seen in class determines the value of the bill inserted into the system.

An application that includes everything seen in class is a DAQ. With a DAQ, can be sampled digital or analog signals from the real world to generate data that can be manipulated in a computer or other electronic device that has the interface. On the other hand the different configurations and components seen in class can benefit other areas, for example electronics can supply human disabilities. It is becoming more necessary to focus and generate knowledge for the benefit of disabled people. The field is extensive, and there are many things to do and develop.

APPLICATIONS
A. DAQ
The DAQ is a combination of software and hardware that enables the measurement of an external signal to process and perform actions.

INTRODUCTION
The electronics is everywhere, on every device we use every day. In Electronic Design saw a bit of what we can accomplish through electronic devices. Now in electronic design II saw more applications and devices that can be applied to real life. During the course we learned different circuits and understood its use as comparators, Schmitt Trigger, filters, amplifiers, etc. These configurations are used in real life.

FIg.1 Signal process

With the hadware we can adecuate the signals, necessary to adjust the analog and digital signals so they can be introduced into the microcontroller,then the software acting with this signals. Analog inputs Analog inputs have to be filtered to obtain signals without noise, because if we left the noise the result in the microcontroller would be pretty bad in comparison with the real input. So we design a band pass filter that has a two cut off frequencies the first (related with a high pass filter) has a value of:

Besides that we reduce the input signals ranging from -10 to 10 volts and from -24 to 24 volts. The reason of this attenuation is because the microcontroller just accepts voltages in a range from 0 to 5 volts. Another very important thing is that the microcontroller has to be fed with positive voltages in the range before mentioned. For this part we used and inverting amplifier with gain of one this is because the filter inverts the input signal and with this OPAMP we invert it again. Vo = (-R2/R1)(Vi) = -Vi

With this value of frequency we avoid the electric noise that has a value between 50 and 60 Hz. The second cut off frequency (related with a low pass filter) has a value of:

Fig 3. Inverting amplifier with gain of 1 designed in Isis Proteus.

This value of frequency is perfect to avoid the background noise that has a frequency of 2.5 KHz.

Then we used for security a voltage follower that works like an impedance matching, this with the purpose of separate the filter from the attenuation. Finally for the attenuation we divided the input signal from -10 to 10 volts to obtain a voltage from -2.5 to 2.5 volts using an inverting amplifier. Vo = - (R2/R1) Vi = - (1k/3.9k) 10 = -2.5 Volts

Fig.2 Band pass filter of the analog inputs designed with Isis Proteus.

And finally we create an offset of 2.5 volts to have a signal going from 0 to 5 volts. Using a differential amplifier, we can see the circuit in the figure number 3. ( ( ) ) ( ( ) )

microcontroller we used 2 protections in case of has more voltage than expected. The first was the use of a diode in case of has negative voltages at the end. The diode prevents the output goes to negative voltages because he absorbs it and dont let it pass. The last thing we add to guarantee that the microcontroller is not going to receive more than 5 volts was a zener diode from 5.1 volts. Its very important remember that the zener diode deliver a voltage maximum from 5.1 volts. The schematic was the next:

Fig. 4 Attenuation from the analog input from -10 to 10 volts and the offset designed with Isis Proteus. Fig. 5 Protection form the microcontroller designed with Isis Proteus.

The design to the analog input from -24 to 24 volts was the same the unique different thing is that the value of resistors had to be different. To obtain a range voltage from -2.5 to 2.5 volts we use these values of resistors: Vo = - (R2/R1) Vi = - (1k/10k) 10 = -2.4 Volts And finally we add the offset to obtain a signal going from 0 to 5 volts: ( ( ) ) ( ( ) )

The inputs simulated in Isis Proteus are shown below:

Fig.6 Analog input from -10 to 10 volts simulated with Isis Proteus.

To conclude with all the necessary attenuation to introduce our signals in the

Fig.7 Analog input from -24 to 24 volts simulated with Isis Proteus.

And the output is shown in the next picture:

This chip is part of 18Fxx50 family and contains an integrated AD converter, CCP modules and, more importantly a USB hardware support. The mainboard of our project contains this microcontroller and tree indicators LEDs.

Fig.8 Analog output from 0 to 5 volts simulated with Isis Proteus.

Digital inputs The signals to the digital input are from 0 to 24 V so we were made a circuit condition the signal. The signals after this circuit are 5V if the input is 24 V or a zero if the input is low than 24 V. We decide to use a potentiometer to vary the input signal of 24 V, to get 1 or 0 logic. WIth the optocoupler (4N25) the signal in the input varies, the amount of light of the optocopler will also , which means that the output voltage changes according to the input voltage. Thus the device can couple an input signal of microcontroller to the output acondition circuit for the 5 V.

Fig. 10 Main circuit of the DAQ shows the pin diagram

Fig. 11 Digital Outputs on the DAQ board, LED1 and LED2 turn on when the Digital Outputs turn on respectively

When the USB connector is connected to the PC, a LED turns on in order to indicate that the previous configuration is complete. The communication between the PC and the microcontroller was established in the Bulk mode. That means that the device tells to the PC that is ready to send data, but the data is saved first in the Host and only after the PC read the register, the protocol can continue. We selected a Bulk mode since this provides more control about the data packages and the tokens are generated automatically in the firmware.

FIg. 9 Circuit for two digital inputs (0 to 24 V)

Firmware The hearth of this design was made using the 18F2550 microcontroller, manufactured by Microchip.

The firmware of this microcontroller was built in PIC-C provided by CCS Inc. This software provides a Stack of USB; that means, we can configure the communication and established the data without deep knowledge about the USB protocol. Software The interface between the user and the PC was created in LabView platform. This software contains many tools and there is an extensive documentation about it. Analog output The main problem about the analog output is that the microcontroller doesnt have many pins. Of course, a typical solution is sending digital data in 4 or 8 bits and after create a signal using the DA converter. But, the microcontroller has CCP modules; that can be configured to generate signals Pulse-Modulated (PWM). Since we can send the amplitude of a signal and convert it on the Pulse-Width, we can after create an analog signal using filters. The good news about this method is in the resolution of the Analog Output. The resolution of a PWM signal is, in theory, equivalent to the 8 bits in the register of the Pulse-Width, but we are using only one pin. Therefore, microcontroller sends us two PWM signals going from 0 to 5 volts, and we designed two circuits that were able to increase the level of voltage and convert it into Analog signals. We used an active low pass filter with a cut off frequency of 338 Hz to avoid the electric noise. Then we used a simple inverting with gain of one to invert the signal and obtain an out of phase from 0. The next part from this circuit was the used of one inverting differential to create an offset from 2.5 volts. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

Fig 12. Low pass filter of the analog output designed with Isis Proteus.

Finally we used and inverting with gain from -4.95 to obtain a signal going from -5 to 5 volts.
Vo= (-R2/R1)(Vi) = -(10k/2020)Vi= -4.95 Vi

Fig 13. Inverting amplifier with gain of -4.95 designed with Isis Proteus.

Digital outputs After the signal is processed by the microcontroller and is observed in Lab View interface, is sent to output of the microcontroller. The output can be 0 or 5V depending on the digital input you have. We want this signal back to its original form (24V) for this output to source any application. Again, we use an optocoupler to move from 5 V to 24 V.

The solution adopted was to use a photoresist, which depending on the intensity of light, its resistance is changing. This simple and, in our opinion, humble sensor, can be very powerful if we use the correct type of light.

Fig.16 The sensor chosen, photoresist

Fig.14 Circuit for digital outputs.

In the collector we sent 24 V and in the base we sent 0V or 5 V depending for the inputs. If we have 5V in the LED, in the collector we have 24 V.

By the illumination on the bill we will obtain a different value depending on the colors thereof. After several tests, this value is introduced to the microcontroller, when the bill is in the device, the photoresist send the expected voltage, and we have the response in the speaker, depending of the bill. With the speaker the blind woman can know which bill is in the device, in order to recognize different tones. Below will be explained more explicitly which circuits are used and the way this device works. Matching Circuit Our sensor is connected first in a Whitestone bridge in order to convert the changes in its resistance to voltage changes.

B. Bill detector

Fig.15 Mexican Bills

This application is designed for a woman with vision problems. The idea came when the blind woman asked for help, because is difficult to distinguish the bills.

reduce the amplitude to TTL values. Also, all the lectures in the sensor inside the device are between 3 and 5 Volts; so we amplified that values and increase the sensibility.

Fig. 17 Whitestone Bridge

The signals S1 and S2 sending a differential Voltage. The power is 5V and R3 is similar to the value of the photoresist with solar light.

Fig. 19 Matching the signal and adapt it to TTL values

Microcontroller In this project, we choose an 18F452 microcontroller, built for Microchip. This device integrates, again, a 10-bits AD converter and has CCP modules to generate the tones at the output. The schematic circuit is showed below.

Fig. 18 Instrumentation Amplifier Using an A of 2

S1 and S2 are sent to an Instrumentation Amplifier with the following gain:

Of course, we need also invert the output (the resistance in the sensor is inversely proportional to the intensity of light) and

In the first steps of this project, we need an LCD to see which bill has been identified, but that part can be omitted in the final product. The sound output is more important and we use the CCP modules to generate a PWM signals that can produce different tones. The way to convert that PWM signal into hearing sounds is showed in Fig. 21.

The electronics can benefit people with disabilities. Thanks to bill detector we could see that there are many applications that are needed for people with disabilities, and it can develop and keep improving to make them more functional. We should have more projects like this, that combine engineering with social purposes , because the engineers often forget that and do something that matters only money, leaving aside the human sense.

Fig. 21 Sound output, showing the speaker

The frequency of the sound that corresponds to the different bills is showed in the next chart: Bill (Mexican Pesos) START 20 50 100 200 500 1000 Frequency (Hz) 1800 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

Bibliography
Boylestad, Robert, and Louis Nashelsky. Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory. Columbus, Ohio: Prentice Hall, 2003. Franco, Sergio. Design with Operational Amplifiers and Analog Integrated Circuits. New York: Mc Graw Hill, n.d. Jonathan, Moyano. "Manual USB y PIC18F2550 Desarrollo de aplicaciones." Forum - uControl. June 11, 2009. http://www.ucontrol.com.ar/forosm f/programacion-en-visualbasic/manual-usb-y-pic18f2550desarrollo-de-aplicaciones/ (accessed October 2012). Prez-Moret, Yohan. "Implementacin de Comunicacin USB con Microcontrolador PIC18F4550 y LabVIEW." PCB por La Derecha. n.d. http://www.pcbporladerecha.com/d escargas/USB%20con%20PIC18F455 0%20y%20LabVIEW%20%20rev%202012.pdf (accessed November 2012).

Conclusions
This project was very important and interesting as we apply to physically seen not only in electronic design classes, but also seen in other subjects. The best thing about this project is that we had to investigate to make applications. None of the team members had knowledge in Lab View, but we researched for do the DAQ properly. The DAQ seemed very important, since according to the requirements of the teacher and the lessons learned during the course, we had to think of the circuits and signals that we had to use. The most important of this project was the art B. In Part B we were able to account for the social impact of electronics.