14

C) LVYs PROBLEM - THE TRIANGULAR DAM

_
,

,
/ 2 , (c1)
it follows, for example, that
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
11 22 2211 11
22
2 2
11
1122 2 211
1 2
12
21
12
1 2 21
12
2
1212
, , ,
,
,
,
, ,
,
,
,
,
, ,
,
,

+ + +
+ +
u u u u
u u u u
(c2)
Hence
11 22 22 11
2
12 12 , , ,

+ (c3)
Also,
22 33 33 22
2
23 23 , , ,

+ (c4)
3311 1133
2
3131 , , ,

+ (c5)
In a similar way, it follows that
( )
( )
( )
12 3 231 31 2
2
22 31
231 31 2 12 3
3
3312
31 2 12 3 231
1
11 23
, , ,
,
,
, , ,
,
,
, , ,
,
,



+
+
+
(c6)-(c8)
The above equations (c3)-(c8) represent the SAINT-VENANTs equations of compatibility.
C.2) The model . Simplifying hypothesis. The planar deformation state.
A horizontal dam of infinite length is considered. The cross-section is represented by a rectangular triangle OAB (Fig.C1).
The length of the base is AB=l and the height is OA=h. On OA catheter is acting the hydrostatic pressure of a liquid (water)
having the specific weight equal to . As a result, the dam is deformed. The dam is represented by an elastic homogeneous,
isotropic material. Its specific weight is equal to and its elastic constants are E and .
Fig.C1. A vertical cross section through the dam. N.Hs. is the free surface of the water, acting on OA side by a pressure linearly
increasing with depth.
Because the shape of the dam, the displacement vector has the components like
15
1 1
1 2
2 2
1 2
3
0
u u
u u
u
x x
x x

'

( , )
( , ) (c9)
It follows the strain tensor components are like
( )
( )
( )
11 11 11
1 2
12
1
2
1 2 2 1 12
1 2
13
1
2
1 3 31
0
22 2 2 22
1 2
23
1
2
2 3 3 2
0
33 3 3
0

+
+

+

,
( , )
, ,
( , )
, ,
,
( , )
, ,
,
u
u u
u u
u
u u
u
x x
x x
x x
(c10)
Hence the strain matrix is
( )

1
]
1

1
]
1

_
,

x x
1 2
11 12
0
12 22
0
0 0 0
, , (c11)
It corresponds to a planar state of the strain (the plane here being 1-2).
The components of the stress tensor are
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
11 11 22
2
11
12
2
12
13
2
13
0
22 11 22
2
22
23
2
23
0
33 11 22
2
33 11 22
2
11 22 11 22

+ +

+ +

+ + +
+
+ +
( )
(c12)
Hence the stress matrix is
( )
( )

1
]
1

1
]
1

+

_
,

x x
1 2
11 12
0
12 22
0
0 0
11 22
, (c13)
Because the component 33 of the stress has a non-zero value, eq.(c13) shows that the stress state corresponding to a planar state
of the strain is not generally a planar one too.
C.3) Equations of equilibrium. AIRYs potential.
The only body force acting on the dam is its weight. The equations of equilibrium are
111 12 2
0
12 1 22 2
0
, ,
, ,


+ +
+

'

(c14)
Because the presence of , eqs.(c14) represent a non-homogeneous system. In the beginning, the homogeneous system is
solved, i.e.
16
111 12 2
0
12 1 22 2
0
, ,
, ,


+
+

'

(c15)
Using an unknown function , the first equation of (c15) is verified for
11
2
12
1

x x
, (c16)
In the same way, the second equation of (c15) is verified for
12
2
12
1

x x
, (c17)
It follows that

x x
1 2
0 + (c18)
i.e. the unknown functions are

A A
x x
2 1
, (c19)
The unknown function
A A
x x ( , )
1 2
represents the AIRYs potential. It allows one to obtain the next expressions for
the components of the stress tensor when the body force are absent:
11 22 12 12
22
11



,
,
,
,
,
A A A
(c20)
From (c13), the trace of the stress tensor can be written using LAPLACEs operator in 1-2 co-ordinates
( )
tr
A
+ + + ( ) ( )
*
1
11 22
1 (c21)
The components of the strain tensor are obtained using the reversed HOOKEs law
11
1
22 22
1
11 12
1
12

_
,

+

_
,

+
E E E
A A A A A
,
*
,
,
*
,
,
. (c22)
Using (c22) and (c3) it follows
,
*
,
,
*
,
, 2222
22
1111
11
2
1212
A A A A A

_
,
+

_
,
, (c23)
i.e.
( )
* *
1 0
A
(c24)
Because < 05 . , it follows that AIRYs potential is a solution of the bi-harmonic equation

* *
A
0 (c25)
Because the trace of a tensor is an invariant, eq.(c25) holds too in the general case of the orthogonal curvilinear co-ordinates.
However, eq.(c20) has to be modified.
C.4) Boundary conditions. The final shape of the dam.
On the side OA of the dam is acting the hydrostatic pressure. It follows that

( )

2
1
2
e e
x (c26)
On the side OB of the dam is acting the negligible atmospheric pressure. It follows that

n
0 (c27)
where the outer pointing normal at the dam is

n e e
sin cos
1 2
(c28)
On the side OA, for x h x
1
0
2
0 [ , ], , it follows that
17
12
0
22
1

'

,
x
(c29)
On the side OB it follows for x h x x
1
0
2 1
[ , ], tan that
12 11
0
22 12
0

'

tan ,
tan
(c30)
Eqs.(c29)-(c30) represent 4 boundary conditions, suggesting a solution of the bi-harmonic equation (c25) which depends on 4
unknown coefficients denoted by a b c d , , , , i.e.
A
x x
a
x
b
x x
c
x x
d
x ( , )
1 2
6
1
3
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
6
2
3
+ + + (c31)
Using (c20), the solution of the homogeneous system is
11
1 2
12
1 2
22
1 2

+
+
+

'

cx dx
bx cx
ax bx
( ) (c32)
A particular solution of the non-homogeneous system (c14) is
11 22
0
12
2

'

x
(c33)
It follows the general solution of (c14) is
11
1 2
12
1 2 2
22
1 2

+
+
+

'

cx dx
bx cx x
ax bx
( ) . (c34)
Replacing (c34) into (c29)-(c30) it follows that
+
+
+ +
+ + + +

'

( ) , [ , ] ,
, [ , ] ,
( ) tan ( ) , [ , ] , tan
( ) tan , [ , ] , tan
bx cx x for x h x
ax bx x for x h x
cx dx bx cx x for x h x x
bx cx x ax bx for x h x x
1 2 2
0
1
0
2
0
1 2 1 1
0
2
0
1 2 1 2 2
0
1
0
2 1
1 2 2 1 2
0
1
0
2 1

(c35)
It follows that
a
b
c
d

'

0
2
2
3

/ tan
/ tan / tan
(c36)
and
11
1 2
12
2
22
1

'

Ax Bx
Cx
x
(c37)
where
A h l B h l h l C h l
2 2
2
3 3 2 2
/ , / / , / (c38)
Hence
11 11
1 1 2 2
,
u
C x C x +

, (c39)
where
18
C A A E C B E
1
1
2
1
2
+ ( )[ ( )] / , ( ) / (c40)
It follows that
1
1
1
2
2
2 1 2 1 2 u
C x C x x f x + + / ( ) (c41)
where the unknown function f
1
follows to be found. In the same manner,
2
3 1 2 4
2
2
2
2 1 u
C x x C x f x + + / ( ) (c42)
But
( )
12
1
2
1 2 2 1
1
2
2 1 1 2 3 2 2 1
1
12
1
2

+ + + +
+

+
, ,
(

( )

( )
u u
C x f x C x f x
E E
Cx (c43)
Hence
C x f x K
C x f x K
2 1 2 1
3 2 1 2
+
+

'

( )

( )
, (c44)
where Kis an arbitrary constant. It follows
f x C x Kx K f x C x Kx K
1 2 3
2
2
2
2 1 2 1 2
1
2
2
1 2
( ) / , ( ) / + + + (c45)
Hence, the displacement field is
1
1
1
2
2
2 1 2 3
2 1
2
2
2
2 1
2
2
1
2
2
3 1 2 4
2
2
2
1 2
u
u
C x C x x C C E x Kx K
C x C x x C x Kx K
+ + + +
+ + + +

'

/ [ ( ) / ] /
/ /

(c46)
The last terms into (c46) represent a rigid roto-translation.
It should be outlined that the above boundary conditions on stress values on the sides OA and OB are not complete ones. As a
result, the unknown constants C C
3 4
, are present in (c46). Boundary conditions on stress values (or displacements) on the
side AB are required in order to obtain an unique solution of the problem
For example, consider the case when the points A and B are fixed ones. It follows
( ) ( )
( ) [ ] { }
1
1
1
2 2
2
2 1 2 3
2 1
2 2
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
3 2 1 2 2 3
2 1 2
1
u
u
C x h C x h x C E x l x
C h x C x x x h l C h C E l x h

_
,

+ + +

_
,

+ + + +

'

/ [ ( )C / ] /
/ / ( )C / / ( )

(c47)
An arbitrary point placed initially on the side AB has the initial co-ordinates ( ) X h X
1 2
; . Its final position is
x X X X h C C E X l X
x X X X X C hX l X l
u
u
1 1
1
1 2 3
2 1
2 2
2
2 2
2
1 2 2 3 2 2
+ + + +
+ +

'

( , ) [ ( ) / ] ( ) /
( , ) ( ) /

(c48)
Elementary computations show that
C
E
C
E
h
l
3
2 1 1
1 2
2
2
+
+

+

1
]
1
1
( )
( ) ( )

(c49)
If
C
E
C
3
2 1
0 +
+
<
( )
, (c50)
the final shape of the side AB is a concave parabolic segment. Because the possibility of the water to flow below the dam, that
situation is not recommended in real cases. Therefore, it is asked to
( ) ( ) ( / ) 1 2
2
0 h l , (c51)
i.e.
[ ]
h l / ( ) / ( ) / 1 2 (c52)
For example, assuming that 1000
3
2400
3
0 25 Kgs m Kgs m / , / , . it follows that h l 0 29 . .
EXERCISE. Obtain the final shape of the dam in the above hypothesis.