Java Quick Reference Guide

Arithmetic Operators + Addition Subtraction / Division (int / floating-point) 2/3 = 0, 2.0/3.0 =.666667 * Multiplication % Modulus (integer remainder) Relational Operators < Less than <= Less than or equal to > Greater than >= Greater than or equal to == Equal to != Not equal to Logical Operators ! NOT && AND || OR Assignment Operators = simple assignment += addition/assignment -= subtraction/assignment *= multiplication/assignment /= division/assignment %= modulus/assignment

Last Update: Friday, February 8, 2013

Forms of the if Statement Simple if
if (expression) statement;

Remember to use the methods equals( ) or compareTo( ) when comparing Strings rather than relational comparison operators. String s1 = "abc", s2 = "def"; String Comparisons: Compare for equality: s1.equals(s2) or s1.compareTo(s2) == 0 Remember the compareTo( ) method returns one of 3 values: neg number, pos number, 0 Compare for lexical order: s1.compareTo(s2) < 0 (s1 before s2) s1.compareTo(s2) > 0 (s1 after s2) Remember to distinguish between integers and real numbers (called floating-point in Java). These are stored differently in memory and have different ranges of values that may be stored. integers: floating-point: 2, 3, -5, 0, 8 2.0, 0.5, -3., 4.653

Example
if (x < y) x++;

if/else
if (expression) statement; else statement;

Example
if (x < y) x++; else x--;

The "expression" in the parentheses for an if statement or loop is often also referred to as a "condition"

if/else if (nested if)

if (expression) statement; else if (expression) statement; else statement;

Example
if (x < y) x++; else if (x < z) x--; else y++;

To conditionally execute more than one statement, you must create a compound statement (block) by enclosing the statements in braces ( this is true for loops as well ): Form
if (expression) { statement; statement; }

Example
if (x < y) { x++; System.out.println( x ); }

Increment/Decrement ( used in prefix and postfix modes ) ++ Increment prefix - inc(dec) variable, use in larger expression -Decrement postfix - use in larger expression, inc(dec) variable Object Creation: ( new ) new int[ 10 ], new GradeBook("CIS 182") The new operator creates an object and returns a reference (address of an object) Java Types [value/reference ] A value type stores a value of a primitive type int x = 3; A reference type stores the address of an object Circle c = new Circle(2); A reference variable is created using a class name: GradeBook myGradeBook; Primitive Data Types ( Java value types ) Remember: String is a reference type boolean flag / logical true. false [ boolean literals ] char character 'A', 'n', '!' [ char literals ] byte, short, int, long integral 2, 3, 5000, 0 [ int literals ] float, double floating-point 123.456, .93 [ double literals ] Default numeric literal types: integral: int floating-point: double int x = 3; double y = 2.5; //3 is an int literal //2.5 is a double literal

Input using Scanner class Scanner input = new Scanner ( System.in ); //keyboard input input methods: next(), nextLine(), nextInt(), nextDouble() Output methods for System.out or PrintWriter objects print(), println(), printf() [formatted output] Input/Output using JOptionPane class [ package javax.swing ] String numString; int num; numString = JOptionPane.showInputDialog("Enter a number"); num = Integer.parseInt(numString); JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, "Number is " + num); Conversion from a String to a number using Wrapper Classes
double d = Double.parseDouble(dString); float f = Float.parseFloat(fString); int j = Integer.parseInt(jString);

The switch/case Construct ( break and default are optional ) Form: switch (expression) { case int-constant : statement(s); [ break; ] case int-constant : statement(s); [ break; ] [ default : statement; ] } } Example: switch (choice) { case 0 : System.out.println( You selected 0. ); break; case 1: System.out.println( You selected 1. ); break; default : System.out.println( You did not select 0 or 1. );

Java formatted output [ printf( ) and String.format( ) methods ] 3 components: format string and optionally: format-specifiers ( fs ) and an argument list ( al ) fs: " ... % [flags] [width] [precision] format-specifier ... " al: comma separated list of expressions Format-specifiers: s (string), d (integer), f (floating-point) Example: System.out.printf("Total is %,10.2f\n", total); Java Numeric Conversions: Widening conversions are done implicitly. double x; int y = 100; x = y; // value of y implicitly converted to a double. Narrowing conversions must be done explicitly using a cast. double x = 100; int y; y = (int) x; // value of x explicitly cast to an int In mixed expressions, numeric conversion happens implicitly. double is the highest data type, byte is the lowest.

The "expression" and int-constant are usually type int or char. Java SE 7 adds the ability to use of a . Use the break keyword to exit the structure (avoid falling through other cases). Use the default keyword to provide a default case if none of the case expressions match (similar to trailing else in an if-else-if statement).

Java Quick Reference Guide

The while Loop ( pre-test loop ) Form:
init; while (test) { statement; update; }

Last Update: Friday, February 8, 2013

The for Loop ( pre-test loop ) Form:

for (init; test; update) statement; for (init; test; update) { statement; statement; }

Example:
x = 0; while (x < 10) { sum += x; x++; }

Example:
for (count=0; count<10; count++) System.out.println ( count ); for (int count=1; count<=10; count++) { System.out.print( Count is " ); System.out.println( count );

} Operator Precedence
'\n' '\t' '\"' '\'' '\\' ( ) ---------*, /, % ---------+, -

The do-while Loop ( post-test loop ) Form:

init; do { statement; update; } while (test);

Example:
x = 0; do { sum += x; x++; } while (x < 10);

Escape Sequences Special characters in Java

\n \t \" \' \\

newline character tab character double quote single quote backslash

[ mathematical ]

Logical operators: !, &&, || (1) mathematical (2) relational (3) logical

Selection and Loop Structures Selection: Unary or single selection Binary or dual selection Case structure possible when branching on a variable Simple selection One condition Compound selection Multiple conditions joined with AND / OR operators Looping: Java Pre-test loops Test precedes loop body while for Java Post-test loop Test follows loop body do-while Loop Control: 3 types of expressions that are used to control loops: initialization ( init ) test update Counter-controlled loops, aka definite loops, work with a loop control variable (lcv) Sentinel-controlled loops, aka indefinite loops, work with a sentinel value Java Loop Early Exit: break statement Note: The break statement can be used with a switch statement or a loop in Java. Loops may also use a continue statement.

Java Arrays:

Create an array ( 2 ways )

1. <type> <array-name>[ ] = new <type>[size]; 2. <type> <array-name>[ ] = { <initializer-list> };

Use the ArrayList class to create a dynamically resizable array. The Arrays class has static methods that can be used with arrays and ArrayLists to search, sort, copy, compare for equality, etc. int num[ ]; <stmts> . Create a new initialized array and assign to num. num =new int[ ]{1.2.3.4.5};

//create an array of 20 elements.

int myArray[ ] = new int[20];

//create an array of 3 elements set to the values in the initializer list.

int myArray[ ] = { 1, 2, 3 }; String stooges[ ] = { "Moe", "Larry", "Curly" };

//assign value of first element in myArray to the integer variable x.

int x = myArray[0];

//assign value of the last element in myArray to the integer variable y.

int y = myArray[ myArray.length-1 ];

All arrays have a public field named length which holds the number of elements in the array. Given this declaration: int x[][][]; x.length x[m].length x[m][n].length is the number of elements in the array in the first dimension. is the number of elements for a specific array in the second dimension. is the number of elements for a specific array in the third dimension.

Java Methods: <type> <method-name> ( [ <type> parameter1, [ <type parameter2, ] ] ) Simple procedural programs in Java will contain the static keyword and may also contain the keyword public. Methods that will not return a value will have the return type void in the method header. public static void printHeadings( ) //no parameters, return type is void { <method body> } static void printDetailLine( String name, int number, double gpa ) //3 parameters, return type is void { <method body> } Math.PI 3.141592635 int getCount( ) //no parameters, return type is int { <method body> } public double max( double x, double y ) //2 parameters, return type is double { <method body> } When a method is called, the data is passed to the parameters (if any) using arguments //Arguments: "Jack Wilson", 100, 3.50 passed to Parameters: name, number, gpa for Method: printDetailLine (see method header above) : printDetailLine( "Jack Wilson", 100, 3.50); A method may be declared with one variable length parameter. It must be the last parameter declared. The syntax of the declaration is <type>... <parameter-name>. Examples: int... numbers, double... values, String... names
//implicit array creation