Thevenin Theorem in Sinusoidal Steady Analysis

Aim: To obtain a simple equivalent circuit for a 1-port circuit that

+
_
V
I
+
_
Z
TH

V
TH

Z
Th


Thevenin impedance
Equivalent impedance between terminals
when sources are set to zero.
V
Th
Open circuit voltage
TH Th
V I Z V + =
The voltage of the port when the port is
left as open circuit.
Thevenin Theorem in
sinusoidal steady
analysis: A 1-port circuit
that consists of linear
resistor, capacitor,
inductors and
independent sources has
a Thevenin equivalent
circuit in sinusoidal
steady state if the port
voltage phasor can be
uniquely determined for a
given port current
phasor, in other words, if
the 1-port is current-
controlled.
Norton Theorem in Sinusoidal Steady Analysis
Aim: To obtain a simple equivalent circuit for a 1-port circuit that
consists of linear, time-invariant resistors, capacitors, inductors
and independent sources.
Norton Equivalent:
+
_
v
i

1-port
circuit

Norton Theorem in
sinusoidal steady
analysis: A 1-port circuit
that consists of linear
resistor, capacitor,
inductors and
independent sources has
a Norton equivalent
circuit in sinusoidal
steady state if the port
current phasor can be
uniquely determined for a
given port voltage phasor,
in other words, if the 1-
port is voltage-
controlled.
N N
I V G I + =
+
_
V
I
Y
N

I
N

G
N
Norton conductance
I
N
Short circuit current
Equivalent conductance between
terminals when sources are set to zero.
The current through the port when the
port is short-circuited.
How to obtain Thevenin equivalent circuit?
+
_
V
I

1-port
circuit
Connect a sinusoidal current source to the port.
I
*

V
*

+
_
Solve the circuit using sinusoidal steady analysis
and obtain a relation between phasors I
*
and V
*
.
Use I=I
*
and V=-V
*
to obtain a relation
between I and V.
+
_
V
I

1-port
circuit
Set the values of independent sources to
zero.
Calculate the equivalent impedance Z
Th
= V / I.
Assume that I=0 (open-circuit the port) and
calculate V
th
=V taking into account all
independent sources .
There exist two methods for this!
How to obtain Norton equivalent circuit?
Connect a sinusoidal voltage source to the port.
Solve the circuit using sinusoidal steady analysis
and obtain a relation between phasors I
*
and V
*
.
Use I=-I
*
and V=V
*
to obtain a relation
between I and V.
+
_
V
I

1-port
circuit
Set the values of independent sources to
zero.
Calculate the equivalent admitance G
N
= I / V.
Assume that V=0 (short-circuit the port) and
calculate I
N
=I taking into account all
independent sources .
There exist two methods for this!
+
_
V
I

1-port
circuit
I
*

V
*

+
_
+
-
Thevenin Equivalent:
TH TH
V I Z V + =
If 1-port is not current-controlled there is no Thevenin eq..
Norton Equivalent:
N N
I V Y I + =
If 1-port is not voltage-controlled there is no Norton eq..

0 =
TH
Z
TH
TH
TH
Z
V
V
Z
I =
1
, 0 =
TH
Z No Norton equivalent!
, 0 =
N
Y No Thevenin equivalent!
N
Y
N
I

0 =
N
Y
N
N
N
Y
I
I
Y
V =
1
TH
V
TH
Z
Interchange between Thevenin and Norton
From Thevenin to Norton:
From Norton to Thevenin:
Example 1: Find the Thevenin equivalent circuit for the following circuit!
Example 2: Find the Norton equivalent circuit for the following circuit! Check your answer
comparing it to Example 1.
Circuit(Network) Functions in Sinusoidal Steady
Analysis
+
_
E
1

I
S

linear,
time-
independent
elements
(
(
(
(
(
(

=
(
(
(

(
(
(

0
0
) ( ) ( 0
0
0 0

s
d
T
I
I
V
V
jw N jw M
I A
A
) ( jw T
How does V
d
k

affect I
s
? Depending on w!
S
s k
d
I
w T
w T cofactor
w V
k
) ( det
) (
) (
,
=
Assume that
there is only one
source.
0
+
_
E
1

I
S

) (
) (
) (
jw Q
jw P
I
w V
S
d
k
=
) ( jw P are polynomials
in (jw) with real coefficients.
) ( jw Q
m
m
n
n
S
d
jw b jw b jw b
jw a jw a jw a
I
w V
k
) ( ... ) ( ) (
) ( ... ) ( ) (
) (
2
2 1
2
2 1
+ + +
+ + +
=
This depends on the
circuit but not on the
value of I
s .

linear,
time-
independent
elements
Circuit(Network) Functions in Sinusoidal Steady
Analysis
How does V
d
k

affect I
s
? Depending on w!
One can define many other circuit functions:
) (
) (
w I
w V
s
d
k
Impedance Function
) (
) (
1
w I
w V
s
Input Impedance Function
) (
) (
1
jw V
jw V
k
d
Voltage Transfer Function
) (
) (
jw I
jw I
s
k
Current Transfer Function
Symmetries of Circuit Functions
Lemma: Let be a polynomial in complex variable s with
real coefficients.
1)
2) (z is called as a root of n(z).)
jw s s n + =o ), (
) ( ) ( s n s n =
0 ) ( 0 ) ( = = z n z n
Proof:
0 1
1
1
... ) ( n s n s n s n s n
k
k
k
k
+ + + + =

R n n n n
k k
e
0 1 1
, ,... ,
1)
... ) (
0 1
1
1
n s n s n s n s n
k
k
k
k
+ + + + =

0 1
1
1
... n s n s n s n
k
k
k
k
+ + + + =

0 1
1
1
... n s n s n s n
k
k
k
k
+ + + + =

) (s n =
2)
0 0 ) ( 0 ) ( = = = z n z n
0 ) ( 0 ) ( ) ( ) ( = = = z n z n z n z n From (1)
Circuit function:
) (
) (
) (
jw d
jw n
jw H =
) (
) ( ) (
jw H j
e jw H jw H
Z
=
Symmetry Property: The magnitude of any circuit function is an even
function of w and its phase is an odd function of w.
Proof:
) (
) (
) (
jw d
jw n
jw H =
(

=
) (
) (
) (
jw d
jw n
jw H
) (
) (
jw d
jw n
=
jw jw = and from Lemma
) (
) (
) (
jw d
jw n
jw H

=
) ( jw H =
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( jw H jw H jw H jw H w = =
Since the phase of is . z z Z ) ( ) ( jw H jw H Z = Z
Theorem: For a circuit in sinusoidal steady state, any circuit function is
well-defined and is the ratio of two polynomials in (jw) with real
coefficients if det(T(jw)) is nonzero.
+
_
V
s
(t)
1-port
circuit
s o
V jw H V ) ( =
Result:
In order to find the behaviour of the circuit for the frequency w, one
should find and .
s
V jw H , ) (
s
V jw H Z Z ), (
s
V j
s s
e V V
Z
=
o
V j
o o
e V V
Z
=
s
V
s
jw H
o
e V e jw H V
Z Z
=
) (
) (
s
V jw H
s o
e V jw H V
Z + Z
=
) (
) (
s o
V jw H V = ) (
s o
V jw H V Z + Z = Z ) (
( ) ( )
s s o
V jw H wt V jw H t v Z + Z + = ) ( cos ) (